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A. The 8 Parts of Speech (Introduction)

|Noun |a word that is a person, place, thing or idea [EXAMPLES: fireman,|

| |school, window, peace] |

| |nouns have special endings in Latin divided into fixed patterns |

| |or “declensions” |

| | |

|Ch. 1 | |

|Pronoun |a word that replaces a person or thing [EXAMPLES: I, you, he, |

| |she, it, we, they, me, him, her, us, them, etc. |

|Adjective |a word that describes/modifies a noun in terms of quality or |

| |quantity [EXAMPLES: tall, funny, new, loud, scary, many, few, 2, |

| |11th, several] |

| |adjectives use virtually the same Latin endings as nouns |

| |(“declensions”), with few exceptions |

| | |

|Ch. 1 | |

|Verb |an action word [run, swim, laugh] or a word denoting existence or|

| |state of being [be] |

| |verbs have special endings in Latin, divided into fixed patterns |

| |or “conjugations” |

| | |

|Ch. 1 | |

|Adverb |a word that describes an adjective or verb. Usually they end in |

| |–ly in English [loudly, quickly, fast, slowly, then, often, |

| |seldom, also, together] |

| |Often used to show how or in what manner an action is done |

| | |

|Ch. 1 | |

|Preposition |a word that usually indicates direction or location [in, into, |

| |out of, from, with, through, near, to, toward] |

| |In English and Latin, we have prepositional phrases [in the pool,|

| |out of the garden] |

|conjunction |1. connecting words [and, but, when, after, while, although, if] |

|interjection |1. words that are used in exclamations to indicate emotion |

| |[Yippee! Hurray! Alas! Woops! Uh-oh!] |

|article |words like “the” (definite article) or “a” / “an” (indefinite |

| |article) |

| |Latin does NOT have articles: you must supply them in English |

| |translations |

|Ch. 1 | |

Ch. 1 to Ch. 3 Grammar Info

|Word Order in Latin + position of the Latin verb. |Because of the various endings Latin words can be positioned in different |

| |places in a sentence. |

| |Whatever is 1st or last in the sentence is emphasized. |

| |Verbs most often are placed at the end of the sentence. (Ch. 1) |

| | |

|Ch. 1 | |

|Unexpressed subjects |Latin does not always express the subject |

| |If there is no noun as subject, you must translate the verb ending with a |

| |pronoun: ambulant = (1) they walk, (2) they are walking, (3) they do walk |

| | |

|Ch. 1 | |

|What are the 3 ways to translate a verb in the present tense? |1. There are 3 ways to translate the Latin present into English: |

| |ambulant = (1) they walk, (2) they are walking, (3) they do walk |

|Example: ambulant |2. Note: in the “they are walking” translation, it is incorrect to use “sunt”|

| |because helping verbs are not expressed in Latin |

| | |

| | |

|Ch. 1 | |

|Subject |The subject is the noun that performs the action of the verb: Ryan breaks the |

| |window. (Ryan is the subject) |

|(“a” system) |In the “a” pattern, the singular subject ends in –a; the plural subject ending|

| |is –ae. (puella (( puellae) |

|Ch. 1 | |

|Linking verbs: |The verbs est and sunt are called “linking verbs” because they link the |

| |subject with a complement. |

|EXAMPLE: est/sunt |The verbs est and sunt are NOT action verbs |

|Ch. 1 | |

|Complement (The subject complement) |The noun or adjective linked to the subject with est/sunt (linking verb): |

| |a. Ryan is a Phillie. (Phillie is the noun complement) |

|(used only with linking verbs) |b. The Phillies are happy. (happy is the adjective complement)) |

| | |

|Ch. 1 | |

|Number |Number = either Singular or PLURAL |

| |# applies to nouns, adjectives & verbs |

|Ch. 4 |Singular = one (person) |

| |Plural = 2 or more |

|Direct object |The noun that receives the action of the verb: Ryan breaks the window. (window|

| |is the direct object) |

| |Accusative Case endings [-am, -um, -em / -ās, -ōs, -ēs] |

| | |

|Ch. 2 | |

|Case |CASE is a category of endings for regular uses for nouns/adjectives. |

| |for example, the nominative case ending is used for the subject of a sentence |

| | |

| | |

|Ch. 2 | |

|The Nominative Case |The subject of the sentence must have a nominative case ending |

| |The subject complement with a linking verb must have a nominative case ending |

| | |

| | |

|Ch. 2 | |

|The Accusative Case |The direct object of the sentence must have an accusative case ending |

| |The object of any idea od motion towards must have an accusative case ending |

| | |

| | |

|Ch. 2 | |

|Declension |a system or pattern of noun (and adjective) endings |

| |there are 3 main declensions in Latin; 5 in all |

| |a noun belongs to one (and only one) declension |

| | |

| | |

|Ch. 3 | |

|1st Declension (Card 1) |1. mostly feminine nouns whose subject ends in –a [examples: aqua, puella, |

| |ancilla, piscīna, epistula, vīlla] |

|Ch. 3 | |

|2nd Declension (Card 1) |masculine nouns |

| |–us type [servus, hortus, lupus, Marcus] |

| |–er type [puer, ager, caper, etc.] |

| |–ir type [vir] |

|Ch. 3 |neuter nouns [saxum, baculum] |

|The Noun/Adjective Ending: -a |feminine |

| |singular |

|(1st declension) |subject (nominative) |

|[aqua, puella, ancilla, piscīna, epistula, vīlla] |1st Declension |

|Ch. 1 | |

|The Noun/Adjective Ending: -am |feminine |

| |singular |

|[aquam, puellam, ancillam, piscīnam, epistulam, vīllam] |direct object/motion towards (accusative) |

|Ch. 2 |1st Declension |

|The Noun/Adjective Ending: -us |masculine |

| |singular |

|[servus, lupus, Marcus, hortus] |subject (nominative) |

|Ch. 3 |2nd Declension |

|The Noun/Adjective Ending: -er |masculine |

| |singular |

|[puer, ager] |subject (nominative) |

|Ch. 3 |2nd Declension |

|The Noun Ending: -ir |masculine |

| |singular |

|[vir] |subject (nominative) |

|Ch. 3 |2nd Declension |

|The Noun/Adjective Ending: -um |masculine |

| |singular |

|[servum, lupum, puerum, agrum] |direct object/motion towards (accusative) |

|Ch. 3 |2nd Declension |

|Conjugations |1. There are 4 types of regular verbs divided into conjugations |

| |2. All verbs use the same pattern of personal endings; only the stem vowel |

| |will differ between conjugations |

| | |

|Ch. 3 | |

|The verb ending –t |The ending –t on a verb is SINGULAR; if there is no other noun as subject, |

| |translate the –t as “he”, “she” or “it” |

| |Puella legit. = The girl is reading. |

| |Legit. = He/She/(It) is reading |

|Ch. 3 | |

|The verb ending -nt |The ending –nt on a verb is PLURAL; if there is no other noun as subject, |

| |translate the –nt as “they” |

| |Puellae legunt. = The girls are reading. |

|Ch. 4 |Legunt. = They are reading. |

|Nouns have Gender |There are 3 genders is Latin: feminine (F), masculine (M), or neuter (N). |

| |When learning the vocabulary for a noun, also learn its gender. Sometimes it |

| |is not obvious. |

| |Gender should be considered for nouns and adjectives |

|Ch. 3 | |

|Adjective-Noun Agreement |Adjectives must agree with the nouns they describe in three ways: in |

|Ch. 3 |(1) case, (2) number, and (3) gender. |

|The Complete patterns of noun declensions for the 1st 3 declensions |SINGULAR |

| |1st Declension |

|[SINGULAR ONLY] |2nd Declension |

| |3rd Declension |

| | |

|To be learned later |Nominative |

| |-a |

| |-us/-ius/ |

| |-er/-ir |

| |varies |

| | |

| |Genitive |

| |-ae |

| |-ī |

| |-is |

| | |

| |Dative |

| |-ae |

| |-ō |

| |-ī |

| | |

| |Accusative |

| |-am |

| |-um |

| |-em |

| | |

| |Ablative |

| |-ā |

| |-ō |

| |-e |

| | |

| |Vocative |

| |-a |

| |-e/-ī/-er/-ir |

| |= nom. singular |

| | |

|The Complete patterns of noun declensions for the 1st 3 declensions |PLURAL |

| |1st Declension |

|[PLURAL ONLY] |2nd Declension |

| |3rd Declension |

| | |

| |Nominative |

| |-ae |

| |- ī |

| |-ēs |

| | |

| |Genitive |

| |-ārum |

| |-ōrum |

| |-um |

| | |

| |Dative |

| |-īs |

| |- īs |

| |-ibus |

| | |

| |Accusative |

| |-ās |

| |-ōs |

| |-ēs |

| | |

| |Ablative |

| |-īs |

| |- īs |

| |-ibus |

| | |

| |Vocative |

| |-ae |

| |- ī |

| |-ēs |

| | |

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