Science 10AP: Nutrient Cycles in Ecosystems
Science 10 Enriched: (3.1) How Changes Occur Naturally in Ecosystems
Name:
Date:
HOW ORGANISMS ADAPT TO CHANGE
• How do living organisms change?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
▪ Why is change important?
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Ex. _____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
• Natural selection: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
◆ Those with unfavourable characteristics: ______________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
▪ Ex._______________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
▪ Complete Activity 3-1A Adaptations to Aquatic Environments.
Complete the ‘what to do’ section of this activity.
|Structure |Adaptation |Advantages to the organism |
|Body |1. | |
| |2. | |
| |3. | |
| |4. | |
|Mouth |1. | |
| |2. | |
| |3. | |
| |4. | |
| |5. | |
| |6. | |
|Eyes |1. | |
| |2. | |
| |3. | |
|What did you find out? |
|Use this page with Find Out Activity 3-1A, Adaptations to Aquatic Environments, on page 109 of your student book. |
[pic]
| |Feeding Behaviour? |Fast or Slow Swimmer? |Deep Water, Shallow Water, or Bottom Dweller?|
| |How Do You Know? |How Do You Know? |Why? |
|1 | | | |
|2 | | | |
|3 | | | |
|4 | | | |
|5 | | | |
|6 | | | |
|7 | | | |
Adaptive radiation: __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.
◆ The new species are adapted to inhabit _____________ niches.
▪ Example 1: ________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
◆ How are the finches different? Why are they different? _____________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.
◆ There are _____ species of finch on the Galapagos Islands.
◆ It is believed that each is descended from ________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
▪ Example 2: _________________________________________________________
◆ The more than ______ species of cichlid fish that once inhabited Lake Victoria in Africa are believed to have originated from a single species.
▪ Example 3: _________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
How Ecosystems Change Over TimE
• Ecosystems are continually ___________________.
• The types of species that live in an ecosystem change as the ___________ factors in the ecosystem change.
Ecological succession: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.
There are two types of ecological succession:
1. ______________________________________
2. ______________________________________
1. Primary succession - ____________________________
◆ Occurs after natural events such as when ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
◆ Wind carries spores of ____________ and organisms that can survive and eventually, combined with the weathering of rock, help form ________.
◆ pioneer species: __________________________________________________________________________
▪ Pioneer species alter the abiotic and biotic environment in a variety of ways: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
General model of primary succession (Fig. 3.8):
▪ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
▪ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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▪ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
▪ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
▪ __________________________________________________________________________
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Mature communities
• aka _________________________________________
• Examples include:
◆ _________________ forest form in the northern latitudes.
◆ ________________ forest form in temperate zones.
◆ ______________ forest form in tropical zones.
• _____________ and _______________ are also examples of climax communities.
• Mature communities may appear to be stable and unchanging over long periods of time but they are always changing due to _________ ___________________.
◆ scientists prefer the term mature community because it reflects that the forest is _________________ _____________.
2. Secondary succession - _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________.
◆ ____________ _________ are the most common reason for secondary succession.
◆ The soil remains for plant growth, and contains seeds, micro-organisms, earthworms and insects.
◆ Secondary succession is much ___________ than primary succession.
◆ There is already soil, seeds and insects, so it only lasts _____________.
Do activity 3-1B Modelling succession in ecosystems.
◆ Use the table below to complete part 1, number 1.
|Pond Succession |Ocean Sand Dune Succession |
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How Natural Events Affect Ecosystems
Many other large disturbances can affect mature communities.
Flooding
◆ Occurs when _______________________________________________________________ ____________________________.
◆ Generally occurs in locations where water levels can change _______________.
◆ It can result in __________________________, and ___________________________and _______________________________ from harmful bacteria associated with wastes.
◆ ___________________________ may be increasing incidents of flooding.
Tsunami
◆ ________________________________________________________.
◆ Caused by ____________________________________________________________
◆ Plants and animals are _____________________ or ________________, or cannot survive in the resulting ___________ soil.
Drought
◆ Occurs when _______________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________.
◆ Prolonged drought can destroy ________________, result in ________________________ and ___________________________.
Insect infestations
◆ Insects: ___________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________.
◆ Even insects that appear destructive, such as the ____________________________, actually play a role in the renewal of the forest.
▪ How so? ___________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
◆ However, when normal conditions are changed, _________________ can occur.
▪ How so? ______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
▪ A ____________ climate, and lack of ________________, allows the insects to spread much more effectively than in the past.
◆ What is affected? ____________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
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