CONTROL VALVE HANDBOOK - Emerson Electric
CONTROL VALVE
HANDBOOK
Sixth Edition
Emerson
Flow Controls
Marshalltown, Iowa 50158 USA
Sorocaba, 18087 Brazil
Cernay, 68700 France
Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Singapore 128461 Singapore
Neither Emerson, nor any of its affiliated entities assume responsibility for the selection, use,
or maintenance of any product. Responsibility for proper selection, use, and maintenance of
any product remains solely with the purchaser and end user.
The contents of this publication are presented for informational purposes only, and while
every effort has been made to ensure their accuracy, they are not to be construed as
warranties or guarantees, express or implied, regarding the products or services described
herein or their use or applicability. All sales are governed by our terms and conditions,
which are available upon request. We reserve the right to modify or improve the designs or
specifications of such products at any time without notice.
Fisher, ValveLink, and FIELDVUE are marks owned by one of the companies in the Emerson
business unit of Emerson Electric Co. Emerson and the Emerson logo are trademarks and
service marks of Emerson Electric Co. All other marks are the property of their respective
owners.
? 2005, 2019, 2023 Fisher Controls International LLC. All rights reserved.
D101881X012 / Aug 2023
Preface
Control valves are an increasingly vital component of modern manufacturing around
the world. Properly selected and maintained control valves increase efficiency,
safety, profitability, and ecology.
The Control Valve Handbook has been a primary reference since its first printing in
1965. This fifth edition presents vital information on control valve performance and
the latest technologies.
Chapter 1 offers an introduction to control valves, including definitions for common
control valve and instrumentation terminology.
Chapter 2 develops the vital topic of control valve performance.
Chapter 3 covers valve and actuator types.
Chapter 4 describes digital valve controllers, analog positioners, boosters, and other
control valve accessories.
Chapter 5 is a comprehensive guide to selecting the best control valve for an
application.
Chapter 6 addresses the selection and use of special and severe service control
valves.
Chapter 7 explains desuperheaters, steam conditioning valves, and turbine bypass
systems.
Chapter 8 details typical control valve installation and maintenance procedures.
Chapter 9 contains information on control valve standards and approval agencies
across the world.
Chapter 10 identifies isolation valves and actuators.
Chapter 11 covers sustainability.
Chapter 12 discusses various process safety instrumented systems.
Chapter 13 provides useful tables of engineering reference data.
Chapter 14 includes piping reference data.
Chapter 15 is a handy resource for common conversions.
The Control Valve Handbook is both a textbook and a reference on the strongest link
in the control loop: the control valve and its accessories. This book includes extensive
and proven knowledge from leading experts in the process control field, including
contributions from the ISA.
Table of Contents
Control Valve Handbook | Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction to Control Valves.............................................. 16
1.1 What is a Control Valve?...............................................................................17
1.2 Sliding-Stem Control Valve Terminology......................................................17
1.3 Rotary Control Valve Terminology................................................................23
1.4 Control Valve Functions and Characteristics Terminology ????????????????????????????25
1.5 Process Control Terminology........................................................................27
Chapter 2: Control Valve Performance................................................... 34
2.1 Process Variability........................................................................................35
2.1.1 Deadband................................................................................................................. 37
2.1.1.1 Causes of Deadband..........................................................................................................37
2.1.1.2 Effects of Deadband..........................................................................................................38
2.1.1.3 Performance Tests.............................................................................................................38
2.1.1.4 Friction.............................................................................................................................38
2.1.2 Actuator and Positioner Design................................................................................. 39
2.1.3 Valve Response Time................................................................................................. 40
2.1.3.1 Dead Time........................................................................................................................40
2.1.3.2 Dynamic Time...................................................................................................................40
2.1.3.3 Solutions...........................................................................................................................41
2.1.3.4 Supply Pressure.................................................................................................................42
2.1.3.5 Minimizing Dead Time......................................................................................................42
2.1.3.6 Valve Response Time.........................................................................................................43
2.1.4 Valve Type and Characterization................................................................................ 43
2.1.4.1 Installed Gain....................................................................................................................45
2.1.4.2 Loop Gain.........................................................................................................................45
2.1.4.3 Process Optimization........................................................................................................46
2.1.5 Valve Sizing............................................................................................................... 47
2.2 Economic Results.........................................................................................48
2.3 Signature Series Performance Testing..........................................................50
2.3.1 Signature Series 1..................................................................................................... 50
2.3.2 Signature Series 2..................................................................................................... 50
2.3.3 Signature Series 3..................................................................................................... 50
2.4 Summary.....................................................................................................52
Chapter 3: Valve and Actuator Types...................................................... 54
3.1 Control Valve Styles.....................................................................................55
3.1.1 Globe Valves............................................................................................................. 55
3.1.1.1 Single-Port Valve Bodies....................................................................................................55
3.1.1.2 Post- and Port-Guided Valve Bodies....................................................................................56
3.1.1.3 Cage-Style Valve Bodies.....................................................................................................56
3.1.1.4 Double-Ported Valve Bodies...............................................................................................57
3.1.1.5 Three-Way Valve Bodies....................................................................................................58
5
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