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Psychology | Wiley | Personality Mix, D___Name:427863019240500Instructions: Go to my teacher site and click on the “Personality Mix” link. You’ll need to enter in your school username and password to access the mix. This program allows you to click through slides at your own pace. Your job is to take notes (fill in blanks), watch video clips, and respond to any prompts. Note: Teachers can see who is in the mix and for how long; you will lose points if you are not doing the mix properly.Introduction to Personality Psychology We’re similar in countless ways, yet there’s little doubt we’re all unique; different from every other individual on the planetPersonality psychology aims to account for the ______________________________________________________________How do personalities emerge?To what extent can they _______________________?What is the interplay between biology, culture, parenting, etc.?Pick two individuals from the admin team and explain where you think their personalities would register on the Personality Assessment Survey—Owl, Koala, Peacock, Lion; qualify if they’d be low, moderate, or extremely high.We practice informal personality psychology on a daily basisIn politics and elsewhere, ___________________________________________________________________________________ on observers; our judgments of personalities carry enormous weightExperts say we’re not very good at understanding other people’s personalitiesThey urge us to be more cautious and open-minded before judging othersThey remind us that personality development is complex and personalities are malleable—many experience some significant changes over timeDefining PersonalityPersonality psychology is a popular and growing field, but we do not have a standard definition for the term; here are some definitions that are often used:The collective perceptions, emotions, cognitions, motivations, and actions of the individual that interact with various environmental situations.The psychological forces that make people uniquely themselves. The various styles of behavior that different organisms habitually reflect. The visible aspect of one’s character as it impresses others. The characteristic manner in which one __________________________________________________________. An Ancient Answer to Personality PsychologyHippocrates (460-377 BCE, Ancient Greece)Personality traits were the _____________________________________________________________________Yellow bile: associated with a quick-tempered dispositionBlood: connected with sanguine, warm, cheerful temperamentPhlegm: linked with sluggish and cool dispositionBlack bile: associated with melancholic, thoughtful temperamentDiseases were a result of a lack of balance in body fluidsright3069600Biology and Personality Scientists have long hoped to match specific genes with traits, but it’s __________________________________________Genes interact with the environment; genes work in groups; neuroplasticity complicates things further, changing the structure of our brainsEasiest way to hunt for biological drivers of personality is __________________________________________ (same DNA)Even those raised apart tend to share 2x as many personality traits as nontwin siblingsToday, scientists estimate that _____________% of contributions to personality traits could be traced to DNASummarize the twin study video:478663015049500One successful study of biology and personality variants of the AVPR1a gene have been found to be more associated with ____________________________ behaviorHigher levels of the hormone connected to the gene reinforce warm feeling of doing good; lower levels make people more selfishMany other studies are inconclusive, but there is consensus on the following:Nurture influences and can change “nature” (___________________________)Whether a specific gene is present is not as important as if gene has been ____________________________People can be similar for different reasons; one case being more genetically based than anotherWe’re similar to our siblings about ______% of the time; various theories have been used to explain:[Darwinian] _____________________: competition leads to specialization_____________________: environment may be very different depending on when a child is born and what the family is experiencing at that time_____________________: misleading labels a family ascribes to a sibling becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy for a child to be “different”Summarize the birth order video:Trait TheoryTrait: aspect of personality considered reasonably __________________________ Trait theorists attempt to describe personality and ______________________________________Trait personality tests are frequently used in the workplaceShortcoming: doesn’t investigate origins of personality or how people can change for the better4570095575100Trait Theory: _____________________________________ (1916-1997) Focused on relationship between two personality dimensions: introversion-extroversion and emotional stability-instabilityTrait Theory: The Five-Factor Model______________________________ research finds that these five factors appear to define personality structurePosition along dimensions tends to be established by _______________________________________________ Factors make up the OCEAN of human personality: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism right398145001809753035300033493841140800Psychoanalytic Approach: Freud (1856-1939)Personality characteristics are mostly a ____________________________________________ part of the mindA healthy personality requires a balance between the id and the superego, which naturally conflict:_______ attempts to satisfy animal urges while superego preaches patience and restraintIf id is too strong, person will be rude, selfish, etc.If _____________________ is too strong, person may be worried, nervous, full of guilt/anxiety Example: Study for test or hang out with friends?Id (as ___________________ principle) may urge you to socialize________ (as ___________________ principle) may warn you to studyHealthy ______ (as ________________ principle) concludes you should study now and after you do well on the test, you will be able to spend time with friends and feel good about yourselfright000Personality evolves through _____________________________If children encounter conflicts in particular stages and they aren’t resolved, child may become “______________________” and develop unhealthy personality traits Key idea: adult personality is a reflection of contents of the unconscious Shortcoming: ______________________________ or empirical But psychologists all ______________________ with Freud that childhood events plant seeds for adult personalityPsychoanalytic Approach: Erikson (1902-1994)Converted Freud’s psychosexual stages to ______________________________________________________________________right9652000Personality can go one way or the other at each stage, which represent a time of crisis in our livesRead through each stage in Erikson’s breakdown that is applicable to you; which way did your personality go at each step? Give a reason for your choice. Pick one older person who is in or has been through a particular stage. How are they doing?Behavioral/Social Learning TheoryJohn B. Watson (1878-1958) and B. F. Skinner (1904-1990) urged psychologists to get out of subjective mindViewed observable behavior as key to understanding personality Key idea: people change if their environment changes; ________________________________________________, reinforcements/punishments, and conditioningShortcoming: doesn’t explain the _______________________ of inner human experience Bobo Doll Experiment (1960s)One of the most famous behavioral experiments_________________________________________________________________________________Fits with studies that show abusive adults were likely to have witnessed abuse as child Key idea: much of our personality is learned Summarize information from the Bobo Doll Experiment video that was not indicated in the slide above: ................
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