CONTROL VALVE HANDBOOK - Emerson Electric

CONTROL VALVE

HANDBOOK

Sixth Edition

Emerson

Flow Controls

Marshalltown, Iowa 50158 USA

Sorocaba, 18087 Brazil

Cernay, 68700 France

Dubai, United Arab Emirates

Singapore 128461 Singapore

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or maintenance of any product. Responsibility for proper selection, use, and maintenance of

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? 2005, 2019, 2023 Fisher Controls International LLC. All rights reserved.

D101881X012 / Aug 2023

Preface

Control valves are an increasingly vital component of modern manufacturing around

the world. Properly selected and maintained control valves increase efficiency,

safety, profitability, and ecology.

The Control Valve Handbook has been a primary reference since its first printing in

1965. This fifth edition presents vital information on control valve performance and

the latest technologies.

Chapter 1 offers an introduction to control valves, including definitions for common

control valve and instrumentation terminology.

Chapter 2 develops the vital topic of control valve performance.

Chapter 3 covers valve and actuator types.

Chapter 4 describes digital valve controllers, analog positioners, boosters, and other

control valve accessories.

Chapter 5 is a comprehensive guide to selecting the best control valve for an

application.

Chapter 6 addresses the selection and use of special and severe service control

valves.

Chapter 7 explains desuperheaters, steam conditioning valves, and turbine bypass

systems.

Chapter 8 details typical control valve installation and maintenance procedures.

Chapter 9 contains information on control valve standards and approval agencies

across the world.

Chapter 10 identifies isolation valves and actuators.

Chapter 11 covers sustainability.

Chapter 12 discusses various process safety instrumented systems.

Chapter 13 provides useful tables of engineering reference data.

Chapter 14 includes piping reference data.

Chapter 15 is a handy resource for common conversions.

The Control Valve Handbook is both a textbook and a reference on the strongest link

in the control loop: the control valve and its accessories. This book includes extensive

and proven knowledge from leading experts in the process control field, including

contributions from the ISA.

Table of Contents

Control Valve Handbook | Table of Contents

Chapter 1: Introduction to Control Valves.............................................. 16

1.1 What is a Control Valve?...............................................................................17

1.2 Sliding-Stem Control Valve Terminology......................................................17

1.3 Rotary Control Valve Terminology................................................................23

1.4 Control Valve Functions and Characteristics Terminology ????????????????????????????25

1.5 Process Control Terminology........................................................................27

Chapter 2: Control Valve Performance................................................... 34

2.1 Process Variability........................................................................................35

2.1.1 Deadband................................................................................................................. 37

2.1.1.1 Causes of Deadband..........................................................................................................37

2.1.1.2 Effects of Deadband..........................................................................................................38

2.1.1.3 Performance Tests.............................................................................................................38

2.1.1.4 Friction.............................................................................................................................38

2.1.2 Actuator and Positioner Design................................................................................. 39

2.1.3 Valve Response Time................................................................................................. 40

2.1.3.1 Dead Time........................................................................................................................40

2.1.3.2 Dynamic Time...................................................................................................................40

2.1.3.3 Solutions...........................................................................................................................41

2.1.3.4 Supply Pressure.................................................................................................................42

2.1.3.5 Minimizing Dead Time......................................................................................................42

2.1.3.6 Valve Response Time.........................................................................................................43

2.1.4 Valve Type and Characterization................................................................................ 43

2.1.4.1 Installed Gain....................................................................................................................45

2.1.4.2 Loop Gain.........................................................................................................................45

2.1.4.3 Process Optimization........................................................................................................46

2.1.5 Valve Sizing............................................................................................................... 47

2.2 Economic Results.........................................................................................48

2.3 Signature Series Performance Testing..........................................................50

2.3.1 Signature Series 1..................................................................................................... 50

2.3.2 Signature Series 2..................................................................................................... 50

2.3.3 Signature Series 3..................................................................................................... 50

2.4 Summary.....................................................................................................52

Chapter 3: Valve and Actuator Types...................................................... 54

3.1 Control Valve Styles.....................................................................................55

3.1.1 Globe Valves............................................................................................................. 55

3.1.1.1 Single-Port Valve Bodies....................................................................................................55

3.1.1.2 Post- and Port-Guided Valve Bodies....................................................................................56

3.1.1.3 Cage-Style Valve Bodies.....................................................................................................56

3.1.1.4 Double-Ported Valve Bodies...............................................................................................57

3.1.1.5 Three-Way Valve Bodies....................................................................................................58

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