How to make cards: all the information is given to you
A. The 8 Parts of Speech (Introduction)
|Noun |a word that is a person, place, thing or idea [EXAMPLES: fireman,|
| |school, window, peace] |
| |nouns have special endings in Latin divided into fixed patterns |
| |or “declensions” |
| | |
|Ch. 1 | |
|Pronoun |a word that replaces a person or thing [EXAMPLES: I, you, he, |
| |she, it, we, they, me, him, her, us, them, etc. |
|Adjective |a word that describes/modifies a noun in terms of quality or |
| |quantity [EXAMPLES: tall, funny, new, loud, scary, many, few, 2, |
| |11th, several] |
| |adjectives use virtually the same Latin endings as nouns |
| |(“declensions”), with few exceptions |
| | |
|Ch. 1 | |
|Verb |an action word [run, swim, laugh] or a word denoting existence or|
| |state of being [be] |
| |verbs have special endings in Latin, divided into fixed patterns |
| |or “conjugations” |
| | |
|Ch. 1 | |
|Adverb |a word that describes an adjective or verb. Usually they end in |
| |–ly in English [loudly, quickly, fast, slowly, then, often, |
| |seldom, also, together] |
| |Often used to show how or in what manner an action is done |
| | |
|Ch. 1 | |
|Preposition |a word that usually indicates direction or location [in, into, |
| |out of, from, with, through, near, to, toward] |
| |In English and Latin, we have prepositional phrases [in the pool,|
| |out of the garden] |
|conjunction |1. connecting words [and, but, when, after, while, although, if] |
|interjection |1. words that are used in exclamations to indicate emotion |
| |[Yippee! Hurray! Alas! Woops! Uh-oh!] |
|article |words like “the” (definite article) or “a” / “an” (indefinite |
| |article) |
| |Latin does NOT have articles: you must supply them in English |
| |translations |
|Ch. 1 | |
Ch. 1 to Ch. 3 Grammar Info
|Word Order in Latin + position of the Latin verb. |Because of the various endings Latin words can be positioned in different |
| |places in a sentence. |
| |Whatever is 1st or last in the sentence is emphasized. |
| |Verbs most often are placed at the end of the sentence. (Ch. 1) |
| | |
|Ch. 1 | |
|Unexpressed subjects |Latin does not always express the subject |
| |If there is no noun as subject, you must translate the verb ending with a |
| |pronoun: ambulant = (1) they walk, (2) they are walking, (3) they do walk |
| | |
|Ch. 1 | |
|What are the 3 ways to translate a verb in the present tense? |1. There are 3 ways to translate the Latin present into English: |
| |ambulant = (1) they walk, (2) they are walking, (3) they do walk |
|Example: ambulant |2. Note: in the “they are walking” translation, it is incorrect to use “sunt”|
| |because helping verbs are not expressed in Latin |
| | |
| | |
|Ch. 1 | |
|Subject |The subject is the noun that performs the action of the verb: Ryan breaks the |
| |window. (Ryan is the subject) |
|(“a” system) |In the “a” pattern, the singular subject ends in –a; the plural subject ending|
| |is –ae. (puella (( puellae) |
|Ch. 1 | |
|Linking verbs: |The verbs est and sunt are called “linking verbs” because they link the |
| |subject with a complement. |
|EXAMPLE: est/sunt |The verbs est and sunt are NOT action verbs |
|Ch. 1 | |
|Complement (The subject complement) |The noun or adjective linked to the subject with est/sunt (linking verb): |
| |a. Ryan is a Phillie. (Phillie is the noun complement) |
|(used only with linking verbs) |b. The Phillies are happy. (happy is the adjective complement)) |
| | |
|Ch. 1 | |
|Number |Number = either Singular or PLURAL |
| |# applies to nouns, adjectives & verbs |
|Ch. 4 |Singular = one (person) |
| |Plural = 2 or more |
|Direct object |The noun that receives the action of the verb: Ryan breaks the window. (window|
| |is the direct object) |
| |Accusative Case endings [-am, -um, -em / -ās, -ōs, -ēs] |
| | |
|Ch. 2 | |
|Case |CASE is a category of endings for regular uses for nouns/adjectives. |
| |for example, the nominative case ending is used for the subject of a sentence |
| | |
| | |
|Ch. 2 | |
|The Nominative Case |The subject of the sentence must have a nominative case ending |
| |The subject complement with a linking verb must have a nominative case ending |
| | |
| | |
|Ch. 2 | |
|The Accusative Case |The direct object of the sentence must have an accusative case ending |
| |The object of any idea od motion towards must have an accusative case ending |
| | |
| | |
|Ch. 2 | |
|Declension |a system or pattern of noun (and adjective) endings |
| |there are 3 main declensions in Latin; 5 in all |
| |a noun belongs to one (and only one) declension |
| | |
| | |
|Ch. 3 | |
|1st Declension (Card 1) |1. mostly feminine nouns whose subject ends in –a [examples: aqua, puella, |
| |ancilla, piscīna, epistula, vīlla] |
|Ch. 3 | |
|2nd Declension (Card 1) |masculine nouns |
| |–us type [servus, hortus, lupus, Marcus] |
| |–er type [puer, ager, caper, etc.] |
| |–ir type [vir] |
|Ch. 3 |neuter nouns [saxum, baculum] |
|The Noun/Adjective Ending: -a |feminine |
| |singular |
|(1st declension) |subject (nominative) |
|[aqua, puella, ancilla, piscīna, epistula, vīlla] |1st Declension |
|Ch. 1 | |
|The Noun/Adjective Ending: -am |feminine |
| |singular |
|[aquam, puellam, ancillam, piscīnam, epistulam, vīllam] |direct object/motion towards (accusative) |
|Ch. 2 |1st Declension |
|The Noun/Adjective Ending: -us |masculine |
| |singular |
|[servus, lupus, Marcus, hortus] |subject (nominative) |
|Ch. 3 |2nd Declension |
|The Noun/Adjective Ending: -er |masculine |
| |singular |
|[puer, ager] |subject (nominative) |
|Ch. 3 |2nd Declension |
|The Noun Ending: -ir |masculine |
| |singular |
|[vir] |subject (nominative) |
|Ch. 3 |2nd Declension |
|The Noun/Adjective Ending: -um |masculine |
| |singular |
|[servum, lupum, puerum, agrum] |direct object/motion towards (accusative) |
|Ch. 3 |2nd Declension |
|Conjugations |1. There are 4 types of regular verbs divided into conjugations |
| |2. All verbs use the same pattern of personal endings; only the stem vowel |
| |will differ between conjugations |
| | |
|Ch. 3 | |
|The verb ending –t |The ending –t on a verb is SINGULAR; if there is no other noun as subject, |
| |translate the –t as “he”, “she” or “it” |
| |Puella legit. = The girl is reading. |
| |Legit. = He/She/(It) is reading |
|Ch. 3 | |
|The verb ending -nt |The ending –nt on a verb is PLURAL; if there is no other noun as subject, |
| |translate the –nt as “they” |
| |Puellae legunt. = The girls are reading. |
|Ch. 4 |Legunt. = They are reading. |
|Nouns have Gender |There are 3 genders is Latin: feminine (F), masculine (M), or neuter (N). |
| |When learning the vocabulary for a noun, also learn its gender. Sometimes it |
| |is not obvious. |
| |Gender should be considered for nouns and adjectives |
|Ch. 3 | |
|Adjective-Noun Agreement |Adjectives must agree with the nouns they describe in three ways: in |
|Ch. 3 |(1) case, (2) number, and (3) gender. |
|The Complete patterns of noun declensions for the 1st 3 declensions |SINGULAR |
| |1st Declension |
|[SINGULAR ONLY] |2nd Declension |
| |3rd Declension |
| | |
|To be learned later |Nominative |
| |-a |
| |-us/-ius/ |
| |-er/-ir |
| |varies |
| | |
| |Genitive |
| |-ae |
| |-ī |
| |-is |
| | |
| |Dative |
| |-ae |
| |-ō |
| |-ī |
| | |
| |Accusative |
| |-am |
| |-um |
| |-em |
| | |
| |Ablative |
| |-ā |
| |-ō |
| |-e |
| | |
| |Vocative |
| |-a |
| |-e/-ī/-er/-ir |
| |= nom. singular |
| | |
|The Complete patterns of noun declensions for the 1st 3 declensions |PLURAL |
| |1st Declension |
|[PLURAL ONLY] |2nd Declension |
| |3rd Declension |
| | |
| |Nominative |
| |-ae |
| |- ī |
| |-ēs |
| | |
| |Genitive |
| |-ārum |
| |-ōrum |
| |-um |
| | |
| |Dative |
| |-īs |
| |- īs |
| |-ibus |
| | |
| |Accusative |
| |-ās |
| |-ōs |
| |-ēs |
| | |
| |Ablative |
| |-īs |
| |- īs |
| |-ibus |
| | |
| |Vocative |
| |-ae |
| |- ī |
| |-ēs |
| | |
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