ANATOMY



ANATOMY

Final Exam Review

- This review is not mandatory, is not worth points, and will not be collected.

- You are allowed to have 1 sheet of 8.5x11” computer paper, filled with notes, on the final exam.

- This sheet of computer paper CANNOT have the notes typed on them and cannot have printed sheets/worksheets glued to it.

- You do NOT have to have a note sheet if you do not need them.

Studying for the Final Exam:

o Focus on only the content on this worksheet.

o Quiz yourself aloud or by writing answers on a separate sheet of paper.

o Focus on questions you continue to get wrong.

o DO NOT Bother with ( Old Handouts / Homework Assignments

ALL ANATOMY STUDENTS WILL BE TAKING THE FINAL EXAM ON:

--Wednesday May 22—Thursday May 23, 2013 during 2nd Hour--

Unit -- Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology

1. What is anatomy?

2. What is physiology?

3. What are the levels of living organization in order, beginning on the left with the most macroscopic level?

4. What are the main functions of the nervous system?

5. Which organs are included in the nervous system?

6. What are the main functions of the cardiovascular system?

7. Which organs are included in the cardiovascular system?

8. What are the main functions of the respiratory system?

9. Which organs are included in the respiratory system?

10. What are the main functions of the skeletal system?

11. Which organs are included in the skeletal system?

12. What are the main functions of the muscular system?

13. Which organs are included in the muscular system?

14. What are the main functions of the digestive system?

15. Which organs are included in the digestive system?

16. What are the main functions of the excretory/urinary system?

17. Which organs are included in the excretory/urinary system?

18. What are the main functions of the endocrine system?

19. Which organs are included in the endocrine system?

20. What are the main functions of the lymphatic system?

21. Which organs are included in the lymphatic system?

22. What are the main functions of the reproductive system?

23. What is homeostasis?

Unit -- The Nervous System

1. What is the function of the: frontal lobe, occipital lobe, hypothalamus, cerebellum, parietal lobe, pituitary gland, pons, medulla oblongata, thalamus, corpus collosum, broca’s area?

2. You should be able to identify all of the lobes of the brain.

3. What is the nervous system response pathway for an involuntary event not impacted by emotion?

4. What is the nervous system response pathway for an involuntary event Impacted by emotion?

5. What is the nervous system response pathway for a voluntary event?

6. What is the function of: iris, sclera, retina, choroid, optic nerve, pupil, lens, cornea?

7. You should be able to identify all of the anatomical structures of the eye.

8. What causes farsightedness? How does it distort light? It’s common name? How is it corrected?

9. What is causes nearsightedness? How does it distort light? It’s common name? How is it corrected?

10. What are the differences between sensorineural and conduction deafness?

11. You should know the anatomical structures within the ear: ear canal, tympanic membrane, hammer, anvil, stirrup, oval window, cochlea

12. How do you smell?

13. How do you taste?

14. What makes food taste: sour, sweet, bitter, salty?

15. Which regions of your tongue pick up on the following tastes: sour, sweet, bitter, salty?

Unit --The Cardiovascular & Respiratory Systems

1. What is the difference between a thombus and embolus?

2. What are the steps in the cardiac conduction system?

3. What occurs during the following phases of hemostasis: vascular, platelet, final repair?

4. You should understand the role the following play in hemostasis: prothrombin, thrombin, fibrin

5. What is the difference between a leukocyte and erythrocyte?

6. What is the difference between positive chemotaxis and diapedesis?

7. You should be able to identify the antigens present in any blood type: A, A+, B, B+, O, O+, AB, AB+

8. You should be able to identify the antibodies present in any blood type: A, A+, B, B+, O, O+, AB, AB+

9. You should be able to identify who an individual can donate to, for any blood type: A, A+, B, B+, O, O+, AB, AB+

10. You should be able to identify who an individual can receive from, for any blood type: A, A+, B, B+, O, O+, AB, AB+

11. You should be able to identify the blood type, given agglutination information.

12. What is the difference between an antibody and an antigen?

13. What is the difference between systole and diastole?

14. What is your heart beat?

15. What could cause anemia? What is anemia?

16. Describe how your diaphragm changes as you inhale, and as you exhale.

17. Describe how your thoracic cavity changes as you inhale, and as you exhale.

18. Describe how pressure + volume changes as you inhale, and as you exhale.

19. What is the difference between your pulmonary and systemic circuit?

20. Describe gas exchange between the respiratory and cardiovascular system.

Unit --The Skeletal & Muscular Systems

1. You should know the structures + functions of the skeletal system.

2. You should know the entire human skeletal anatomy.

3. Describe the structure, function, and examples of a long bone.

4. Describe the structure, function, and examples of a short bone.

5. Describe the structure, function, and examples of an irregular bone.

6. Describe the structure, function, and examples of a flat bone.

7. You should be able to identify the structures of a long bone: diaphysis, epiphsys, epiphyseal plate, periosteum, endosteum, compact bone, spongy bone.

8. You should know the main functions of muscle.

9. You should be able to identify the structures within skeletal muscle: muscle, fascicle, muscle fiber, myofibril, sarcomere, thin/thick filaments…actin/myosin.

10. Explain why it is called the sliding filament theory.

11. You should understand all of the steps and their sequence in a muscle contraction / the sliding filament theory.

Unit --The Digestive & Excretory Systems

1. You should be able to list the digestive organs, in correct order, from beginning to end.

2. How is food both mechanically and chemically digested in the oral cavity?

3. What is the function of amylase in the oral cavity?

4. What is the difference between a bolus and chyme?

5. How does food move down the esophagus?

6. How is food both mechanically and chemically digested in the stomach?

7. What triggers the muscular churning of the stomach?

8. What triggers the release of gastric juice in the stomach?

9. What are the contents of gastric juice? What are their functions?

10. What are ruggae?

11. What is the main function of the duodenum? Jejunum and ileum?

12. What are the functions of: bile, pancreatic juice, and bicarbonate?

13. Which enzymes in pancreatic juice metabolize: proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates?

14. Describe the passing of waste out the large intestine with regard to the sphincters.

15. What is the role of microvilli in the jejunum and ileum?

16. What is the role of the crypts of lieberkuhn in the jejunum and ileum?

17. What occurs in the large intestine/colon?

18. You should be able to list the urinary/excretory organs, in correct order, from beginning to end.

19. You should understand the main functions of the urinary system.

20. What could it mean if you have an abundance of the following in your urine: sugar (glucose), protein, pus, bile, blood?

End of Semester Animal Dissections:

1. Cat Anatomy:

a) Location and function of heart.

b) Location and function of lungs.

c) Location and function of diaphragm.

d) Location and function of liver.

e) Location and function of gallbladder.

f) Location and function of stomach.

g) Location and function of small intestine.

h) Location and function of large intestine.

i) Location and function of kidneys.

j) Location and function of ureters.

k) Location and function of spleen.

l) Location and function of pancreas.

2. Shark Anatomy:

a) Location and function of Ampullae of Lorenzini.

b) Location and function of Lateral Line.

c) Location and function of Cloaca.

d) Comparison of Liver to humans/cats.

e) Comparison of Kidneys to humans/cats.

f) Comparison of Stomach and Intestines to humans/cats.

g) Location and function of the gills.

h) Location and function of spiracle.

i) Location and function of dorsal spine.

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