University of Virginia School of Medicine



Seizures and epilepsyEducation Content: ADULTS WITH NEW ONSET SEIZURES?WHAT IS A SEIZURE?A seizure can be thought of like an electrical storm in the brain. The sudden abnormal electrical activity can interfere with the normal function of the brain and cause different symptoms.? The symptoms one experiences during a seizure depends on what part of their brain is affected by the seizure and may include staring, confusion, jerking movements, or shaking.?? If the whole brain is involved, then the seizure will cause a loss in consciousness.What causes seizures?Seizures can be provoked as a single event in an otherwise normal adult or can be caused by epilepsy. “Epilepsy” is a persistent underlying tendency of the brain to have seizures.? If a person has had just one seizure, then it is most likely provoked by something, rather than due to epilepsy.What is epilepsy?Epilepsy is a disorder in which seizures occur spontaneously because of an underlying tendency for the brain to have seizures. It is diagnosed as “epilepsy” when two or more unprovoked seizures occur at least 24 hours apart.What causes epilepsy?About half of the time, the cause of epilepsy cannot be identified because the cause is microscopic or affects the brain in a way that cannot be detected by normal tests. However, commonly identified causes are head injury, birth-related injury, stroke or other causes of scars on the brain, abnormal brain development, and brain tumors.Are there spells that look like seizures?Sometimes fainting spells, strokes and even migraine headaches and panic attacks can look like seizures.?Are there different types of seizures?Yes, there are different types. Common types of seizures are:Simple partial seizures: Isolated twitching, numbness, sweating, dizziness, nausea/vomiting, disturbances to hearing, vision, smell or taste.? No loss of consciousness occurs, and the person remains aware of his/her plex partial seizures: Staring, motionless, picking at clothes, smacking lips, swallowing repeatedly or wandering around. The person is not aware of his or her surroundings and is not fully responsive.Atonic seizures: “Drop attacks” or sudden, rapid fall to ground with rapid recovery.Myoclonic seizures: Brief forceful jerks which can affect the whole body or just part of it.Absence seizures: May appear to be daydreaming or “spacing out.” They are momentarily unresponsive and unaware of what is happening around them.Tonic seizures: Stiffening of the entire body or just part of the body.Tonic-Clonic Seizures:? Sudden loss of consciousness with body stiffening followed by continuous jerking movements. A blue tinge around the mouth is likely but lack of oxygen is rare. Loss of bladder and/or bowel control may occur.How long does a seizure last?Depending on the type of seizure, it can last anywhere from a few seconds to a few minutes.? For example, a generalized tonic-clonic seizure can last up to a few minutes, while absence seizures usually only last a few seconds.Will my epilepsy get worse or progress?Each person is different and whether their seizures get worse or better over time is highly variable. While it depends on the cause of the seizures, most epilepsies do not progress.How is epilepsy treated?The main treatment for epilepsy is to take antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) each day to suppress the tendency of the brain to have seizures. Taking medications only when seizures occur is not usually effective because their occurrence cannot be predicted for most people. If seizures do not respond to medications then implantable devices or brain surgery may be considered.Will I have to take medications for the rest of my life?This depends on the cause of the seizures. Some epilepsies go away, especially if they start in childhood. Some epilepsies are present throughout life, but are easily treated with medications.Can I have children?Epilepsy does not generally prevent someone from having children. Some special precautions should be taken before pregnancy, so it is important that pregnancy be planned in advance.Will my epilepsy affect my children?This depends heavily on the cause of the epilepsy. A few epilepsies are inherited from one generation to another. Discuss this with your doctor if you are concerned about it.What should I tell people to do if they witness me having a seizure?If someone witnesses you having a seizure, he or she should stay calm, move objects that you could hit during the seizure away from you, turn you gently onto one side to help keep your airway safe. They should not put anything in your mouth, including their hand, pills, food or drink. If the seizure does not stop after 3-4 minutes then they should prepare to administer a rescue medication and to call the rescue squad.? If you awaken and return to normal, then there is no need to call the rescue squad or take you to a hospital.? Please also review the section of “First Aid for Seizures (Adults)” on this website.EPILEPSY SURGEry evaluation (phase 1)WHEN IS EPILEPSY SURGERY CONSIDERED?Your doctor usually begins to consider epilepsy surgery when three or more antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) ?have not controlled your seizure activity.WHAT KIND OF EPILEPSY SURGERY IS MOST FREQUENTLY PERFORMED? Temporal lobectomy is the most frequent type of surgery performed for seizures.? Temporal lobectomies are usually performed on patients who have complex partial seizures or secondarily generalized seizures.? “Extra temporal” surgery means removing a part of the brain outside of the temporal lobe.???WHAT ARE SOME STATITISTICS ABOUT PATIENTS WHO GO THROUGH WITH A TEMPORAL LOBECTOMY?Patients who have temporal lobectomies have a 70% chance of being essentially seizure free.Patients who have extratemporal surgery have a 50% chance of being essentially seizure free.If you experience one year of seizure-freedom after surgery, you may be able to decrease the number of AEDs you takeSome people (about 50%) are able to stop taking their AEDs completely after surgery.WHAT ARE THE RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH EPILEPSY SURGERYWith any surgery there are risks that the physician will discuss with you if is determined that you are a candidate for surgery.? The list of risks may include the following:Less than 1% of patients have a serious unexpected complication (like stroke or death).About 15% of patients have a temporary or mild complicationExamples of temporary complications are headaches or depression for 6 months after surgery.Examples of mild permanent complications include mild memory difficulties or a change in peripheral vision.?WHAT ARE SOME QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER BEFORE TALKING TO MY DOCTOR ABOUT EPILEPSY SURGERYWhat are my goals for surgery?What is my risk for injury with seizures?How do seizures affect my quality of life?How do I think my life would be different if my seizures were controlled??WHAT KIND OF TESTS MAY BE DONE TO DETERMINE WHETHER I AM A CANDIDATE FOR SURGERY OR NOT?There are several different tests that your doctor may order as part of the epilepsy surgery work-up.? Most of these tests are done to determine what kind of seizures you have and to find the seizure focus:??MRI (magnetic resonance imaging):? Provides a visual image of your brain, is a painless procedure during which you will lie flat on a narrow table inside the opening of a large magnet.? You will need to lie still while the scan is completed.? You will hear loud humming/whirring sounds.Routine EEG:? An EEG, or electroencephalogram, is a recording of electrical brain wave activity from leads and wires placed on the scalp.? A routine EEG, in between your seizure activity, may give your doctor clues about the type of seizures you have and where the seizure focus is.Video/EEG Intensive Monitoring:? You will be continuously monitored with video and EEG in the hospital.? The purpose of the admission is to capture your typical seizures and correlate them with your brain waves.? The doctors may try to provoke your events by decreasing your antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). ?Neuropsychological Testing: Neuropsychological testing conducted as part of a Phase I epilepsy evaluation typically measures general intellect, reasoning and/or problem solving skills, multi-tasking, attention and concentration, learning and memory, language skills, and sensory and motor skills. These tests can help locate your seizure focus because sometimes the area where the seizure starts doesn’t work as well as the rest of the brain.? Everyone has areas of the brain that are stronger or weaker than others, but in people with epilepsy, the weaker area often corresponds with the seizure focus.SPECT Scans:? SPECT is an abbreviation for single photon emission computed tomography. It is similar to a CT scan (which is an abbreviation for “computed tomography”).? SPECT measures blood flow in your brain. During a seizure, the blood flow increases in the area of the brain where the seizure begins. In between seizures the blood flow can be less than normal at the site where the seizure begins. Therefore, the blood flow measured by SPECT can assist in determining where your seizures begin.?PET Scan:? Similar to A SPECT scan, but a PET scan measures brain sugar metabolism or activity rather than blood flow.? This test also requires a radioactive tracer.? Between seizures the seizure focus usually uses less blood sugar than the rest of the brain, indicated by decreased radioactivity in that area.? PET scans are only performed in between seizures, not during seizure activity, because the radioactive tracer only lasts a few minutes and it would not be possible to wait for a seizure to occur.? To prepare, you have to be NPO (nothing by mouth), including no caffeine, no sugar, and no chewing gum for four hours before the injection of the tracer.? After the injection, you need to sit quietly for an hour.?Wada Test (also known as an intracarotid sodium amobarbital test):? The Wada test is a procedure done to determine which side of your brain controls language function and to measure memory function of each side of the brain separately.? To prepare for the test, you will be seen in the Epilepsy Clinic for a clinic visit and blood work one day and then have the Wada test the next day. On the day of your Wada test, you will come to the EEG laboratory in the main hospital to have EEG electrodes placed on your scalp in the early morning and typically be done with the test by noon. However, you will be required to lay flat for between 3-6 hours after the test.? Most likely, you will be able to go home in the evening.ONCE ALL THESE TESTS ARE DONE, WHO DETERMINES IF I AM A CANDIDATE FOR EPILEPSY SURGERY?All of your test results are reviewed by the Epilepsy Surgery Committee, which is a committee consisting of epileptologists (neurologists who specialize in epilepsy), neuropsychologists, and neurosurgeons.? The committee helps your primary epileptologist determine whether or not you are a candidate for epilepsy surgery.?Phase 1: Presurgical Evaluation?Types Of Surgery?Temporal lobectomy is the most frequent type of surgery performed for seizures.?Surgery is usually done for complex partial seizures or secondarily generalized seizures.?“Extra temporal” surgery removes a part of the brain outside of the temporal lobe.?When To Consider Surgery?When three or more anti-seizure medications have not controlled your seizure activity.?Your seizure type is complex partial or secondarily generalized.?Your seizure focus (where your seizures start) can be localized.?The area (focus) can be safely removed.?Benefits Versus Risks Of Surgery?BenefitsPatients who have temporal lobectomies have a 70% chance of being essentially seizure free.Patients who have extratemporal surgery have a 50% chance of being essentially seizure free.In most surgeries, it is better to have surgery at a younger age.May be able to decrease the number of medications you take after one to two years.Some people (about 50%) are able to discontinue anti-seizure medication completely.?RisksWith any surgery there are risks that the physician will discuss with you if you are a candidate for surgery.Less than 1% of patients have a serious unexpected complication (like stroke or death).About 15% of patients have a temporary or mild complication?Examples of temporary complications are headaches or depression for 6 months after surgery.?Examples of mild permanent complications include mild memory difficulties or a change in ????????? ????peripheral vision?Questions To Consider?What are your goals for surgery??What are your risks for injury with seizures??How do your seizures affect your quality of life??How do you think your life would be different if your seizures were controlled??Tests Prior To Surgery?In general, testing is done to clarify your type of seizure and to localize the “seizure focus”, where they start in your brain. No one test alone gives enough information for surgical treatment; therefore, several tests are conducted.MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)?Provides a visual image of your brain.It is a painless procedure.You will lay flat on a narrow table inside the opening of a large magnet. You will need to lie still while the scan is completed. You will hear loud humming/whirring sounds.?Routine EEG?An EEG records the electrical activity of the brain. A routine EEG, in between your seizure activity, gives clues to the type of seizure and location.?This is usually performed at the beginning of your hospitalization.?Video/EEG Intensive Monitoring?Your electrical brain activity, along with a video recording of your seizure activity can usually provide a definitive diagnosis of your seizure type.?It usually localizes the seizure focus.?It is important to record your brain waves before, during and after a seizure.?The video picture makes the interpretation of your EEG more accurate.?Neuropsychological Testing?This is a battery of tests that look at different areas of the brain; including memory, IQ, motor and speech tests.?These tests can help locate your seizure focus because sometimes the area where the seizure starts doesn’t work as well as the rest of the brain. This is not always true; there can be just a slight difference.?Everyone has areas of the brain that are stronger or weaker than others, but in people with seizures the weaker area often corresponds with the seizure focus.?SPECT Scans?Ictal (Seizure) SPECT ScanIn general, blood flow increases in the area of the brain where the seizure begins.90 seconds or less after the onset of your seizure, the nurse will inject a small amount of a radioactive tracer (very low dose of radioactivity) into an I.V. in your arm. A scan is performed up to 6 hours after the injection to identify the area of increased blood flow during your seizure. This is a painless procedure.You will go downstairs to Nuclear Medicine for this scan. You will lie on a narrow table while a huge camera scans your head; it takes approximately 45 – 60 minutes. The radioactive tracer does not cause you to feel abnormal in any way or give any common side effects.?Interictal SPECT ScanThe radioactive tracer will be injected when no seizure activity has occurred for several hours or more.A comparison of the ictal and interictal SPECT scans may reveal a focal area of abnormal blood flow indicating the seizure focus.?PET Scan?Similar to SPECT scan but PET measures brain sugar metabolism or activity rather than blood flow. This test also requires a radioactive tracer.?Like blood flow, in between seizures the seizure focus usually uses less blood sugar than the rest of the brain, indicated by decreased radioactivity in that area.?It is only performed in between seizures, not during seizure activity, because the radioactive tracer only lasts a few minutes and could not wait for a seizure to occur.?To prepare, you have to be NPO (nothing by mouth), including no caffeine, no sugar, and no chewing gum for four hours before the injection of the tracer. After the injection, you need to sit quietly for an hour. Otherwise the experience is basically the same as the SPECT scan.?Wada Test (also called an intracarotid sodium amobarbital test)?Almost every patient gets this test prior to surgery.?It is used to determine which side of the brain controls language and the strength of memory in each side of the brain separately. In temporal lobe epilepsy, the affected side usually has poor memory because the temporal lobe controls memory. If the temporal lobe is not working properly then memory is bad in that side of the brain.?You arrive the day before the Wada test for a check-up at the Epilepsy Clinic and blood work. The morning of your test you should arrive at the EEG lab at 07:00AM for the application of scalp EEG electrodes. The test is usually over by noon.?The test is similar to a cardiac catherization except that the physicians are looking at the brain instead of the heart. A team of physicians and nurses will monitor you very closely. A very small incision is made, usually on the right side of your upper thigh, and a thin catheter tube is inserted and guided through your body up to the blood vessels that go to your brain. You will be injected with anesthesia that numbs one side of your brain. The physicians will ask you questions and ask you to remember a few simple things to test the half of the brain that is awake. The medication wears off in about 5 minutes and the procedure is repeated to test the opposite half of your brain.?Under most circumstances, the radiologist can place an Angioseal plug in the blood vessel and you can sit up and walk in about an hour. This can’t be done in some cases and you must lie flat for six hours and cannot bend the leg on the side of the incision. You will be allowed to turn on your side, with your leg remaining straight, after 1-2 hours. You will be transferred to a unit, usually 6 Central or 6 West, where the nursing staff will monitor you during the 6-hour period. They will assess the incision, take your blood pressure, pulse, and respirations, check your neurological status. Most patients are discharged to home the same day. If you live far away, you may need to spend the night in Charlottesville.?Epilepsy Surgery Committee?All your tests will be reviewed by a committee of epilepsy neurologists, neuropsychologists, and neurosurgeons to determine if you are a candidate for surgery.Phase 2: Intracranial Monitoring?When the Phase 1 evaluation reveals the seizure focus, then you can proceed to removal of the seizure focus (Phase 3 below) without any other tests. However, if the Phase 1 evaluation does not clearly indicate which brain region to remove, then Phase 2, intracranial monitoring is indicated.?Intracranial electrodes are wires surgically placed inside the skull onto the surface of the brain or into the brain. The electrodes remain in place until a sufficient number of seizures are captured to figure out where the seizure focus is located.?Whether to proceed to Phase 2 is a joint decision between you and your physician; you always have the final decision.?There are different types of electrodes that can be applied.“Subdural” electrodes are placed on the surface of the brain. They are typically arrayed as:Strips4 to 8 electrodes in a strip of plastic 2-4 in. long, placed through a small 1 inch burr hole in the skull.Grids20 to 64 electrodes in a 4x4in. rectangular piece of plastic, placed through a large hole that requires lifting a piece of skull bone.“Depth” electrodes are in the form of a single wire that is placed into the “depth” of the brain.May require a stereotactic frame to be placed on your head and an MRI performed to obtain a three dimensional picture of your brain to know exactly where to place the electrodes.The brain itself does not feel pain so the electrodes themselves do not hurt, although the incision to place them may hurt for a few days.?The type of electrodes and where they are placed depends on results or your earlier testing and which areas of the brain need to be looked at more closely.?Once the electrodes are placed, you will be in the Epilepsy Monitoring Unit to record seizures exactly as in Phase 1.?Sometimes, the physicians will do cortical mapping and this will be explained to you.?Sometimes the final surgery to remove the seizure focus is done when the electrodes are removed, and sometimes at a later date.Phase 3: Surgical Removal of the Seizure Focus?Your length of stay will vary; each person is an individual and responds differently to surgery. Usually, patients spend 1-2 nights in the Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit where you will be monitored very closely. Afterwards, you will be transferred to the Epilepsy Monitoring Unit to complete your stay. When the physicians are confident you are doing OK you will be discharged to home.?After surgery you can expect to experience a headache, facial swelling, bruising, broken blood vessels, difficulty opening your mouth, and some blurry or double vision. If the surgery occurred on your dominant language side, you may have difficulty speaking at first; a few people haven’t been able to talk at all for a few days. You are also at a slightly increased risk of having a seizure right after surgery. You can usually get out of bed briefly the day after your surgery. Remember, you are an individual and may or may not experience the above symptoms. As with any surgery, you will need lots of rest and a quiet environment.?When you are discharged to home, you will still continue to need lots of rest. Do not lift anything that is heavier than 10 lbs for six weeks. You should continue to take your anti-seizure medication as prescribed by your physician. Usually you can return to work or school after six weeks. Again, everyone has a slightly different experience.?Most of your recovery will occur within the first six weeks.If you have any concerns, questions, anything you do not understand, please feel free to discuss it with your nurse or physician. They will be glad to assist you in your care.PREGNANCY AND EPILEPSYWill I have trouble getting pregnant because I have epilepsy?Most women with epilepsy are able to become pregnant, but some women have difficulty. If you have difficulty becoming pregnant, discuss it with your doctor. Hormones and other medications can be used to help you become pregnant.Does having epilepsy require extra care while I am pregnant??Most women with epilepsy have a normal pregnancy. However, obstetricians consider pregnancies of woman with epilepsy to be “high” risk so early and continuous prenatal care is very important.Will I have more seizures during pregnancy??Most women find that pregnancy does not affect their seizures. However, some women have more frequent seizures during their pregnancy, especially during the first or third trimester. During pregnancy, the blood level of seizure medications may decrease due to hormonal changes and increasing body size. This can increase the likelihood of seizures. The blood level of seizure medications may need to be checked periodically, which you should discuss with your doctor.Will I experience more problems during pregnancy because I have epilepsy??Women with epilepsy are slightly more likely to have morning sickness, vaginal bleeding, and early or premature labor and delivery.Will I have a normal healthy baby??There is better than a 95% chance that your baby will be perfectly healthy. About 2% of babies born to mothers without epilepsy have some type of birth defect. Babies born to women with epilepsy have only about a 4% chance of having a birth defect. Therefore, it is very likely that you will have a healthy baby. Proper prenatal care reduces the risk of birth defects.Can antiepileptic drugs affect my baby??Taking antiepileptic drugs can increase the risk of birth defects. However, seizures can also cause problems for the baby. Each mother and neurologist must weigh the risk of having seizures against the risk of AEDs causing birth defects. The risk from either is small but the risk from seizures is usually greater than the risk from medications. Therefore, most women should continue to take antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy.What is the most important thing I can do before becoming pregnant to reduce the risk of birth defects?Folic acid (also called folate) is a vitamin that helps prevent birth defects in all women, but especially those with epilepsy. It is available in most stores and pharmacies.Taking 1 mg to 5 mg of folic acid each day is recommended for all women with epilepsywho may become pregnant. Many obstetricians prescribe special prenatal vitamins for women to be taken during the time they are trying to become pregnant.WHAT ELSE CAN I DO TO REDUCE THE RISK OF HAVING BIRTH DEFECTS?Discuss becoming pregnant with your neurologist and obstetrician before you become pregnant. Eat a good diet and get adequate sleep. Take prenatal vitamins and your medications regularly, as prescribed. Avoid the triggering factors that can cause seizures. Get early and continued obstetric care. Discuss with your neurologist whether to check drug blood levels periodically.Can I have a normal vaginal delivery??Most mothers are able to deliver their babies in the normal manner. Having epilepsy does not usually require any special procedures for delivering the baby.?What if I have seizures when I deliver the baby?Surprisingly few women with epilepsy have seizures during delivery but it can happen. Mild seizures, such as complex partial seizures, do not usually affect the baby or delivery. Generalized convulsions can cause difficulties if you are too sleepy to participate after the convulsion. In the unlikely event that you have a convulsion during delivery, you might be given an intravenous infusion of medication to stop seizures and you might have to undergo a Caesarian section to protect the baby.Can I breast feed my child?You must weigh the advantage of breast feeding against the possible risks to the baby from medication. This is a personal decision. Most antiepileptic drugs pass into breast milk, so the baby will get some exposure to the drug. This raises the possibility that the baby will be exposed to antiepileptic drugs. It is not known whether antiepileptic drugs affect development. However, the baby was exposed to the drug throughout the pregnancy, which is a more important time for brain development so exposure after that seems less important. On the other hand, some mothers find breast feeding is important for bonding or for nutritional reasons.?Will I drop my baby if I have a seizure while breast feeding?It is possible that you would drop your baby during breast feeding if you have a seizure. Therefore, you should breast feed in a position that will not harm the baby if you have a seizure, such as while lying down or with the baby propped on a pillow.??What should I remember as a care taker of the child when I have uncontrolled epilepsy?If you have uncontrolled seizures, care should be taken when carrying the child, changing diapers, breast feeding and bathing the child. Breast feeding and diaper changing should be done on the floor or a surface which is low and soft surfaces where there is less chance that the child can fall. Do not bathe the baby in a bath tub of water or with the drain plugged.*If you are a woman with epilepsy and are taking birth control, please visit the following website Completing this survey will help the epilepsy community create guidelines for safe and effective contraception for women with epilepsy.ANTIEPILEPTIC DRUGS (AEDS): FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONSAre there any side effects FROM TAKING antiepileptic drugs (AEDs)??Every drug can have side effects. The doctor prescribing your antiepileptic drug should review the side effects specific to the medication you will be taking with you.?What should I do if I EXPERIENCE side effects from my AEDs?Whatever the side effect is, do not stop taking your medication suddenly.? Stopping your medication suddenly may cause more severe seizures. Discuss the side effects with your doctor. Sometimes the problem can be helped just by changing the time or dose of your medication.??What should I tell my doctor about my other medications?Tell you doctor if you are allergic to any medication or substances, if you are using any other medications or contraceptives (including any herbal supplements), if you have kidney or liver disease, or if you are pregnant or breast feeding.What should I do if I miss a dose of my AEDs?If you realize that a dose of medicine was missed – do not double the next dose.? If there are more than two hours until the next dose is due, give the late dose as soon as you realize the dose of medicine was missed.? If there are less than two hours until the next dose, skip the late dose.? If you have missed more than one dose of medicine, please notify your doctor. Keep a record of missed doses of medicine.What can I do to remember to take my AEDs?Take your medications at the same time every day. One way to remember this is to either take your medications with meals, when arising and going to bed, or when brushing your teeth in the morning and at night. Setting an alarm on your cell phone may help you remember to take your medications. A pill box is highly recommended for everyone taking medication more than once per day.How can I store my AEDs?Store your medications away from children and away from moisture. Discard empty pill bottles. Do not store or carry your medication in old pill bottles because it may cause confusion for you and anyone involved in your care.What should I do if I am experiencing vomiting?Vomiting and diarrhea can affect the level of AEDs in your blood. If you have vomited soon after taking a dose, you could take another dose. If you vomit more than 45 minutes after your dose, then do not take it again unless instructed to do so by your doctor.Can I drink alcohol when taking AEDs?Consuming alcohol is a personal decision.? However, alcohol can exaggerate some of the side effects of antiepileptic drugs and antiepileptic drugs can also exaggerate the effects of alcohol. Therefore, it is especially important to consume it in moderation, if at all. Alcohol can cause some antiepileptic drugs to be less effective by lowering the blood level. Alcohol can occasionally precipitate seizures.When can I stop taking my AEDS?The answer to this question depends on the cause of your epilepsy.? Some people outgrow their epilepsy and can stop taking medications. Some people have an underlying problem that continues to be present and should continue to take medications to suppress seizures even if they have not had a seizure for a long time.? Before you can stop taking your AEDs, you will need to have a discussion with your doctor.? With your doctor, you will discuss the risk of seizures happening again compared to the benefit of withdrawing medications. Most doctors do not withdraw medications until you have been seizure-free for at least two years.What will happen if I have a seizure after withdrawing my AEDs?If you have a seizure again after stopping your seizure medication, you must inform your doctor. It is likely that your doctor will recommend that you start taking your seizure medication again.? ................
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