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考研英语真题解析阅读（1998-04年）

CONTENTS

PREFACE d

2008 Text 1 2

2008 Text 2 5

2008 Text 3 8

2008 Text 4 12

2007 Text 1 15

2007 Text 2 18

2007 Text 3 21

2007 Text 4 26

2006 Text 1 31

2006 Text 2 34

2006 Text 3 37

2006 Text 4 40

2005 Text 1 43

2005 Text 2 47

2005 Text 3 50

2005 Text 4 54

2004 Text 1 58

2004 Text 2 60

2004 Text 3 63

2004 Text 4 66

2003 Text 1 70

2003 Text 2 73

2003 Text 3 76

2003 Text 4 79

2002 Text 1 82

2002 Text 2 85

2002 Text 3 89

2002 Text 4 92

2001 Passage 1 95

2001 Passage 2 98

2001 Passage 3 100

2001 Passage 4 103

2001 Passage 5 105

2000 Passage 1 108

2000 Passage 2 111

2000 Passage 3 114

2000 Passage 4 116

2000 Passage 5 119

1999 Passage 1 122

1999 Passage 2 125

1999 Passage 3 128

1999 Passage 4 130

1999 Passage 5 133

1998 Passage 1 136

1998 Passage 2 139

1998 Passage 3 142

1998 Passage 4 145

1998 Passage 5 147

1997 Passage 1 150

1997 Passage 2 152

1997 Passage 3 155

1997 Passage 4 157

1997 Passage 5 160

1996 Passage 1 162

1996 Passage 2 165

1996 Passage 3 167

1996 Passage 4 170

1996 Passage 5 172

1995 Passage 1 174

1995 Passage 2 176

1995 Passage 3 178

1995 Passage 4 180

1995 Passage 5 182

1994 Passage 1 185

1994 Passage 2 187

1994 Passage 3 188

1994 Passage 4 190

1994 Passage 5 192

NTENTS

2008 Text 1

While still catching-up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. “Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,” according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York’s Veteran’s Administration Hospital.

①Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. ②In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.

③Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities” for stress. “It’s not necessarily that women don’t cope as well. It’s just that they have so much more to cope with,” says Dr. Yehuda. “Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men’s,” she observes, “it’s just that they’re dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.”

Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. “I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. ④The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.”

Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. “I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better.” Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. “It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”

Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. ⑤Alvarez’s experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.

21. Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?

[A] Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.

[B] Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.

[C] Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.

[D] Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.

22. Dr. Yehuda’s research suggests that women

[A] need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress.

[B] have limited capacity for tolerating stress.

[C] are more capable of avoiding stress.

[D] are exposed to more stress.

23. According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to be

[A] domestic and temporary.

[B] irregular and violent.

[C] durable and frequent.

[D] trivial and random.

24. The sentence “I lived from paycheck to paycheck.” (Line 6, Para. 5) shows that

[A] Alvarez cared about nothing but making money.

[B] Alvarez’s salary barely covered her household expenses.

[C] Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.

[D] Alvarez paid practically everything by check.

25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

[A] Strain of Stress: No Way Out?

[B] Responses to Stress: Gender Difference

[C] Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say

[D] Gender Inequality: Women Under Stress

【核心词汇】

sphere [sfiə] n. 球,球面,球体,天体,地球仪,范围vt. 包围,使成球体,放入球内

【例】Many countries have difficulties in the economic sphere. 许多国家在经济方面遇到了困难。

category ['kætigəri] n. 种类,类项;

【例】These Categories recognize different levels of competition. 这些类别可被用来分辨出比赛里不同的等级。

susceptible [sə'septəbl] a. 易受影响的,易感动的,容许…的

【例】This agreement is not susceptible to alteration. 这一协议不容更改。

psychiatrist [sai'kaiətrist] n. 精神病医师,精神病学家

【例】The psychiatrist gave testimony that …精神病医生有证言说……

trigger ['trigə] n. 触发器,板机,制滑机 vt. 触发,发射,引起 vi. 松开板柄

【例】The odour of food may be a trigger for man's appetite. 食物的香味能引起人的食欲。

capacity [kə'pæsiti] n. 容量,能力,才能,资格

n. 容量,资格,地位,职位

【例】This room has a seating capacity of 100 people. 这个房间可容纳一百人。

expose [iks'pəuz] vt. 使暴露,受到;使曝光;揭露,揭发

【例】You shouldn't expose the soldiers to unnecessary risks. 你不应该让士兵们冒不必要的危险。

random ['rændəm] n. 随意,任意a. 任意的,随便的,胡乱的,随机的 ad. 胡乱地

domestic [də'mestik] a. 家里的,家庭的;本国的,国内的;驯养的

【例】The meeting concerns both foreign and domestic policies. 会议关系到国内外政策。

devastating adj．破坏性的

【例】A smouldering cigarette can kindle a devastating bushfire. 闷燃着的香烟会引起毁灭性的林区大火。

struggle ['strʌgl] n. 斗争,战斗;挣扎,努力 vi. 挣扎斗争,奋斗

【例】They stayed awake in their struggle against terrorists. 在与反恐怖分子的斗争中他们始终保持警惕。

frustration [frʌs'treiʃən] n. 打破,挫折,顿挫

【例】actions expressive of frustration. 表达受挫的行动

paycheck ['peitʃek] n. 付薪水的支票;薪津;租金

【例】The boss docked his paycheck $ 20. 老板从他的工资中扣去20美元。

obligation ['ɔbli'geiʃən] n. 义务,职责,责任;契约,债务

【例】He feels a prior obligation to his job as a journalist. 他觉得要优先为他的新闻记者的工作尽职。

【难句解析】

1. Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions.

【译文】对于动物和人类的研究都显示出性激素会在某种程度去影响面对压力的反应，导致在同样的条件下，女性产生更多的致病化学物质。

【解析】这句话的主语是Studies，of both animals and humans是定语，修饰主语。have shown是谓语，that后是宾语从句，sex hormones是宾语从句中的主语，affect是宾语从句中的谓语，the stress response是宾语从句中的宾语，causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions.是宾语从句中的状语从句。

2. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.

【译文】在几项研究中，当受到压力的雌鼠的卵巢（雌性的生殖器官）被拿掉后，它们的化学反应变得和那些雄性的一样了。

【解析】这句话中In several of the studies和when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed都是状语从句，their chemical responses是主语，became是谓语，在when的状语从句中，stressed-out female rats是从句中的主语，had something removed是谓语。

3. Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities” for stress.

【译文】对于女性来说，除了产生更多的导致压力的化学物质外，她们产生压力的“机会”也更多。“并不是女性要处理的事情太少，而是她们有更多的事情要处理。

【解析】这句话中Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals是状语，add to的意思是增加,增添,补充，后面的句子没有主语。Adding to后面接的是名词，表补充！

4. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals.

【译文】女性面对的人与人之间的暴力是在家庭环境中的。不幸的是，她们与父母还有其他的家庭成员之间不是能够一次性解决的问题。

【解析】这句话中The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to是主语，tend是谓语。unfortunately是插入语，整个的是by parents or other family members，and连接一个句子，所以这句话是一个并列句。

5. Alvarez’s experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.

【译文】Alvarez的经历证明了当压力威胁你的健康和正常生理功能之前解压是非常重要的。

【解析】这句话中Alvarez’s experience是主语，demonstrates是谓语，the importance是宾语，of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.这整个一句话都是修饰宾语the importance的。

【参考答案解析】

21. 参考答案【A】

【解析】 A．从文中Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men和Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions.这2句话可以看出由于激素荷尔蒙的原因，女性在生理上面对压力时更脆弱。B．文中没有表明女性受到来自于男性的压力。C和D 在前2段中没有说明，故选A。

22. 参考答案【D】

【解析】D．首先定位，Dr. Yehuada’s 在第3段中，第一句话， Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities” for stress.女性的压力化学物质增多，她面对压力的机会就会增加。也就是更容易暴露在更多的压力下。A．参考答案中有”chemicals”，但是表达的意思是处理压力需要额外的，更多的化学物质，和原文意思不符。B．文中有一句话，“Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men’s,”她们处理压力的能力也许甚至比男性还大，而参考答案的意思是女性处理压力的能力有限，与原文不符。C．参考答案中是“avoiding stress”，而原文中没有提到避免压力。故选D。

23.参考答案【C】

【解析】C．先回到原文，第4段，“The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating”来自于这些更长关系的磨损甚至可以是灾难性的。长期的，所以是durable；文中又说，“unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals.”中they tend not to be one-shot deals，说明不是一次两次，而是经常性的，所以是frequent。A. domestic是对的，文中有提及到，但是不是temporary，短暂的，而是长期的。B．violent是男性面对的压力的特点，而不是女性。D. random也是男性面对的压力的特点，而不是女性。故选C。

24. 参考答案【B】

【解析】B．第五段最后定位，“It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”说明Alvarez生活很艰难，参考答案中Alvarez的工资仅能支付房租符合文中的意思A． Alvarez只关心赚钱，与原文不符。C．Alvarez从不同的工作中赚钱，在原文中没有体现。D． Alvarez每件东西都是用支票支付的，在原文中没有体现。故选B。

25. 参考答案【D】

【解析】D．选出文章的最佳标题，性别的不公平：压力下的女性，最符合原文的意思。A．紧张的压力：无路可出？文中主要是谈女性与压力，这个参考答案不符。B．面对压力的反应：性别的不同，，很多人会误选成这个参考答案，但是文章整篇是强调女性和压力的分析，而不是重点讨论男女性别在压力上的差别。C．压力分析：化学物质告诉我们的，，这个标题倾向于分析压力产生的原因，和原文意思相差较大。故选D。

【全文翻译】

在现代生活中女性就算是在某些领域可以追赶上男性，但至少在一个方面是领先的，尽管是她们不太想要的。纽约的退伍军管理医院精神科首席医生Yehuda博士说道，和男性相比，女性面对压力时，更容易受到影响，导致抑郁和紧张。

对于动物和人类的研究都显示出性激素会在某种程度去影响面对压力的反应，导致在同样的条件下，女性产生更多的致病化学物质。在几项研究中，当受到压力的雌鼠的卵巢（雌性的生殖器官）被拿掉后，它们的化学反应变得和那些雄性的一样了。

对于女性来说，除了产生更多的导致压力的化学物质外，她们产生压力的“机会”也更多。“并不是女性要处理的事情太少，而是她们有更多的事情要处理。”Yehuda博士说道。“她们对于压力的承受能力有时候甚至比男性的还大”，她观察到，“她们只是需要处理的事情太多，看起来会更容易精疲力尽。”

Yehuda博士注意到了另一个男女之间的不同点。“我认为，女性通常要做的事是慢性的，重复的。而男人去战场，承受的是格斗的压力。男性面临的更多的是随意的身体上的暴力。女性面对的人与人之间的暴力是在家庭环境中的。不幸的是，她们与父母还有其他的家庭成员之间不是能够一次性解决的问题。这种长期的关系的磨合是更有破坏性的。

Adeline Alvarez 18岁结婚并生了个儿子，但她决定完成大学学业。“我尽了很大的努力拿到大学学位，因为我在实际生活中有很多的挫折，而这就是我的逃避，去学校，争取上游，做到更好。”不久后，她离了婚变成一个单亲母亲。“除了照顾一个十几岁的孩子，还要工作，付房租，养车，还债是最难的事情了。我的生活就是不停的支付自己的账单。”

不是每个人经历着和Alvarez describes一样的长期的压力，但是大多数女性都在处理着太多的责任，很少得到喘息，从而感到了压力。Alvarez的经历证明了当压力威胁你的健康和正常生理功能之前解压是非常重要的。

2008 Text 2

It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors’ names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.

No longer. ①The Internet – and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it – is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.

The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.

This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the report’s authors. There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. ②Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.

26. In the first paragraph, the author discusses

[A] the background information of journal editing.

[B] the publication routine of laboratory reports.

[C] the relations of authors with journal publishers.

[D] the traditional process of journal publication.

27. Which of the following is true of the OECD report?

[A] It criticizes government-funded research.

[B] It introduces an effective means of publication.

[C] It upsets profit-making journal publishers.

[D] It benefits scientific research considerably.

28. According to the text, online publication is significant in that

[A] it provides an easier access to scientific results.

[B] it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.

[C] it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.

[D] it facilitates public investment in scientific research.

29. With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required to

[A] cover the cost of its publication.

[B] subscribe to the journal publishing it.

[C] allow other online journals to use it freely.

[D] complete the peer-review before submission.

30. Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the text?

[A] The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.

[B] A new mode of publication is emerging.

[C] Authors welcome the new channel for publication.

[D] Publication is rendered easier by online service.

【重点词汇】

straightforward [streit'fɔ:wəd] adj.简单的，易懂的，不复杂的：a straightforward process 简单的过程；坦诚的，坦率的，率直的。

【例】American speech is remarkably straightforward. 美国人的语言非常直率。

affiliation [ə'fili'eiʃən] n.隶属关系；隶属，从属。

【例】Ethnic character, background, or affiliation. 属于少数民族种族特性、背景或关系

endeavor [in'devə] n. v. 努力,尽力,竭力,力图,试图

【例】we endeavor to make our customers happy. 我们努力使客户满意。

distribution [distri'bju:ʃən] n. 分发;销售;频率分布;分配装置;分布;区分,分类;配电

【例】distribution of the population 人口分布

subscriber [səb'skraibə] n.订户,签署者,捐款者,认购者

【例】Write away now for the free album offered to every new subscriber. 请速来信订阅，新订户可免费获取画册一本。

repository [ri'pɔzitəri] n.贮藏室，智囊团，知识库，仓库

【例】Once rules are defined, they're stored in a central repository. 一旦规则定下来，它们要集中存放在一处。

hybrid ['haibrid] n.杂种，混血儿，混合物；adj.混合的，杂种的 （hybridism 杂交，混血 hybridity 杂种状态）

【例】widely cultivated hybrid poker plant. 广泛种植的杂种植物。

【难句解析】

1. The Internet – and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it – is making access to scientific results a reality.

【译文】提供资金的机构施加压力，质疑为什么商业刊物可以通过限制刊载的手段从政府投资的研究项目中牟利，互联网使得阅读科研结果成为现实。

【解析】两个“-”号中间的部分完全可以视作插入部分独立分析。“the internet is making access to scientific results a reality. ”“funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it.”这样分析就会简单很多：“提供资金的机构施加压力，质疑为什么商业刊物可以通过限制刊载的手段从政府投资的研究项目中牟利，互联网使得阅读科研结果成为现实。”

2. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it.

【译文】其他的模式都是对这三种的不同组合，比如延期开放式是指某一些期刊在发表文章的前六个月只允许付费阅览，此后转为免费阅读。

【解析】such as后面引导从句，这句话以“其他模式”领起，但实际上只重点举了一个例子。“where”后面的句子都是以“delayed open-access”作为先行词。

“其他的模式都是对这三种的不同组合，比如延期开放式是指某一些期刊在发表文章的前六个月只允许付费阅览，此后转为免费阅读。”

【参考答案解析】

26. 参考答案【D】【解析】本题考查的知识点是：第一段的主旨题。本题的题干是主旨题的一种常见形式，即The paragraph (passage)states(illustrates,discusses,deals with, is concerned about, describes) 。因此接下来要判断哪个选项是第一段的主旨的概括，该段没有明显的主题句，各句子的重要性没有明显的差别，因此考生需要在理解句子所陈述的意思之后，概括出作者写这个段落的目的。综合各句子的含义可看出，第一段在让读者了解学术期刊的出版过程及特点。第一、二段开始两个表时间的词语used to be和No longer 相呼应，表明这两段分别侧重介绍过去和现在的情况。

27. 参考答案【C】

【解析】选项从“…makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits.”一句可以分析得出。OECD的报告没有谈到对政府出资的科研项目的评论，总结全新的互联网平台所促进的新的出版模式，而不是引进介绍一种新的方法。报告本身也没有对科学研究带来好或者不好的影响。

28. 参考答案【A】

【解析】第二段第二句提到，网络使免费使用科研成果成为现实（The internet…… is making access to scienrific results a reality）。表面上该句只是在谈网络的作用，但由于本文围绕“学术期刊出版”展开论述，因此这里讲的就是网络出版的意义。

29. 参考答案【A】

【解析】根据题干中关键词open-access publishing定位到第四段。该段共介绍了四种网络出版模式，“开放存取出版模式”是第二种。文中提到它主要依靠作者或其雇主支付论文出版费用。[A]是文中（asking the author to）pay for the paper to be published的改写，为正确项。

30. 参考答案【B】

【解析】整篇文章都是在以客观的角度来介绍新的出版方式，没有表露作者的观点（排除C），更没有从传统出版商的角度来表示互联网是一种威胁（排除A），而对D选项，全文则没有深入展示。

【全文翻译】

原本一切都很简单。一组研究员在实验室里共同完成一个试验，把结果提交给某刊物，刊物的编辑把作者姓名及相关信息隐去，把报告交给这些研究者的同行去审阅。根据评论意见，编辑将决定是否发表。因此，版权留在刊物出版社手上，辛苦探求知识的研究者反倒要花钱订阅刊物。

现在不再是这样了。提供资金的机构施加压力，质疑为什么商业刊物可以通过限制刊载的手段从政府投资的研究项目中牟利，互联网使得阅读科研结果成为现实。经济合作及发展组织近日发布一项调查，描述了这一现象所造成的深远影响。澳大利亚维多利亚大学的John Houghton和经合组织的Graham Vickery联合完成这一报告，内容使目前为止收入丰厚的出版商们感到汗颜。但是这项报告的意义远远不止于此，它标志着科学尝试的一项关键性因素即将发生改变。

在某种程度上来说，知识的价值和公共投资能否取得较高回报，取决于是否能够得到广泛的流通、人们是否能够比较容易地获取这些研究成果。这是一项很大的产业。在美国，核心科研出版市场产值每年在70亿美元到110亿美元左右。国际科学、技术和医学出版社集团宣称全世界专业出版本类期刊的出版商有2000多家。他们每年在16000种刊物上发表120万篇以上文章。

这个数字现在有所变化。根据OECD报告，目前有75%的专业期刊在互联网上有在线阅读。全新的商务模式正在形成，报告作者总结出其中三种。第一种是所谓的大订单模式，即机构团体订阅者通过签订网站协议付钱购买阅读一批刊物文章题目的权限。第二种为开放式出版模式，这种方式的典型特点是要求作者（或其雇主）付费发表文章。最后一种为开放式档案模式，即一些组织，比如大学或者国际实验室建立和维护的一些机构数据库。其他的模式都是对这三种的不同组合，比如延期开放式是指某一些期刊在发表文章的前六个月只允许付费阅览，此后转为免费阅读。至少对论文的发表来说，这些都将颠覆传统的同行审阅模式。

2008 Text 3

In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. ①If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. ②The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.

The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. ③Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today’s people – especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations – apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s. And they aren’t likely to get any taller. “In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, we’ve pretty much gone as far as we can go,” says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University. In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.

④Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients – notably, protein – to feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height – 5′9″ for men, 5′4″ for women – hasn’t really changed since 1960.

Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. “There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism,” says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.

Genetic maximums can change, but don’t expect this to happen soon. ⑤Claire C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, “you could use today’s data and feel fairly confident.”

31. Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to

[A] illustrate the change of height of NBA players.

[B] show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S..

[C] compare different generations of NBA players.

[D] assess the achievements of famous NBA players.

32. Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text?

[A] Genetic modification.

[B] Natural environment.

[C] Living standards.

[D] Daily exercise.

33. On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?

[A] Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.

[B] Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.

[C] Americans are the tallest on average in the world.

[D] Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.

34. We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future

[A] the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size.

[B] the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged.

[C] genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen.

[D] the existing data of human height will still be applicable.

35. The text intends to tell us that

[A] the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern.

[B] human height is becoming even more predictable.

[C] Americans have reached their genetic growth limit.

[D] the genetic pattern of Americans has altered.

【重点词汇】

association [ə'səusi'eiʃən] n. 联系,联想;交际,交往;协会,社团

【例】Let's form an association to help blind people. 让我们建立一个协会来帮助盲人吧。

dramatically [drə'mætikli] ad. 从戏剧角度;戏剧性地,显著地

【例】I kept emphasizing how dramatically things have changed.

我反复强调事情发生了多大的变化。

adjust [ə'dʒʌst] vt. 调整,使适应于,校准 vi. 调整,适应于,校准

【例】This electric pot can adjust the temperature automatically.

这种电饭锅能自动调节温度。

obscure [əb'skjuə] a. 微暗的,难解的,含糊的,晦涩的,偏僻的,不著名的 vt. 使阴暗,隐藏,使含糊

【例】The drafting of this section of the Bill is obscure.

草案上的这一项含糊不清。

apparently [ə'pærəntli] ad. 表面上,似乎,显然地

【例】Apparently he wanted to be close to those common people.

他显然想接近那些平民。

genetic [dʒi'neitik] a. 遗传的,遗传学的

【例】An enzyme that catalyzes genetic recombination.

催化重级酶能催化基因重组的一种酶。

anthropologist [ænθrə'pɔlədʒist] n. 人类学家

【例】The anthropologist contrasted two cultures in his lecture.

这位人类学家在讲座中将两种文化进行对比。

recruit [ri'kru:t] n. 新兵,新分子,新会员,补给品 vt. 使恢复,补充,征募vi. 征募新兵,复原

【例】We recruit all our restaurant staff locally .

我们从本地招所有的餐厅职员。

tissue ['tiʃu] n. 薄的纱织品,薄纸,棉纸,组织,连篇

【例】The process of dissolution and resorption of bony tissue. 骨组织吸收骨组织分解和吸收的过程。

adolescent [ædəu'lesnt] a. 青春期的,青年的n. 青少年

【例】an awkward bad-mannered adolescent boy. 笨拙的没礼貌的青少年。

secular ['sekjulə] n. 牧师,俗人a. 世俗的,现世的,不朽的,长期的

【例】The choir sings both sacred and secular music. 唱诗班既唱圣乐也唱世俗歌曲。

substantial [səb'stænʃəl] n. 重要部分,本质 a. 实质上的,物质的,有内容的,结实的

【例】She realized a substantial return on the investment. 她在那次投资中获得了实在的回报

bipedal ['baipedl] a. 两足动物

【例】large carnivorous bipedal dinosaur having huge claws. 爪巨大的大型食肉类两足恐龙。

strain [strein] vt. 拉紧,绷紧;损伤,扭伤;紧张,勉强 vi. 尽力,使劲 n. U拉紧,张力,应变;紧张

【例】The great mental strain and overwork shattered his mind.巨大的精神负担和过度劳累使他心智受损。

architecture ['ɑ:kitektʃə] n. 建筑学,建筑术;建筑物;组织,结构

【例】The study of ecclesiastical architecture and ornamentation.教堂建筑学研究教堂建筑及装饰的学科。

【难句注释】

1. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42.

【译文】可是如果他参加了上个赛季的话，他就变成了42分之一了。

【解析】这句话是句虚拟语气，if + had done，后面接上would have done，这句话是过去时的虚拟语气，中间的however是插入语。

2. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbyyers of bigger, longer frames.

【译文】这些年来在较大的职业体育运动中的运动员的身体状况发生了很大的改变，而他们的经理人也更愿意调整队员的运动服来适应队员们更大，更高的身材。

文

【解析】这句话是个并列句，由and连接。前半句的主语是The bodies，playing major professional sport是对主语的补充，have changed是谓语，dramatically over the years是状语。后半句中，managers是主语，have been是谓语。

3. Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today’s people –especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations – apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s.

【译文】虽然现在人们比140年前高了2英寸，特别是那些出生在已移民美国很多代的那些人，但是明显的，在二十世纪60年代早期，已经到达了他们的身高的极限。

【解析】这句话主语是today’s people，Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago是状语，especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations是对主语的补充，reached their limit是谓语，in the early 1960s是时间状语。

4. Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients– notably, protein – to feed expanding tissues.

【译文】身高的增长一般在20岁以后就停止了，而发育是需要能量和营养的，其中的蛋白质用来供给组织的生长。

【解析】这句话中Growth是主语，which rarely continues beyond the age of 20是定语从句，demands是谓语，calories and nutrients是宾语。notably, protein – to feed expanding tissues是对宾语的补足。

5. Claire C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass,ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration.

【译文】Mass州的Natick的军队研究中心的高级人类学家Claire C. Gordon确信百分之九十的入伍新兵不需要更换新的制服和工作站。

【解析】这句话中Claire C. Gordon是主语，senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass是对主语的补充，ensures是谓语，that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration是that引导的宾语从句，90 percent of the uniforms and workstations是宾语从句中的主语，fit是宾语从句中的谓语，recruits是宾语从句中的宾语。

【参考答案解析】

31. 参考答案【A】

【解析】A．Wilt Chamberlain在第一段，先定位，“In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42.”19世纪60年代初，Wilt Chamberlain是NBA身高超过7尺的3人之一，如果他打了最后一个赛季的话，他将是42人之一。说明后来NBA中身高超过7尺的增加到了42人。也就证明了NBA运动员的身高变化。

B．显示了美国NBA球员的名声，与原文不符。

C． 比较了NBA两代的球员的区别，与原文不符。

D．评估了著名NBA球员的成绩，与原文不符。

故选A。

32. 参考答案【C】

【解析】C. “But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years,”说明导致身高增长的因素有饮食和健康的改善，就是参考答案所说的生活水平。A．基因变化，这个与原文不符。B．自然环境，文中没有提及。D．日常锻炼，与原文不符。故选C。

33. 参考答案【B】

B．原文” Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs.”，表明由于直立起来的姿势人类的身高收到了限制。A．文中没有提及。C．美国人是世界上平均身高最高的，文中没有说到。D．个大的婴儿在孩童时期容易长得更高，这个原文没有说明。故选B。

34. 参考答案【D】D. 先定位到最后一段，“you could use today’s data and feel fairly confident.”说明现在的人类身高的数据以后还可以拿来使用。A．文中说，“ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration.”90%的新兵制服和工作站无需改动，而参考答案是重新考虑，与原文不符。B．军队制服的设计将不变，，文中并无提及。C．基因测试将运用到运动员选拔中去，文中无提及。故选D。

35. 参考答案【C】C．文章中提及到，由于基因的限制，美国人已经达到了身高的极限。A．人类的身高改变遵循着周期的模式，而文章则说由于各种原因，人类的身高已经达到极限，与原文不符。B．人类的身高变得更加具有可预知性，与文中意思不符。D．美国人的基因形态已改变，，文中无提及。故选C。

【全文翻译】

在20世纪60年代早期，Wilt Chamberlain是美国国家篮球协会中仅有的身高超过7英尺的三个人之一。可是如果他参加了上个赛季的话，他就变成了42分之一了。这些年来在较大的职业体育运动中的运动员的身体状况发生了很大的改变，而他们的经理人也更愿意调整队员的运动服来适应队员们更大，更高的身材。

虽然体育界的这种趋势可能蒙蔽了一个没有被承认的现实：美国人基本上停止生长了。虽然现在人们比140年前高了2英寸，特别是那些出生在已移民美国很多代的那些人，但是明显的，在二十世纪60年代早期，已经到达了他们的身高的极限。他们已经不可能再长得更高了。“在这个基因和环境的条件下，现在整体的人们已经长到我们能够达到的范围了，”Wright州大学的人类学家William Cameron Chumlea说道。拿NBA球员来说，他们身高的增加主要由于从世界各地招募到了球员。

身高的增长一般在20岁以后就停止了，而发育是需要能量和营养的，其中的蛋白质用来供给组织的生长。在20世纪初，营养不良和儿童疾病妨碍了整体的发育。但是当饮食和健康的促进，儿童和青少年平均每20年都增长了大概1.5英寸，这就是长高的趋势。根据疾病防治中心，从1960年开始，人们的平均身高，男性5英尺9英寸，女性5英尺4英寸，就没有怎么改变了。

总的说来，避免太高的身高是有很多优点的。在生产时，较大的婴儿通过产道是有更多的问题的。而且，就算人类已经直立行走已经几百万年了，我们的脚和背部继续对抗着巨大的压力，这些压力来源于双足直立的姿势和巨大的肢体。“有一些限制是个体器官的基因结构导致的。”西北大学的人类学家William Leonard说道。

基因的最大化可以改变，但是不要期待它会马上就能发生。Mass州的Natick的军队研究中心的高级人类学家Claire C. Gordon确信百分之九十的入伍新兵不需要更换新的制服和工作站。她说，不像那些篮球制服，军队的制服长度很长时间都没有改变了。如果你需要在不远的将来预测人类的身高而去设计一款新的设备，Gordon说基本上，“你都能够使用现在的数据并且觉得非常地自信。”

2008 Text 4

In 1784, five years before he became president of the United States, George Washington, 52, was nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw – having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.

That’s a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books. But recently, many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. ①They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation’s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country’s infancy. More significantly, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong – and yet most did little to fight it.

More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the culture of their time. While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.

For one thing, the South could not afford to part with its slaves. Owning slaves was “like having a large bank account,” says Wiencek, author of An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. ②The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the “peculiar institution,” including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.

And the statesmen’s political lives depended on slavery. The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College. Once in office, Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803; the new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states.

Still, Jefferson freed Hemings’s children – though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves. Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.

【难句解析】

transplant [træns'plɑ:nt] vt. 移居,移植,迁移 vi. 移居,移植 n. 移居者,移植

【例】Santillan waited three years for the first transplant. 为了找到合适的心肺进行移植，桑提连已经等了足足三年。

spur [spə:] n. 马刺,刺激物,鼓舞 vt. 刺激,激励,用马刺刺 vi. 用马刺驱马,疾驰

【例】Do not spur a willing horse. 君子一言，好马一鞭。

compromise ['kɔmprəmaiz] n. 妥协,折衷,折衷案,和解 vi. 妥协处理 vt. 危害

【例】Oppose all vacillation and compromise. 反对任何的动摇妥协。

fragile ['frædʒail] a. 易碎的,脆的 名词：fragility, fragileness 副词：fragilely

【例】Is anything fragile enclosed? 这包裹里有易破的东西吗？

infancy ['infənsi] n. 幼年,初期,幼儿期

【例】Growth is rapid in infancy. 幼儿期的成长相当快。

bedrock [bed'rɔk] n. 岩床,根底,基础

【例】Ancient culture is the bedrock of all. 古老的文化蕴孕着时代永恒的文明。

congressional [kən'greʃənl] a. 会议的,议会的,国会的

【例】The congressional opponents zeroed in on the bill. 国会中的反对派把矛头集中指向那项议案。

formula ['fɔ:mjulə] n. 公式,程式;准则,方案复　

【例】What formula will they accept? 什么方案各方都能接受呢？

legislative ['ledʒislətiv] a. 立法的,有立法权的,立法机构的 n. 立法权,立法机构

【例】composed of one legislative body. 由一个立法机关组成。

【难句注释】

1、They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings.

【译文】他们多半是受了1998年DNA事件的影响。那个事件证明托马斯•杰弗逊至少和他的奴隶萨利•赫明思生过一个孩子。

【解析】该句的主干是They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence，过去分词短语made available in 1998和Which引导的非限定性从句都做后置定语，共同修饰名词evidence。定语从句的主谓结构是which proved，宾语是省略了关系代词的宾语从句（that）Tommas Jefferson had fathered…Hemings，其中father 做动词，意为“[作为父亲]生[孩子]，成为······的父亲”。

2、The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the “peculiar institution,” including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.

【译文】如果没有对于这种“特殊制度”的保护，南方各州不会同意签署宪法。这种特殊的制度保护包括：在国会代表人数中一个奴隶可以算作五分之三个公民。

【解析】这句话虽然很长，但是结构很简单。”including”后面是对“perculiar institution”

的进一步解释，在理解的时候，可以把这句话分成两句话来理解。“如果没有对于这种“特殊制度”的保护，南方各州不会同意签署宪法。这种特殊的制度保护包括：在国会代表人数中一个奴隶可以算作五分之三个公民。”

【参考答案解析】

36. 参考答案【D】【解析】弄清楚作者开始讲述故事的目的，关键要知道他是如何从一则轶事过渡到下文主题的。从篇章分析看，由“华盛顿利用奴隶的轶事”到“华盛顿砍倒樱桃树的典型形象”再到“奴隶制在开国元勋生活中扮演的角色”，华盛顿这个人物才是行文的线索，作者从讲述他不为人们熟悉的故事入手，引出话题，因此[D]正确。

37. 参考答案【B】【解析】第二段倒数第二句提到，历史学家的著作揭示了新生国家的脆弱性，[B]就是文中the fragile nature of the country’s infancy的改写。Fraglie这里取比喻意，即,week and uncertain,and likely to become worse under pressure“脆弱的，不稳定的”；infancy意为the time when something is just starting to be developed“初期，早期”。[B]中delicate意为needing to be dealt with carefully or sensitively in order to avoid problems or failure“微妙的，需要谨慎处理的”。

38. 参考答案【C】【解析】本题考查的知识点是：综合文中有关某一人物的细节。杰弗逊认识到奴隶制不该存在，但是政治生涯又得益于奴隶制度，因此，他对奴隶制的态度一定是复杂的。

39. 参考答案【A】【解析】文中多处强调开国元勋们对奴隶制的妥协态度，这与他们从政治上获益是分不开的。考生不能孤立的理解第五段的内容，以为只有杰弗逊一人在政治上收益，其实杰弗逊是开国元勋这个群体的代表，因此[A]正确，它就是第五段首句的改写。

40. 参考答案【B】【解析】根据题干关键词Washington’s decision to free slaves定位到第六段第二句，该句是个长句，主句部分Washington overcame…in his will介绍在了“华盛顿释放奴隶的决定”，从句部分who had… War解释了原因。[B]是after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War的概括，因此是正确项。

【全文翻译】

1784，52岁的乔治•华盛顿在成为美国总统5年前，牙齿就几乎已经掉光了。他专门请牙医从他的奴隶口中拔出九颗牙齿种在自己的身上。

这跟很多人在历史书上读到过的那个砍樱桃树的华盛顿有点大相径庭。但是最近开始，历史学家开始越来越关注奴隶制在美国开国一代人的生活中所扮演的角色。他们多半是受了1998年DNA事件的影响。那个事件证明托马斯•杰弗逊至少和他的奴隶萨利•赫明思生过一个孩子。学者们从头至尾地研究历史还是近三十年的事情。一些历史学家揭示了早期开国者们的道德妥协和早期国家的不稳定性。更重要的是，他们认为很多开国元勋知道奴隶制是错误的，但是大多数并没有去反抗。

最主要的原因，就是建国者们受到了当时文化的束缚。当华盛顿和杰弗逊私底下表示对奴隶制的不满时，他们也明白奴隶制同时也是他们努力建造的这个国家的政治经济基础的一部分。

一方面，南方各州无法认同废除奴隶制度。如《不完美的上帝：乔治•华盛顿、他的奴隶和美国的建立》一书作者Wiencek所描述，拥有努力“就像拥有一笔巨额存款”。如果没有对于这种“特殊制度”的保护，南方各州不会同意签署宪法。这种特殊的制度保护包括：在国会代表人数中一个奴隶可以算作五分之三个公民。

政治家的政治生命也取决于奴隶制度。正由于这个五分之三公式，南方选举团的选票扩大了，杰弗逊才在1800大选中险胜。入主白宫之后的1803年，杰弗逊通过购买路易斯安那州扩大了奴隶制度，这片土地后来被划分为了13个州，其中包括3个蓄奴州。

然而，杰弗逊还是解放了赫明思的孩子们，虽然没有同样解放赫明思和其他150名奴隶。华盛顿在目睹了美国独立战争中黑人士兵的英勇之后开始相信人人生就平等。于是，不顾亲属的反对，他解放了自己所有的努力。而仅仅在十年前，解放奴隶的法案才在弗吉尼亚得以批准。

2007 Text 1

①If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006’s World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the late months. ②If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be ever more pronounced.

③What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses: a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills; b) winter born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina; c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccer mania; d) none of the above.

Anders Ericsson, a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in “none of the above.” Ericsson grew up in Sweden, and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology. His first experiment, nearly 30 years ago, involved memory: training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers. “With the first subject, after about 20 hours of training, his digit span had risen from 7 to 20,” Ericsson recalls. “He kept improving, and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers.”

④This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. In other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize, those differences are swamped by how well each person “encodes” the information. And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task. Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.

Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits, including soccer. They gather all the data they can, not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers. ⑤Their work makes a rather startling assertion: the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. Or, put another way, expert performers – whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming–are nearly always made, not born.

21. The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to

[A] stress the importance of professional training.

[B] spotlight the soccer superstars at the World Cup.

[C] introduce the topic of what makes expert performance.（C）

[D] explain why some soccer teams play better than others.

22. The word “mania” (Line 4, Paragraph 2) most probably means

[A] fun.

[B] craze.

[C] hysteria.（B）

[D] excitement.

23. According to Ericsson, good memory

[A] depends on meaningful processing of information.

[B] results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.

[C] is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors.（A）

[D] requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.

24. Ericsson and his colleagues believe that

[A] talent is a dominating factor for professional success.

[B] biographical data provide the key to excellent performance.

[C] the role of talent tends to be overlooked.（D）

[D] high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture.

25. Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the text tries to convey?

[A] “Faith will move mountains.”

[B] “One reaps what one sows.”

[C] “Practice makes perfect.”（C）

[D] “Like father, like son.”

【重点词汇】

certificate n.证书

【巧】certif (y证明) +ic（形容词后缀）+ate（作名词后缀表“物”）＝具证明性质的东西→证书。

【例】a leaving certificate 毕业（肄业, 离职）证书; academic certificate

学历证书;I must discard riches, the certificate of slavery.我必须抛弃财富这张奴隶证书。

elite n.精英（中频词）

【巧】谐音：“爱理他”→“精英人士”每个人都爱理他。

astrological adj.占星的, 占星术的

stamina n.毅力, 持久力, 精力

【例】exhibit enough stamina to master English. 表现出掌握英语的充足的毅力;That young man lacks stamina.那个年青人缺乏毅力。

conceive v.怀孕, 考虑, 设想

【例】conceive prejudices抱偏见；conceive a child 怀孕；Scientists first conceived the idea of atomic bomb in the 1930s. 20

世纪30年代科学家们初次设想原子弹的计划。

annual adj.每年的（中频词）

【例】annual report / income / production年度报告 / 收入 / 产量

peak n.顶点, (记录的)最高峰

mania n.癖好, 狂热

【例】She has a mania for ponies. 她特别喜欢小马。

coupled with 加上， 外加

intuitive adj.直觉的

cognitive adj.认知的, 认识的, 有感知的

【例】a child's cognitive development小孩认识能力的发展

swamp v. 使陷入困境

【例】be swamped by heavy debts 债台高筑；The horse was swamped in the mud. 马陷入泥潭。

A big wave swamped the boat.

一个大浪淹没了小船。

I am swamped with work.

我工作忙得不可开交。

deliberate adj.深思熟虑的, 故意的, 预有准备的

【例】a deliberate decision 慎重的决定

pursuit / n.追求；职业

【习】hell-for-leather pursuit 全力追击, 拼命追赶；in pursuit of 追踪, 追求；in hot

pursuit 穷追

【例】daily pursuits 日常事务；in one's pursuit of happiness 追求幸福

statistics n.统计学, 统计表(中频词)

assertion n.主张, 断言, 声明

【例】stand to one's assertion 坚持已见

【难句注释】

1、If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006's World Cup tournament you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months.

【译文】 如果你查看一下参加2006年世界杯赛的所有足球运动员的出生证，你极有可能会发现一个引人注意的怪事：优秀的足球运动员大多是在年头出生，而不是在年尾出生。

【析句】 这是一个典型的虚拟条件句，但是主句的宾语后面跟着一个同位语从句。此句并不难理解。

【讲词】birth certificate意为"出生证"。certificate的意思是"证书；证明书；凭证"。对于学生来说，certificate是指"结业证"，即完成了某门课程或一段时间学习的证明。相近的单词有diploma（文凭；毕业证书；证明权力、特权、荣誉等的证书或奖状）。大学毕业取得的学位，英语是用degree来表示，degree主要有三个：学士(bachelor)学位、硕士(master)学位和博士(doctor或PhD)学位。

noteworthy表示"值得注意，引人注意的"。

quirk 意为"怪癖;怪事，巧合"，在句中表示"奇怪的现象"。

elite 意为"精英，菁华；杰出人士"。

2、If you then examine the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced.

【译文】如果你再查看一下为世界杯和职业联赛输送人才的欧洲各国的国家青年队，你会发现这种奇怪的现象更加明显。

【析句】主句you would find...，this strange phenomenon是宾语，to be even more pronounced是宾语补足语。

【讲词】feed的基本意思是"喂；饲养"，但在本句中则表示"输送"。

pronounce通常表示"发音；宣布"，而pronounced显然是过去分词作形容词，表示"讲出来的；显著的，断然的，明确的"。分析句子，可知表示"显然的，明显的"。

rank 可以表示"等级；行列；阶级"，professional ranks表示"职业队伍"，即各级职业联赛的队伍。

3、What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses： a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills; b) winter-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity which increases soccer stamina; c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccer mania; d) none of the above.

【译文】 怎样解释这一奇怪的现象？有几个猜想：1. 某些星相赋予超强的足球技能。2. 冬天的婴儿大多摄氧量更高，可以增加足球体能。3. 狂爱足球的父母更有可能在春天怀孕，这一段时间是足球狂热的高峰。4. 以上选项都不正确。

【析句】 冒号之后是四个选项，其中包括三个简单句和一个名词短语结构。

【讲词】account for主要表示"解释，说明"，即是explain的意思。例如：Bad weather accounted for the long delay of the flight.（航班长期的延缓是因为坏天气。）The suspect couldn’t account for his time that night.（嫌犯不能说明那天晚上他的时间安排。）

astrological sign 指星座或星相（zodiac，黄道），共有12个：水瓶座（Aquarius)，双鱼座（Pisces），白羊座（Aries)，金牛座（Taurus），双子座（Gemini），巨蟹座（Cancer)，狮子座（Leo），处女座（Virgo），天秤座（Libra)，天蝎座（Scorpio)，人马座（Sagittarius)，摩羯座（Capricorn）。

confer 意为"赠予；授予；给予"，其同义词包括：give,bestow,invest等。也可表示"协商，交换意见"，其同义词包括advise,consult,parley等。

stamina意为"毅力，持久力，精力"，即physical or moral strength。

conceive 基本上有两个意思，即"构思"或"怀孕"。

4、This success,coupled with later research showing that memory itself as not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one.

【译文】 这一成功，以及后来显示记忆本身并非由基因所决定的研究，让埃里克森得到这样的结论，即记忆行为是一种认识练习，而不是一种直觉练习。

【析句】 句子虽长，却是一个简单句，主语是This success，谓语是led，后面接两个宾语，一是Ericsson，一是不定式to conclude。不定式本身接that引导的宾语从句。

【讲词】couple 作名词表示"(一)对，(一)双；夫妇"，作动词表示"连接；结合；结婚"。to be coupled with意为to be together with。例如：She coupled her refusal with an explanation.（她解释了拒绝的原因。）

genetically determined意为"（是）由基因决定的"。genetically的名词是gene（基因），形容词是genetic，它们与generate,general,generation等来自同一词根。

cognitive 意为"认知的"，其名词是cognition（认知，认知力）。

5、Their work makes a rather startling assertion: the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. Or, put another way, expert performers-whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming-are nearly always made, not born.

【译文】 他们的工作得出了一个惊人的观点：我们通常称之为天才的特性被高估了。换句话说，在记忆、外科、芭蕾或计算机程序方面的专业人士，他们几乎都是后天努力的结果，并非天生如此。

【析句】 第一句是简单句，冒号后的成分是宾语assertion的同位语，而同位语中又包含一个定语从句修饰the trait。在第二句中，or和put another way是插入语，句子的主干是expert... are... made, not born。whether in... programming作定语。

【讲词】startling 意为"惊人的，令人吃惊的"，其同义词有surprising、astonishing、stunning、astounding等。

assertion 表示"主张；断言；声明"。

talent 意为"天才；才干；才能"，注意中文的"人才市场"，英语应用job market来表示。

overrate "高估"，其反义词是underrate（低估）。

expert 句中的意思是"专家的，专业的"，expert performers 表示"专业人士"。

made 句中意为"通过后天努力而成就的（人）"。

born 指"天生的"，如：She is a born star.

【答案解析】

21.[C]例证题。请问提及著名运动员的生日的目的是什么?第一段是一个引子，作用就是为了引出主题，不是为了说明这个例子的。因此首先就能排除选项[B]和选项[D]，因为都出现了soccer，而选项[A]中的“professional training”是文中未提及的信息。很明显和主题相关的就是[C]“引出文章的主题”。该类题型也是近两年每年必考的题型，考生只要注意答案只和主题相关。

22.[B]词义题。请问‘mania’在文中的意思是什么?首先返回原文，在上文中找到soccer-mad和soccer mania正好对应，因此应该找一个mad的同义词。选项[A] fun没有疯狂的意思;选项[C]hysteria解释为歇斯底里，明显带有贬义，不符合原文意境;选项[D] excitement只是兴奋,没有达到疯狂的程度。因此选[B] craze。

23.[A]细节事实题。根据Ericsson的观点，好的记忆如何?根据题干中的memory，返回原文第四段。选项[B]“源于直觉而不是感觉”与原文四段首句“是感觉而不是直觉”相反;选项[C]“基因而不是心理因素决定”与第四段首句“不是由基因决定”相反;选项[D]中的“high degree”是文中未提及的信息。选项[A]“取决于有目的性的信息过程”对应文中第四段第三句‘Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice有目的性的练习过程”。

24.[D]细节事实题。请问Ericsson和其同事的观点是什么?选项[A]“天赋是获得职业成功的主要因素”与原文末段第三句“我们通常对天赋估计过高”矛盾;选项[B]属于以偏概全，选项中的biographical data只是其中的一个部分，而不能理解为选项中的“key决定性因素”;选项[C]属于单词的替换，文章中出现的是‘Overrate过高估计’，而选项换成“overlook忽视”，与原文意思不符。选项[D]“成功归功于训练”对应原文的末句“好的表现是自己努力的而不是天生的”，[D]为正确答案。

25.[C]主旨题。请问文章主题是什么?整篇文章在末尾进行了总结，即成功源于不断的练习，而不是天生具备的。因此选项[C]“熟能生巧”为正确答案。

【全文翻译】

如果你打算在2006年世界杯锦标赛上调查所有足球运动员的出生证明，那么你很有可能发现一个引人注目的巧合：优秀足球运动员更可能出生于每年的前几个月而不是后几个月。如果你接着调查世界杯和职业比赛的欧洲国家青年队的话，那么你会发现这一奇怪的现象甚至更明显。

什么可以解释这一奇怪的现象呢？下面是一些猜测：a）某种占星术征兆使人具备更高的足球技能；b）冬季出生的婴儿往往具有更高的供氧能力，这增加了踢足球的持久力；c）热爱足球的父母更可能在春季（每年足球狂热的鼎盛时期）怀孕；d）以上各项都不是。

58岁的安德斯•埃里克森是佛罗里达州立大学的一名心理学教授，他说，他坚信“以上各项都不是”这一猜测。在瑞典长大的埃里克森，一直研究核工程，直到他认识到，如果他转向心理学领域，他将会有更多机会从事自己的研究。他的首次试验是在大约30年以前进行的，与记忆相关：训练一个人先听一组任意挑选的数字，然后复述这些数字。“在经过大约20小时的训练之后，第一个试验对象（复述）的数字跨度从7个上升到20个，” 埃里克森回忆说。“该试验对象不断进步，在接受大约200个小时的训练后，他复述的数字已经达到80多个。”

这一成功，连同后来证明的记忆本身不是遗传决定的研究，使得埃里克森得出结论，即记忆过程是一种认知练习，而不是一种本能练习。换句话说，无论两个人在记忆力能力上可能存在怎样的天生差异，这些差异都会被每个人如何恰当地“解读”所记的信息所掩盖。埃里克森确信，了解如何有目的地解读信息的最佳方法就是一个为人所知的有意练习过程。有意练习需要的不仅仅是简单地重复一个任务。相反，它包括确定明确的目标、获得即时的反馈以及技术与结果的浓缩。

因此，埃里克森和他的同事开始研究包括足球领域在内的广泛领域中专业执行者。他们收集了能够收集的所有资料，不只是表现方面的统计数据和传记详细资料，还包括他们自己对取得很高成就的人员进行的实验室实验结果。他们的研究得出了一个非常令人惊奇的结论——我们通常称为天分的特征被高估了。或者，换句话说，专业执行者――无论是在记忆还是手术方面，在芭蕾还是计算机编程领域――几乎总是培养的，而不是天生的。

2007 Text 2

For the past several years, the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called “Ask Marilyn.” People are invited to query Marilyn vos Savant, who at age 10 had tested at a mental level of someone about 23 years old; that gave her an IQ of 228 – the highest score ever recorded. IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies, to envision paper after it has been folded and cut, and to deduce numerical sequences, among other similar tasks. So it is a bit confusing when vos Savant fields such queries from the average Joe (whose IQ is 100) as, What’s the difference between love and fondness? Or what is the nature of luck and coincidence? ①It’s not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.

Clearly, intelligence encompasses more than a score on a test. Just what does it mean to be smart? How much of intelligence can be specified, and how much can we learn about it from neurology, genetics, computer science and other fields?

The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score, even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be. The test comes primarily in two forms: the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (both come in adult and children’s version). Generally costing several hundred dollars, they are usually given only by psychologists, although variations of them populate bookstores and the World Wide Web. ②Superhigh scores like vos Savant’s are no longer possible, because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers, rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100. Other standardized tests, such as the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) and the Graduate Record Exam (GRE), capture the main aspects of IQ tests.

Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life, argues Robert J. Sternberg. In his article “How Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing?”, ③Sternberg notes that traditional test best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge, components also critical to problem solving and life success. Moreover, IQ test do not necessarily predict so well once populations or situations change. Research has found that IQ predicted leadership skills when the tests were given under low-stress conditions, but under high-stress conditions, IQ was negatively correlated with leadership – that is, it predicted the opposite. Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also matters, whether it’s knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.

26. Which of the following may be required in an intelligent test?

[A] Answering philosophical questions.

[B] Folding or cutting paper into different shapes.

[C] Telling the difference between certain concepts.（D）

[D] Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.

27. What can be inferred about intelligence testing from Paragraph 3?

[A] People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence.

[B] More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.

[C] The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.（C）

[D] Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.

28. People nowadays can no longer achieve IQ scores as high as vos Savant’s because

[A] the scores are obtained through different computational procedures.

[B] creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now.

[C] vos Savant’s case is an extreme one that will not repeat.（A）

[D] the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed.

29. We can conclude from the last paragraph that

[A] test scores may not be reliable indicators of one’s ability.

[B] IQ scores and SAT results are highly correlated.

[C] testing involves a lot of guesswork.（A）

[D] traditional test are out of date.

30. What is the author’s attitude towards IQ test?

[A] Supportive.

[B] Skeptical.

[C] Impartial.（B）

[D] Biased.

【重点词汇】

mental adj.精神的, 智力的

verbal adj.口头的

【记】verb（言语），＋al（形容词后缀）＝口头的；nonverbal：不用语言的

analogy n.类似, 类推

【习】have an analogy to/with具有与...相似之处;by analogy用类推法

【例】No analogy exists between them.

两者毫无相似之处。

envision vt.想象, 预想

numerical adj.数字的, 用数表示的

fondness n.爱好, 溺爱

coincidence n.一致, 相合, 同时发生或同时存在(尤指偶然)的事

【巧】co（together）+ incidence（incident）＝coincidence：两个小的事情同时发生，“巧合”

【例】What a coincidence.多巧啊。

elude v.躲避

encompass v.包围, 环绕, 包含或包括某事物

statistica adj.统计的, 统计学的n.统计量

peer n.同等的人

elements n.原理, 基础

predict v.预知, 预言, 预报

【巧】pre（先）＋dict（说）＝predict（在发生之前就说了，也就是预言）

【例】predict rain for tomorrow预告明天有雨

【难句注释】

1、It's not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.

【译文】 有些问题连一些最杰出的诗人和哲学家都难以回答，但是想象物体和计算数字模式的能力却能使人找出答案，其中原因并不为人所知。

【析句】 这是一个简单句，It只是形式主语，真正的主语是how引导的主语从句。而在主语从句中，主语是the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns，谓语是suits，宾语是one，to answer questions是宾语补足语，而questions后又跟了一个定语从句。

【讲词】 visualize意为"想象"，是imagine的同义词。例如：He had a hard time to visualize the scene as it was described.（他难以设想所描绘的场景。）

elude表示"躲避"，也可表示"理解不了，想不起来"。根据句中的意思，可以译为"回答不了"。例如：The answer to this question eluded me for a long time, perhaps because it was so simple.（这个问题的答案我想了许久，也许是因为问题太简单了。）

2、Superhigh scores like vos Savant's are no longer possible, because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers, rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100.

【译文】 再也不可能出现vos Savant测得的智力高分了，因为评分标准是根据同年龄中人口分布统计数据而制定，而不是简单根据时间年龄除以智力年龄，再乘以100。

【讲词】 这句话中包含一些术语，如：scoring（得分，即智力测验的得分），statistical population distribution（人口分布统计），age peers（同龄人），mental age（智力年龄），chronological age（时间年龄或日历年龄）。

3、Sternberg notes that traditional tests best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge, components also critical to problem solving and life success.

【译文】 Sternberg认为传统的测试最能评定分析技能和语言技能，但却无法测定创造力和实际知识，而这些部分对解决问题和人生的成功也起着至关重要的作用。

【析句】 Sternberg是全句的主语，谓语是notes，宾语是that引导的从句。而在从句中，主语是traditional tests，第一个谓语assess接宾语analytical and verbal skills，第二个谓语fail接不定式to measure creativity and practical knowledge，句末的成分作creativity and practical knowledge的同位语。同位语的完整结构是components (that are) also critical to problem solving and life success。

【讲词】note作动词，可以译为"注意到"或"认为"。类似的动词有observe, maintain, argue, point out等。

asses意为"评估，估定"，其名词是assessment。assess的同义词有evaluate, determine, gauge, measure等。

【答案解析】

26.[D]判断题。请问在智商测试中要求我们做到什么?根据IQ测试，返回原文第一段第三句‘IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies, to envision paper a$er it has been folded and cut, and to deduce numerical sequences, among other similar tasks.”选项[A]“回答一些哲学问题”是一个文中未提及的信息;选项[B]提词义的曲解，原文是想象纸张在折叠或者裁剪后形状，而此选项去除了“envision想象”的概念;选项[C]“区分特定概念的区别”是一个文中未提及的信息。选项[D]“选择与已给出单同或者图表相类似的那一个”中的words对应原文的verbal ,graphs对应原文中的visual, similar to对应原文中的analogy，因此[D]为正确答案。

27.[C]推理题。根据第三段，我们推出智商侧试如何?选项[A]“人们不再把IQ测试结果作为智商的衡量标准”与原文第三段首句“The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score(我们还是用智商测试结果来判定一个人的智力)”意思相反;原文第二段第二句阐述现在智力测试只有两个版本“the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales"，而选项[B]“现在互联网上有更多的智商测试版本”中的more为无中生有;选项[D]“科学家已经为人类智商的重要因素下了定义”，文中既没有讲过科学家们定义，也没有讲过重要因素。选项[C]“成人和孩子的智商测试内容是不同的”对应原文第兰段第二句中括号里的内容“both come in adult and children's version"。

28.[A]细节事实题为什么人们不可能再获得像vos Savant那样的智商测试高分?对应原文第二段第四句，"because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers, rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100"。选项[A]“智力测试的成绩会用不同的计算方法”是该句的同义替换。选项[B]“今天测试强调创造力而不是分析能力”，该选项与问题毫不相干，而且与原文第四段第二句“Sternberg notes that traditional tests best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge”矛盾;选项[C] "vos Savant是一个不会再现极端的例子”是属于以事论事，而且也是文中没有提到的信息;选项[D]“智力测试特点的定义已经发生改变”仍属于文中未提及的信息。因此，[A]为正确选项。

29.[A]细节事实题。根据最后一段，我们得知什么?返回原文末段，选项[B]"智力测试成绩和SAT测试结果是高度相关的”属于曲解文章，原文末句“Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also matters”讲述的是两种考试，考试技巧都有作用，而并非考试结果相关;选项[C]“考试中涉及大量的猜测工作”，这类选项明显与常识相反，马上可以排除;选项[D]“传统的测试已经过时了”中的“traditional tests”是文中未提及的信息。选项[A]"智力测试结果可能并不能表征一个人的能力”对应末段首句“Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life"。

30.[B]作者态度题。请问作者对于智力侧试的态度?根据第二段首句“Clearly, intelligence encompasses more than a score on a test.很明显，智力所包含的远远不止测试成绩”其中的clearly是明显表征作者观点态度的副词，由此我们判定作者对于智力测试持反对的态度，因此选择[B] "skeptical怀疑的”。选项[A]“支持的”，选项[C]“中立的”均与原文不符。

【全文翻译】

在过去的几年，《星期日报》的增刊《漫步》开设了一个名为“询问玛丽琳”的专栏。人们被邀请去询问玛丽琳•沃斯•萨文特，玛丽琳•沃斯•萨文特在10岁时测试的智力水平达到别人23岁时的水平，这使得她的智商高达228――是有记录的最高水平。智商测试要求你完成口头和视觉分析，要求你在纸张被折叠、剪切后想象它的形状，要求你推论数字的顺序，还有其他类似的项目。所以，当沃斯•萨文特面对普通人（智商为100）提出的像“热爱与喜爱之间的区别是什么？”或者“运气与巧合的特征是什么？”这样的问题时，她感到有点困惑。设想物体、判断数字模式的能力如何使一个人能够回答难倒了一些最杰出的诗人和哲学家的问题，这可并不那么显而易见。

毫无疑问，智力包含的不仅仅是一次测试所得的分数。而聪明意味着什么？可以明确显示智力有多少？我们能够从神经学、遗传学、计算机科学以及其他领域了解的智力又有多少？

人类有关智力的定义性术语似乎仍然是智商分数，即使人们并不像以前那样经常进行智商测试。智商测试主要表现为两种形式：斯坦福—比奈特智力衡量表和威斯勒智力衡量表（两种都包含成人和儿童测试类型）。由于这些测试一般要花费几百美元，因此通常只有心理学家才进行这些测试，尽管这些测试的变种存在于书店和环球网上。像沃斯•萨文特得到这样的超高分数也再不可能，因为现在的分数依据的是相同年龄者的统计学群体分布状况，而不是简单地通过实足年龄乘以100来划分智能年龄。其他标准测试，比如学术能力检测以及研究生入学考试，包含了智商测试的主要方面。

罗伯特•杰•斯顿伯格认为，这样的标准测试不可能评估在学校和生活中取得成功所需的所有重要因素。在其名为“智力测试如何明智？”的文章中，斯顿伯格指出，传统的测试最恰当地评估了分析能力和语言表达能力，但没有测量创造性和实际知识，这些也是解决问题和在生活中取得成功的关键因素。而且，一旦种群或环境发生变化，智商测试就不一定预测得那么准确。研究发现，如果在低压力状况下进行智商测试，那么这种测试就可以预测出领导才能，但是，在高压力状况下，智商测试所得的结果与领导才能的关系是否定的，也就是说，它预测的结果是相反的。任何经历过学术能力检测的人都会认为，应试能力也很重要，无论是知道何时应该进行推测，还是知道应该忽略什么问题。

2007 Text 3

①During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure had been transformed by economic risk and new realties. Now a pink slip, a bad diagnosis, or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months.

In just one generation, millions of mothers have gone to work, transforming basic family economics. ②Scholars, policymakers, and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect: family risk has risen as well. Today’s families have budgeted to the limits of theirs new two-paycheck status. ③As a result, they have lost the parachuted they once had in times of financial setback – a back-up earner (usually Mom) who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick. ④This “added-worker effect” could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather bad times. But today, a disruption to family fortunes can no longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner.

During the same period, families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income. ⑤Steelworkers, airline employees, and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates, stock market fluctuation, and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money. ⑥For much of the past year, President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a saving-account model, with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns. For younger families the picture is not any better. ⑦Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen – and newly fashionable health-saving plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers, with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families’ future healthcare. ⑧Even demographics are working against the middle class family, as the odds of having a weak elderly parent – and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance – have jumped eightfold in just one generation.

⑨From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders. The financial fallout has begun, and the political fallout may not be far behind.

31. Today’s double-income families are at greater financial risk in that

[A] the safety net they used to enjoy has disappeared.

[B] their chances of being laid off have greatly increased.

[C] they are more vulnerable to changes in family economics.（C）

[D] they are deprived of unemployment or disability insurance.

32. As a result of President Bush’s reform, retired people may have

[A] a higher sense of security.

[B] less secured payments.

[C] less chance to invest.（B）

[D] a guaranteed future.

33. According to the author, health-savings plans will

[A] help reduce the cost of healthcare.

[B] popularize among the middle class.

[C] compensate for the reduced pensions.（D）

[D] increase the families’ investment risk.

34. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that

[A] financial risks tend to outweigh political risks.

[B] the middle class may face greater political challenges.

[C] financial problems may bring about political problems.（C）

[D] financial responsibility is an indicator of political status.

35. Which of the following is the best title for this text?

[A] The Middle Class on the Alert

[B] The Middle Class on the Cliff

[C] The Middle Class in Conflict（B）

[D] The Middle Class in Ruins

【重点词汇】

middle-class adj.中层社会的, 中产阶级的

count on v.依靠, 指望

spouse n.配偶(指夫或妻)

debate v. n.争论, 辩论

【巧】debate=de（强调）+ bat（打）+e→辩论

【联】combat（v.n.战斗，格斗）←com一起+bat。

【例】Debate is the best catalyst of thought.争论是思想最好的催化

implication n.牵连, 含意, 暗示

【巧】im + plic（fold）+ation→implication（话没有明着说出来）

【例】What’s the implication of the statement.这份声明的含义是什么？

parachute n.降落伞

setback n.挫折, 退步, 逆流

unemployment insurance 失业保险

disability insurance 残废保险

disruption n.中断, 瓦解, 破坏

【记】disrupt v. 使中断,使瓦解, 使陷于混乱, 破坏

【例】market disruption市场混乱；environmental disruption 公害, 环境失调；The state was in disruption.国家处于分崩离析之中。

absorb vt.吸收, 吸引

【记】be absorbed in= concentrate on=集中

【例】This job absorbs all of my time. 这件工作占用了我的全部时间。

retirement income 退休收入

stock market n.股票市场

fluctuation n.波动, 起伏

【记】fluctuate vi.波动, 动摇 vt.使动摇, 使波动, 使起伏

【例】fluctuation in the exchange rates兑换率的波动；fluctuation of temperature 温度的变动

Harsh adj. 粗糙的；刺耳的；严厉的

【例】harsh terms苛刻的条件；a harsh climate 令人难受的气候；harsh to the taste 味涩

outlive v.比...长命, 比...耐久,渡过…而存在,经受住

【例】The ship outlived the storm.这只船从暴风雨中脱险了。

legislative adj.立法的, 立法机关的 n.立法机关

deductible adj.可扣除的

【记】deduct vt. 扣除, 演绎

demographic adj.人口统计学的

odds n.可能的机会, 成败的可能性, 优势, 不均, 不平等, 几率, 差别

perspective n.透视画法, 透视图, 远景, 前途, 观点, 看法, 观点, 观察

【例】see thing in perspective正确地观察事物；a perspective of lakes and hills湖山远景

acceleration n.加速度

【巧】ac（加强前缀）+celer（速度）+ation（名词后缀）

【反】deceleration减速：de向下+celer+ation。

【例】abrupt acceleration 突然加速

wholesale n.批发, 趸售 adj.批发的, [喻] 大规模的

【例】wholesale prices 批发价格；a wholesale slaughter 大屠杀wholesale westernization“全盘西化”

overburden vt.装载过多, 负担过多, 使过劳 n.过重的负担

【例】The trees are overburdened with fruit. 树上果实累累, 压得树枝都弯了。

fallout n.辐射微尘, 原子尘, 附带结果

【难句注释】

1、During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realities.

【译文】 在过去的一代，美国的中产阶级家庭曾经依靠努力工作和平等公正以保持财政安全，但是却被经济风险和新的现实所改变。

【析句】 句子的主干结构是the American middle-class family...has been transformed by economic risk and new realities，family后接一个定语从句。

【讲词】 generation指一代人，一般为20年。

count on表示"指望，依靠"，例如：You can count on my help.（你可以指望得到我的帮助。）

fair play原是体育用语，意为"公平比赛"，转义指"公正的待遇"或"公平竞赛的条件"。

secure作形容词表示"安全的,可靠的,放心的,无虑的"。

transform意为"转变；转换；变形"，其名词是transformation。

2、Scholars, policymakers, and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect: family risk has risen as well.

【译文】 学者、政策制定者和各行各业的批评者对这些变化的社会意义进行了辩论，但是几乎没有人关注次要的影响：家庭风险也增加了。

【析句】 全句是一个转折句，冒号之后的成分是一个完整的句子，作the side effect的同位语。

【讲词】 stripe意为"斑纹,条纹"，all stripes意为all walks（各行各业）。

implication表示"牵连，涉及；含意；暗示"，如：his implication in the crime（他涉及这起罪行）。It is important to consider the wider implications of making such a decision.（很有必要考虑作出这一决定的深远意义。）implication的动词是implicate。

side effect通常表示药物等的副作用，在句中表示"次要的影响"。

3、As a result,they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback-a back-up earner (usually Mom) who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick.

【译文】 因此，他们已经失去了经济困难时曾有的保障，即家中主要的挣钱人一旦失业或生病，预备挣钱人（通常是妈妈）可以加入劳动大军。

【析句】 as a result作状语，表示某种结果。a back-up earner (usually Mom)在句中作the parachute的同位语，后面接一个定语从句。

【讲词】 parachute的字面意思是"降落伞"，但在句中表示"保障"。

setback意为"挫折"，financial setback表示财政或经济上的困难。

primary意为"主要的；首要的"，跟major，main等意思相近。如要表示"次要的"，英文是secondary。earner在句中指wage earner，即挣钱人。

workforce指"就业大军；劳动力（工人的总数）"。

lay off意为"失业"。

4、This"added-worker effect" could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather bad times.

【译文】 这种"附加工人效应"可以支持失业保险或残疾保险所提供的保障制度，以帮助家庭渡过困难时期。

【析句】 句子的主干是This"added-worker effect" could support the safety net，过去分词offered引导的结构作定语修饰the safety net。

【讲词】add意为"增加"，added可以表示"附加的"，如：added value（附加值，净增值）。

safety net指社会保障制度。

unemployment insurance指"失业保险"，disability insurance指"残疾保险"。

weather在句中作动词，表示"抵御；承受；平安渡过"，如：weather a crisis（渡过危机）。

bad times意为"坏时光；艰苦的日子"，其反义词是good times。

5、Steelworkers, airline employees, and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates, stock market fluctuation, and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money.

【译文】 钢铁工人、航空公司的雇员，以及在汽车工业中就业的人，他们现在和数百万的家庭一样，必须操心利率和股票市场的升降，担心他们的退休金不够用的严峻现实。

【析句】 句子的主干结构是Steelworkers...are joining millions of families，families后面跟一个定语从句。而在定语从句中，主语是who，谓语是worry about，宾语是interest rates, stock market fluctuation, and the hash reality。that they may outlive their retirement money是一个定语从句，修饰the harsh reality。

【讲词】worry about表示"操心；担心"。

interest rates指"利率"，stock market指"股票市场"，fluctuation指股票市场的波动，retirement money指"退休金"。

outlive意为"比......长命；比......耐久；经受住"，如：This regulation has outlived its usefulness.（这一规则没用却仍然存在。）

6、For much of the past year, President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a savings-account model, with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns.

【译文】 在过去的大部分时间中，布什总统推行社会保障制度的改革，力图把它变成储蓄帐户的模式，让退休人员拿出大部分或所有的确定付款，以换取依赖于投资回报的付款。

【析句】 句子的主干结构是President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a savings-account model，介词with所接的成分作状语，说明储蓄帐户模式。

【讲词】campaign作名词表示"竞选；战役；政治或商业的活动"，作动词表示"打仗；竞选；开展某种活动"，如：campaigned for human rights（开展人权运动）。

social security指"社会保障（制度）"。

guarantee意为"保证"，如：The government guaranteed to free the captives.（政府保证释放俘虏。）guarantee freedom of speech（保证言论自由）。

7、Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen-and newly fashionable health savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers, with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families future healthcare.

【译文】 绝对医疗保险费用和家庭所承担的（部分）费用均已经上涨，而新型的医疗储蓄计划正从立法机构推广开来，（甚至）涵盖沃尔玛超市的工人，这一计划出现了更多的扣除条款，并给家庭未来的医疗保险又增加了一笔很大的投资风险。

【析句】 全句包括两个并列分句，介词with所引导的成分说明newly fashionable health-savings plan的内容，一是更高的扣除条款（就像保险公司的做法一样，广告上说大病保险，但实际上所谓的大病并不是所有的"大病"，保险合同中的扣除条款太多），一是增加了一笔很大的投资风险（缴纳的医疗保险费用被拿去投资）。

【讲词】absolute意为"绝对的"，反义词是relative。

healthcare（医疗保险），health-savings（医疗储蓄，类似中国的医保卡），legislative halls（立法机构，在美国指国会）。

deductible"可减免的，可扣除的"，文中指"保险合同的扣除条款"。

dose作名词表示"剂量；(一)服"，作动词表示"服药"。a dose of表示"一定量的"。

8、Even demographics are working against the middle class family, as the odds of having a weak elderly parent-and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance-have jumped eightfold in just one generation.

【译文】 甚至人口分布的数据也与中产阶级家庭作对，因为家中有一位体弱高龄的父亲或母亲的可能性在仅仅一代人的时间里增加了8倍，照顾家中的老人就需要体力和财力的付出。

【析句】 全句是一个复合句，主句是Even demographics are working against the middle class family，as所引导的从句表示原因。两个破折号之间的成分和a weak elderly parent一样作having的宾语。

【讲词】 demographics"人口统计状况，人口分布数据"。

work against表示"与......作对"。

odds意为"成败的机率或可能；几率；差别"，句中的意思是possibility。又如：The odds are that she will get the nomination on the first ballot.（她在第一轮选票中获得提名的可能性大。）at odds意为"争执；意见冲突"，by all odds表示"毫无疑问地"。

9、From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders.

【译文】 从中产阶级家庭的角度来看，不难理解，这在很大程度上看上去不大像是承担更多的经济责任，而更像是加速把大部分的经济风险转移到已经负担过重的肩膀上，这种情况确实让人感到恐惧。

【析句】此句的主语是much of this，谓语是looks...like，介词like有两个宾语：an opportunity和a frightening acceleration。不定式结构to exercise... 修饰opportunity，of介词结构（of the wholesale shift of financial risk）修饰acceleration，onto介词结构（onto their already overburdened shoulders）作shift的逻辑状语。

【讲词】 perspective意思较多，如"透视画法；远景；前途；观点；视角"。

exercise作动词，表示"承担"。所谓承担经济责任，即要往外掏钱。

acceleration意为"加速"，其动词是accelerate。

wholesale可作名词、动词、形容词和副词，意为"批发；大量地，成批地；大量的，成批的"。

overburden作动词意为"装载过多；负担过多"，作名词表"过重的负担"。overburdened表"负担过重的"。

【答案解析】

31.[C]细节事实题为什么今天的双职工家庭会面临更大的经济风险?根据原文第二段第四、五、六句可知选项[C]“他们更易于受到家庭经济变化的影响”是原文的同义替换，故为正确答案。选项[A]讲“过去的安全网已经消失了”。 disappear是一个文中未提及的信息;选项[B]“被解雇的机会增加”属于答非所问;选项[D]“他们不能享受失业保险”与原文第五句中的“support”，明显相反。

32.[B]细节事实题。由于布什总统的改革，退休职工可能会如何?根据题干中的布什总统定位到原文第三段。根据第二段第四句“For younger.families, the picture is not any better.年轻家庭日子也不会好过”，既然年轻人日子也不好过，马上得知退休职工日子不好过。选项[B]“安全性变差”与原文意思相符。选项[A]“更有安全感”和选项[D]“将来有保证”都说明退休职工过得好，与原文意思相反;选项[C]“更少的投资机会”文中未提及退休职工是否投资。

33.[D]细节事实题。根据作者观点，健康储蓄账户计划如何?选项[A]“有利于减少健康护理的成本”属于对词义的曲解，文中saving指的是“储蓄账户”，而非“减少成本”的概念;选项[B]“在中产阶级中非常普及”这一信息在文中未提及;原文第砚段第三句中“their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns”既然取决于投资，那么肯定是具有不确定性的，因此与选项[C]“补偿减少的养老金”意义相反;而选项[D]“增加了家庭投资的不确定性”是原文的同义替换。

34.[C]推理题。从最后一段，我们推断出什么?根据选项，很明确应该对应原文末句“The financial fallout has begun, and the political fallout may not be far behind.经济上的副作用已经显现，那政治上的副作用可能也不远了。”选项[A]“经济风险加剧了政治风险”与原文意思相反;选项[B]“中产阶级会面临更大的政治挑战”是一个无中生有的比较;选项[D]“经济责任心是政治身份的象征”，其中的“responsibility和status”是文中没有出现过的概念。选项[C]“经济问题可能引发政治问题”为原文的同义替换。

35.[B]主旨题。文章最好的标题是什么?选项[A] "on the Alert警告”，既然是警告，说明问题还没出现，与原文意义相反;选项[C] "in Conflict冲突”，文章中没有讲过冲突的概念;选项[D]"in Ruins毁灭”说明中产阶级已经崩溃，与原文不符。选项[B] "on the Cliff岌岌可危”符合原文，选项[B]为正确答案。

【全文翻译】

在过去的十几年里，美国那些曾经可以依靠辛勤劳动和公平条件以维持其收入稳定的中产阶层家庭被经济风险和新现实改变了。如今，一份解雇通知书、一个不利的诊断结果或者配偶的去世都可能在几个月之内将一个家庭从稳定的中产阶层家庭降格成为一个新贫困家庭。

在仅仅一代人的时间里，数百万母亲出去工作，改变了基本的家庭经济状况。学者、决策者以及各类批评人士对这些变化的社会意义争论不休，但是，很少有人关注这些变化的副作用：家庭的风险增加了。如今的家庭根据其新的双收入限度安排开支。因此，它们失去了它们在经济萧条时期曾经有过的缓解举措——一个后备挣钱者（通常是妈妈），如果家庭的主要挣钱者失业了或者病倒了，她可以出去工作。这种“额外工人效应”可以支撑失业保险或残疾保险提供的安全网，以便帮助家庭渡过难关。但现在，家庭财产的损失再也不可能通过呆在家里的其他伴侣的额外收入弥补了。

在同一时期，要求家庭在其退休收入中承担更多风险。钢铁厂的工人、航空公司的职员以及汽车产业工人加入了数百万不得不担心利率、股市波动以及可能比其退休收入存在时间更长的严酷现实家庭。在去年的大部分时间里，布什总统一直致力于将社会保险体制转变成一种储蓄存款账户模式，要求退休人员将其大多数或所有保障报酬用来交换依靠投资回报所得的报酬。对于更年轻的家庭来说，前景不容乐观。卫生保健和家庭承担份额的绝对成本都上涨了——而且，最近实施的健康储蓄计划正在从立法机关扩展到沃尔玛员工，包含大量更高的减免，并且给家庭未来的卫生保健带来许多新投资风险。甚至人口统计状况也对中产阶层家庭不利，因为有一个体弱、年迈的父母——以及由此而产生的所有物资和经济援助——就在仅仅一代人的时间里增长了8倍。

从中产阶层家庭的角度来看，大多数情况是可以理解的，这根本不像一种发挥更多支付能力的机会，而是像一种将经济风险大规模转向那些已经负担过重的家庭的令人恐惧的加速行为。经济副作用已经开始，政治副作用可能也将开始。

2007 Text 4

It never rains but it pours. ①Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles, and improved their feeble corporation governance, a new problem threatens to earn them – especially in America – the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite: data insecurity. ②Left, until now, to odd, low-level IT staff to put right, and seen as a concern only of data-rich industries such as banking, telecoms and air travel, information protection is now high on the boss’s agenda in businesses of every variety.

③Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year – from organizations as diverse as Time Warner, the American defense contractor Science Applications International Corp and even the University of California, Berkeley – have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities.

“Data is becoming an asset which needs to be guarded as much as any other assets, says Haim Mendelson of Stanford University’s business school. “The ability to guard customer data is the key to market value, which the board is responsible for on behalf of shareholders.” Indeed, just as there is the concept of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), perhaps it is time for GASP, Generally Accepted Security Practices, suggested Eli Noam of New York’s Columbia Business School. “Setting the proper investment level for security, redundancy, and recovery is a management issue, not a technical one,” he says.

The mystery is that this should come as a surprise to any boss. Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust, that most valuable of economic assets, is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore – and that few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands.

The current state of affaires may have been encouraged – though not justified – by the lack of legal penalty (in America, but not Europe) for data leakage. Until California recently passed a law, American firms did not have to tell anyone, even the victim, when data went astray. That may change fast: lots of proposed data-security legislation is now doing the rounds in Washington, D.C. ④Meanwhile, the theft of information about some 40 million credit-card accounts in America, disclosed on June 17th, overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.

36. The statement “It never rains but it pours” is used to introduce

[A] the fierce business competition.

[B] the feeble boss-board relations.

[C] the threat from news reports.（D）

[D] the severity of data leakage.

37. According to Paragraph 2, some organizations check their systems to find out

[A] whether there is any weak point.

[B] what sort of data has been stolen.

[C] who is responsible for the leakage.（A）

[D] how the potential spies can be located.

38. In bringing up the concept of GASP the author is making the point that

[A] shareholders’ interests should be properly attended to.

[B] information protection should be given due attention.

[C] businesses should enhance their level of accounting security.（B）

[D] the market value of customer data should be emphasized.

39. According to Paragraph 4, what puzzles the author is that some bosses fail to

[A] see the link between trust and data protection.

[B] perceive the sensitive of personal data.

[C] realize the high cost of data restoration.（A）

[D] appreciate the economic value of trust.

40. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that

[A] data leakage is more severe in Europe.

[B] FTC’s decision is essential to data security.

[C] California takes the lead in security legislation.（D）

[D] legal penalty is a major solution to data leakage.

【重点词汇】

sort out v.挑选出

nasty adj.肮脏的, 令人厌恶的,下流的 (同02P2)

【习】be nasty to sb.跟某人闹别扭

【例】a nasty person 一个卑鄙的人； a nasty rock to climb 一 块难爬的岩石；Diplomacy is to do and say the nastiest thing in the nicest way.外交就是以最优雅的方式办最nasty的事，说最nasty的话。←nasty在此句实在不好翻译。

roll in v.蜂拥而来

massive adj.厚重的, 大块的, 魁伟的, 结实的(中频词)

【例】We must make massive efforts to improve things. 我们必须作出极大的努力去改善一切。

【记】mass（块, 大多数，聚集）＋ive→大块的；massively（adv.）；massiveness（n.）

peer vi.凝视, 窥视

potential adj.潜在的, 可能的(同03Text4；高频词)

【巧】可看作pot+ent+ial，pot即“罐子”，-ent与-ial是后缀，“暂时藏在罐子里面的东东”→潜在的、潜力。

【例】Most of us haven't begun to tap our own potential for happiness.我们大多数人尚未着手开发自身获得幸福的潜力。

shareholder n.股东

redundancy n.冗余（同01Passage5）

【巧】red+und+ancy，red-(=re-)，und词根“多”，-ancy名词后缀，“越来越(re)多”→冗余。

【记】同根词：abundant（丰富的）←ab加强前缀+und多+ant形容词后缀。

【例】redundancy — an air-bag in a politician's car 多余物——政治家汽车里的保险气袋。

mystery n.神秘, 神秘的事物；冗余

astray adv.迷途地, 入歧途地

【习】go astray 走错路; 误入歧途；lead (sb.) astray使人堕落, 把人引入歧途

【例】The boy was led astray by bad companions.这小孩被坏伙伴诱入歧途。

proposed 被提议的

【记】 propose vt. 计划, 建议, 求(婚) vi.打算, 求婚

legislation n.立法, 法律的制定(或通过)

【巧】看作leg+is+lat(e)+ion，leg词根“法律”，is是，late迟的，-ion名词后缀，“法律是迟的”→旧法律难以适应新事物→所以要不断“立法”→“立法”之产物即“法规”

【难句注释】

1、Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles, and improved their feeble corporation governance, a new problem threatens to earn them-especially in America-the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite: data insecurity.

【译文】 老板和董事会成员最终解决了极其严重的会计问题和有章不循的麻烦，并且改善了公司治理不力的局面，此时又出现了一个新的难题--数据安全。数据安全这一问题对他们--尤其是美国的老板和董事会成员--构成了威胁，对他们的负面报道会成为头条新闻，并会迫使管理层成员走人。

【讲词】 board除了"木板"之外，可表示"董事会"，即board of directors。

sort out意为"挑选；清理；解决"。

accounting意为"会计"。

compliance意为"遵守；顺从；答应"，在句中表示"接受监管；遵守有关的条规或制度"。

governance意为"统治；管理；统辖"，corporation governance意为"公司治理或公司管理"。

heads rolling句中意为"走人；辞退"。Heads are rolling at the company.（公司有人卷铺盖滚蛋了。）

suite"套房，套间"，the executive suite指"管理层"。

2、Left, until now, to odd, low-level IT staff to put right, and seen as a concern only of data-rich industries such as banking, telecoms and air travel, information protection is now high on the boss's agenda in businesses of every variety.

【译文】 信息保护一直交由低层的IT怪人来处理，只是在数据丰富的产业如银行、电信和航空公司受到关注，而现在却是各行各业的老板重点解决的问题。

【析句】 句子的主干结构是information protection is...on...agenda，句首的不定式结构（Left... air travel）作information protection的定语。

【讲词】 odd意为"奇怪的"，另可表示"奇数的，单数的；带零头的"。

put right意为"使恢复正常；纠正错误"。I have encountered a problem that seems difficult to put right.（我碰到了一个似乎难以解决的问题。）

concern意为"关心；关注"，如：My concern was with the end user experience.（我当时关注的事情是终端用户的体验。）

agenda"议程"，to be (high) on the agenda"置于议程之上"。

3、Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year-from organizations as diverse as Time Warner, the American defense contractor Science Applications International Corp and even the University of California, Berkeley-have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities.

【译文】 今年发生了几起重大的泄露客户和雇员信息的事件，涉及多个行业的机构，如时代华纳公司、美国国防工程的承包商--科学应用国际公司，甚至还涉及加利福尼亚大学柏克莱分校。这几起事件迫使管理层匆忙检查其复杂的IT系统和商业程序，以便找出潜在的薄弱环节。

【析句】 由于修饰成分较多，句子显得较为复杂。主干结构是...leakages...have left managers。修饰主语的成分有前置定语several massive，以及后置定语customer and employee data。this year作时间状语，破折号中间的成分作地点状语，现在分词结构（peering into...）作宾语managers的补足语。

【讲词】 leakage（泄露；渗漏），其动词是leak。

peer意为"凝视；窥视"，也可表示"贵族；同类的人"。

intricate"复杂的；错综的；难以理解的"，其同义词包括elaborate，complex，complicated等。

potential表示"潜在的；潜力"，如：a potential danger（潜在的危险）。She complained that she was unable to use her expertise to its full potential.（她抱怨说她无法最大限度发挥其潜力。）

vulnerability表示"弱点；易受攻击（打击）"，其形容词是vulnerable。We are vulnerable both by water and land, without either fleet or army.（由于没有舰队和军队，我们在水路和陆路上都易受攻击。）

4、Meanwhile, the theft of information about some 40 million credit-card accounts in America, disclosed on June 17th, overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America's Federal Trade Commission (FTC) that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.

【译文】 与此同时，6月17日披露的消息表明，美国大约4000万张信用卡的信息被人盗取，这一情况给美国联邦贸易委员会在前一天所作的决定蒙上了阴影。该决定极其重要，要求商业公司提供充足的数据安全，否则监管人员就会采取行动。

【析句】 句子的主干结构是the theft...overshadowed...a...decision。介词短语of information America和过去分词结构disclosed on June 17th修饰主语the theft。by America's Federal Trade Commission修饰decision，后接一定语从句。notice后面跟一个条件复合句。

【讲词】 theft（偷窃）是名词，跟thief是同源词。表示"偷窃或盗窃"的动词通常选用steal。

overshadow表示"遮蔽；使......失色"。

Corporate America指美国企业。

regulator指行业的监管人员，句中指美国联邦贸易委员会。

【答案解析】

35.[B]主旨题。文章最好的标题是什么?选项[A] "on the Alert警告”，既然是警告，说明问题还没出现，与原文意义相反;选项[C] "in Conflict冲突”，文章中没有讲过冲突的概念;选项[D]"in Ruins毁灭”说明中产阶级已经崩溃，与原文不符。选项[B] "on the Cliff岌岌可危”符合原文，选项[B]为正确答案。

36.[D]例证题。请问“It never rains but it pours.”的作用是什么?’这道题目的解题方法等同于第21题。题干问的是引子说明什么问题?正确答案还是整篇文章的主题—数据泄露，即选项[D]“数据泄露的严重性”。考点总结:这类题目通常就是一种问法，即请问文章当中的例子、引子、冒号后面的或者喻体说明什么?答案肯定是例子前面或后面的观点陈述、文章或段落的主题、冒号前面的以及本体，而与其本身无关。

37.[A]细节事实题。根据第二段，某些组织检查他们自身的系统是为了什么?根据题干中的“find out”定位到原文第二段的末句中“in search of potential vulnerabilities”即为了寻找潜在的薄弱环节。选项[A]“是否有薄弱环节”为原文的同义替换，因此选项[A]为正确答案。选项[B]“什么类型的数据被泄露了”、选项[C]“谁该为数据泄露负责”以及选项[D]“潜在的间谍是如何被定位的”都是文中未提及的信息。

38.[B]细节事实题。提到GASP这个概念，作者的目的是什么?根据题干中的“GASP"定位到原文第三段。选项[A]“应该关注股东的利益”属于张冠李戴，文中只在第三段第二句讲述董事会代表了股东的利益，但并不是GASP的目的，而且第三段末句讲述应该是management(管理者)关注的事件，也并非是股东;选项[C]“商业企业应该提升账目的安全性能”是以偏概全，原文第二段末句“Setting the proper investment level for security, redundancy, and recovery is a management issue, not a technical one,”中有三个概念:security(安全性)，redundancy(备份)，and recovery(恢复)。选项[C]只讲述了其中的一个，是典型的以偏概全;选项[D]“应该强调顾客数据的市场价值’，属于偷换概念，第三段第二句“The ability to guard customer data is the key to market value,”中体现的是保护顾客数据，而非顾客数据本身，因此该选项错误。选项[B]“应该首要关注数据保护”与原文第三段末句属于同义替换。

39.[A]细节事实题。根据第四段，令作者困惑的那些企业家没有意识到什么?返回原文第四段首句，"The mystery is that this should come as a,surprise to any boss”其中的should用于从句中，可以表示惊异或者不以为然的情绪，在这里解释为“居然”。在首句中使得boss惊奇的是this，这里是变相地考查了指代，向上找到指代第下段末句，即数据保护;再看第二句“Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust,…”中的it指代的是trust，因此很明显正确答案应该和数据保护以及信用这两个核心概念相关。选项[B]和选项[C]只提到了数据，而选项[D]只提及了信用，因此这三个选项都属于以偏概全。选项[A]“信用和数据保护时联系”出现了两个核心概念，因此为正确答案。

40. [D]推理题。从第五段我们能推断出什么?返回原文第五段。本段首句“by the lack of legal penalty (in America, but not Europe) for data leakage”说明欧洲有法律处罚措施，而美国没有，由此推出欧洲的情况应该比美国好，因此选项[A]“欧洲的数据泄露情况更加严重”与原文意义明显相反;既然欧洲情况好于美国，由此推出处于立法领导者地位的肯定也是欧洲而非美国，因此选项[C]“加利福尼亚处于领导者地位”与原文意义明显相反;选项[B]“FTC的裁决对于数据安全是必不可少的”中的“essential"是文中未提及的信息。根据前面的分析，因为欧洲有处罚措施，所以数据泄露情况比美国明显好。由此推断出，立法处罚是解决数据泄露的主要方法。因此选项[D]“立法是解决数据泄露的主要方法”为正确答案。考点总结:对于没有明显定位信息的题目，最好的方法还是总结文章或者段落的主题。正确答案一般就是主题的同义替换。

【全文翻译】

不鸣则易，一鸣惊人（本来从不下雨的,却下起了倾盆大雨）。就在老板和董事会用最终挑选出其最严重的清算帐目和顺从问题以及改善其无效的公司管理之际，一个新的问题预示着让他们——特别是在美国——赢得那种令人不愉快的头条新闻的危险，这些头条新闻不可避免地给这些领导者带来管理方面的附属效应：信息的不安全性。迄今为止，信息保护工作一直被留给临时的、低层次的信息技术人员承担，并且只被看成是信息资源丰富产业所关切的一个方面，比如银行业、电信业以及航空旅行业，如今，信息保护则成为各类商业老板议事日程中需要优先考虑的问题。

今年，好几次消费者和员工信息的重大泄密事件使得管理人员匆忙检查其复杂的信息系统和商业程序，以便寻找潜在的弱点——这些泄密事件发生在像时代华纳、美国国防部承包的科学应用国际公司以及加州大学伯克利分校这样的不同机构。

斯坦福大学商学院的海姆•门德尔森认为“信息正在成为一种需要像保护其他财产一样而保护的财产”。“保护消费者信息的能力是市场价值的关键因素，这是董事会应该为了股东的利益而承担的责任”。纽约哥伦比亚商学院的埃尼•诺姆暗示，事实上，正如存在公认会计原则的观念一样，或许可能应该是采取公认安全措施的时候了。他表示“为安全、备份以及恢复确定适当的投资标准是一个管理问题，不是技术问题。”。

其神秘在于，对任何老板来说，这可能是一个意外。然而，对于最迟钝的管理人员来说，显而易见的应该是，作为最珍贵经济财产的诚信被轻易破坏，而要恢复诚信却代价高昂，而且，很少有什么比一个公司让敏感的个人信息落入不妥当人之手更可能破坏诚信的了。

这类事情的现状可能受到缺乏有关信息泄露的法律处罚（在美国，不是在欧洲）的激励，尽管还没有的到证实。直到加利福尼亚最近通过了一项法律，美国的公司不必告知任何人信息何时泄露，甚至包括受害人。这种情况可能迅速改变：如今，许多被提议的信息保护立法正在华盛顿特区讨论。同时，6月17日有关偷窃大约4000万信用卡账户信息事件的披露给得此前一天美国商务委员会的一个重要决定蒙上阴影，该决定请全美国注意，如果公司没有提供适当的信息安全保护措施，那么监管人员就会采取行动。

2006 Text 1

论坛相关讨论帖：

In spite of “endless talk of difference”，American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people. There is “the democratizing uniformity of dress and discourse，and the casualness and absence of deference” characteristic of popular culture. People are absorbed into “a culture of consumption” launched by the 19th——century department stores that offered “vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere. Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite,” these were stores “anyone could enter, regardless of class or background. This turned shopping into a public and democratic act.” The mass media, advertising and sports are other forces for homogenization.

Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous. Writing for the National Immigration Forum, Gregory Rodriguez reports that today's immigration is neither at unprecedented levels nor resistant to assimilation. In 1998 immigrants were 9.8 percent of population; in 1900, 13.6 percent .In the 10 years prior to 1990, 3.1 immigrants arrived for every 1，000 residents; in the 10 years prior to 1890, 9.2 for every 1, 000. Now, consider three indices of assimilation–language, home ownership and intermarriage.

The 1990 Census revealed that “a majority of immigrants from each of the fifteen most common countries of origin spoke English “well” or “very well” after ten years of residence.” The children of immigrants tend to be bilingual and proficient in English. “By the third generation, the original language is lost in the majority of immigrant families.” Hence the description of America as a “graveyard” for languages. By 1996 foreign–born immigrants who had arrived before 1970 had a homeownership rate of 75.6 percent, higher than the 69.8 percent rate among native-born Americans.

Foreign-born Asians and Hispanics “have higher rates of intermarriage than do U.S–born whites and blacks.” By the third generation, one third of Hispanic women are married to non-Hispanics, and 41 percent of Asian–American women are married to non-Asians.

Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around the world are fans of superstars like Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, yet “some Americans fear that immigrant living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nation’s assimilative power.”

Are there divisive issues and pockets of seething anger in America? Indeed. It is big enough to have a bit of everything. But particularly when viewed against America‘s turbulent past, today’s social induces hardly suggest a dark and deteriorating social environment.

21.The word “homogenizing”（Line 1, Paragraph 1） most probably means

[A] identifying [B] associating　　[C] assimilating [D] monopolizing

22. According to the author, the department stores of the 19th century

[A] played a role in the spread of popular culture.

[B] became intimate shops for common consumers.

[C] satisfied the needs of a knowledgeable elite.

[D] owed its emergence to the culture of consumption

23.The text suggests that immigrants now in the U.S.

[A] are resistant to homogenization.

[B] exert a great influence on American culture.

[C] are hardly a threat to the common culture.

[D] constitute the majority of the population.

24. Why are Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks mentioned in Paragraph 5？

[A] To prove their popularity around the world.

[B] To reveal the public’s fear of immigrants.

[C] To give examples of successful immigrants.

[D] To show the powerful influence of American culture.

25.In the author’s opinion， the absorption of immigrants into American society is

　[A] rewarding.

　[B] successful.

　[C] fruitless.

[D] harmful.

重点词汇：

homogenize / hə'mɔdʒənaiz/  vt. cause to become equal or homogeneous as by mixing；均质化，使（某物）成分均匀

[例]homogenized milk 均质牛奶

[形] homogeneous a. 由同类部分组成的 [名] homogeneity n. 同种，同质

[巧记]词头：homo- 同、相同 如 homophone n. 同音异形词； homosexual a. 同性恋的

assimilation n. 同化, 同化作用, 消化 [巧记] as+simil(er)+ation

democratize / di'mɔkrətaiz/ vt. become (more) democratic; of nations 使民主化

[例]democratize the administration of an organization 使一组织的管理民主化

[名] democracy n. 民主、民主政治，民主制度； democrat n. 民主主义者；（Democrat指美国民主党党员或其拥护者） democratization n. 民主化

[形]democratic a. 民主的，民主政治的；民主作风的，平等的

discourse [ dis'kɔ s, 'diskɔ s ] n. lengthy or serious treatment of a subject in speech or writing 论文、演讲 vi. talk、preach or lecture about sth（usu at length）（通常长篇大论的）论说、宣扬或讲授某事物

[例]The speaker discoursed knowledgeably on a variety of subjects 演讲者头头是道的论述了一系列问题。

casual /5κ“ςϕυΕλ/ （偶然的；漫不经心的） (详见02 text1)

launch n.开始从事,发起,发动(活动)

[例] launch an appeal/inquiry/investigation/campaign 开始进行上诉/质询/调查/一场运动

intimate [ 'intimit ] a. having or being a very closely or friendly relationship 亲密的,私人的,秘密的； private and personal 私人的，个人的；

vt make sth known to sb exp discreetly or indirectly 将某事透露给某人，（尤其指谨慎的或间接的）暗示、示意

[例] intimate friends 知心朋友 an intimate diary私人日记 She has intimated to us that she no longer wishes to be considered for the post 她已向我们透露希望不再考虑让她担任该职。

[习]be/get on intimate terms with sb （渐渐）熟悉某人并关系密切

[名]intimation n. 示意、暗示

cater [ 'keitə ] v. provide food or services，esp. at social functions 备办食物或服务（尤其指社交方面）；投合,迎合

[用法] ～ for sb/sth 由某人/某事物提供、迎合 （即主语必须是被用来迎合sb/sth的那个东西）

～ to sth 满足某种需要或要求（即主语必须是发起迎合动作的主体）

[例]TV must cater for many different tastes 电视节目必须迎合各种人的爱好。Newspapers catering to people’s love of scandal 迎合人们爱看丑闻消息的报纸

[名]catering n. 承办酒席（的行为或行业） caterer n. 承办酒席的人

elevate [ 'ελιϖεit ] v. lift up，raise to a higher place or rank 举起,提拔 ； make the mind or morals better or more educated 使思想或道德更好，更有修养

[例] He has been elevated to the peerage 他已升为贵族 The teacher hoped to elevate the minds of her young pupils by reading them religious stories. 教师希望给小学生读宗教故事来提高他们的修养.

[形]elevated a. 好的，高尚的 elevating a. 提高思想道德的，引人向上的

[名]elevation n. 提高、被提高，高度（尤指海拔），建筑物正视图

unprecedented [ αν∍πρεσιδəντιδ ] a. 空前的

[例]Science and technology have come to pervade every aspect of our lives and, as a result, society is changing at a speed which is quite unprecedented. 科学和技术已经开始渗透了我们生活的各个领域；结果，社会正以空前的速度改变着

resistant [ ρι∍ζιστəντ ] a. relating to or conferring immunity (to disease or infection)抵抗的,反抗的

[例]This new type of infection is resistant to antibiotics. 这种新的传染病对抗菌素有抗药性。

[名]resistance n. 抵抗，对抗

indices n. index的复数形式,标志,指标,表征

[例] a price index物价指数 cost of living index物价消费指数 The number of new houses being built is a good index of a country’s prosperity.新建房屋的数目是国家繁荣的一个有用指标.]

census n. 人口(户口)调(普)查,(调查)统计的数字; v. 调查人口数字,

[例] The census enumerated eighty-six persons over one hundred years old in this mountain area.根据人口调查这一带山区共有八十六位百岁老人。

bilingual adj.(能说)两种语言的 [巧记] bi(双)+lingu(语言)+al→双语者(参考05 text4 linguist)

[例]a bilingual English - Chinese dictionary英汉双语词典

graveyard n. 墓地,坟场 [巧记] grave(坟墓)+yard(院子) (参考05 text2 grave)

divisive adj. 区分的, 不和的, 分裂的

[例] That politician is a divisive influence at meetings.那位政客在会议上总是起着分裂的作用。

pocket n. (与周围不同的)小组织,小区域

[例]There are still a few isolated pockets of resistance to the new regine.现在仍有零星孤立的势利反对新政权.

remote adj. 遥远的, 偏僻的, 细微的

[例] the remote future 遥远的未来 a remote village 偏僻的村落 Your chances are remote. 你的机会极少。

[巧记]re(词根back)+mot(词根move)+e→向后移动→遥远的.

immune adj. 免疫的 (参考03 text2 immunization)

[例]The criminal was told he would be immune from punishment if he helped the police."罪犯被告知说,如果他协助警方,就可以免受惩罚。"

deteriorate v.(使)恶化

[例]His work has deteriorated in the last month.他的工作在最后一个月变糟了。

难句分析：

①Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous.

▲分析：该句话是由一个主句加一个非限定性定语从句组成，immigrants做主语，fit做谓语，culture做宾语，which引导非限定性从句。

翻译：移民们很快适应了这个主流文化，他们也许总共也不能为这个文化增色多少，但也不会有害于它的。

②Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around world are fans of superstars like Amold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, yet “some Americans fear that immigrant living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nation’s assimilative power.”

▲分析：这是个复杂句，yet把它分成两部分，前后是转折关系。前半部分是个简单句；后半部分由that引导了一个宾语从句。

翻译：罗得里格斯写道，即使那些住在世界各地偏僻村庄的的孩子们都是诸如阿诺.施瓦辛格和加思.布鲁克斯等明星的星迷，然而“一些美国人却害怕住在美国的移民不知为何能不受这个国家的同化力量的影响” 。

答案分析：

21. 本题的难度值为0.713,属于较容易的题目，区分度为0.385。

标准答案：C。homogenizing是homogenize的动名词形式，本意是：vi.均质化vt.使均匀。即同一化。在第一段可以看出，文章是说明美国社会的民主化和其巨大的亲和力，因此在American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people这句话中，将homogenizing翻译成吸引，吸收最贴切。然后观察四个选项，A选项是identifying，意思是：识别, 鉴别, 把...和...看成一样。与文章没有联系，排除。B选项associating是比较强的干扰项，其意思是：vt.使发生联系, 使联合vi.交往, 结交。如果能引申为团结的意思的话，与文章倒是有点关系，但是根据最优选项的原则，此选项也不能入选。C选项assimilateing是吸收的意思，最符合原文的观点，即吸收以融为一体的意思。因此C选项入选。D选项monopolizing的意思是独占，垄断的意思，与原文没有联系，排除。

22.. 本题的难度值为0.436,属于中等难度的题目。

标准答案：A。该题目定位到第一段的这几句话：launched by the 19th –century department stores that offered ‘vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere. Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite.” these were stores “anyone could enter, regardless of class or background. This turned shopping into a public and democratic act.”大体意思是说，商店不再只是属于那些有见识的精英们了，而成为一种任何人都可以进入，不管你的社会地位或背景的地方。最重要的是最后一句，说商店使购物成为一种公众的，民主的活动。因此，商店在普及文化中扮演着重要的角色。此中的文化也可以具体到消费文化。联系A选项：商店在普及通俗文化中发挥着作用。因此A入选。B选项属于比较强的干扰项，主要是intimate这个词的用法不够理解。intimate的意思是adj.亲密的, 隐私的vt.宣布, 明白表示。在文章的意思应该是私人的意思。由原句Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite可以得出，intimate是为...所私有的意思。因此B选项应该翻译为：变成了普通消费者的私有商店。因此排除该选项。C选项意思是：满足了知识渊博的社会精英们的需要。这与原文正好相反，注意instead这个词。因此C选项排除。D选项意思是：其出现归功于消费文化。恰恰相反，应该是普及的消费文化归功于这种商店的出现。因此D选项排除。

23. 本题的难度值为0.48,属于中等难度的题目，区分度为0.384。

标准答案：C。该题目首先能定位到第二段的首句：Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous.意思是说移民迅速融入了这种通俗文化，虽然不至于能够促进这种文化，但是决不至于有害。因此联系C选项：对通俗文化基本构不成威胁，入选。再看A选项，意思是移民对同一化的抗拒。由上面这句原文可以轻松排除这个选项。B选项的意思是移民对美国文化产生了巨大影响。同样还是那句原文，可看出移民不至于能够促进这种文化，也不至于毒害这种文化，因此可以得出结论，即移民对文化的影响不大。因此排除B选项。最后看D选项，意思是组成了人口的大多数。即使从常识角度来看，这也肯定不对。哪怕像新西兰之类的高移民率国家，也不至于让移民们反客为主了。而且原文也可看出，只是不到五分之一而已。因此D选项排除。

24. 本题的难度值为0.522,属于中等难度的题目。

标准答案：D。定位到题目所说的第五段：Rodriguez not that children in remote villages around world are fans of superstars like Amold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, yet “some Americans fear that immigrant living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nation’s assimilative power.”大体意思是说即使偏远地区的孩子们也是美国明星的追随者，然而却有美国人害怕自己国家的吸引力对移民者不起作用。显然后半句用的是反语，可以说是批评那些美国人的。因此作者的意思是说美国的吸引力非常大。再联系全文的中心思想:美国是个有巨大吸引力和融合力的大熔炉。因此D选项：表现了美国文化的巨大影响力。入选。再看A选项：证明了他们在全世界的知名度。这个选项显然是表面的，并没有深入到作者的本意中去。因此排除。然后是B选项：揭露了公众对移民的害怕。首先，文章只是说有些美国人，而没有达到公众这么大的范围。而且，作者的用意更不是说公众对移民的害怕，而是借此说明美国的巨大融合力。因此B选项排除。最后是C选项，意思是列举了成功移民者的例子。这个和B选项属于相同的干扰项，都不是作者的本意。即使你知识渊博，知道史瓦辛格是移民，但是也不能以偏概全。因此同样不能入选。

25. 本题的难度值为0.467,属于中等难度的题目。

标准答案：B。文章的中心思想就是说美国是个有巨大融合力的大熔炉，当然对于吸收移民者来讲也是很成功的了。A选项意思是有益的，有好处的。文章并没有说吸收移民是有益的，而只是说美国在吸收移民方面做的很成功。因此该选项属于偷换概念，不能入选。这个选项也有较大争议。C选项意思是没有结果的，显然可以排除。D选项意思是有害的，比较关键的一点，就是文章第一段已经说过了which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous，因此可看出移民问题没有害。而文章结尾这句today’s social indices hardly suggest a dark and deteriorating social environment更可以看出，作者强调了当今的社会一点也不算黑暗和恶化。因此D选项排除。

全文翻译：

不管我们如何喋喋不休地谈论差别，美国社会实际上是一台同化人们的神奇的机器。这就是民主化的着装和言谈，并且还有种随意和缺乏尊重感，这些构成了通俗文化的特性。人们被一种消费文化所吸引了，这种文化是由十九世纪在高雅的氛围中陈列着琳琅满目的商品的百货商店所开始的。 他们不是为了迎合有知识的精英们而开设的专门商店，而是创建了“不分阶层和背景人人都可以进入”的大众商店。这使得购物成为一种大众的、民主的行为。大众传媒、广告和体育也是协助人们均质化的推动力。

尽管这种文化并不算高雅，但也算不上有害，移民们很快就融入了这种共同文化。Gregory Rodriguez为美国移民研讨会撰文指出，今天的移民既不是处于空前的水平，也不抵制同化。在1998年，移民占全国人口的9.8%；在1900年为13.6%。在1990年以前的十年之中，在每千位居民当中，有千分之3.1的新来的移民；而在1890年以前的十年之中，每千位居民当中就有千分之9.2的移民。现在，让我们来看一下三个同化指标——语言、拥有产权住房和异族结婚情况。

1990年的人口普查透露：“来自十五个移民数量最多的国家的移民在到美国十年后英语说得‘好’或‘很好’。”移民的子女几乎都说两种语言，且精通英语。“到了第三代，在大多数移民家庭，他们的母语就消失了。”因此，有人就把美国描述成了“语言的坟场”。到了1996年，出生于国外的、在1970年以前到达美国的移民有75.6%购置了自己的住房，这个数字高出土生土长的美国人的拥有自己所有权住房的百分比——69.8%。

在国外出生的亚裔和西班牙裔移民“与美国本土白人和黑人相比，与异族通婚的比率要高。”到了第三代，有三分之一的西班牙裔女性与非西班牙裔男性结婚，而有41%亚裔美国妇女与非亚裔男性结婚。罗得里格斯写道，即使那些住在世界各地偏僻村庄的孩子们都是诸如阿诺.施瓦辛格和加思.布鲁克斯等明星的星迷，然而“一些美国人却害怕住在美国的移民不知为何能不受这个国家的同化力量的影响”。

在美国是否存在不和以及潜在的不安？答案是肯定的，因为这个国家足够大以至于什么现象都存在。但是与美国动荡狂暴的过去相比，如今的社会基本不能说明美国的社会环境正变得黑暗，且正在恶化。

2006 Text 2

论坛相关讨论帖：

Stratford-on-Avon, as we all know, has only one industry-William Shakespeare-but there are two distinctly separate and increasingly hostile branches. There is the Royal Shakespeare Company （RSC）, which presents superb productions of the plays at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre on the Avon. And there are the townsfolk who largely live off the tourists who come, not to see the plays, but to look at Anne Hathaway’s Cottage, Shakespeare’s birthplace and the other sights.

The worthy residents of Stratford doubt that the theatre adds a penny to their revenue. They frankly dislike the RSC’s actors, them with their long hair and beards and sandals and noisiness. It’s all deliciously ironic when you consider that Shakespeare, who earns their living, was himself an actor （with a beard） and did his share of noise - making.

The tourist streams are not entirely separate. The sightseers who come by bus- and often take in Warwick Castle and Blenheim Palace on the side– don’t usually see the plays, and some of them are even surprised to find a theatre in Stratford. However, the playgoers do manage a little sight - seeing along with their play- going. It is the playgoers, the RSC contends, who bring in much of the town’s revenue because they spend the night （some of them four or five nights） pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants. The sightseers can take in everything and get out of town by nightfall.

The townsfolk don’t see it this way and local council does not contribute directly to the subsidy of the Royal Shakespeare Company. Stratford cries poor traditionally. Nevertheless every hotel in town seems to be adding a new wing or cocktail lounge. Hilton is building its own hotel there， which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth, and will be very expensive.

Anyway, the townsfolk can’t understand why the Royal Shakespeare Company needs a subsidy. （The theatre has broken attendance records for three years in a row. Last year its 1,431 seats were 94 per cent occupied all year long and this year they’ll do better.） The reason, of course, is that costs have rocketed and ticket prices have stayed low.

It would be a shame to raise prices too much because it would drive away the young people who are Stratford’s most attractive clientele. They come entirely for the plays, not the sights. They all seem to look alike （though they come from all over）–lean, pointed, dedicated faces, wearing jeans and sandals, eating their buns and bedding down for the night on the flagstones outside the theatre to buy the 20 seats and 80 standing-room tickets held for the sleepers and sold to them when the box office opens at 10:30 a.m.

26. From the first two paragraphs, we learn that

A. the townsfolk deny the RSC‘s contribution to the town’s revenue

　B. the actors of the RSC imitate Shakespeare on and off stage

C. the two branches of the RSC are not on good terms

　D. the townsfolk earn little from tourism

27. It can be inferred from Paragragh 3 that

A. the sightseers cannot visit the Castle and the Palace separately

　B. the playgoers spend more money than the sightseers

　C. the sightseers do more shopping than the playgoers

　D. the playgoers go to no other places in town than the theater

28. By saying “Stratford cries poor traditionally”（Line 2-3, Paragraph 4）, the author implies that

A. Stratford cannot afford the expansion projects

　B. Stratford has long been in financial difficulties

　C. the town is not really short of money

D. the townsfolk used to be poorly paid

29. According to the townsfolk, the RSC deserves no subsidy because

A. ticket prices can be raised to cover the spending

　B. the company is financially ill-managed

　C. the behavior of the actors is not socially acceptable

　D. the theatre attendance is on the rise

30. From the text we can conclude that the author

A. is supportive of both sides

　B. favors the townsfolk’s view

C. takes a detached attitude

　D. is sympathetic to the RSC

重点词汇：

superb [ sj u 'pə b ] a. 卓越的，杰出的，极好的

[例] Her dancing is superb.她的舞跳得好极了。This play is a superb job.这出戏是一部出色的作品。After six months training, the whole team is in superb form. 全队经过六个月的训练竞技状态极佳。

townsfolk n. 市民, 市镇居民

[联] folk n. 人们, 亲属(复数), 民族 adj. 民间的 gentlefolk(名门世族,上流人士),countryfolk(乡下人,同胞),fisherfolk(渔民),kinsfolk(亲属,家族),tradefolk(商人,开商店者及其家属)

live off sth./sb. 靠(依赖)…生活; 住在...外

[例] live off one’s parents 靠父母养活 live off welfare 靠救济过活 live off the mountains where your home is. 坐山吃山.

[联]live on v. 继续生活, 以...为主食, 靠...生活

revenue n.收入, 国家的收入, 税收

[例]IRS（Internal Revenue Service）美国税务局 defraud the revenue 逃税

sandal [ 'sændl ] n. 便鞋,凉鞋

ironic adj.说反话的, 讽刺的

[例] His death gave an ironic twist to the story, eg because he dead before he could enjoy the money he had stolen.他这一死使整件事啼笑皆非(如偷了钱未及享用便一命呜呼).

entirely adv.完全地, 全然地, 一概地

[例] Nowadays with the help of modern instruments fishing is no longer entirely dependent on the weather.如今捕鱼业有了现代仪器的帮助不再完全靠天了。"For him, this will be an entirely new hobby."

这对他来说是一种完全新的爱好。

[形] entire全部的, 完整的, 整个

playgoer [ 'pleigəʊə(r) ] n. 爱看戏的人,常看戏的人

take in 去看,观看(电影等)

[例] I generally take in a show when I’m in London on business.我在伦敦出差时常去看演出.

on the side作为兼职, 另外; 秘密地,偷偷摸摸地

[例] a mechanic who buys and sells cars on the side 兼做汽车买卖的机修工. He is married but he has a girlfriend on the side.他有妻室,但暗地里还有一个情人.

council n.政务会, 理事会, 委员会, 参议会, 讨论会议, 顾问班子, 立法班子

subsidy [ 'sʌbsidi ] n. 补助金,津贴（尤指政府为扶持工业、资助艺术事业、平抑物价而发放的）

[例]The islanders don't want to leave, and probably wouldn't if there were a subsidy to reduce freight charges. But they don't see that happening. 岛上居民不愿离开；要是有补助金使运输费用降低的话，他们很可能不会离开。但是，他们对补助金并不存奢望。

[动]subsidize v. 给某人津贴或补贴

lounge [ laundʒ ] n. 闲逛,休闲室,长沙发 v. 闲混,懒洋洋地躺卧

[例]Don't lounge around all day do something! 别整天闲逛，做点事情吧！ She is waiting for me in the departure lounge. 她在候机室等我。 I don't want to lounge about town. I have other things to do. 我不想在市区闲逛。我还有别的事要做。

in a row成一排,连续几次地,连续几天地等

[例] This is her third win in a row.这是她连续第三次获得的胜利. Inflation has fallen for the third month in a row. 通货膨胀率连续三个月不断下降.

clientele n. (统称)顾客,主顾,客户

[例] an international clientele 国际客户网 [巧记] client(顾客, 客户, 委托人)+ele(使之抽象化)

lean [ li n ] n. 瘦肉,倾斜,弯曲 a. 瘦的,贫乏的,歉收的 v. 倚靠,倾斜,依赖

[例]The little girl only eats lean pork. 这个小女孩只吃瘦肉。He leant on the back of the sofa. 他斜靠在沙发的背上。Lean it against the wall.把它靠在墙上。If they don't pay soon we'll have to lean on them a little. 要是他们不马上付款，我们就得给他们加点压力了。He leans towards more lighthearted subjects in his later works. 他在後期的创作中倾向於比较轻松的主题。

bun n. 小面包

bed down v. 铺床睡 换个地方睡觉

[例] You have my room and I will bed down in the living room.你用我的房间,我睡客厅.

flagstone n. 石板；铺路石 [巧记] flag(标记)+stone(石头)

难句分析：

①And there are the townsfolk who largely live off the tourists who come, not to see the plays, but to look at Anne Hathaway’s Cottage, Shakespeare’s birthplace and the other sights.

分析：who引导定语从句修饰townsfolk，not… but 结构的意思是不是…而是。

翻译：也有一些市镇居民很大程度上依靠游客生活，这些游客不是来看戏剧的，而是游览安娜.海瑟威的小屋，莎士比亚诞生地以及其他景点的。

②They all seem to look alike (though they come from all over)---lean, pointed, dedicated faces, wearing jeans and sandals, eating their buns and bedding down for the night on the flagstones outside the theatre to buy the 20 seats and 80 standing—room tickets held for the sleepers and sold to them when the box office opens at 10:30 a.m.

分析：从结构上讲，这是一个简单句，波折号前面是主干，后面是修饰性短语。Held for 以及sold to 分别引导两个分词结构修饰tickets。在这里lean要翻译成消瘦的意思。

翻译：他们看起来都一个样（虽然他们从各个地方而来）——消瘦、率直、专注的脸庞，穿着牛仔裤和便鞋，吃着小圆面包，在剧场外的石板上过夜，以便能买得到20张座票和80张站票，这些票都是为那些睡觉的人准备的，并且在票房第二天上午10点半开始售票时就卖给他们。PS：通俗的说，就是倒票的票贩。

答案分析：

26. 本题的难度值为0.403,属于中等难度的题目。

标准答案：A。由题目定位到前两段。首先看A选项，意思是：市民否认了RSC对城镇收入的恭献。由文章第二段一句The worthy residents of Stratford doubt that the theatre adds a penny to their revenue可明显看出，居民们怀疑剧院是否对收入作出一点贡献。意思就是否认了其对城镇收入的贡献。注意RSC就是这里的theatre。接着看B选项，意思是：RSC的演员在台上和台下模仿莎士比亚。这个在前两段确实有相关的内容，但是第二段中只是说演员在相貌上模仿莎士比亚，但是没有提到台上台下的问题。因此不能入选。然后是C选项，意思是：RSC的两个分支相处不好。这个选项属于偷换概念类干扰项。原文说的是这个城镇有两个分支互相敌对，而不是RSC有两个分支互相敌对。因此排除。最后是D选项，意思是：城镇居民从旅游业获取的利润很少。但是请看原文这句话：And there are the townsfolk who largely live off the tourists who come。其中的largely这个词明显表明他们赚的钱肯定不少。因此也不能入选。

27. 本题的难度值为0.681,属于较容易的题目，区分度为0.429，非常理想。

标准答案是：B。由题目定位到第三段。首先看A选项，意思是：观光者不能单独参观城堡和宫殿。请看The sightseers who come by bus- and often take in Warwick Castle and Blenheim Palace on the side这句话。这里只说观光者经常这么做，而不是一直都这么做。A选项将其绝对化了，因此不能入选。接着看B选项，意思是：看戏的人比观光的人花钱多。由第三段这句话It is the playgoers, the ESC contends, who bring in much of the town’s revenue because they spend the night可以看出，看戏的人对城镇的收入贡献最大。而且从细节上看，看戏的人一般都住四五天，而观光的人一天就走了。因此B正确。关于C选项与B选项是相反的，既然B对，C自然就排除了。具体到do some shopping的细节，原文没有提到（如果在旅店和饭店消费不算shopping的话），因此更不能入选。最后是D选项，意思是看戏者除了看戏哪里都不去。这种选项属于绝对化选项，一般是不对的。由原文中However, the playgoers do manage a little sight-seeing along with their playgoing.看出，看戏者还是做点观光之类的事情的。因此D选项排除。

28. 本题的难度值为0.437,属于中等难度的题目，比较理想。

标准答案是：C。由题目定位到所指原句，然后接着往下读：Nevertheless every hotel in town seems to be adding a new wing or cocktail lounge. Hilton is building its own hotel there, which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth, and will be very expensive.可以看出，这个城镇并不穷。如果穷，怎么会有那么多旅店里有鸡尾酒和休息室，甚至一些very expensive的东西。因此，所谓的cry poor，在中文里就是哭穷的意思。自然看出Stratford是在装着哭穷。再联系C选项：这个城镇事实上并不缺钱。因此入选。再看A选项，说其不能承担工程的费用。既然不缺钱，当然不会承担不起了。因此自然排除。然后是B选项，意思是其一直都有经济困难。和A选项一样，都是一个原因。只要明白了其并不缺钱这个事实，就不会选这个选项了。最后是D选项，意思是说市民曾经的收入很少。也许这也是个事实，但是在原文中并未体现。原文只是表明了市民现在的收入很可观。因此也不能入选。

29. 本题的难度值为0.51,属于中等难度的题目，区分度为0.354，比较理想。

标准答案是：D。题目问到，为什么市民认为不应该给RSC补贴？定位到原文倒数第二段：The theatre has broken attendance records for three years in a row. Last year its 1,431 seats were 94 percent occupied all year long and this year they’ll do better.可见市民认为剧院几乎场场爆满的状况肯定赚了很多钱。但是他们并不知道其实票价很低。所以市民是通过剧院的就座率看出RSC并不需要补贴的。联系D选项：剧院的就座率在上升。自然入选。再看A选项，意思是：票价能够涨到抵消花费的程度。但是原文中虽然提到了票价的问题，但是市民并不知道票价的高低，他们只是看到了剧院的就座率。因此该选项不能入选。然后是B选项，意思是公司的经济管理不善。这个选项从常理上就是不对的，经济管理不善应该导致收入减少，所以才应该接收补贴。从原文中也并没有提到公司的管理问题，因此该选项排除。最后是C选项，意思是演员的表现并不能在社会上被接受。这个选项和财政问题基本没关系，而且即使有关系，演员表现不好自然会导致收入减少，同样也就应该接受补贴了。

30. 本题的难度值为0.429,属于中等难度的题目。

标准答案是：D。这个是全文理解题。只要你读懂了全文，自然这道题就明白了。文章的大意就是说明RSC表面上生意很好，场场基本爆满，但是其实并赚不到多少钱。然而当地的居民却不理解，认为其接收补贴不合理。因此可以看出，作者在同情RSC。因此D选项入选。而A选项：两边都支持，显然不合作者的本意。作者至少是不支持当地居民的。B选项：赞成当地居民的观点。由文章大意可以看出这是个相反的干扰项。最后是C选项，里面有这个词：detached。意思是：超然的，不偏不倚的：不含感情因素的，不含个人偏见的参见。这个词在以往试题中并不多见，看来考试中心也有创新精神呵呵。但是同样是由于从文章大意中看出作者的态度比较鲜明，因此不是不偏不倚的。

全文翻译：

众所周知Stratford-on-Avon只有一个特色,那就是威廉•莎士比亚,但这儿却有两个相互独立的部门,他们随着时间的变化而日益变得敌对。这儿有皇家莎士比亚公司（RSC）， 它在Avon的莎士比亚纪念剧院里将很多优秀的戏剧作品呈现给大家 。这儿的居民大部分是靠挣来游玩的游客的钱来维持生计，这些游客并不是来看戏剧的，而是来看Anne Hathaway的庄园，莎士比亚的出生地和其他的景色。

Stratford的当地乡绅们都质疑剧院有没有为当地的税收收入做一点贡献。他们直言讨厌RSC的演员，这些演员留着长头发，长胡须，拖着凉鞋，吵吵嚷嚷。这真是一种绝妙的讽刺，当你想到作为他们摇钱树的莎士比亚,自己也是个演员，留着胡子，一起大吵大闹。

游客群并不是完全分开的。游览者乘公车来,，经常会去游览Warwick城堡和Blenheim宫殿，通常不会去看戏，并且他们中的一些人甚至会对在Stratford能找到剧院感到惊讶。然而，看戏者只花少量的时间在观光上，也就是在戏剧演出时顺便看看。RSC主张，是看戏者给城镇带来大量的税收，因为他们通常花整晚上时间（有些是四到五个晚上）在旅馆或饭店里大量消费。然而游览者在当天的黄昏前就能把所有事情做完了，然后离开小镇。

当地居民并不这么认为，地方政府也直接没有给予RSC补贴。Stratford一向都会哭穷。然而城镇上每一家旅馆似乎都增加了新的部门或是鸡尾酒酒吧。希尔顿也在这儿建了一座自己的酒店，这里肯定可以能看到被装饰一新的哈姆雷特汉堡酒吧，Lear休息室，宴会厅等等。进一步说，这里消费将很贵。

总之，居民不明白为什么RSC需要补贴。（剧院已经打破了连续三年以来的就座率纪录。去年整年的1431个座位的就坐率达到了94%，今年将会更高。）当然，原因是，演戏的花费高了，然而票价仍然很低。

大幅增加票价是一件很为难的事情，因为这样会把Stratford的最有魅力的顾客－年轻人赶走。他们完全是为了戏而来，不是为风景。他们看起来都一个样（虽然他们从各个地方而来）——消瘦、率直、专注的脸庞，穿着牛仔裤和便鞋，吃着小圆面包，在剧场外的石板上过夜，以便能买得到20张座票和80张站票，这些票都是为那些睡觉的人准备的，并且在票房第二天上午10点半开始售票时就卖给他们。

2006 Text 3

论坛相关讨论帖：

When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, something strange happened to the large animals. they suddenly became extinct. Smaller species survived. The large, slow-growing animals were easy game, and were quickly hunted to extinction.Now something similar could be happening in the oceans.

That the seas are being overfished has been known for years. What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing. They have looked at half a century of data from fisheries around the world. Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass （the amount of living biological matter） of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time. According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators （animals that kill and eat other animals） in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. In some long-fished areas, it has halved again since then.

Dr. Worm acknowledges that these figures are conservative. One reason for this is that fishing technology has improved.Today’s vessels can find their prey using satellites and sonar, which were not available 50 years ago. That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. In the early days, too, lonelines would have been more saturated with fish. Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since no baited hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past. Furthermore, in the early days of longline fishing, a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had been hooked. That is no longer a problem, because there are fewer sharks around now.

Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account. They believe the date support an idea current among marine biologists, that of the “shifting baseline”. The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels. Most fisheries are well below that， which is a bad way to be business.

31、The extinction of large prehistoric animals is noted to suggest that

A、large animal were vulnerable to the changing environment

　　B、small species survived as large animals disappeared

　　C、large sea animals may face the same threat today.

　　D、Slow-growing fish outlive fast-growing ones

32、We can infer form Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm’s paper that

A、the stock of large predators in some old fisheries has reduced by 90%

　　B、there are only half as many fisheries are there were 15 years ago

　　C、the catch sizes in new fisheries are only 20% of the original amount

　　D、the number of larger predators dropped faster in new fisheries than in the old

33、By saying “these figures are conservative”（line 1 ，paragragf-3）， Dr. worm means that

A、fishing technology has improved rapidly

　　B、the catch-sizes are actually smaller than recorded

　　C、the marine biomass has suffered a greater loss

　　D、the data collected so far are out of date.

34、Dr. Myers and other researchers hold that

A、people should look for a baseline that can‘t work for a longer time

　　B、fisheries should keep their yield below 50% of the biomass

　　C、the ocean biomass should be restored to its original level.

　　D、people should adjust the fishing baseline to the changing situation.

35、The author seems to be mainly concerned with most fisheries’

　　A、management efficiency

　　B、biomass level

　　C、catch-size limits

D、technological application.

重点词汇：

biomass n.(单位面积或体积内)生物的数量 [巧记]bio(生物)+mass(块,大量)

over time 随着时间推移

[例] As a result, nacre thickness is sometimes just a cosmetic layer that can wear thin over time.所以真珠质的厚度就像脸上化妆品，不久就会磨薄了。

predator [ 'predətə ]  n. 食肉动物；person who exploit others 奴役他人者

[例] He denounced all landlords and money-lenders as evil predators. 他痛斥所有地主和放债者都是罪恶的剥削者.

[形] predatory a. （指动物）食肉的；掠夺的，以掠夺为目的的

[反]herbivore n. 食草动物 vegetarian n. 素食者

halve [ hɑ v ] vt. divide sth into two equal parts 分成两半,平分,减少到一半；reduce sth by a half 减半

[例] James and I halved the apple.詹姆斯和我平分了这个苹果。Let's halve the project between our two teams.让我们两个队平均分担这项工程吧。The latest planes have halved the time needed for crossing the Atlantic. 最新型号的飞机把飞越大西洋所需的时间减少了一半。

vessel n. 船, 容器, 器皿, 脉管, 导管

[例] A pot is a vessel for holding food.锅是盛食物的器皿。There were many vessels in the harbor today.今天港口有许多船只。

prey [ prei ] n. animal，bird etc hunted and killed by another for food 被掠食者,牺牲者 v. 捕食,掠夺,使...苦恼

[例] The big bird carried its prey in its claws.这只大鸟用爪子抓着捕获物。The oppressed peoples will never allow themselves to be preyed upon by any invaders.

被压迫民族决不会听任侵略者肆意掠夺。

[习]be/fall prey to sth 被捕食，成为其他动物的捕获物；为某事物所苦，受到谋事无的折磨

She was prey to irrational fears 她遭受着无端恐惧的折磨。

[习]prey on sb’s mind 烦扰某人

Fear of the consequences preyed on her mind 她担心其后果而惴惴不安。

[习]be a prey to（动物）被捕食；（人）深受其害； 深为…所苦恼 (= become/fall a prey to)

sonar [ 'səunɑ ] n. 声纳装置 [巧记]声纳:sound navigation and ranging

longline n. 多钩长线

saturate [ 'sætʃəreit ] v. make sth very wet 浸湿或浸透某物 ～ sth/sb with/in sth

[例]We lay on the beach, saturated in sunshine. 我们躺在沙滩上, 沐浴在阳光里.

[形]saturated a. 湿透的，（指溶液）饱和的

[名]saturation n. 浸湿，浸透，饱和

bait n.饵, 诱惑物 vt.以饵引诱(动物), 把饵装上, 欺负, 折磨 vi.中途休息

[习] rise to the bait（鱼）咬饵；（人）中圈套；上当；中计

hook n.钩, 吊钩v.钩住, 沉迷, 上瘾

[例] He hung his coat on the hook behind the door. 他把外套挂在门后的挂钩上。Hook the rope over that nail. 把绳子套在那钉子上。

trap [ træp ] n. device for catching animals， plan for capturing or detecting sb 圈套,陷阱； v. keep sb in a place from which he wants to move but cannot 设圈套,设陷阱

[用]～ sb into doing/sth 用计捕捉某人使某人上当

[例]The police set a trap to catch the thief. 警察设下了捉拿窃贼的圈套。She was trapped in the burning house.她被困在燃烧着的房子里了。By clever questioning they trapped him into making a confession. 他们用巧妙的提问诱使他招认了。

underestimate vt.低估, 看轻 n.低估[巧记] under(低于)+estmate(估计)(estimate参考 02 text3) [反] overestimate vt. 评价过高 n. 估计的过高, 评价的过高

baseline n.基准线；基线（网球场的）底线 [巧记]base(基础)+line(线)

marine n.舰队, 水兵, 海运业 adj.海的, 海产的, 航海的, 船舶的, 海运的

yield v.出产, 生长, 生产vi.(～ to)屈服, 屈从n.产量, 收益

[例]That tree yields fruits.这种树结果。I will not yield a step.我寸步不让。The shelf is beginning to yield under that heavy weight.架子被那么大的重量压得弯了下去。This year's yield from the coal mine was very large.今年这煤矿产量甚丰。

target n.目标, 对象, 靶子

[例]The hunter's target was a wild animal.这个猎人的目标是一只野兽。

crop n.农作物, 产量, 平头, 短发vt.收割, 修剪, 种植vi.收获

[例]Which crops does he grow?他种的是什么庄稼? The beans have cropped well this year.

今年的豆子收成好。

难句分析：

①What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing.

分析：这句子中，what引导主语从句，is是谓语，how引导的从句做宾语。

翻译：诸如Ransom Myers和Boris Worm这些研究人员向我们展示的是事情的变化速度是如何之快。

②That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes.

分析：这是一个因果关系的复杂句，what引导的从句修饰propotion

翻译：那表示占更高比例的海洋生物被捕获，所以过去的数据和现在的数据之间的差别要比通过捕捉量的变化记录下来的差别更加大。

答案分析：

31. 本题的难度值为0.787,属于较容易的题目，区分度为0.447，比较理想。

标准答案是：C。该题可迅速定位到文章第一段，最后有这么一句话：Now something similar could be happening in the oceans。这可以说是一个承上启下句，基本上表明了作者的写作方向和部分中心思想。由此可看出作者在第一段描述古代动物的灭绝，是为了影射当今在海洋发生的同样的事情。联系C选项：大部分海洋动物可能会面临同样的威胁。因此C入选。再看A选项，意思是：大部分动物对于环境改变十分脆弱。这个在原文中没有体现，属于就事论事，不属于“to suggest that”的范围。即使从常识角度上是正确的，在原文中没有根据的选项也不能入选。接着是B选项，意思是：当大部分动物消失时有小部分种族残存了下来。这也是个无中生有的选项，在文章中找不到任何根据。文章只说了有大量远古动物灭绝而已。最后是D选项，意思是：成长慢的鱼比成长快的鱼寿命长。这个在原文中更是找不到根据了，而且，由题设就可以看出这道题只是和第一段有关，而关于鱼的话题并不在第一段，因此自然可以排除。

32.本题的难度值为0.107,属于偏难的题目。

标准答案是：A。这道题还是比较有难度的，有一定的数学因素在里面。由题设定位到原文第二段这么几个句子：What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing. They have looked at half a century of data from fisheries around the world. Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time. According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators (animals that kill and eat other animals) in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. In some long-fished areas, it has halved again since then.接下来就是从这些句子中找到与某个选项一致的地方了。首先看A选项，意思是：在一些老渔场，大型捕食者的数量已经减少了90％。请看原文的这句话：According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators (animals that kill and eat other animals) in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. In some long-fished areas, it has halved again since then大体意思是说，捕食者的数量在新渔场已经平均下降了80％，而在一些长期捕鱼的区域，即老渔场，这个数目又少了一半（注意原文中again这个词，非常关键），即由原来的（100％－80％）下降到了1/2*（100％－80％）=10%,因此等价于下降了90％。由此可看出，A选项是正确的。接着是B选项，意思是：与15年前相比，现在只剩下一半数量的鱼了。上面的解释如果看懂了，自然能排除此选项了。然后是C选项，意思是：在新渔场所捕获到的鱼的尺寸只有起初数量的20％了。Size除了尺寸之外，的确也有数量的意思，但是请注意，原文中说的是捕食者large predators下降了80％，而该选项并未提到，因此属于比较危险的干扰项，不能入选。最后是D选项，意思是在新渔场里，大型捕食者的数量下降的要比老渔场里快。这个如果读懂了第二段最后两句话的话，是比较容易排除的。请参阅上面的解释，正确的说法应该是相反的，即在老渔场下降的快。可能有些人错把it has halved again since then理解成老渔场从那时起只降低了一半，因此得出了80％>50%的结论，选择了D。但是原文中的again这个词表明了是在80％的基础上又少了一半，因此应该是90％>80%.

33. 本题的难度值为0.46,属于中等难度的题目，区分度为0.322，比较理想。

标准答案是：C。由题目定位到第三段第一句，意思是说这些数据是保守的。由中文常识可知，意思是说实际的数据要比统计数据大。由之后的句子也可以看出，由于捕鱼技术的进步，鱼类实际减少的数量要大的多。因此可以间接得出这个结论：海洋生物的数量正在大幅减少。联系C选项，入选。再看A选项，意思是：捕鱼技术飞快进步。这属于太表面的选项了，这种在原文中直接抽出来的句子，基本不可能是正确答案。作者的用意是说明海洋动物的大量减少，而不是什么技术的进步。接着是B选项，意思是捕获的数量事实上比记录的要少。这和原文的意思正好相反，正因为技术进步了，所以捕获的应该会更多才对。因此该选项排除。最后是D选项，意思是所收集的数据过期了。这基本和原文没什么联系，即使数据收集的有偏差，这也是在所难免的，就和全国人口普查一样，即使理论上收集的数据比事实上多或是少，但也没有什么过期之说。因此该选项排除。

34. 本题的难度值为0.626,属于较容易的题目。

标准答案是：D。由题设可定位到原文的最后一段，观察Dr Myers所说的话，Dr Myers and Dr Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account. They believe the data support an idea current among marine biologists, that of the "shifting baseline"。意思是说未来的渔业管理应该改变一下基准，即shifting baseline。因此联系D选项：人们应该调节一下渔业基准来改变现在的形势。因此入选。再看A选项，意思是：人们应该寻找一种有效期不长的基准。有效期不长这在原文中肯本没有体现，原文只是强调了应该改变现在的基准。因此该选项排除。接着看B选项，意思是：渔业应该将捕鱼量降低到总数量的50％以下。在原文寻找50％这个字眼，找到了这句：That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels。这句话比较有难度，大体意思是说当某特定种群的数量在起初数量的50％时，一个渔场所收益的最大捕鱼量到来了。作者的用意是说明如果一个渔场的总储量如果连起初的50％都不到，就应该降低捕鱼数量了。而B选项的意思是说捕鱼量不要超过总数量的50％，显然两者是有区别的，因此不能入选。最后是C选项，意思是海洋生物的数量应该恢复到起始水平。这个选项有些夸张了，显然是在夸大事实。作者只是在号召保护海洋动物，适当调整捕鱼数量，但是没有也不可能说出C选项这种话来。达到起始的程度显然是不现实的。因此该选项排除。

35. 本题的难度值为0.441,属于中等难度的题目。

标准答案是：B。题目的意思是说作者主要关心渔场的什么数据。由全文的中心思想可以看出，作者是在关心海洋生物的总数量，而且全文出现相当多的词就是biomass了。因此联系B选项：总数量水平。自然入选。再看A选项，意思是管理效率，和原文没有什么联系。渔场的管理效率不是关键，关键是捕鱼量与总储量之间的平衡。接着是C选项，意思是对捕鱼数量的限制。同样不是重点，渔场单纯限制了捕鱼数量，也不是正确的方法，文章强调的是调整一种基准，寻找捕鱼量和总储量的平衡点。最后是D选项，意思是科技的应用。同样也不是重点，作者唯一提到和科技有关的时候就是通过科技的进步来反映捕鱼量的增大，因此作者自然也不会关心这方面的问题。因此该选项排除。

全文翻译：

当史前的人到达世界的一个新的地方时，那里的大部分动物就会发生奇怪的事情。它们突然灭绝了。小部分动物种族存活了下来，但大部分的，成长缓慢的动物则成了狩猎的目标，并且很快被狩猎到灭绝。现在相类似的事情发生在大海中.

这些年在海中的捕捞活动太过频繁，就像Ransom Myers和Boris Worm这些年所研究的，事物在迅速地变化着。他们研究了半个世纪以来世界上所有的鱼场。他们的方法不是为了试图估算特定区域的海洋中实际动物总数（活着生物的总数），而是研究单位面积中海洋生物数量的变化。根据他们最近在《自然》杂志上发表的文章，大型食肉的海洋生物（一种杀死和吃其它动物的生物）的总量在15年的时间里已经减少了平均80%。在一些大型的捕鱼场，这个数量已经减半。

Worm博士承认这些数字还只是保守数字 ，一个原因是今天的捕鱼技术已经大大改善，可以通过卫星和声波这些在50年前不可能有的东西来发现猎物，这同50年前相比意味着可以捕获更多的海洋生物，所以现在和过去的真正差距可能会比之前在捕获区记录的数据所体现出的更糟糕。在早期的时候，多勾的鱼杆线已经对鱼不起作用了。因此有一些鱼种没被抓到，往后没有鱼饵的鱼钩根本捕不到鱼，导致过去的捕鱼业受到轻视。而且，早期用鱼钩捕鱼的日子，有许多鱼在它们上钩后被鲨鱼给吃了。那不再是个问题，因为现在鲨鱼已经很少了。

Dr. Myers和Dr. worm声称说，他们的工作已经确定了一个正确的基本方针，这个方针是未来管理中必须要使用的。他们认为数据恰恰体现了一个海洋生物学家都支持的观点。这个观点就是“改变基线”。这个概念就是说人们已经很难观察得到大范围海洋中发生的变化，因为他们只是回顾从过去以来相对短的时间。这确有其事，因为理论告诉我们如果一个渔场的总储量如果连起初的最大可承受的捕鱼量的50％都不到，就应该降低捕鱼数量了。大多数渔场远远低于这个数，这是对以后的捕鱼业非常不利的。

2006 Text 4

论坛相关讨论帖：

Many things make people think artists are weird.But the weirdest may be this: artists’ only job is to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel bad.

This wasn’t always so. The earliest forms of art, like painting and music, are those best suited for expressing joy. But somewhere from the 19th century onward,more artists began seeing happiness as meaningless, phony or, worst of all, boring ,as we went from Wordsworth’s daffodils to Baudelaire’s flowers of evil.

You could argue that art became more skeptical of happiness because modern times have seen so much misery. But it’s not as if earlier times didn’t know perpetual war, disaster and the massacre of innocents. The reason,in fact,may be just the opposite: there is too much damn happiness in the world today.

After all, what is the one modern form of expression almost completely dedicated to depicting happiness？ Advertising. The rise of anti-happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media, and with it, a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology.

People in earlier eras were surrounded by reminders of misery. They worked until exhausted, lived with few protections and died young. In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in danger and that they would someday be meat for worms. Given all this, they did not exactly need their art to be a bummer too.

Today the messages the average Westerner is surrounded with are not religious but commercial and forever happy .Fast-food eaters, news anchors, text messengers, all smiling, smiling. Our magazines feature beaming celebrities and happy families in perfect homes. And since these messages have an agenda—to lure us to open our wallets－they make the very idea of happiness seem unreliable. “Celebrate！” Commanded the ads for the arthritis drug Celebrex, before we found out it could increase the risk of heart attacks.

But what we forget—what our economy depends on us forgetting——is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain. The things that bring the greatest joy carry the greatest potential for loss and disappointment. Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness, we need art to tell us, as religion once did, Memento mori: remember that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it. It’s a message even more bitter than a clove cigarette, yet, somehow, a breath of fresh air.

36. By citing the examples of poets Wordsworth and Baudelaire, the author intends to show that

A. Poetry is not as expressive of joy as painting or music.

　　B. Art grows out of both positive and negative feelings.

　　C. Poets today are less skeptical of happiness.

　　D. Artists have changed their focus of interest.

37. The word “bummer”（Line 4. paragraph 5） most probably means something

A. religious

B. unpleasant

C. entertaining

D. commercial

38. In the author’s opinion, advertising

A. emerges in the wake of the anti-happy art.

　　B. is a cause of disappointment for the general public.

　　C. replace the church as a major source of information

　　D. creates an illusion of happiness rather than happiness itself.

39.We can learn from the last paragraph that the author believes

A .Happiness more often than not ends in sadness.

　　B. The anti-happy art is distasteful by refreshing.

　　C. Misery should be enjoyed rather than denied.

　　D .The anti-happy art flourishes when economy booms

40.Which of the following is true of the text？

　　A Religion once functioned as a reminder of misery.

　　B Art provides a balance between expectation and reality.

C People feel disappointed at the realities of modern society.

D mass media are inclined to cover disasters and deaths.

重点词汇：

weird [ wiəd ] a. （frightening because it is）unnatural，uncanny or strange 不自然的，怪异的或奇怪的（常做贬义）

[例]Weird shrieks were heard in the darkness. 在黑暗中听见离奇的尖叫声.

He looks like nothing on earth in those weird clothes. 他穿著奇装异服难看极了.

[名]weirdie n. （口语，通常贬义）行为、衣着等奇怪的人，古怪的人

eccentric n. （没有贬义）古怪的人

phony [ 'fəuni ] （也写作phoney） a. （指某人）假装的，冒充的；（指某物）假的,伪造的； n.冒充者，赝品

[例]The phony glamour of night club soon become stale and boring. 夜总会那种虚假的荣华不久便失去了新意而使人生厌。

daffodil [ 'dæfədil ]  n. 水仙`花 a. 水仙花色的

skeptical(=sceptical) adj. 怀疑性的,好怀疑的,(口)无神论的

misery n. 痛苦, 苦恼, 悲惨, 不幸, 穷困

[例]Misery loves company.(谚)同病相怜。 [反] happiness

perpetual adj. 永久的不断的；永续的一再重复的

massacre [ 'mæsəkə ] n. 大屠杀；（口）（运动队的）惨败

[例]The press has reported the massacre of thousands of people for their religious beliefs. 新闻界报道了那场因宗教信仰原因而对千万人的大屠杀。The game was a complete massacre; we lost 10-0. 那次比赛真是一次惨败，我们0比10输了。

innocent adj. (～ of) 清白的, 无罪的, 天真的, 无知的

[例] Can you provide any evidence that he was innocent of the crime? 你能提供证据证明他没有犯这罪吗? Do you call these innocent amusements? 你把这些叫做无害的娱乐吗?

damn [ dæm ] a. （口）表示不满、愤怒、不耐烦等； adv. （表示不满、愤怒等）非常

[例]Where’s that damn book 那本该死的书哪里去了？My damn car has broken down 我的混帐汽车坏了。You know damn well what I mean 你清清楚楚明白我的意思。This film was damned by the critics.这部影片受到了批评家的指责。

[习]damn all （口）完全没有 It’s damn all use you telling me that now 你现在才告诉我，管什么用！

depict vt. 描绘；描写

[例]The drawing depicts her sitting on a sofa.这副画画的是她坐在沙发上的姿势. Her novel depicts life in Modern London (as an ordeal).她的小说描写的是伦敦现代的生活(苦不堪言).

commercial adj. 商业的, 贸易的

[例]commercial traveler 旅行推销员 A commercial college teaches things that would be useful in business. 商学院教授那些在商业中可能会有用的东西。 Oil has been found in commercial quantities. 发现了大量有商业价值的石油。 [名] commerce 商业

literacy n. 有文化，有教养，有读写能力;识字

worshipper 礼拜[崇拜, 爱慕]者

[联]worship n. 崇拜, 礼拜, 尊敬 vi. 敬神, 拜神 vt. 崇拜, 尊敬

[例]She worshipped him and refused to listen to his critics.她很崇拜他,听不进别人对他的批评.

beam [ bi m ] n. 光线,横梁,容光焕发 v. 微笑,闪亮;（无线电）播送

[例]From a sky of untarnished blue the sun beamed down upon Beijing. 阳光透过万里碧空照耀着北京城。The old lady opened the door with a beam. (喻)老太太面带微笑开了门表示欢迎。The World Cup Final was beamed live from Britain to Japan. 世界杯决赛从英国向日本作了实况转播.

[习]off（the）beam （口）不对的，错的 ; on the beam对，正确

Your calculation is way off beam. 你的计算大错特错.

agenda n. 议程

[例]What is the next item on the agenda?议程表上的下一项是什么?`

lure v.引诱 vt.(常与away, into连用）诱惑；引诱 n.诱惑力；诱惑物（常与of连用）诱惑

[例] Many young Japanese engineers have been lured to the Middle East by the promise of high wages.在给予高薪的允诺的引诱下,许多年轻的日本工程师去了中东。

[联] tempt vt.诱惑, 引诱, 吸引, 使感兴趣, 考验, 试探 seduce v. 诱使

难句分析：

①The rise of anti-happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media, and with it, a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology.

分析：it 指代the rise；in which引导的从句修饰commercial culture

翻译：反快乐艺术的上升几乎精确的追踪着大众传媒的产生，并且伴随着它产生了商业文化，其中的幸福不仅仅是一种理想，而是一种空想。

②And since these messages have an agenda--to lure us to open our wallets－they make the very idea of happiness seem unreliable.

分析：这是个简单句，破折号前面是主句，破折号后面的不定式结构to lure us to open ourwallets修饰agenda 。

翻译：因此这些信息都有一个中心目的：引诱我们掏钱，这使得那些幸福的观点看起来不可靠了。

答案分析

36.本题的难度值为0.609，比较容易。区分度为0.399，比较理想。

标准答案：D。

本题考查考生理解句子之间关系的能力。第一和第二段之间有强烈的转折关系。现代许多人认为艺术家比较怪异的一个方面就是他们喜欢表现悲伤的主题。第二段作者指出，事实并非一直这样。最早诸如绘画和音乐这些艺术形式都是来表现喜悦情感的，但是从十九世纪开始很多艺术家们开始认为幸福是毫无意义的，虚伪的或者乏味的，华兹华斯的《水仙花》和波德莱尔的《恶之花》就证明了这种变化。很明显，作者利用这两个例子来说明艺术家们表现重心的转移－幸福不再是他们表现的主题。

37.本题的难度值为0.366，较难。区分度为0.396，比较理想。

标准答案：B。

本题考察考生利用上下文对生词理解的能力。本段中作者指出，早期人们的生活时刻都在提醒着人们痛苦的存在。他们一辈子辛苦劳动，生活没有保障，一般人都过世的很早。在西方，在大众传播工具和教育普及之前，最具影响力的大众传媒就是教堂。教堂不断的提醒教徒，他们的灵魂处在危险中，终有一天他们的躯体将要化为虫的食物。在这种情况下，人们不再需要艺术成为另一个“bummer”。考生可以从前句判断，早期人们无论在生活中还是教堂中，时刻都接受着这样的提醒：“生活中是有痛苦存在的”。所以他们不需要艺术再次成为提醒痛苦的媒介。这就是判断词义的依据，答案就是B，不愉快的东西。有些考生没有把生活中的痛苦和教堂对痛苦的提醒结合起来考虑，同时没有注意bummer句中“did not exactly need…too”（不需要….也是这样）的语气。

38.本题的难度值为0.672，比较容易。

标准答案：D。

本题考查考生理解，判断的能力。文中指出，商业文化（其代表就是广告）和反快乐的艺术形式都是随着大众媒体的出现而出现的。前者到处充斥着对幸福，快乐的宣扬，快餐的食客，杂志上的名人等等都是洋溢着笑脸，因为这些广告的目的就是诱惑大家打开钱包去消费。往往没有提示受这些产品带来的潜在的危险，如文中所列举的药品广告。作者指出，在这种情形下，我们忘记了一点，就是幸福不仅仅指的是没有痛苦的享乐。那些给我们带来巨大喜悦的东西同时也可能带来巨大的，潜在的损失和失望，所以诸如广告这样的大众传媒给我们的幸福感受是一种不真实的感受。这是正确理解和判断的依据。

39.本题的难度值为0.294，比较难。

标准答案：B。

本题考察考生总结段落的能力。最后一段中作者指出，由于我们生活的社会中充斥着宣扬幸福的广告，所以我们忘记了一点－幸福不仅仅是没有痛苦的欢乐，那些给我们带来巨大喜悦的东西同时也带来巨大的，潜在的损失和失望，所以我们需要艺术来完成早期由宗教完成的提醒作用。虽然这些提醒比丁香香烟苦涩，但是依然是一丝清凉的空气，这就是作者对反快乐的艺术形式的理解。造成难度的原因就是考生没有完全理解此段的内容，尤其是全文最后一句态度明显，带有比喻修辞的句子。

40.本题的难度值为0.38，比较难。区分度为0.353，比较理想。

标准答案：A。

这是一道典型的考察考生对全文理解和把握能力的题目。考生应该能够抓住全文的几个关键词：提醒，幸福，痛苦，宗教，艺术，大众媒介，而这些关键词在此题中都出现了。考生应该充分理解作者的观点，分析这些关键词之间的关系。文中的主题是“现代艺术的作用是提醒人们快乐的背后可能存在着痛苦”，答案B认为“艺术在人们的期望和现实之间保持平衡”，显然不是文章的本意。答案C“现代社会的人们对现实感到失望”，文章中根本没有提及。答案D“大众媒介喜欢报道灾难和死亡”，与原文的内容背道而驰。所以只有答案A“宗教曾经一度起到提醒人们苦难存在的作用”。这在文中第五段中可以找到依据，故为正确答案。

全文翻译：

许多事情让人们觉得艺术家很古怪。最古怪可能是：艺术家的唯一工作就是寻找情感，然而他们所关注的对象大多是那些不幸的人。

当然不总是那样。艺术的最早形式，像绘画和音乐，都是最适合表达快乐的。但在19世纪的某个时期，更多的艺术家开始把快乐看成无意义的，假冒的，甚至是最糟的。我们可以从Wordsworth的黄水仙到Baudelaire的罪恶之花看出这种变化。

你可能会争论艺术变得对幸福如此怀疑是因为在现代看到了这样的苦难。但这并不是因为在早期不了解持久的战争,灾难和大规模的屠杀无辜。事实上，原因可能与之相反：现在世界上有太多快乐要去谴责。

归根结底，几乎完全致力于描写快乐的那种现代表现方式是什么呢？广告。反快乐艺术的兴起几乎完全与大众传媒同步出现，而随之兴起了一种商业文化，在这种文化中，快乐不仅是一个抽象概念，而是一种意识形态。

早期的人们被悲痛之使者所萦绕。他们工作到筋疲力尽，生活几无保障，年纪轻轻就命丧黄泉。在西方，在大众传媒和文学普及之前，最有效的大众媒体是教堂，它提醒信徒们，他们的灵魂处于危险之中，他们总有一天会成为蛆虫的食物。在这种信仰下，他们对此已十分了然，无须其艺术再表现这种失落感。

今天，你们普通西方人面对的围绕我们四周的信息不是宗教的，而是商业的，而且一直让人快乐。 快餐食客、新闻主播、发短信的人，都在笑啊笑啊。我们的杂志突出刊登满面春风的名人和美满幸福的家庭。这样的消息都有一项任务——即引诱我们打开钱包去使这些看起来并不可靠的快乐变得真实起来。“欢庆吧！”宣传关节炎良药西乐葆的广告这样号召道，随后我们却发现它能增加心脏病的发病率。

但是我们所忘记的是――我们的经济依赖着我们的遗忘――经过痛苦得来的快乐比没有经过痛苦得来的快乐好得多。带给我们最大快乐的事件，同时也暗含着巨大的损失和失望。现在，在耳边充斥着能轻易得到快乐的承诺时，我们需要有人告诉我们，正如宗教曾经所做，死亡警示：记住你会死，一切将会终结， 快乐虽然到来，但是它不能消除苦难，而是与其共存。这可能比抽烟更加毒害人的健康，然而，不知为何，也许会带来一股清新的气息。

2005 Text 1

Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.

The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food tardily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males.

Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan's and Dr. de waal's study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.

In the world of capuchins grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers) So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber .Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin.

The researches suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species, Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone, Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.

21. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by

　　[A]. posing a contrast.

　　[B]. justifying an assumption.

　　[C]. making a comparison.

[D]. explaining a phenomenon.

22. The statement “it is all too monkey” (Last line, paragraph l) implies that

　　[A]. monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals.

　　[B]. resenting unfairness is also monkeys' nature.

　　[C]. monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other.

[D]. no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions.

23. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are

　　[A]. more inclined to weigh what they get.

　　[B]. attentive to researchers' instructions.

　　[C]. nice in both appearance and temperament.

[D]. more generous than their male companions

24. Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys

　　[A]. prefer grapes to cucumbers.

　　[B]. can be taught to exchange things.

　　[C]. will not be co-operative if feeling cheated.

[D]. are unhappy when separated from others.

25. What can we infer from the last paragraph?

　　[A]. Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.

　　[B]. Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.

　　[C]. Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.

　　[D]. Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.

重点词汇：

a fat pay rise 涨得很高的工资

vanish / 5ϖ“νιΦ/ （消失，不复存在）The wonderful vanished into thin air.美梦化作泡影I thought it would rain, but the clouds have vanished and it's a fine day.我原以为天要下雨的，可是云消失了，是个好天。［巧记］van=empty空+ish形容词后缀：倾向于。

colleague / 5κΡλι:γ/ （同事，同僚）David is a colleague of mine.戴维是我的同事［巧记］col=con共同+leag=leg选+ue→共同被选出的。［辨］ companion （同伴，共事者）即com一起+pan面包+ion→一起吃面包→谋生的人。 A dog is a faithfull companyion. 狗是忠实的伙伴

reputation / 5ρεπϕυ(:)5τειΦΕν/ （名气，名声，名望）a man of good reputation名誉很好的人Live up to one’s reputation.不负盛名［巧记］re再一，重新+put思考+ation。

slack / σλ“κ/ （懈怠，懒散）slack work马虎的工作 slack laws 不完善的法律 Bussiness is slack at this season.这一季节生意萧条 The tennis net hung slack.网球的网松悬着［记：谐音］怪物“史莱克”是“懒散”的。

outrage / 5αυτρειδς/ （暴行，伤害，激怒）。 An outrage against justice.对正义的严重损害 Members of Parliament were outraged by the news of bomb outrages in the country.国内发生了炸弹暴力事件的消息引起了国会议员的义愤 ［巧记］out过度+rage动怒→“出离愤怒了”

all to human 人所特有的→人性

underling （潜在的，含蓄的） There are underlying similarities between all human beings.人与人之间有内在相似之处 The underlying theme of the novel is very serious.小说内在的主题很严肃［巧记］under（下面）＋λινγ

assumption /Ε5σΘμπΦΕν/ （假定；承担；呈现） The theory is based on a series of wrong assumptions.这一理论是以一系列错误的设想为根据的。Their assumption that their project under way was something entirely new proved to be untrue.他们以为他们正在进行的课题是崭新的,事实证明不是那样。 ［记］assume（假设）

grievance /5⊥ρι:ϖΕνσ/ （抱怨，不平，怨愤） to have a grievance against sb.抱怨某人He extravagantce give him a sense of grievance.他的挥霍使他感到不满 ［巧记］griev=heavy沉重+ance。

capuchin monkey 僧帽猴 一种原产于美洲的卷尾猴（sapajou），头上有类似风帽的一镞头发

good-natured （和蔼的，和善的） 又如：mean-natured 情绪性的 sweet-natured 性格温和的

creature（人, 动物, 傀儡, 创造物） She was a poor creature.她曾是个可怜的女人。［巧记］creat（创造）＋ure（尾缀）

tardily /?τΒ:δΙλΙ/ （缓慢） 形容词：ταρδψ /5τΒ:δι/ 拖拉的。［记：谐音］邋“ 遢地” 是由于“拖拉”造成的。

counterpart /5καυντΕπΒ:τ/ （对应的人或物） 即counter相反+part部分＝“对应的部分”→对音的人或物。The Red Cross Society of China and its Icelandic counterpart. 中国红十字会和冰岛红十字会 Canada’s Prime Minister is the counterpart of the U.S. president. 加拿大总理相当于美国总统。参见2000年 Passage 4 。

candidate / 5κ“νδιδιτ/ （候选人，求职者）Masteral candidate 考研人 ［巧记］cand白，发光+id+ate→白色的人→候选人。

in exchange for （作为[对…的]交换[或替代]）［巧记］exchange=ex出+change换→换出

token /5τΕυκΕν/ （象征的东西，代币） Tears are queer tokens of happiness. 眼泪是快乐的一种奇特的表示We shook hands as a token of our friendship.我们握手，以表示我们的友谊。

slice / σλαισ/ （薄片，切片；一份，部分）a slice of bread一片面包 a slice of good luck.一份好运 a book to amuse you, not to give you a slice of life. 一本供你消遣的书，并不是告诉你一段实际生活 He sliced his fingers.他用刀切伤了手指。

adjoining （毗连的）The twins have adjoining rooms. 双胞胎的房间是挨着的 ［巧记］ad向+join加入，结合+ing行为结果。

chamber（房间, 议院）chamber of the heart 心室 In Britain the upper chamber or parliament is the House of Lords, the lower the House of Commons.英国的上议院或国会是贵族议院,下议院是众议院。

in return for （作为[对…的]交换[报答，回报]） He give her some roses in return for her kindnesss.他送她一些玫瑰以报答她的好意

markedly （显著的，明显的） a woman of marked intelligence 聪明过人的女子 Tuition at American universities varies markedly depending on the type of instituation and its endowment. 美国各大学的学费有显著差别，这取决于学校的类别和所得到的捐赠基金 ［巧记］marked（有记号的, 显著的）

luxury / 5λΘκΦΕρι/ （奢侈品，华贵） 即lux光亮→豪华+ury。Luxurious adj.豪华舒适的 luxuryiate v.纵情享受 to luxuryiate in the warm,spring sunshine.尽情享受春日温暖的阳光 Cream cakes are no long a luxury.奶油蛋糕再也不是奢侈品了。

reluctant /ρι5λΘκτΕντ/ （不愿的，勉强的）Suggestion systems can work — don't be reluctant to use them.建议制度是有效的——不要不愿使用它们 She was very reluctant to admit the truth. 她很不情愿地承认了这事实。［巧记］re反复+luct=lect拾，捡+ant形容词后缀→应为觉得“不称心”，所以 “反复拾捡”→但最后还是“不情愿的，勉强的”。参见1994 Passage 5 。

toss / τΡσ/ （[常与to, away, aside, out连用]扔，抛） He tossed off a few verses of poetry. 他轻而易举地写出了几行诗They tossed the ball to each other.他们把球互相扔来扔去。

induce / ιν5δϕυ:σ/ （劝诱，促使）What induced you to do such a stupid thing? 是什么促使你作出这等蠢事来的人 One of these pills is guaranteed to induce sleep. 这些药丸只要一粒就能使人安眠Too much food induces sleepiness.吃得过饱会产生睡意。［巧记］in往内+duce=duct引导→“步步为营，诱敌深入”。 Presence

resentment /ρι5ζεντμΕντ/ （愤恨，怨恨）He was filled with resentment at the way one has been treated. 他因受到如此对待而满腔怨恨Resentment edged his reply.岔恨使他的回答非常尖锐。［巧记］re去掉，相反+sent感觉+ment→负面的感觉→怨恨。

emotions / ι5μΕυΦΕνζ/ （激情，情绪，情感） The speaker appealed to our emotions rather to our minds. 演讲者激发了我们的情感而不是启发我们的思考 Love, hatred, and grief are emotion.爱、恨、悲伤都是感情。

righteous / ραιτϕΕσ/ （正当的，正直的，公正的） righteous indignation义愤 Don’t adopt that righteous tone of voice! 别用那种一本正经的腔调说话。（贬）［巧记］right 正确的+eous 。

indignation /7ινδι⊥5νειΦΕν/ （愤慨, 义愤）indignation against a handful of terrorists. 对一小撮恐怖分子的义愤［巧记］in往里+dig挖+nation民族→挖民族→比挖祖坟还难受→能不愤慨吗？［记］形容词：indignant

preserve / πρι5ζΕ:ϖ/ （保存，保护，保护区） preserve one’s eyesight 保护视力 God preserve us! 上帝保佑我们吧 The fishing in this stretch of river is strictly preserved. 此河段严禁外人捕鱼The Town Council spent a lot of money to preserve the old castle and other places of historic interest.市政委员会花了不少钱来维修那座古城堡和其它古迹。

reward / ρι5ωΡ:δ/ （报酬，奖金；值得） One reward of my job is meeting people. 我在工作中的收获是能认识许多人 As well as the stained glass,the carring on the roof also reward attention.屋顶上的雕刻和彩色玻璃一样值得注意 It's a reward for virtue.那是对美德的回报。

abundantly / Ε5βΘνδΕντλι/ （丰富地，充裕地） He’s made his views abundantly clear.他已经充分表明自己的观点 ［记］名词：abundance 形容词：abundant

evolve / ι5ϖΡλϖ/ （逐渐形成，进化） The American constitution was planed;the British constitution evolved.美国宪法是精心制订的，英国宪法是约定俗成的 The developmental history of the society tells us that man has evolved from the ape.

社会发展史告诉我们人是从类人猿进化来的。

as yet 至今为止

stem from （源于… 有…造成） a talented art critic stemming from a painter. 出生画家，富有才干的评论家

ancestor / 5“νσιστΕ/ （祖先，祖宗） His ancestors had come to England as refugess.他的祖先来到英国的时候是难民［巧记］an=ante前+cest=cess行走，前进+or→走在前面的人→祖先。 [比较记忆] descendant 作“后裔，子孙”解，而作“下降（的）”解，一般拼成descendent

incline（[常与to, towards连用]倾向于，趋于）I incline to fatness.我有些发胖。

难句分析：

①Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance.

前一分句是句子的主句，其中使用了短语regard…as…的被动形式；with加名词作状语，即“带有潜在的假定”，其中assumption后接有that引导的同位语从句解释说明假定的内容。

翻译：这种行为被看作是“人之长情”，他潜在的假定就是其他动物不可能有这种高度发达的不公平意识。

②But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.

▲本句的主干是a study… Suggests that…其中主语study有两个定语：一个是介词结构by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal…, 另一个是which应导的非限定性定语从句；谓语动词suggests后面的that 引导一个宾语从句。

③However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.

▲本句是一个复合句，开始是when引导的时间状语从句，其中包含so that 应导的目的状语从句，而observe后面又是what应导的宾语从句；最后是主句their behavior become

markedly different。

翻译：当两个猴子被安置在隔开但相邻的两个房间里，能够互相看见对方用石头换回来什么东西时，猴子的行为就会变的明显不同。

④And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber .

▲本句是一个复合句，开始是if 引导的条件状语从句，第一个逗号之后的部分是主句：the other either tossed her own token…or refused to…，其中包含两个并列的谓语，tossed 和refused。

△本句的难点是找到主句的三个并列谓语，并判断出第二个谓语tossed被省略。

⑤However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems form the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.

▲本句的主语很复杂，由whether…or (是…还是..)结构充当，其中whether…引导一个名词性从句，or…后面也是一个名词性从句，而且这一从句的宾语ancestor后面的that引导一个定语从句，修饰ancestor;谓语由系动词(is)+表语(an unanswered question)构成。As it 是一个插入语，意思是“迄今为止”。注意：本句的主语由两个从句充当。

△这种“头重脚轻”的句子在学术文章中很常见，阅读时应该迅速把握主干，进而再理解复杂的主语成分。插入语可先跳过不看。

试题解析：

这篇文章是讲猴子有一种天然的公平意识，文章本身难度不是太大，一开始做了一个类比，讲人的公平意识。然后根据这个类比，文章重点谈猴子们的公平意识。这篇对比性的文章两个方面要理解，第一，人类和猴子之间都有一种近似的表现，当受到不公正待遇的时候，都有义愤填膺的感觉，如果把握这个逻辑，就是类比的逻辑。第二, 最后两段关于选择的实验的对象以及实验的结果。

21题 [C] 难度0.246

考察第一段的写作手法，明显用的是猴和人之间的相似形的比较关系。关于contrast和compare，两者的词性不同。contrast多用来进行对比，即不同事物之间的比较。而compare多用于类比，即同类事物之间的比较。

A选项 posing a contrast意思是提出一个对比，但是请注意，提出不代表对这个对比做出分析。而原文第一段明显是对人和猴子这个对比做出了分析，因此应该是making a comparison，即对一个对比做出了分析。post仅仅是“提出”的意思，而原文中作者是通过做具体的对比而得出结论，所以，“make”这个词应该更准确。而且，参考上面所说的contrast和compare的区别，更应该选择C选项。

B选项justifying an assumption意思是证明一种假设，但是第一段的意思是人与猴子的比较，而不是什么假设。这个也是很强的干扰项。

D选项explaining a phenomenon.意思是解释一种现象，但是文章第一段的意思是人与猴之间的比较，而不是在解释什么东西，只是进行一种比较罢了。

22题 [B] 难度0.368 区分度.0.351

也是在把猴子和人做类比，指出猴子与人一样都抱怨不公平。

A选项monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals.是说猴子也会由于懒惰的竞争者而愤怒。但是，猴子不是因为懒惰的人才愤怒，而是因为不公平。

C选项monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other的意思是猴子也和人一样嫉妒彼此。但是从文章看出，中心思想是讨论猴子对于公平的敏感性，因此C选项只是陈述了其中的一个现象而已，而不是体现了中心思想。文章中只提到了对于不公平所产生的愤怒感，但这个和嫉妒是两码事。这种题属于用小范围替代大范围的干扰项。

D选项 more generous than their male companions是说雌性猴子比雄性猴子更慷慨，大方。但是从原文看出，文章的意思是雌猴子更加注重她们获得的东西。文章的中心思想是说猴子对于公平性的敏感，因此与慷慨大方之类的没有关系。做题时要把握好中心思想，这样就容易排除选项了

23题 [A] 难度0.383 区分度.0.437

这个是事实细节题，答案是根据文章第二段末和第三段第一句话得到的，雌性的猴子被选择做研究，是因为她们更加注重她们获得的东西。

B选项attentive to researchers' instructions意思是听研究人员的话，而问题 Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because则是指为什么雌性猴子被选择做研究，由文章可看出，应该是由于雌猴子的对公平的更强烈的敏感性。原文只是提到了雌性猴子之间比较容易合作。

C选项 nice in both appearance and temperament是说在外表和脾气上都很好，这个基本上是命题者编造的干扰项，如果你明白了文章的大意的话，就不会选择这个答案了。因为整篇文章和外表没有任何联系的。而且题目问的是最主要的原因，所以C选项不予考虑。

D选项more generous than their male companions的意思是说比雄猴子更大方，但是之所以选择雌猴子是因为她们对公平性更敏感。D选项基本上和主题是背道而驰的，所以属于比较明显的干扰项。

24题[C] 难度0.805 区分度.0.470

他们最终的发现是什么，篇章最后两段反复重复，如果没有受到公平的话。

A选项prefer grapes to cucumbers是说猴子比起葡萄来更喜欢黄瓜，但是这和题目根本没有关系，属于搞笑类干扰项....原文中虽然提到过，但是算不上什么“最终的发现”。

B选项can be taught to exchange things是说猴子能被训练得交换东西，这个就是太表面的意思了，但是和文章主题基本没关系嘛，文章的主题一定要把握好。

D选项are unhappy when separated from others说的是当她们被分开时会不高兴，但是原文中可以看出，不高兴是因为她们看到另外的猴子得到了更好的东西，而不是因为被分开。猴子哪里会这么怕孤单(

25题[B] 难度0.584 区分度.0.327

这篇文章第一段和最后一段都出现一个词，"假设"为什么猴和人都有这种心理反应，这个问题没有得以解决。

A选项 Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions意思与文章的中心思想不符。文章是想说明猴子对于公平的敏感性，而不是猴子能被训练具有社会性的情感。而且这个选项在原文中也没有依据，所谓的社会性情感原文没有提及。你从最后一段的 as yet, an unanswered question可看出，刚好和B选项的an uncertain source想对应。这种题要注意一定要找到有原文依据的选项。而且social emotions是猴子天生就有的，谈不上delevop这个词。

C选项Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do的意思是动物经常像人类一样的公开表露感情。但是文章最后一段并没有讲这个问题，而是在强调动物对于公平的敏感性。C选项本身没有错，但是不符合题目要求。

D选项 Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild的意思是猴子之间在野外才能稳定。这个基本上没什么道理可说，和文章的中心思想没有联系。你从最后一段的 as yet, an unanswered question可看出，刚好和B选项的an uncertain source想对应。这种题要注意一定要找到有原文依据的选项

全文翻译：

人人都喜欢大幅加薪，但是当你知道一个同事薪水加得比你还要多的时候，那么加薪带给你的喜悦感就消失的无影无踪了。如果他还以懒散出名的话，你甚至会变得怒不可遏。这种行为被看作是“人之长情”，其潜在的假定其他动物不可能具有如此高度发达的不公平意识。但是由佐治亚州亚特兰大埃里莫大学的Sarah Brosnan 和Frans de Waal进行的一项研究表明，它也是“猴之常情”。这项研究成果刚刚发表在《自然》杂志上。

研究者们对雌性棕色卷尾猴的行为进行了研究。它们看起来很可爱，性格温顺，合作，乐于分享食物。最重要的是，就象女人们一样，它们往往比雄性更关注“商品和服务”价值。这些特性使它们成为Brosnan 和 de Waal理想的研究对象。研究者们花了两年的时间教这些猴子用代币换取食物。正常情况下，猴子很愿意用几块石头换几片黄瓜。但是，当两个猴子被安置在隔开但相邻的两个房间里，能够互相看见对方用石头换回来什么东西时，猴子的行为就会变的明显不同。

在卷尾猴的世界里，葡萄是奢侈品（比黄瓜受欢迎得多）。所以当一只猴子用一个代币换回一颗葡萄时，第二只猴子就不愿意用自己的代币换回一片黄瓜。如果一只猴子根本无需用代币就能够得到一颗葡萄的话，那么另外一只就会将代币掷向研究人员或者扔出房间外，或者拒绝接受那片黄瓜。事实上，只要在另一房间里出现了葡萄（不管有没有猴子吃它），都足以引起雌卷尾猴的怨恨。

研究人员指出，正如人类一样，卷尾猴也受社会情感的影响。在野外，它们是相互合作的群居动物。只有当每只猴子感到自己没有受到欺骗时，这种合作才可能稳定。不公平而引起的愤怒感似乎不是人类的专利。拒绝接受较少的酬劳可以让这些情绪准确无误地传达给其它成员。但是这种公平感是在卷尾猴和人类身上各自独立演化而成，还是来自三千五百万前他们共同的祖先，这还是一个悬而未决的问题。

2005 Text 2

Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn't know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves.

There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth's atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the preface to the panel's report “Science never has all the answers .But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.”

Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it's Ok to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. This is a dangerous game: by the 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late. With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now.

Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But it's obvious that a majority of the president's advisers still don't take global warming seriously. Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press for more research-a classic case of “paralysis by analysis”.

To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research but research alone is inadequate. If the Administration won't take the legislative initiative, Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures .A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private industry, is a promising start .Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs. If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound.

26. An argument made by supporters of smoking was that

　　[A]. there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between smoking and death.

　　[B]. the number of early deaths of smokers in the past decades was insignificant.

　　[C]. people had the freedom to choose their own way of life.

　　[D]. antismoking people were usually talking nonsense.

27. According to Bruce Alberts, science can serve as

　　[A]. a protector.

　　[B]. a judge.

　　[C]. a critic.

　　[D]. a guide.

28. What does the author mean by “paralysis by analysis” (Last line, paragraph 4)

　　[A]. Endless studies kill action.

　　[B]. Careful investigation reveals truth.

　　[C]. prudent planning hinders.

　　[D]. Extensive research helps decision-making.

29. According to the author, what should the Administration do about global warming

　　[A]. Offer aid to build cleaner power plants.

　　[B]. Raise public awareness of conservation.

　　[C]. Press for further scientific research.

　　[D]. Take some legislative measures.

30. The author associates the issue of global warming with that of smoking because

　　[A]. they both suffered from the government's negligence.

　　[B]. a lesson from the latter is applicable to the former.

　　[C]. the outcome of the latter aggravates the former.

　　[D]. both of them have turned from bad to worse.

重点词汇：

inconclusive / ινκΕν5κλυ:σιϖ/ （非结论性的，不确定的）Inconclusive evidence 无效的证据［巧记］ιn+con一起+clus=close,shut关闭+ive。

lobby / 5λΡβι/ （门厅，接待室；向[议员等]进行游说[或疏通]） the antinuclear lobby are becoming stronger.向议员游说的反核群众声势渐涨

antismoking(禁止吸烟[的]) ［记］前缀anti 表否定

nonsense(胡说, 废话) Stop that nonsense, children!别胡闹了，孩子们！She told me that the moon was made of cheese. What nonsense!她告诉我月亮是奶酪做的，真是胡说八道！［巧记］non(不)+sense(理解,认识) →胡说八道

grave (墓穴, 坟墓) (adj.严重的, (颜色)黯淡的, (声音)低沉的v.雕刻, 铭记) grave as a judge

非常严肃His face was grave as he told them about the bankcrutcy of his business.他把他的商行破产的事告诉他们时脸色十分凝重。

panel (面板,座谈小组, 全体陪审员) The date for the panel discussion is fixed now.座谈会的日期现已确定。What do / does the panel think of this?小组里的人对此有什么看法?

definitely(明确地, 干脆地) I can't tell you definitely when I will come.我不能肯定地告诉你我什么时候来。He is definitely coming.他一定来。

parallel / 5π“ρΕλελ/ （类似的事物，平行线）parallel lines平行线A parallel circuit 并联电路 There are curious parallels between medicine and low.医学和法律之间有着奇特的相似之处［记］unparallel(不平行的,独一无二的)［巧记］para并排。

pour / πΡ:/ （倾泻，涌出；倒） Summerpours warm sunlight into the valley.夏日炙热的阳光泻进山谷 peports of new successs keep pouring.捷报频传 It never rains but its pours. 不下则以，一下就大雨倾盆。to pour a large sum of money into a project把大笔资金投入一项工程[喻]祸不单行。

fume ([浓烈或难闻的]烟, 气体)(n.一阵愤怒(或不安)v.用烟熏, 冒烟, 发怒) "'Was the boss angry?' 'Yes, he was really fuming.'"'老板生气了吗?''是的,他气得七窍冒烟。Petrol fumes from car engines poison the atmosphere.汽车引擎排放的汽油烟气毒化着大气。

prudent /5πρυ:δΕντ/ （审慎的，谨慎的）prudent in speech 慎言be modest and prudent 谦虚谨慎 the prudent us of resources 资源的节约使用 It's prudent to take a thick coat in cold weather when you go out.在寒冷的天气下外出时带上件厚外套是谨慎的。［巧记］p不+rude粗鲁的+ent形容词后缀→不粗即细也。[反义词]imprudent

paralysis /πΕ5ρ“λισισ/ （瘫痪）infantile paralysis 小儿麻痹症 a paralysis of trade 贸易停顿［巧记］para=beside,alongside旁，侧。参见2003年Text 2。

Steward / στϕυΕδ/ （管家，管事；服务员，乘务员） an air stewardess 空中小姐

legislative /5λεδςισ7λειτιϖ/ （立法的） 看作leg词根“法律”（参allegation宣称，2003年Text 2）+is是+lat(e) 迟的+ion名词后缀→法律是迟的→所以要不断“立法”与事俱进哦 ( 。 Legislative reform is long overdue. 立法方面的改革早该进行。参见1999 Passage 4 。

initiative /ι5νιΦιΕτιϖ/ （主动的行动，首创精神）an initiative proposal 初步提议 a man who lacks the initiative to be a leader. 缺乏当领导人应具备的主动精神 It’s up to this country to take the initiative in banning nuclear weapons. 这个国家应该主动提出禁止核武器 [记]动词initiate(开始, 发动, 传授)

crucial / 5κρυ:ΦιΕλ/ （至关重要的，决定性的） A crucial experiencee 艰难的经历 a crucial incision （外科手术的）十字形切开［巧记］curc十字+iaλ形容词后缀→处在•十字路口?的→紧要关头。

negligence(.疏忽，玩忽) ［记］动词neglect(疏忽，忽视)

aggravate(使恶化, 加重) Grief aggravated her illness.痛苦加重了她的病情。If he aggravates me any more I shall punish him.如果他再惹我生气,我就要惩罚他。

难句解析：

①The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth's atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made.

主干部分是The latest was a panel，表语panel后接有两个定语成分：from的介词短语和含enlisted的过去分词，即“白宫召集的、来自国家科学院的专家团”，其中第二个定语成分中又包含一个不定式结构，表目的，即“为了告诉我们……而召集的（专家团）”。

翻译：最近的行动是由白宫召集了一批来自国家科学院的专家团，他们告诉我们，地球气候毫无疑问正在变暖，而这个问题主要是人为造成的。

②But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.”

该句子的主干是由and连接的两个并列从句，前一分句的主干是science…provide us with…guide；后一分句的主干是it is critical，其中it为形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的主语从句。从句的主干是our nation and the world base…policies on…judgments，judgments后接有两个定语结构，一是that引导的定语从句，一是concerning分词结构。

翻译：但是科学确实为我们的未来提供了最好的指导，关键是我们的国家和整个的世界在做重要决策时，应该以科学能够提供的关于人类现在的行为对未来影响最好的判断作为依据。

③Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it's Ok to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure。

该句子的主干是voices now come from many quarters；句首Just as结构做比较状语，意为“正如…一样”；insisting 引导的分词结构做定语修饰主语voice，分词结构中含有两个并列的由that引导的宾语从句，第二个宾语从句的真实主语是不定式结构to keep…

翻译：就象吸烟问题一样，来自不同领域的声音坚持认为有关全球变暖的科学资料还不完整。

④Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn't know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive ,the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way?

▲这里有三个问句，第一个问句的主干是Do you remember all those years…,后面的when引导的定语从句修饰前面的名词years,定语从句由but连接的两个句子组成;的二个问句和第三个问句各自句首的that都引导一个宾语从句，都承第一个问句省略了主句Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted…;the science uncertain 承前省略了was。

通过结构分析我们知道这几个句子都是围绕第一个问句的主干部分展开的并列疑问句，因此我们则在阅读中应弄清楚句子的层次，逐一分析。

⑤Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press for more research-a classic case of “paralysis by analysis”.

▲Instead of 表示否定；破折号后面的部分不是修饰前面的名词research,而是说明前面的整个句子。Paralysis analysis 的意思是“研究导致瘫痪”，就是无休止的研究一件事，致使最终没有任何行动。

试题解析：

第二篇文章是一篇一般的时事性文章，这也是一篇类比，考完了以后很多考生说这篇文章讲抽烟，其实不是的，作者讲抽烟是想说明现在的温室效应，也是一种类比，许多人抽烟没有人去管，因为缺乏足够的证据,咱们各国政府也不管温室效应, 也是同样的原因。中心讲的是世界各个政府对温室效应的解决的态度，篇章的关键词围绕这样三个问题展开，第一个就是证据不充足。第二是科学的意义。第三是制定法律，尤其最后三段大量出现立法和法规的现象。

26题[C] 难度0.108 此题难度非常大，只有十分之一的人做对了。由题目定位到文章第一段这一句：That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? 意为：怀疑者们坚持认为反对吸烟的游说是为了毁掉我们的生活方式，而政府应该置身事外的时候吗？这句话其实就是讲，人们有权选择自己的生活方式，政府无权干预。因此联系到C选项：人们有选择自己生活方式的自由。入选。

A选项意为：没有科学证据来证明吸烟和死亡的相关性。这个选项应该是最强的干扰项，估计有不少朋友都选了这个选项。请看文章第一段这句话：That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain?意思是证据是非结论性的，科学无法确定。但是要注意，这只说明了所谓的不确定性，但是绝对不是说没有证据。举个例子，假设甲怀疑乙偷了东西，那么乙偷东西这件事就具有不确定性和非结论性，但是我们不能说乙就是偷了东西或是没偷东西。这种属于似是而非的干扰项，大家以后要注意。

B选项意为：在过去的几十年里，因为吸烟而过早去世的人的总数无关紧要。这个显然不对，文章是很重视这种数据的。

即使没有明确指出，但是也决不能说是无关紧要的。

D选项意为：反对吸烟者经常胡言乱语。这个选项更不着边了，文章第一段提到了Lots of Americans bought that nonsense，但是这只是说明大多数美国人都相信了这些胡言乱语，而这些所谓的胡言乱语不一定就是反对吸烟者说的，而且更谈不上经常这个词。

27题[D] 难度0.820 区分度.0.367

请看原文第二段的这句话：But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future。可以看到有guide这个词，而且意思也是说科学是走向未来的向导。因此D选项入选。

A选项意为：一个保护者。这个无从谈起，文章没有说过科学具有什么保护作用。

B选项意为：一个法官。这个在原文第二段有这么句话：the best judgments that science can provide。但是请注意，judgment是判断的意思，也就说科学能够提供有效的判断依据，而不是充当什么法官或是判决者。

C选项意为；一个批评家。这个不解释了，应该不会有人选呵呵。

28题[A] 难度0.570 区分度.0.477

首先要搞清楚这个短句是什么意思：分析导致麻痹。引申一下，也就是过多的研究导致了行动不能。通过文章也能看出，文章第四段最后they continue to press for more research，即为他们持续的督促进行更多研究。联系A选项：无止境的研究扼杀了行动。因此A入选。

B选项意为：仔细的研究才能揭示事实。这个本意上是没错，但是文章中并未体现出来。文章只是提到了研究这个话题，但是没有涉及“仔细研究”这种观点。

C选项意为：过于谨慎的计划会影响前进。同B选项，文章没有涉及谨慎这个说法。因此不能入选。

D选项意为：广泛的研究能帮助决策的制定。文章并未涉及广泛这个话题，因此也排除。

29题[D] 难度0.761 区分度.0.476

由题目定位到原文最后一段这句话：If the Administration won't take the legislative initiative, Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures。可以看出，作者希望管理部门能主动采取一些立法行动。因此联系到D选项:采取一些法律措施。入选。

A选项意为：给建造清洁能源的工厂提供帮助。文章最后一段提到了new power plants to meet our energy needs，但是只是说新能源，并没有说是清洁能源。而且这个也不是管理部门应该做的事。

B选项意为：提高全民对可持续发展的认识（这个翻译挺专业吧呵呵(）同样，这个选项本身没有错，但是文章并没有指出这个是管理部门Administration应该做的事，因此不能入选。

C选项意为：促进更多的科学研究。28题已经说明了，过多的科学研究会导致麻痹。因此作者是反对这种做法的，自然不能入选。

30题[B] 难度0.488 区分度.0.386

这个题就要大家对全文有宏观的把握了。可以看出，从文章一开始谈论吸烟的问题，到第二段转入全球变暖的问题，到最后切回吸烟问题。文章最后一段可以看出，作者要反映的就是政府对待类似问题应该采取某种措施。而支持这种观点的论据就是前面所讲的吸烟和全球变暖两件事。所以可以看出，作者前面想表达的思想就是如果对待全球变暖的态度也和对待吸烟一样，后果将很严重。因此，联系B选项：后者的教训也同样适用于前者。入选。

A选项意为：他们同样是由于政府的疏忽而造成的。这个明显是夸大其词了，因为政府对这两件事是关注的，只不过处理的方法不对。

C选项意为：后者的成果恶化了前者。这个纯属无稽之谈，吸烟或许对全球变暖有影响（烟的成分有二氧化碳嘛？），但是文章根本没有提到这一点。两者之间没有因果的联系。

D选项意为：两者都变得越来越糟。这个也是典型的似是而非的干扰项。表面上看起来没错，但是这根本不是作者引用两者的原因，作者的目的不是为了说明两者的恶化，而是为了通过两者的共性来表明自己的观点，具体参见B选项的解释。

全文翻译：

还记得科学家们认为吸烟会致人死亡，而那些怀疑者们却坚持认为我们无法对此得出定论的时候吗？还记得怀疑者们坚持认为缺乏决定性的证据，科学也不确定的时候吗？还记得怀疑者们坚持认为反对吸烟的游说是为了毁掉我们的生活方式，而政府应该置身事外的时候吗？许多美国人相信了这些胡言乱语，在三十多年中，差不多有一千万烟民早早的进了坟墓。

现在出现了与吸烟类似的令人感到难过的事情。科学家们前仆后继，试图使我们意识到全球气候变暖所带来的日益严重的威胁。最近的行动是由白宫召集了一批来自国家科学院的专家团，他们告诉我们，地球气候毫无疑问正在变暖，而这个问题主要是人为造成的。明确的信息表明是我们应该立刻着手保护自己。国家科学院院长Bruce Alberts在专家团报告的前言中加上了这一重要观点：“科学解答不了所有问题。但是科学确实为我们的未来提供了最好的指导，关键是我们的国家和整个的世界在做重要决策时，应该以科学能够提供的关于人类现在的行为对未来影响最好的判断作为依据。

就象吸烟问题一样，来自不同领域的声音坚持认为有关全球变暖的科学资料还不完整。在我们证实这件事之前可以向大气中不断的排放气体。这是一个危险的游戏；到了有百分之百的证据的时候，可能就太晚了。随着风险越来越明显，并且不断增加，一个谨慎的民族现在应该准备一份保单了。

幸运的是，白宫开始关注这件事了。但是显然大多数总统顾问并没有认真看待全球气候变暖这个问题。他们没有出台行动计划，相反只是继续迫切要求进行更多的研究――这是一个经典的“分析导致麻痹案例”。

为了成为地球上有责任心的一员，我们必须积极推进对于大气和海洋的深入研究。但只有研究是不够的。如果政府不争取立法上的主动权，国会就应该帮助政府开始采取保护措施。弗吉尼亚的民主党议员Robert Byrd提出一项议案，从经济上激励私企，就是一个良好的开端。许多人看到这个国家正准备修建许多新的发电厂，以满足我们的能源需求。如果我们准备保护大气，关键要让这些新发电厂对环境无害。

2005 Text 3

Of all the components of a good night's sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears, by the late 1970s. neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just “mental noise” the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind's emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is “off-line” And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better, “It's your dream” says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago's Medical Center. “If you don't like it , change it.”

Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep-when most vivid dreams occur-as it is when fully awake, says Dr, Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all parts of the brain are equally involved, the limbic system (the “emotional brain”)is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet. “We wake up from dreams happy of depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day” says Stanford sleep researcher Dr, William Dement.

The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright’s clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don’t always think about the emotional significance of the day’s events-until, it appears, we begin to dream.

And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead, the next time is occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.

At the end of the day, there's probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or “we wake up in a panic,” Cartwright says Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people's anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist.For the rest of us; the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings. Sleep-or rather dream-on it and you'll feel better in the morning.

31. Researchers have come to believe that dreams

　　[A]. can be modified in their courses.

　　[B]. are susceptible to emotional changes.

　　[C]. reflect our innermost desires and fears.

　　[D]. are a random outcome of neural repairs.

32. By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to show

　　[A]. its function in our dreams.

　　[B]. the mechanism of REM sleep.

　　[C]. the relation of dreams to emotions.

　　[D]. its difference from the prefrontal cortex.

33. The negative feelings generated during the day tend to

　　[A]. aggravate in our unconscious mind.

　　[B]. develop into happy dreams.

　　[C]. persist till the time we fall asleep.

　　[D]. show up in dreams early at night.

34.Cartwright seems to suggest that

　　[A]. waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams.

　　[B]. visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under control.

　　[C]. dreams should be left to their natural progression.

　　[D]. dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious.

35. What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have bad dreams?

　　[A]. lead your life as usual.

　　[B]. Seek professional help.

　　[C]. Exercise conscious control.

[D]. Avoid anxiety in the daytime.

重点词汇：

component / κΕμ5πΕυνΕντ/ （组成部分，部件，元件）Blade and handle are the component parts of a knife. 刀身和刀柄是刀的组成部分［巧记］=componere,即com全体+ponere放置。

suspend / σΕσ5πενδ/ （暂停，中止；悬挂） suspend particles of dust.悬浮在空中的尘埃 suspend a football player. 一名球员被暂停比赛 The magazine suspended 杂志暂时停刊

Freud 弗洛伊德（1856～1939） 奥地利神经精神病学家，精神分析创始人

formulate /5φΧ:μϕυλειτ/ （构想出，系统地阐述） formulate one’s ideas into a theory. 系统地阐述自己的思想使之成为理论 the contract was formulated in difficult legal languagee. 该合同使用深噢的法律术语订立的［巧记］formula(公式,方程式)

revolutionary / 5ρεϖΕ5λυ:ΦΕνΕρι/ （革命的，重大变革的）a revolutionary machine一部创新的机器 Genetic engineering will have revolutionary consequences for markind.遗传工程将对人类产生深远的影响［巧记］re+volu=roll,turn 转，滚卷+tion +ary。

disguise / δισ5γαιζ/（伪装，掩饰）He disguised himself as a woman.他假扮成一女子。 The Prime Minister couldn’t disguise his anger. 首相怒形于色 It is impossible to disguise the fact that finance is bad.财政困难这一事实是无法隐瞒的。

unconscious /Θν5κΧνΦΕσ/ （下意识的，无意识的；失去知觉的） 即un无+con共同+sic=know知道+ous。 an unconscious slight 无意的冒犯 He lay unconsciouss for some hours.他昏迷了好几个小时

neurologist /νϕυΕ5ρΧλΕδςιστ/ （神经病学家, 神经科医师） neuro-神经。 neural 神经系统的

switch / σωιτΦ/ （转变，转向） Switch the conversation to a different topic. 改变谈话的话题 He switched his horse to make it go faster.他挥鞭以策马

random / 5ρ“νδΕμ/ （随机的，任意的）at random 无目标地 a random guess随意乱猜 a random talk 漫谈 draw the winning numbers at random. 任意抽出的中奖数字

byproduct / βαι 5πρΡδΕκτ/ （副产品）An increasee in crime is one of the byproducts of unemployment. 犯罪率增加是失业问题造成的恶果 [联想记忆] bypass 旁路、小道 bywork 副业 byname 绰号

thermostat /5ΩΕ:μΕστ“τ/ （调温器）［巧记］ thermo=of heat 热的

regulate / 5ρεγϕυλειτ/ （调节；管理，控制）reg=rule统治，控制。The volume of economic activity was regulated by the supply of money. 经济活动范围的大小是受提供资金的多少制约的

harness / 5ηα:νισ/ （治理，利用） harness a river 治河 harnesss nuclear energy 利用核能 harnesss indivdual talents to a comm.on end. 把各人的才能用于一个共同的目标

occur / Ε5κΕ:/ （出现，发生） Fish occur in most waters. 大多数江河湖海中都有鱼 That sound doesn’t occur in his language. 他讲的语言中没有这个音

limbic system （[大脑] 边缘系统）

prefrontal cortex （[大脑]前额叶皮层）

recur / ρι5κΕ:/ （反复出现，再发生） re+cur跳，发生。 This theme recurs constantly throughout the opera.这一主旋律在该歌剧中不断出现 Thoughts of home and family recurred to the lonely traveler.对家人和亲人的思恋重新浮上孤寂旅人的心头

visualize / 5ϖιζϕυΕλαιζ/（想象；使形象化） vis=see看。 I cann’t visualize myself ever getting married. 我不能想象我有朝一日能结婚

significance /σι⊥5νιφικΕνσ/ （重要性：重要的状态或性质）Few peoplee realized the significance of the discovery.很少有人意识到这一发现的重要性［巧记］sign=mark 记号，标记。

persistent /πΕ5σιστΕντ/ （持续的，坚持不懈的）She eventually married the most persistent of her admires. 她终于嫁给了最执著追求她的人［巧记］即per从头到尾+sist=stand站立+ent→始终站立着→坚持。[联想记忆]insistent(坚持不懈的) The dean's very insistent that they should finish the papers in time.系主任非常坚决地要求他们按时完成论文。

nightmare / 5ναιτμΖΕ/ （梦魇，恶梦）I have nightmare about falling off a cliff.我做梦梦见从悬崖上摔下来［巧记］ night夜+mare母马

therapist /5ΩερΕπΙστ/ （治疗学家） a psychology therapist 心理治疗专家 [联想记忆] psychotherapy 心理疗法

at the end of the day(说穿了,说到底,说白了)I don’t really wish to earn a lot of money, I just want to be healthy. At the end of the day, that’s what really matters.我并不希望赚大钱,我只希望身体健康.说到底,这才是真正重要的.

难句解析：

①And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better,

该句子的主干是间接引语，其宾语是that引导的宾语从句。宾语从句的主干是these events can be not only harnessed but actually brought……，其中not only…but(also) 并列连词结构连接两个过去分词，表示“不仅被驾驭…而且被有意识的加以控制”。不定式在宾语从句中做结果状语。

翻译：一名主要的权威人士说，梦这种异常强烈的精神活动不仅能被驾驭，事实上还可以有意识地加以控制，以帮助我们更好地睡眠和感觉。

②The brain is as active during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep-when most vivid dreams occur-as it is when fully awake, says Dr, Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh.

该句子是一个倒装句，句首是间接引语的宾语从句，其主谓结构后置，即says Dr, Eric.宾语从句的主干是个比较结构The brain is as active during REM as it is when fully awake。两个破折号之间是插入语，做定语从句，修饰REM sleep，即“出现清晰梦境的快速动眼睡眠”。

翻译：匹兹堡大学的埃里克博士说，在出现清晰梦境的快速动眼睡眠中大脑和完全清醒时一样活跃。

③Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day.

该句子的主句后跟有两个现在分词结构，第一个分词结构表伴随，其动作和主句中的动作几乎同时发生。第二个分词结构表结果，即“因此表明……”

翻译：大多数人似乎在晚上入睡的较早阶段做更多不好的梦，而在快睡醒前会逐渐做开心一些的梦，这说明人们在梦力渐渐克服了白天的不良情绪。

④A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and rears, by the late 1970s. Neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just “mental noise” the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep.

▲本句由分号分为两部分,其中第一部分的主干是Freud formulated his revolutionary theory…,宾语theory后面是一个以that引导的同位语从句，说明theory的内容；在第二部分中，代词them指代的是dreams,破折号后面的部分the random byproducts of the neural-repair work…进一步解释什么是mental noise,work 后面的that引导一个定语从句，修饰work。

⑤Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind's emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is “off-line”.

▲Suspect后面是that引导的宾语从句；逗号之后的现在分词短语regulating moods…作定语，解释thermostat 的意思，句末的while引导一个时间状语从句。

⑥At the end of the day, there's probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping of “we wake u in a panic,” Cartwright says.

▲句首的At the end of the day 是时间状语，接着是主句there's probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all，后面的unless 引导条件状语从句，其中包含两个以or连接的并列分句。

△在英语中，如果要表示一句话或一个观点是某个人说的，这个说话的人通常出现在句子中间或者句子的末尾。

试题解析：

第三篇文章中心主干是这样的，第一段开始就确立了话题，确立了作者的态度，观点和论点以后，整篇文章都是围绕第一段展开的，第三篇文章讲的是一个心理学方面的梦的问题，文章开篇就说梦的原理以及梦是可以控制的，然后讲梦与情感的关系，结尾再次强调梦是可以控制的。文章有三个关键词，第一个关键词是梦，第二个是睡眠，第三个词是控制，还有一个是情感意识。

31题[A] 难度0.333 区分度.0.287

这是一道细节题。题干问：“研究者观念转变了，认为梦 ……”。注意到题干的要求和含义,本题定位在第1段段末。归纳该部分可知研究者现在认为梦是可以控制的。其实全文的第1句就已暗示了这一思想，第4、5自然段都谈论如何控制梦的问题。因此选项［A］“梦的进程能够加以改变” 正确，是原文话题信息的同义转述。所以这道题重点是理解题目强调的是转变后的观念，而不是转变前的。

［B］选项意为“易受感情变化的影响”。请看原文第一段的这句话：dreams are part of the mind's emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is “off-line”。意思是说梦是大脑情感的自动调节器，当大脑下线时调整情感。因此是梦去调节感情，而不是受感情变化影响。所有该选项意思与原文相反，不能入选。

选项［Ｃ］意为：“反映我们内心深处的渴望与恐惧”。此句来自原文第一段；dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and rears。可以看出，这个是科学家以前的观点，而不是转变后的观点，故排除。

选项［D］意为：“是神经修复的随意产生的结果”。这在原文的第一段中：the random byproducts of the neural-repair work。同样，这也是过去的观点，因此不能入选。

32题[C] 难度0.530 区分度.0.184

本题涉及原文的准确理解和选项的仔细推敲。题干问：“谈到大脑的边缘系统，作者是想说明 ……”。本题目考察考生的主次辨别能力以及论据与论点的关系。作者在第2自然段段末谈到了大脑的边缘系统，目的是为了说明上下文中出现的“梦与情感的关系问题”，注意“emotions”为整篇文章重要的话题重复概念。定位到原文第二段这一句：the limbic system (the “emotional brain”)is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet.可以看出，边缘系统（情感部分）特别活跃，而理性部分则相对沉默。由此更可以看出作者讲到边缘系统是为了强调感性与梦的重要联系。因此选项［Ｃ］“梦与情感的联系” 正确。

选项［A］意为：“它在我们梦中的功能”。这里的“function”一词不对，文章不是为了说limbic system在梦中的功能，只是提到了其在梦中非常活跃。而相反的是，原文提到了梦会制约调节情感。因此这个选项是本末倒置，不能入选。

选项［B］意为“REM睡眠机制” 这不是作者的目的。原文在第二段第二句提到了REM，但是之后才提出了limibic system，两者之间没有明显联系。所以不能入选。

选项［D］意为“它与前额皮层的不同” 。文章无意说两者之间的区别，也就是说感性部分和理性部分的区别。只是提到了两者的活跃程度不同，而这不是作者要强调的。作者只是想表明梦和感性部分的联系，理性部分只是随口带过而已。

33题[D] 难度0.515 区分度.0.337

这是一道细节题，察句群的归纳能力。问题“白天产生的负面情感往往……”将答案锁定在地第三段第二句：Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day.由此看出，产生的负面影响大多是在上半夜的时候，而慢慢的在惊醒之前转向快乐的。因此联系选项［D］“上半夜时在梦中显现出来”，入选。选项［A］意为“在我们的潜意识中恶化”，其中的“aggravate”与原文信息相反，参见上面的解释，应该是向好的方面转化才对。

选项［B］意为“发展成高兴的梦”。这个选项干扰性比较强。参见上面的翻译可知，大多数人上半夜做恶梦，然后惊醒前转化为好的。这里说的是恶梦向好的方向转化。而题目问的是负面的情绪，如果选择B的话就成了负面情绪发展成高兴的梦。这个就属于偷换概念了，因此不能入选。

选项［Ｃ］意为“持续到我们入睡”。这个错误比较明显，因为消极情感会在梦里出现，而不是睡觉前就没了。

34题[D] 难度0.434 区分度.0.239

题干问：“卡特赖特似乎在说明 ……”。 定位到原文第四段这句：Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams as soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream.由此可以看出卡特赖特相信一个人能练习有意识的对于做梦的控制。再联系第四段第一句And this process need not be left to the unconscious.更可以看出，其的观点应该是相信做梦并不是完全无意识的。选项［D］“做梦也许不完全属于潜意识”正好符合，故为正确答案。

选项［A］意为“及时醒过来对摆脱噩梦是很重要的”是原文信息的扭曲表述，定位到第四段这句try to wake up just enough to control its course.而原文强调的是努力使自己苏醒，而没有强调什么及时苏醒。因此属于缩小范围，排除。选项［B］意为“想象噩梦帮助我们控制噩梦”，这是原文片语信息的断章取义。第四段的第三句的确提到了这个观点，但是要注意这个细节：原文说的是要想象恶梦是如何结束的，然后努力醒来。而不只是想象恶梦。这种说法太模糊了，排除。

选项［Ｃ］意为“应该听任梦的自然发展”。这个说法应该实在原文的最后一段的最后一句。而这个是研究者对偶尔做噩梦人的建议。换句话说不能确定是卡特赖特的意见。更何况，卡特赖特的意见是要对恶梦进行有意识的控制，而不是任其自然发展。故排除。

35题[A] 难度0.328 区分度.0.333

这是一道细节题，，问Cartwright认为：“sometimes”做梦的人该怎么做？依据末段首句“除非梦让你睡不着，否则别在意它”，而且根据末段的末句也可看出，大脑有自己的方法去消除烦恼，所以只要做梦就行了。这话的意思换个说法就是［A］“有时做梦的人应正常生活” ，故正确。

选项［B］意为“寻求专业人士的帮助”。这个明显是对那些经常做恶梦的人的建议，故不能入选。

选项［Ｃ］意为“进行有意识的控制”。这个比较有迷惑性，原文第四段说的就是这个观点。但是请注意，第四段只是陈述了这样一种方法，但是文章没有明确指出这种方法是适用于哪种类型的人的。因此没有确凿根据的就不能入选，这也是考研英语的选题原则。千万不要主观臆断。

选项［D］“在白天避免焦虑”是原文的断章取义。更何况原文只提到在白天焦虑是做恶梦的原因，而没有说为了不做恶梦就要在白天避免焦虑。Cartwright只是说了要有意识的控制做梦或是任其自由发展，并未提到避免焦虑这个观点。故排除。

全文翻译：

在高质量睡眠的所有因素中，梦似乎是最无法控制的一个。在梦中，窗户通向的世界里，逻辑暂时失去了效用，死人开口说话。一个世纪前，弗洛伊德阐述了革命性的理论，即梦是人们潜意识中欲望和恐惧经伪装后的预示；到了20世纪70年代末期，神经病学家们转而认为梦是“精神噪音”，即睡眠时进行的神经修复活动的一种杂乱的副产品。目前，研究人员猜想梦是大脑情感自动调节系统的组成部分，当大脑处于“掉线”状态时对情绪进行规整。一名主要的权威人士说，梦这种异常强烈的精神活动不仅能被驾驭，事实上还可以有意识地加以控制，以帮助我们更好地睡眠和感觉。芝加哥医疗中心心里学系主任 Rosalind Cartwright说“梦是你自己的，如果你不喜欢，就改变它。”

大脑造影的证据支持了以上观点。匹兹堡大学的埃里克博士说，在出现清晰梦境的快速动眼睡眠中大脑和完全清醒时一样活跃。但并非大脑的所有部分都一样，脑边缘系统（“情绪大脑”）异常活跃，而前额皮层（思维和推理的中心地带）则相对平静大。斯坦福睡眠研究员William Dement博士说：“我们从梦中醒来，或者高兴或者沮丧，这些情绪会伴随我们一整天。”

梦和情绪之间的联系在Cartwright的诊所的病人身上显露出来了。多数人似乎在晚上入睡的较早阶段做更多不好的梦，而在快睡醒前会逐渐做开心一些的梦，这说明人们在梦里渐渐克服了白天的不良情绪。因为清醒时我们的头脑被日常琐事占据着，所以并不总是想到白天发生的事情对我们情绪的影响，直到我们开始做梦，这种影响才出现。

这一过程不一定是无意识的。Cartwright认为人们可以练习有意识地控制噩梦的重演。你一醒来就立刻确定梦中有什么在困扰你，设想一下你所希望的梦的结局，下次再做同样的梦时，试图醒来以控制它的进程。通过多次练习，人们完全可以学会在梦中这样做。

Cartwright说，说到底，只要梦不使我们无法睡眠或“从梦中惊醒”，就没有理由太在意所做的梦。恐怖主义、经济不确定及通常的不安全感都增加了人们的焦虑。那些长期受到噩梦折磨的人应该寻求专家帮助，而对其他人来说，大脑有自动消除不良情绪的方法。安心睡觉甚至做梦，早上醒来时你会感觉好多了。

2005 Text 4

American no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing:The Degradation of language and Music and why we should like, care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.

Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education. Mr.McWhorter’s academic speciality is language history and change, and he sees gradual disappearance of “whom” ,for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English

But the cult of the authentic and the personal, “doing our own thing”, has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft.

Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear to take the question of his subtitle, why we should, like care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive-there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas .He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper.

Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English-speakers. Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical education reforms-he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English “on paper plates instead of china”. A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one.

36. According to Mc Whorter, the decline of formal English

　　[A]. is inevitable in radical education reforms.

　　[B]. is but all too natural in language development.

　　[C]. has caused the controversy over the counter-culture.

　　[D]. brought about changes in public attitudes in the 1960s.

37. The word “talking” (Line5, paragraph3) denotes

　　[A]. modesty.

　　[B]. personality.

　　[C]. liveliness.

　　[D]. informality.

38. To which of the following statements would Mc Whorter most likely agree?

　　[A]. Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk.

　　[B]. Black English can be more expressive than standard English.

　　[C]. Non-standard varieties of human language are just as entertaining.

　　[D]. Of all the varieties, standard English Can best convey complex ideas.

39. The description of Russians' love of memorizing poetry shows the author's

　　[A]. interest in their language.

　　[B]. appreciation of their efforts.

　　[C]. admiration for their memory.

　　[D]. contempt for their old-fashionedness.

40. According to the last paragraph, “paper plates” is to “china” as

　　[A]. “temporary” is to “permanent”.

　　[B]. “radical” is to “conservative”.

　　[C]. “functional” is to “artistic”.

[D]. “humble” is to “noble”

.

重点词汇：

aspire to/for(渴望,追求,有志于) [aspire(热望, 立志)] [联想记忆]. desire(要求,愿望,心愿)

degradation / 7δε⊥ρΕ5δειΦΕν/（恶化，退化）Ageing is accompanyied by a slow degradation of his mental faculties. 他随年纪增长，智力逐渐衰退［巧记］de(向下)+grad(=step级，步)+ation(名词后缀)→逐步向下→退化。

linguist / 5λιΝ⊥ωιστ/ （语言学家；通晓数国语言者）he’s an excellent linguist. 她精通数国语言［巧记］lingu= tongue舌头+ist→玩转舌头的人→语言学家。bilingual 两条舌头→双语者；multilingual 好多舌头→通多国语言者。

controversialist （善辩者，好辩者）［巧记］controversialist＝contra反+versus转+list。 ［记］形容词：controversial(有争议的)

permissive(许可的,自由的,纵容的) ［巧记］permit(通行证;许可,准许) Do you permit your children to smoke?你准许你的孩子们吸烟吗?if my health permits如果我的健康状况容许的话The situation does not permit of any delay.情况不允许有任何耽搁。

conservative / κΕν5σΕ:ϖΕτιϖ/ （保守的）Old people tend to be conservation in their attitudes. 老年人的看法往往保守 Conservative Party (英国)保守党 The researchers made a conservative guess at the population of Tokyo.研究人员对东京的人口作了一项保守的估计。 [联想记忆] moderate 温和的 radical 激进的

counter-culture （反正统文化） 指1960～70年代美国青年中形成的一种文化思潮，表现为反传统生活方式和道德观念［记］counter(相反的)

case-ending 词格尾缀 case 指语法中的格

elevated / 5ελιϖειτδ/ （高雅的，高尚的） an evelvated highway 高架路 elevated thoughts 崇高的理想［记］ 动词：elevate (提高)

genre （［文学艺术等的］ 类型，流派） The novel and short story are different genres.长篇小说和短篇故事是不同的类别

spontaneity / 7σπΧντΕ5νι:ιτι/ （自然，自发[动作]）a spontaneous gaiety of manner 天真愉快的神态 The eruption of a volcano is spontaneous. 火山爆发是自发的［记］形容词：spontaneous 自然的，自发的

an array of(一排,一群,一批) ［记］array(排列,编队, 展示；陈列) She put on her finest array.

她穿上了最漂亮的衣服。

illustrate / 5ιλΕστρειτι /（举例说明）A well- illustrated magazine.有精美插画的杂志 To illustrate my point,I have done a comparative anyalysis.为说明我的观点，我作了对比分析The speaker said he would endeavor to illustrate.演讲人说他将设法举例说明。［巧记］il=on+lustr=bright 光明 + ate(v.)→进入光明→说明。

chunk （相当数量） I’ve completed a fair chunk of my article. 我已经把文章的一大部分写完了. In the old days having meat and milk every day often meant a big chunk of the family income.

过去,每天吃肉,喝牛奶意味着要花费掉家庭收入的大部分。

elaborate / Ι5λ“βΕρΕτ/ （精心制作的：详述）an elaborate plot 精心策划的阴谋 You understand the situation; I needn’t elaborate any further. 你了解形势，我无需赘述［巧记］e+labor劳动+ate→劳动出来→精工细作。［记］elaborate on sth.详尽解释或说明某事,详述.

grieve over （对…感到伤感、悲痛）It’s no use grieving over past errors. 为以往的错误懊悔于事无补［巧记］grav,grief=heary沉重，忧愁。

难句解析：

①In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing. The Degradation of language and Music and why we should like, care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.

该句子的主干是John McWhorte sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline。主语前的介词短语in his latest book做状语，book后有一个较长的书名充当其同位语。主语和谓语之间为主语的同位语，对主语补充说明。

翻译：在他最近的书《做我们自己的事：语言和音乐的退化，以及为什么我们应该喜欢或在意？》中，这位学者认为60年代反文化运动的胜利要对正式英语的退化负责。

②As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive-there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas

该句子的主干是he acknowledges that all varieties can be expressive，谓语acknowledges后面是that引导的宾语从句。从句中主谓之间插入了介词短语including non-standard ones like Black English。破折号后面分句对前面话语进行补充说明。

翻译：麦荷特认为各种各样的人类语言，包括像黑人语言这样的非标准语言，都具有强大的表达力――世上没有传达不了复杂思想的语言或方言。

③Mr.McWhorter’s academic speciality is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of “whom” ,for example, to be natural and no more regranttable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English.

▲本句是一个并列句，包含两个以and连接的分句，其中第二个分句比较复杂：宾语是the gradual disappearance of “whom”,后面是插入语for example, 接着是to be natural and no more regranttable，这一部分作上述宾语的补足语，最后是比较结构no more… than（象…一样不…）。

④While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page.

▲句首的连词while表示“虽然”，两个even都表示让步，同时加强了前后两部分的对比；since then 意思是“从那以后”，then指的是the 1960s。

△本句的难点是对连词以及时间副词的理解。

试题解析：

第四篇文章的专业性比较强，讲的美国人由于随意性，所以英语的语言也变得相当随意的主旨，对很多对语言学不敏感的同学是很难的，因为专业性太强。这篇文章总体同样属于一个对比性的文章，关键词围绕正式用语非正式用语这里面的变化。开篇是在说什么导致英语的衰败，不是那么正式了。 中间的部分是在讲语言的变化是不可阻挡的。结尾继续讲俄国人对本国语言的最终是值得我们赞赏的。

36题[Ｂ] 难度0.319 区分度.0.287。

这是一道细节题。题干问：“根据McWhorter，正式英语的衰落 ……”。 本题可以定位在第2段，归纳该段的话题可知，该语言学家强调“语言的变化是自然的”，而且由第一段给出的书的副标题(由第四段第二句得知)：why we should like, care,意思是我们干吗在乎。也可以看出其认为是语言的自然发展。最后，在全文的最后一句又呼应了这一观点，意思是说这种变化是不可避免的。因此选项［B］：在语言发展史上是非常自然的。入选。选项［A］意为：“在教育的根本改革中是不可避免的”。原文中只是提到这种变化是自然的，不可避免的，但是并没有涉及教育的根本改革这个细节，因此不能入选。

选项［Ｃ］意为“导致了关于反正统文化的争论”。此选项干扰性很强。由原文第一段最后一句：sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.这句话的意思是说反文化运动引起了正式英语的衰退。而C选项则恰恰相反，意思是正式英语的衰退引起了反文化运动的争论。因此不能入选。

选项［D］意为“引起了在20世纪60年代大众态度的改变”，这个观点也是在原文第一段最后一句出现，但是原文只是说是反文化运动的胜利，而并没有说是大众态度改变。更何况，应该是反文化运动引起正式英语的倒退，换句话说，如果说大众态度的改变引起了正式英语的倒退，还是有一定正确性的。

37题[D] 难度0.441 区分度.0.308

这是一道词义题。题干问：“单词”talking“（第三自然段第六行）的意思是 ……”。 本题考察的仍然是句群含义的归纳能力。解读原文第3段可以看出作者谈论的主要话题为英语语体的变化问题，所以选项［D］“非正式”是“talking”一词的内涵。其实，作者本文谈论的中心就是英语语言语体的非正式变化趋势的问题。其次，由第三段首句has spelt the death of formal speech和第三段最后一句talking is triumphing over speaking可以看出，前者是说speaking是指代正式英语的，而由后者又可以看出talking是与speaking相对立的。因此talking自然就是非正式的英语了。选项［A］“适度”，选项［B］“个性”和选项［Ｃ］“生动”，三个选项的干扰性都比较强，由于三个选项中都包含原文强调的重要概念。但是如果代入原文无法在段落或更高的层次上构成意义和逻辑上的一致性和连贯性。

38题[A] 难度0.378 区分度.0.352

这是一道细节题，问Mr. McWhorter的看法那个正确。请看原文的第四段第三句，意思是说作者认为黑人英语和正式英语一样有强大的表达能力，世界上没有一种语言不能够表达思想。因此联系选项［A］“逻辑思维与我们谈话的方式没有必然的联系”，入选。

选项［B］意为“黑人英语比标准英语有更强的表达力”。这个是明显不对的，由原文第四段第三句看出，作者只是说黑人英语与正式英语有同样强大的表达力。因此不能入选。

选项［Ｃ］意为“所有非标准的人类语言仅仅是娱乐性的”。这在原文没有体现，而且从文章的观点上看，作者没有贬低非标准英语的意思。

选项［D］意为“在所有变体中，标准英语是最能表达复杂思想的”。这个和B选项属于同一种类型的干扰项。作者在原文并没有说谁的表达能力最强，而只是说以黑人英语为代表的非标准英语和标准英语有同样强大的表达能力。因此排除。

39题[B] 难度0.438 区分度.0.261

这是一道细节题。题干问：“文中提到俄国人喜欢背诵诗歌，目的是为了说明作者 ……”。本题考察考生对作者写作目的的把握，在第五段前两句中作者提到了俄国人和意大利人对正式用语的强调，并认为他们的语言是“something beautiful”。同时看到作者在陈述这件事所用的尊重的语气，因此联系选项［B］“欣赏他们的努力”，入选。

［A］选项意为“对他们的语言感兴趣”，这个当然原本无可厚非，但是注意题目问的是通过描写这件事所表现的，所以应该是选择那些要强调的观点，而不是A选项这种废话。

［C］选项意为“羡慕他们的记忆力”。这个纯粹搞笑了，文章和这种观点没有半点联系。作者一直表达的都是标准英语的倒退以及非标准英语之类的主题，而没有提到记忆力这种东西。

［D］选项意为“蔑视他们的守旧”，这个由前面的解释可以看出，和作者的观点是恰恰相反的，因此更不能入选。

40题[C] 难度0.543 区分度.0.279

这是一道词义类比题，既考查对文章的理解，又考查对词汇的掌握。题目是问文章中“paper plates（纸碟子）”对于“china（瓷碟子）”的关系犹如“什么”对于“什么”之间的关系。理解文章，尤其末段末三句可知，纸碟强调的是实用，一次性功用，而瓷碟不仅实用而且具有艺术美。这个即使是从常理角度出发也是可以判断出的，前者强调的是实用性，后者强调的是艺术性。因此C选项：“功用性”与“艺术性”两者的语义关系与它们对应齐整，故为正确答案。A“临时”“永久”；B“激进”“保守”；D“谦逊”“高尚”都是干扰项，应排除。

全文翻译：

美国人已不再期待公众人物在演讲或写作中能运用技巧和文采来驾驭英语，而公众人物自己也不渴望这样。语言学家麦荷特喜好争论，他的观点混杂着自由派与保守派的看法。在他最近的书《做我们自己的事：语言和音乐的退化，以及为什么我们应该喜欢或在意？》中，这位学者认为60年代反文化运动的胜利要对正式英语的退化负责。

责备放纵的六十年代不是什么新鲜事，但这次算不上是对教育衰落的又一场批判。麦荷特先生的学术专长在于语言史和语言演变。举例来说，他认为“whom”一词的逐渐消失是自然的，并不比古英语中词格尾缀的消失更让人惋惜。

然而，“做自己的事”这一对事务真实性和个人性的崇高信条，已经导致了正式演讲、写作、诗歌及音乐的消亡。在20世纪60年代以前，仅受过一般教育的人在下笔时都会寻求一种更高雅的强调；而那之后，即使是最受关注的文章也开始逮住口语就写在纸面上。同样的，对于诗歌来说，非常个性化和富有表现力的创作风格成为了能够表达真实生动含义的唯一形式。无论作为口语还是书面语的英语，随意言谈胜过雅致的言辞，自我发挥也压过了精心准备。

麦荷特显示先生从上层和下层文化中列举了一系列有趣的例子，从而说明他记录的这种趋势是确凿无误的。但就书中副标题中的疑问：为什么我们应该、喜欢或在意，答案却不够明确。作为语言学家，麦荷特认为各种各样的人类语言，包括像黑人语言这样的非标准语言，都具有强大的表达力――世上没有传达不了复杂思想的语言或方言。不像其他大多数人，麦荷特先生并不认为我们说话方式不再规范就会使我们不能够准确的思考。

俄罗斯人深爱自己的语言，并在脑海中存储了大量诗歌；而意大利的政客们往往精心准备演讲，即使这在大多数讲英语的人们眼里已经过时。麦荷特先生认为正式语言并非不可或缺，也没有提出要进行彻底的教育改革――他其实只是为那些美好事务而不是实用品的消逝而哀叹。我们现在用“纸盘子”而非“瓷盘子”装着我们的英语大餐。真是惭愧啊，但很可能已无法避免。

2004 Text 1

　　Hunting for a job late last year, lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder, a job database on the Internet. He searched it with no success but was attracted by the site's "personal search agent". It's an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and salary, then E-mails them when a matching position is posted in the database. Redmon chose the keywords legal, intellectual property, and Washington, D.C. Three weeks later, he got his first notification of an opening. "I struck gold," says Redmon, who E-mailed his resume to the employer and won a position as in-house counsel for a company.

　　With thousands of career-related sites on the Internet, finding promising openings can be time-consuming and inefficient. Search agents reduce the need for repeated visits to the databases. But although a search agent worked for Redmon, career experts see drawbacks. Narrowing your criteria, for example, may work against you: "Every time you answer a question you eliminate a possibility." says one expert.

　　For any job search, you should start with a narrow concept — what you think you want to do — then broaden it. "None of these programs do that," says another expert. "There's no career counseling implicit in all of this." Instead, the best strategy is to use the agent as a kind of tip service to keep abreast of jobs in a particular database; when you get E-mail, consider it a reminder to check the database again. "I would not rely on agents for finding everything that is added to a database that might interest me," says the author of a job-searching guide.

　　Some sites design their agents to tempt job hunters to return. When CareerSite's agent sends out messages to those who have signed up for its service, for example, it includes only three potential jobs — those it considers the best matches. There may be more matches in the database; job hunters will have to visit the site again to find them — and they do. "On the day after we send our messages, we see a sharp increase in our traffic," says Seth Peets, vice president of marketing for CareerSite.

　　Even those who aren't hunting for jobs may find search agents worthwhile. Some use them to keep a close watch on the demand for their line of work or gather information on compensation to arm themselves when negotiating for a raise. Although happily employed, Redmon maintains his agent at CareerBuilder. "You always keep your eyes open," he says. Working with a personal search agent means having another set of eyes looking out for you.

41. How did Redmon find his job?

　　[A] By searching openings in a job database.

　　[B] By posting a matching position in a database.

　　[C] By using a special service of a database.

　　[D] By E-mailing his resume to a database.

42. Which of the following can be a disadvantage of search agents?

　　[A] Lack of counseling.

　　[B] Limited number of visits.

　　[C] Lower efficiency.

　　[D] Fewer successful matches.

43. The expression "tip service" (line 3, paragraph 3) most probably means ________.

　　[A] advisory

　　[B] compensation

　　[C] interaction

　　[D] reminder

44. Why does CareerSite's agent offer each job hunter only three job options?

　　[A] To focus on better job matches.

　　[B] To attract more returning visits.

　　[C] To reserve space for more messages.

　　[D] To increase the rate of success.

45. Which of the following is true according to the text?

　　[A] Personal search agents are indispensable to job-hunters.

　　[B] Some sites keep E-mailing job seekers to trace their demands.

　　[C] Personal search agents are also helpful to those already employed.

　　[D] Some agents stop sending information to people once they are employed.

重点词汇

stumble across /on/upon（无意间碰到，偶然发现）Stumble 跌跌撞撞地走;stumble about 步履蹒跚He stumbled along the road.他在路上绊倒了。[记]stumblen./v. 绊倒 ([巧记]词根umb＝ump＝突起 如:stump n. 树桩；v. 绊倒)

database /5δειτΕβεισ/ （数据库＝databank） 即data 数据+base 基地

key in （键入）

notification / 7νΕυτιφι5κειΦΕν/ （通知，告示） here have been no more notifications of SARS case in the last week.上星期已没有SARS病例的报告 [记]notify v通知 通告

strike[straik] （邂逅,发现） strike gold

criteria n.标准

opening （空缺，机会）a business opening经商的好机会 opening words 开场白

drawback / 5δρΧ:7β“κ/ （缺点，障碍;退款）Complancency is a drawback to progresss. 自满是进步的障碍 duty drawback关税退税 Elimination of this squalor is the main object of our policies.根除这类贫困是我们政策的主要目标[巧记]draw=拉，拖+back

eliminate / ι5λιμινειτ / （排除，消除；淘汰） eliminate trade barriers 破除贸易壁垒 eliminate the losing team from the compentition 淘汰输队出竞赛

counseling / 5καυνσΕλιΝ/ （[专家针对个人问题所作的]建议;劝告;协商）vocational counseling 职业辅导[记]counselor：n 顾问；律师；辅导员；counsel：n.讨论, 商议, 辩护律师vt.劝告, 忠告

implicit / ιμ5πλισιτ / （内含的，含蓄的）implict acceptance 默认 implicit obedience 盲从 obligations which are implicit in the contract.合同中未直接载明的责任 [反义词]explicit

keep abreast of （与…齐头并进；了解…的最新情况） keep abreast of what is going on by reading the newspapers.阅读报纸了解形势的发展

tempt /τεμπτ / （诱惑，吸引） He was tempted into a life of crime by greed and laziness. 他受贪婪和懒惰的驱使步入了罪恶的一生 The sunny day tempted me into shorts and a T-shirt.阳光和煦，我禁不住穿上了短裤和T恤

compensation /κΧμπεν5σειΦΕν /（补偿，赔偿）Age has its compensations.人到老年有所失亦有所得compensation trade补偿贸易 unemployment compensation 失业救济补助金

indispensable（不可缺少的）Air and water are indispensable to life.空气和水是生命所必需的东西。[记] dispensable（可有可无的）dispend（用，浪费）

难句分析：

①It's an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and salary, then E-mails them when a matching position is posted in the database.

该强调句的主干是：It is （an interactive feature）that （lets…then… E-mails…），强调主语an interactive feature。That 后面连接的是两个谓语动词结构：let sb. Do sth。和名词活用为动词的E-mail。Such as…结构举例说明job criteria。When引导的时间状语从句修饰整个句子

翻译：它的特点是互动，允许访问者自定求职要求诸如工作地点、职位和薪水，当资料库里出现与个人要求相匹配的工作岗位时它就会通过电子邮件通知求职者。

②Instead, the best strategy is to use the agent as a kind of tip service to keep abreast of jobs in a particular database; when you get E-mail, consider it a reminder to check the database again.

该句子分句前后是两个分句，后一分句对前一分句作进一步解释。前一分句的主干是the best strategy is to use the agent，as…介词短语结构意为“当做…”。不定式结构“to keep…”表示目的。

翻译：相反，最佳的策略是把代理当作一种提示服务来及时跟踪某一资料库里的工作岗位信息。当你收到电子邮件时，你就把它当作一种提醒再去查一查资料库。

③When CareerSite's agent sends out messages to those who have signed up for its service, for example, it includes only three potential jobs — those it considers the best matches.

For example 点明了这个句子和前一句之间的关系；举例说明前面一句话。该句子的主干是：t includes only three potential jobs。When引导时间状语从句。破折号后是potential jobs的同位语，中心词是those，后面接定语从句，句子中的it回指CareerSite's agent

翻译：比如，当求职网代理向注册服务的用户发送信息时，它只提供三个它认为最可能匹配的岗位。

④Some use them to keep a close watch on the demand for their line of work or gather information on compensation to arm themselves when negotiating for a raise.

该句子的主干是Some use them，两个并列的不定式结构 to keep…or gather…在句子中做目的状语。在第二个目的状语中又含有一个表示目的的不定式短语 to arm…。

翻译：有些人利用搜索代理密切观察对于本行业的需求或搜集有关加薪的信息以备增薪谈判时胸有成竹。

答案解析：

本文的主题是关于网络求职的个人搜寻代理 (personal search agent)。作者开篇列举Gant Redmon律师利用个人搜寻代理找到了工作的例子引出主题，说明了个人搜寻代理的好处。接着谈论了个人搜寻代理的不足之处。随后阐述建立网络职业的个人搜寻代理的目的是为了吸引求职者的再次访问，从而提高网站的访问率。最后提出个人搜寻代理对那些有职业的人来说也同样有作用。

41. [C] 本题的难度值为0.527，中等难度。区分度为0.424，比较理想。

题干问：“Redmon是如何找到工作的？” 本题可以定位在第1自然段，归纳该段的话题可知，他通过了“personal search agent”这个特殊服务来找到了工作，因此选项［Ｃ］正确，“使用资料库的一项特殊服务”是原文话题信息的同义转述。

选项［A］意为“通过在工作资料库搜寻工作机会”，Redmon不是通过这个来找到工作的，而这只是其寻找工作的过程罢了。因此不能入选。

选项［B］意为“通过在资料库刊登一个合适的职位”，这个请注意，这件事不是Redmon做的，而是数据库做的。Redmon只不过提交给了数据库一定的信息，经由数据库整理后才刊登出来的。而题目问的是Redmon的行为，因此不能入选。

选项［D］意为“通过给资料库发送个人简历的电子邮件”，这个同A选项，这个也只是Redmon寻找工作的一个过程，而不能成为其找到工作的关键。因此不能入选。

42. [A] 本题的难度值为0.393，中等难度。

题干问：“下面哪项可能是搜寻代理的劣势？” 注意题干中含有情态动词“can”，询问的是某种判断。从原文第二段末尾可以看出作者要在第三段讨论这种系统的drawbacks，然后对第三段的信息进行归纳，该段第1句中的“a narrow concept”与下文“no career counseling”构成了重复和照应关系。由第三段前三句可以看出，专家陈述到：这些程序缺少的是职业查询，也就是给予职业的建议。因此联系选项［A］“缺乏建议”可推理为正确选项。

选项［B］意为“访问数量有限”。这个在原文中没有明确提及，更没有指出这是系统的缺点。如果从第二段第二句来推敲这个选项，那么限制访问也应该是优点，是为了防止效率低下所采取的手段，而不是缺点。因此不能入选。

选项［Ｃ］意为“较低的效率”。这个有一定的迷惑性。为原文第二段首句“time-consuming and inefficient”的曲解。原文明显是欲扬先抑，先说会效率低，然后又说系统减少了重复访问来提高效率。因此该选项不符合题干的要求。

选项［D］意为“成功的匹配较少”。虽然该选项中的“matches”在文中反复出现，但文章没有指出成功匹配较少这个观点。相反，由第一段的例子可以看出匹配的成功率还是挺高的，否则作者就没有必要举一个成功的例子了。因此排除该选项。

43. [D] 本题的难度值为0.38，中等难度。

题干问：“在第3段第3行，‘tip service’的含义最可能是 ……”。题干中短语的位置出现在原文第3段中，根据原文“tip service”与下文的“reminder”构成了概念的重复和照应关系。由第三段第四句的这句话：when you get E-mail, consider it a reminder to check the database again.可以看出reminder这个词刚好和提示相对应。所以应该选择选项［D］“提示”。

选项［A］意为“咨询”，这个请参见42题，可知这种系统所缺乏的正是咨询这个功能，而题目中的tip service却是该系统的一项功能。因此不能入选。

［B］意为“酬金”。这个选项可能是针对有些考生把tip当成小费理解了，因此选了相关的B选项。但是考研最忌讳这种主观判断了，一定要联系上下文才能得出正确结论。

［C］意为“互动”，这个在原文中没有体现。所以一定要注意原句，分号前后由很强的对比性，所以根据后面的reminder就可以推出tip service是什么意思了。

44. [B] 本题的难度值为0.677，比较容易。区分度为0.425，比较理想。

题干问：“为什么职业网站代理给每个求职者只提供三个工作选择？” 本题可定位在第四段，该段的话题是“job hunters to return”。第四段第一句指出，有些网站设置搜索工具，吸引求职者回访。其实，就返回的观点在第2段第2句中已经给出了暗示（repeated visits）。因此选项［B］“为了吸引更多回访”正确。选项［A］意为“为了集中于更好的工作匹配”虽然道理上讲是正确的，但是由原文得知归根结底还是为了吸引顾客回访，因为整个第四段都是在陈述这个问题。

选项［Ｃ］意为“为了留出空间储存更多的信息”。这个明显只是很表面的原因，在原文根本没有提及。

选项［D］意为“为了增加成功的速度”。同C选项，在原文中没有提及。CD两个选项都属于设计给不看原文只看题目的考生看的。

45. [C] 本题的难度值为0.816，比较容易。区分度为0.469，比较理想。

题干问：“根据本文，下面哪项是正确的？” 本题自然定位在第五段，该段再次重申了求职代理对求职者的好处，其中包括了已经就业者。该段首句明确指出了即使不需要找工作的人也可以从中获益。因此联系选项［Ｃ］“个人搜寻代理对那些有职业的人来说也同样有作用”，正确。其实，在本文的第1自然段就已经暗示出了这一观点。选项［A］意为“个人搜寻代理对求职者是必不可少”，这种表述太绝对化，往往这种带有绝对化色彩的选项不是正确选项。

选项［B］“某些网站一直给求职者发送电子邮件为了跟踪他们的需要” ，这个在原文只提到过某些网站给求职者发送电子邮件，而并不是为了他们的需要。由44题可知，这么做的目的还是为了提高用户的回访率。其实从常理角度也应该知道这一点的。

选项［D］意为“一旦人们求职成功，某些代理不再给他们提供信息”这个与第四段所给的信息恰恰相反，代理会一直发送message给求职者，以求提高回访率的。因此不能入选。

译文：

去年年末，甘特·雷德曼律师在找工作时偶然在网上发现职业资料库“职业建筑师”。他找来找去并没有找到什么工作，但被这个网址上的“个人搜索代理”所吸引。它的特点是互动，允许访问者自定求职要求诸如工作地点、职位和薪水，当资料库里出现与个人要求相匹配的工作岗位时它就会通过电子邮件通知求职者。雷德曼选择关键词“法律”、“知识产权”和“华盛顿特区”。过了三个星期，雷德曼接到第一份有职位空缺的通知。他说：“我掘到了金子。”他把个人简历用电子邮件寄给了雇主，接着就得到了一份驻公司顾问的职务。

　　因特网上与求职相关的网址数以千计，寻找可能的职业空缺费时效率又低。有了搜索代理，就没那么多必要反复访问资料库了。不过，虽然有一个搜索代理成功地为雷德曼找到了工作，就业专家却还是认为搜索代理并不如人意。比如缩小你的要求条件就有可能对你不利。一位专家说：“你每回答一次问题你就丧失一次机会。”

　　寻找任何职业，你都要从一个狭窄的概念开始，即你想干什么工作，然后再加以扩展。有一位专家说：“任何这些程序中都没有那种扩展功能。”“所有这一切都不包含职业咨询。”相反，最佳的策略是把代理当作一种提示服务来及时跟踪某一资料库里的工作岗位信息。当你收到电子邮件时，你就把它当作一种提醒再去查一查资料库。一位职业搜索指南的作者说：“我不会依赖代理在数据库增加的每一项内容里去逐一寻找可能令我感兴趣的东西。”

　　一些网络谋划让代理诱惑寻职者成为回头客。比如，当求职网代理向注册服务的用户发送信息时，它只提供三个它认为最可能匹配的岗位。可能，在资料库里还有更多的匹配项；求职者于是只好再次访问这个网址来寻找一求职者的确会一而再、再而三地来上网寻找。求职网销售副总裁塞思·皮茨说：“我们发送这些信息的当天访问量就急剧增长。”

　　即使非求职的人士也会发现搜索代理值得一览。有些人利用搜索代理密切观察对于本行业的需求或搜集有关加薪的信息以备增薪谈判时胸有成竹。雷德曼虽然已愉快就职，但他与“职业建筑师”网代理的联系依旧保持着。他说：“你要永远睁大眼睛。”使用个人搜索代理等于多一双眼睛替你在观察。

2004 Text 2

　　Over the past century, all kinds of unfairness and discrimination have been condemned or made illegal. But one insidious form continues to thrive: alphabetism. This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.

　　It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through their phone directories. Less well known is the advantage that Adam Abbott has in life over Zoë Zysman. English names are fairly evenly spread between the halves of the alphabet. Yet a suspiciously large number of top people have surnames beginning with letters between A and K.

　　Thus the American president and vice-president have surnames starting with B and C respectively; and 26 of George Bush's predecessors (including his father) had surnames in the first half of the alphabet against just 16 in the second half. Even more striking, six of the seven heads of government of the G7 rich countries are alphabetically advantaged (Berlusconi, Blair, Bush, Chirac, Chrétien and Koizumi). The world's three top central bankers (Greenspan, Duisenberg and Hayami) are all close to the top of the alphabet, even if one of them really uses Japanese characters. As are the world's five richest men (Gates, Buffett, Allen, Ellison and Albrecht).

　　Can this merely be coincidence? One theory, dreamt up in all the spare time enjoyed by the alphabetically disadvantaged, is that the rot sets in early. At the start of the first year in infant school, teachers seat pupils alphabetically from the front, to make it easier to remember their names. So short-sighted Zysman junior gets stuck in the back row, and is rarely asked the improving questions posed by those insensitive teachers. At the time the alphabetically disadvantaged may think they have had a lucky escape. Yet the result may be worse qualifications, because they get less individual attention, as well as less confidence in speaking publicly.

　　The humiliation continues. At university graduation ceremonies, the ABCs proudly get their awards first; by the time they reach the Zysmans most people are literally having a ZZZ. Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be drawn up alphabetically, and their recipients lose interest as they plough through them.

46. What does the author intend to illustrate with AAAA cars and Zodiac cars?

　　[A] A kind of overlooked inequality.

　　[B] A type of conspicuous bias.

　　[C] A type of personal prejudice.

　　[D] A kind of brand discrimination.

47. What can we infer from the first three paragraphs?

　　[A] In both East and West, names are essential to success.

　　[B] The alphabet is to blame for the failure of Zoë Zysman.

　　[C] Customers often pay a lot of attention to companies' names.

　　[D] Some form of discrimination is too subtle to recognize.

48. The 4th paragraph suggests that ________.

　　[A] questions are often put to the more intelligent students

　　[B] alphabetically disadvantaged students often escape form class

　　[C] teachers should pay attention to all of their students

　　[D] students should be seated according to their eyesight

49. What does the author mean by "most people are literally having a ZZZ" (line 2, paragraph 5)?

　　[A] They are getting impatient.

　　[B] They are noisily dozing off.

　　[C] They are feeling humiliated.

　　[D] They are busy with word puzzles.

50. Which of the following is true according to the text?

　　[A] People with surnames beginning with N to Z are often ill-treated.

　　[B] VIPs in the Western world gain a great deal from alphabetism.

　　[C] The campaign to eliminate alphabetism still has a long way to go.

　　[D] Putting things alphabetically may lead to unintentional bias.

重点词汇：

discrimination（歧视）Discrimination against women is not allowed.歧视妇女是不能允许的。[记] discrimination辨别, 识别力

condemn / κΕν5δεμ / （声讨，谴责）we all condem cruelty to children.我们一致谴责虐待儿童的行为 The meat was condemned as unfairt for human consumption.这种肉已宣布不适宜食用。（有“人猪恋[球菌]” 哦(）[巧记] 即con加强意义+demn詛咒指责。

insidious / ιν5σιδιΕσ / （暗中进行的，不知不觉的）insidious diease 潜伏的疾病 the insidious approach of age不知不觉就老了 （ life is short and time is swift .孩子们努力吧！）

unaware（没觉察到的）[记] unaware常与of, that连用 [反义词] aware（知道的, 明白的, 意识到的）conscious（有意识的, 有知觉的）

thrive / Ωραιϖ/ （兴旺，繁荣） He that will thrive, must rise at five. [谚]五更起床, 百事兴旺。[巧记]th＋rive（河流）古代河流两岸的居住地都是繁荣兴旺的地方。

thumb through （ 翻阅[书页] ）[巧记] thumb（拇指；以拇指拨弄；用拇指翻书页）

suspiciously （猜疑地;形迹可疑） Everything was suspiciously quiet. 一切静的离奇。

respectively（分别地, 各个地）She gave beer to the man and a toy to the baby, respectively.她分别给男人啤酒，给婴儿一个玩具。[记] respect n/v 尊重；respective adj 分别的，各自的

predecessor / 5πρι:δισεσΕ / （前辈；[被取代的] 原有事物） John Adams was Jefforson’s predecessor as President. 杰弗逊的前任总统是约翰－亚当斯The new proposal is better than its predecessor.新的建议比原来的好。[巧记]pre－前面+cess-走+or-人→“走在我们前面的人”→“前辈”。

coincidence /κΕυ5ινσιδΕνσ/ （巧合，一致） The polt of the novel relies too much on coincidence to be lialistic. 这部小书的情节多靠巧合安排而无真实感。[巧记] 由coin联想到coin（硬币）都在一起的时候，边缘是一致相合的。

rot / ρΧτ / （腐朽，腐化） the rot sets in when we lost that important customer in American.我们失去了美国那家重要客户后。情况变得越来越糟。How can we stop the rot in our society?我们怎样才能制止社会的腐败呢？ Don’t talk rot! 不要胡说 [习]the rot sets in 情况开始出毛病；事情开始走下坡

qualification （资格, 条件）a doctor's qualification当医生的资格。without any qualification不附带任何条件的What qualifications have you got to have for this job?申请这个工作你所具有的条件是什么？

humiliation /ηϕΥ:9μΙλΙ?εΙΦΕν / （羞辱，蒙耻） suffer publicc humiliation 当众受辱 a national humilation 国耻

literally / 5λιτΕρΕλι / （ [口语] 简直） I was literally bored to death!我真得腻烦死了。[记]literally 照字面的；完全的

shortlist /?ΦΡ:τλΙστ/ 供最后挑选或考虑用的候选人名单

ballot / 5β“λΕτ/ （选票）The ballot is stronger than the bullet 选举权比子弹更具威力——林肯。[巧记]即ball球+ot=et小→小球→旧时秘密表决用时的小球。

attendee /“τεν5δι:/ （出席者，参加者）Attendees at a convention 大会的出席者[巧记]at=ad到向+tend=sretch展开+ ee者。

award（奖, 奖品）She showed us the athletics she had won.她给我们看她赢得的体育运动奖。

recipient /ρι5σιπιΕντ / （接收者）a recipient country 受援国 They would in time become the recipients of much criticism. 他们迟早会受到许多批评[巧记] re+cip=take取+i+ent。或由reci联想到receive（接受）

plough （through）（艰难前进，啃 [书本等]） The ship ploughed through the waves那轮船破浪前进 plough through mountains of work 费力的处理堆积如山的工作

难句分析：

①This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.

该句子的主干是this refers to discrimination。主语this 和谓语refers to之间插入了介词短语for those作状语，those 后跟着形容词短语unaware of…作定语，宾语discrimination 后跟介词短语against those作定语，those后又有whose引导的定语从句。

对于尚未意识到其危害的人来说，它指的是对那些姓氏起始字母位于字母表后半部的人的歧视。

△注意两个逗号之间是补充说明成分,阅读时可以先跳过不读。

②Thus the American president and vice-president have surnames starting with B and C respectively; and 26 of George Bush's predecessors (including his father) had surnames in the first half of the alphabet against just 16 in the second half.

该句子的主干是由and连接的两个分句，即American president and vice-president have surnames，and 26 of…had surnames。第一个分句的宾语surnames后是分词结构starting with作定语；第二个分句宾语紧跟的介词结构in the first half of the alphabet作定语，另外一个分词结构…的完整形式是against just 16 of George Bush's predecessors had surnames in the second half

如此这般，美国的总统和副总统的姓氏分别是以B和C字母起头。乔治·布什的前任有二十六位（包括其父）的姓氏均在字母表的前半部，而姓氏在字母表后半部的却仅有十六位。

③Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be drawn up alphabetically, and their recipients lose interest as they plough through them.

该句子的主干是and连接的两个分句：all tend to be drawn up，and their recipients lose interest.冒号前的三个名词短语是第一个分句主语all的同位语。As引导的时间状语从句，修饰第二个分句。

求职面试、选举投票、会议发言或参加会议等诸多名单，也是按字母表顺序排序，当人们费劲地向下查看时，兴趣随之索然

④It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through their phone directories.

It has long been known that…是一个固定句式，他的意思是“长久以来人们都知道…”其中it是形式主语，真正的主语是that从句；从句本身又是一个复合句，开始是主句 a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars ，其中分词结构called AAA cars 是后置定语，修饰firm,后面的when 引导一个时间状语从句。

△英语中为了避免头重脚轻，通常把较长的主语放在句子后面，而以放在句首的形式主语it代替它。

⑤One theory, dreamt up in all the spare time enjoyed by the alphabetically disadvantaged, is that the rot sets in early.

▲ 本句的主干是主语+系动词+表语结构: One theory, …is that the rot sets in early,其中两个逗号之间的部分是过去分词结构dreamt up…，作前面theory 的定语，其中过去分词结构enjoyed by the alphabetically disadvantaged作前面time的定语。

△ the alphabetically disadvantaged(在字母表上排为不利的人)的作用相当于名词，指一类人。(the+形容词＝名词，指一类人)。 Rot此处的意思是“一连串的不利”，指因为姓氏的首字母在字母表中的位置考后所遭受的歧视。

⑥At the time the alphabetically disadvantaged may think they have had a lucky escape.

▲ 本句的主语是 the alphabetically disadvantaged，谓语是 may think，后免得 they have had a lucky escape.是一个宾语从句。

△ Luck escape此处可以译为“暗自庆幸”

答案解析：

本文的主题是关于对姓氏字母排列在后的人的种种歧视。作者开篇提出中心，下文接着通过列举电话号码簿上的字母排列顺序、总统名字、7大富有国的7大政界首脑名字等等例子论证论点。

46. [A] 本题的难度值为0.333，中等难度。区分度为0.314。

题干问：“作者在文中提到了AAAA车与Zodiac车，其目的是为了说明 ……”。 本题考察考生对原文论点和论据的把握能力。显然，第一段作者提出了论点，而第二段为举证。选项［A］ “一种受人忽略的不平等”符合题干的含义。该选项中的overlooked和原文首段第三句的unaware of相对应。

选项［B］意为“一种易见的偏见”。这个与原文意思恰恰相反，原文的意思是这种偏见往往被人们所忽视。

选项［Ｃ］意为“一种个人偏见”。这个也不对，主要是原文讨论的是社会性的大众问题，即大家都忽视这种不平等的现象，而不是个人的偏见。

选项［D］意为“一种品牌歧视”，其本身是例证，不是作者论证的观点。换言之，这个选项过于肤浅了，没有表达出作者真正的意图。

47. [D] 本题的难度值为0.517，中等难度。区分度为0.366

题干问：“我们从前三段得出的推论是什么？”本题可以从以下三方面考虑。首先，作者整篇文章的态度是否定和批判的。其次，篇章的重要话题是歧视“discriminaiton”。其三，第一段中出现了“insidious”一词，第二段中出现了“has long been known”表达，都说明了这种现象常常被人们忽视。第三段也讲述了国家首脑之类的姓名也大多靠前，因此由前三段主题可以得出作者想要表述的是一种歧视，而这种歧视并不引人注意，否则就没必要特意写这篇文章来强调了。因此联系选项［D］“某种歧视太微妙而不易引人注意”是根据原文可以得出的推理。

选项［A］意为“无论在东方或西方，名字对成功都是至关重要的”，这个明显是绝对化选项，常理上讲也是荒谬的结论，因此不能入选。选项［B］意为“Zoë Zysman的失败归咎于字母表”，这个选项过于表面化，作者只是说明名字首字母靠后对一个人不利，但是并没有说一个人的失败就是由名字顺序造成的。因此这个属于偷换概念干扰项，排除。

选项［Ｃ］意为“消费者经常太多地关注公司的名字”，这个同样也是表面化选项，由三段所推出的结论不可能是这种肤浅的东西。

48. [C] 本题的难度值为0.700，比较容易。区分度为0.366，比较理想。

题干问：“第4段的暗示是 ……”。注意题干的要求，可以定位在原文的第四段，归纳原文信息，掌握整个段落所讲的问题后，自然明白老师只提问坐在前排的学生，而忽视后排的学生是不对的。由该段末句也可看出，作者不希望坐在后面的学生就这样被忽略而堕落下去。联系选项［Ｃ］“教师应该注意的是所有的学生”，正是作者想呼吁的，因此入选。其实，在下文第五段作者再次表述了这一观点。选项［A］意为“被提问的往往是更聪明的学生”，请注意，一道推理题是不会把这种表面现象当作答案的。更何况，原文提到被提问的往往是坐在前排的人，而不是聪明的学生。因此排除。

选项［B］意为“字母顺序有劣势的学生常常逃学”这个与第四段的这句有点关系：they have had a lucky escape。但是请注意这里的逃脱是指的逃脱回答问题，而不是逃学。因此要搞清楚词汇的语境，不要盲目选择。

选项［D］意为“应该根据学生的视力来安排座位”，这在原文中没有说明，原文只是用了short-sighted这个词，但是并没有指出应该按照视力排座位。尽管这是个合理而且符合常理的方法，但是原文中找不到根据的选项就不能入选，万不可主观臆断。

49. [B] 本题的难度值为0.202，偏难。区分度为0.085。

题干问：“当作者提到‘most people are literally having a ZZZ’，其含义是什么？”题干中短语的位置出现在原文第五段。该表达与上文第4自然段的“attention”和下文的“lose interest”构成了照应关系，根据篇章的一致性，选项［B］“他们正在鼾声隆隆地进入梦乡”与上文构成了较佳的衔接关系。这里我要强调一下，这道题是历年考研试题中比较有创新的一道，因为其考查了考生的知识面和常识。看过漫画的人应该知道，ZZZ在漫画里表示的就是打瞌睡这种行为，如果具备了这种常识，那么这道题就很容易做对了。选项［A］意为“他们正在变得不耐烦”，这是个超强的干扰项，估计很多人都选择了该项。其实这个选项也应该是正确的，假如ZZZ这种东西在漫画里没有其固定含义，那么由考研阅读的思路讲应该选择A选项而不是B选项。因此这道题估计是考试中心为了考查考生的知识面所出的，但是考查效果很不理想，因此估计以后出这种题的可能性不大。所以这里选择A的同学也可以说是做对了，只是欠缺些相关知识而已。

［C］选项意为“他们正在感到受羞辱”，这个夸张的简直无从说起，原文没有一点提到羞辱这个意思，因此排除。

［D］选项意为“他们忙着玩文字游戏”。有些同学可能猜测ZZZ这是种文字游戏，因此选择了D选项。但是ZZZ事实上却是漫画里的一种惯用表达手法，因此不能入选。

50. [D] 区分度为0.372，比较理想。

题干问：“根据本文，下面哪项是正确的？”本题可以从以下三方面考虑。首先，可以从第一段的论点得出判断。其次，可以从篇章的关键词概念判断，如“alphabetism”、“bias”、“discrimination”等。其三，可以从作者的态度来看。根据这些分析，选项［D］“按照字母表顺序排列方法可能造成无意的偏见”与原文信息是吻合的。选项［A］意为“姓氏开头字母从N到Z的人常常受到虐待”，如果知道ill-treated是什么意思的考生肯定会笑着排除这个选项的，因为虐待这个词太重了，原文只是说它们受到了不公平的对待而已。

选项［B］意为“西方世界的名流从字母排列得到许多好处”，这个在原文中有所提及，但是请注意，这句话本质上还是犯了绝对主义错误。如果选项改为：不少….名流从…….好处的话，倒是有一定正确性。但是不是所有的名流都受益于字母排列的。比方说很多名流也是字母排列靠后的，他们不是受益，而是受害才对。

选项［Ｃ］意为“消除字母排列歧视的斗争短时间内不会有太大进展”，这个选项倒是很像某些其他文章题目的正确答案，但是有些过于唱高调了，本文作者的目的只是陈述存在这么一种偏见的问题，而并没有呼吁人们来纠正这种偏见，至少，没有夸张到要发起斗争之类的地步。

译文：

　　在过去的一个世纪里各种各样的不公和歧视遭到了谴责或定为非法。但是有一种隐蔽的形式还在蔓延：按字母表顺序排名。对于尚未意识到其危害的人来说，它指的是对那些姓氏起始字母位于字母表后半部的人的歧视。

　　人们早已知道在客户翻阅电话簿时，名叫AAAA的出租汽车公司要比Zodiac出租汽车公司有很大的优越性。至于在生活方面Adam Abbott较之Zoë Zysman的优越性就不那么为人所知了。英语的姓名虽然在字母表的前后两半部分的分布相当平均，但顶级人物的姓名的首字母在A与K之间的却多得可疑。

　　如此这般，美国的总统和副总统的姓氏分别是以B和C字母起头。乔治·布什的前任有二十六位（包括其父）的姓氏均在字母表的前半部，而姓氏在字母表后半部的却仅有十六位。更加令人瞩目的是七大富裕强国政府的首脑中有六位在其姓氏按字母表顺序排名时靠前（Berlusconi，Blair，Bush，Chirac，Chrétien，Koizumi）。世界三大中央银行行长（Greenspan，Duisenberg，Hayami）全都接近字母表的上端，三人之中有一人即使用日文也是如此。世界上最富有的前五位情况也是如此（Gates，Buffett，Allen，Ellison，Albrecht）。

　　这仅仅是巧合吗？按字母表顺序排名靠后的人在享受闲暇时光时凭空想出一种理论，认为这种倒霉事老早就开始了。在幼儿学校第一年之始，老师为了较为容易记住学生的名字，就按字母表顺序由前往后给学生排座位。因此近视的小Zysman就被插在了后排，这样一来，粗心的教师提出的有助于提高的问题就很少会问到他。这时，按字母表顺序排名靠后的学生还认为他们能逃避老师的问题很幸运。然而，结果可能就是成绩欠佳，因为这种学生得到的个人关注较少，同时当众讲话时的信心也不足。

　　这种委屈继续着。在大学的毕业典礼上，姓名首字母是ABC的学生骄傲的首先领到奖品；等轮到Zysmans们领奖品的时候，大多数人简直都在鼾声大作了。求职面试、选举投票、会议发言或参加会议等诸多名单，也是按字母表顺序排序，当人们费劲地向下查看时，兴趣随之索然。

2004 Text 3

　　When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn't biting her nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isn't cutting, filling or polishing as many nails as she'd like to, either. Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up. Spero blames the softening economy. "I'm a good economic indicator," she says, "I provide a service that people can do without when they're concerned about saving some dollars." So Spero is downscaling, shopping at middle-brow Dillard's department store near her suburban Cleveland home, instead of Neiman Marcus. "I don't know if other clients are going to abandon me, too," she says.

　　Even before Alan Greenspan's admission that America's red-hot economy is cooling, lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves. From car dealerships to Gap outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending. For retailers, who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious approach is coming at a crucial time. Already, experts say, holiday sales are off 7 percent from last year's pace. But don't sound any alarms just yet. Consumers seem only concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy's long-term prospects even as they do some modest belt-tightening.

　　Consumers say they're not in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines, their own fortunes still feel pretty good. Home prices are holding steady in most regions. In Manhattan, "there's a new gold rush happening in the $4 million to $10 million range, predominantly fed by Wall Street bonuses," says broker Barbara Corcoran. In San Francisco, prices are still rising even as frenzied overbidding quiets. "Instead of 20 to 30 offers, now maybe you only get two or three," says John Tealdi, a Bay Area real-estate broker. And most folks still feel pretty comfortable about their ability to find and keep a job.

　　Many folks see silver linings to this slowdown. Potential home buyers would cheer for lower interest rates. Employers wouldn't mind a little fewer bubbles in the job market. Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swings, which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom. Diners might see an upside, too. Getting a table at Manhattan's hot new Alain Ducasse restaurant need to be impossible. Not anymore. For that, Greenspan & Co. may still be worth toasting.

51. By "Ellen Spero isn't biting her nails just yet" (line 1, paragraph 1), the author means ________.

　　[A] Spero can hardly maintain her business

　　[B] Spero is too much engaged in her work

　　[C] Spero has grown out of her bad habit

　　[D] Spero is not in a desperate situation

52. How do the public feel about the current economic situation?

　　[A] Optimistic.

　　[B] Confused.

　　[C] Carefree.

　　[D] Panicked.

53. When mentioning "the $4 million to $10 million range" (lines 2~3, paragraph 3) the author is talking about ________.

　　[A] gold market

　　[B] real estate

　　[C] stock exchange

　　[D] venture investment

54. Why can many people see "silver linings" to the economic showdown?

　　[A] They would benefit in certain ways.

　　[B] The stock market shows signs of recovery.

　　[C] Such a slowdown usually precedes a boom.

　　[D] The purchasing power would be enhanced.

55. To which of the following is the author likely to agree?

　　[A] A new boom, on the horizon.

　　[B] Tighten the belt, the single remedy.

　　[C] Caution all right, panic not.

　　[D] The more ventures, the more chances.

重点词汇：

manicurist /5μ“νικϕυΕριστ/ 指甲修饰师 [巧记] mani前缀表示手

file / φαιλ / （把...归档, 提出[申请等], 锉, 琢磨） a file of newspapers 报纸的合订本 a deep file 老奸巨猾的家伙 nail file 指甲锉

indicator（指示器）[记] indicate（指出, 暗示）

downscale 缩减…规模

suburban（郊区的）[记] urban（市内的）

middle-brow /5μιδλβρΕυ/ （中等文化素养的，平庸之辈 [尤作贬义]）Mozart is pleasing to highbrows,middlebrows and lowbrows alike.莫扎特的作品雅俗共赏

dealership（代理权）名词：dealer（代理商）[记]在具体名词后加ship把该名词抽象化。

lag（落后）Let not a single classmate lag behind.不要让一个同学掉队。

retailer（零售商） retail（零售）wholesaler（批发商）wholesale（批发）

mildly（温和地,略微）I was only mildly interested in the report I heard from radio.对从收音机里听到的那则报导我只是略感兴趣罢了。[记] mild（温和的,淡味的,轻微的,不含有害物质的的）

dreadful（可怕的；恐惧的）a dreadful disaster可怕的灾难 [巧记]把dread中间的r看成一个人。dead是死亡。被死亡包围感觉当然是可怕的，恐惧的。

frenzied /5φρενζιδ/ （狂热的） a frenzied attack 疯狂的进攻

overbid /7ΕυϖΕ5βιδ/ 出高价现象

real-estate broker 房地产经纪人

silver lining （[不幸中的] 希望，慰藉） every cloud has a silver lining乌云背后总有一线光芒

bubble /5βΘβλ/.（泡沫,起泡；洋溢，充满） He blows bubbles with soap water. 他用肥皂水吹泡泡 She was bubbing with confidence. 她充满信心

swing /σωιΝ/ （摇摆） let it have its swing 听其自然 The ape swung along from branch to branch.那只猿猴从一根树枝荡到另一根树枝。

ingredient / ιν5⊥ρι:διΕντ / （成分，因素） Mix all the ingredients together in a large saucepan. 把所有的配料放在大平底锅里 Mental illnesss and detachment from society are the in gradients of suicide. 精神病和脱离社会是自杀的因素

sustained / σΕσ5τεινδ / （持续不变的，相同的） make a sustained effort to practise economy 持久地厉行节约[记]sustain (支撑,维持)

boom / βυ:μ / （繁荣, 隆隆声v.发隆隆声, 兴隆, 大事宣传繁荣） baby boom （尤指二战后1947～1961年间美国的）生育高峰 stocks may boom today but drop tomorrow. 股票可能今天暴涨明天下跌

upside(上下倒置,形容巨大变化)We see an upside in his behavior.他与以前判若两人.

难句分析：

①Consumers seem only concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy's long-term prospects even as they do some modest belt-tightening.

该句是一个并列句，and后面的分句比较复杂，主干为many say…，后接的宾语从句中主干为they remain optimistic about…，even as引导让步状语从句

消费者看起来略显忧虑，并没有惊慌失措。许多人虽然稍微勒紧腰带，但他们说对于经济的长期前景还是乐观的。

②Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swings, which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom.

该句的主干是Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swings，之后which引导一个定语从句，修饰stock-market swings.

许多消费者似乎一直受股票市场波动的影响，投资者把这种波动视为持续繁荣的必要因素。

③When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn't biting her nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isn't cutting, filling or polishing as many nails as she'd like to, either.

▲第一个句子是一个主从复合句,开始是when引导的一个从句，后面是主句。第二个句子和第一个句子以but分开，表明二者之间是转折关系。

△注意句中的用词：When it comes to ...，表示这是故事的开始；第一句的词组bite one’snails（束手无策）和第二股的nails（指甲）相呼应，是一种文字游戏。

④I provide a service that people can do without when they're concerned about saving some dollars.

▲本句的主干是I provide a service …其中service后面的that 引导的一个定语从句，而定语从句中又包含when引导的一个时间状语从句。

△注意do without 的意思是“免除，不用”； concerned about 的意思是“关心，关注”。

答案解析：

本文属于对比性的文章，中心议题是关于美国经济下滑给不同的人所带来的后果。作者在第1、2自然段阐述经济下滑给Ellen Spero和Alan Greenspan的工人所带来的后果，接着使用了对比的写作方法在第3、4自然段阐述了公众对经济前景持有的乐观态度以及有些人在经济的下滑中可以在某些方面获得利益。

51. [D] 难度0.500

题干问：“在第1段第1行作者说‘Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet’其含义为 ……”。题干中短语的位置出现在原文第一段。而之后紧跟的But表明了第一句和第二句的转折关系。因此由But后所提到的Spero对业务量减少表示担忧可以推断出，转折前的意思应该是她认为情况不算太糟。此外，该表达与第三段的“not in despair”构成了照应关系，根据篇章的一致性，选项［D］“Spero尚未陷入绝境”与上文构成了较佳的衔接关系。

选项［A］意为“Spero几乎无法维持生意”。这个由前面的解释可知其与原文恰恰相反。Spero应该是还可以维持才对。

选项［B］意为“Spero太忙碌于其工作”。这个是纯粹的主观臆断了，认为其忙的连啃指甲的时间都没有了….相信对原文稍有了解的人不会选择该选项的。

选项［C］意为“Spero已经摆脱了坏习惯”。这是该表达字面化的含义，表面上看好像是不再啃指甲了，但是很明显作者不可能在一篇谈论经济的文章中讨论如此肤浅的东西。因此这种表达往往都是一种暗喻，用来比喻其他的问题。

52. [A] 难度0.664

题干问：“公众对现在经济情况的感觉如何？” 解题的思路与第51一致，可以从第51的角度思考。定位到原文第二段中Consumers seem only concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy's long-term prospects even as they do some modest belt-tightening。其中明显可看出optimistic这个词。也就是说大多人说他们还是保持乐观的。联系选项［A］“乐观的”符合题意。

选项［C］意为“无忧无虑的”。文章中只是提到了乐观这个词，而乐观和无忧无虑还是有较大区别的，更何况文章还提到了人们还是有些许的关注的。因此不能入选。

选项［B］“迷惑的”与［D］“惊慌失措的”都显然不符合整篇文章的论点。

53. [B] 难度0.209

此题难度较大。题干问：“当作者提到‘the $4 million to $10 million range’，其正在谈论的是 ……”。本题可以从以下两方面考虑。首先，可以从第三段的话题（地产）判断。其次，根据篇章的一致性，文章反复以“real estate”的谈论为重要话题。从上下文就可以判断出，作者是在讨论房价的问题。因此根据这些分析，选项［B］“地产”与原文信息是吻合的。

选项［A］意为“黄金市场”，这个选项显然是针对第三段的there's a new gold rush设定的。而请注意gold rush只是个笼统的比喻手法，形容人们争先恐后投资，而不是只针对黄金市场。

选项［Ｃ］意为“股票交易”，选择该选项的估计是看到了Wall Street bonuses这个词，因此联想到了股票市场。但是事实上原文并没有讲股票的事情，而是房地产的问题。

选项［D］意为“风险投资”，这个词过于笼统，股票，房地产之类的都是风险投资，而文章重点说的是房地产问题，更何况还有B这个最佳选项，因此不能入选。

54. [A] 难度0.445 区分度.0.409

题干问：“为什么许多人看到了经济下滑中的‘一线希望’？”本题可以从以下两方面考虑。首先，可以从第四段的话题判断。该段最后写到不少人，包括购房者等，都在showdown中得到了些好处。其次，"silver linings"本身的意思就是“黑暗中的一线光明”，这个修辞手法经常在某些报文里引用的。根据这些分析，选项［A］“他们可以在某些方面受益”与原文信息是吻合的。

选项［B］意为“股票市场显示出某些复苏的迹象”，这个原文中在末段的第四句话只是提到了股票市场的变化不定，时好时坏（swings），而没有说其开始复苏。

选项［Ｃ］意为“这种下滑往往出现在繁荣之前”，同样是出现在第四句有boom这个词，但是文章的意思是有些投资者认为股票市场的变动是持续繁荣的必然成分，这并不代表着下滑只会出现在繁荣前，其也可以出现在繁荣后。

选项［D］意为“购买力肯定会被提高”。这个在原文并未提到，原文只是说现在有可能在曼哈顿新开的火爆的阿兰·杜卡斯饭店吃上一桌，而这只是一种可能，更何况这只是极少人能做到的事，并不代表整个购买力的提高。

55. [C] 难度0.429 区分度.0.378

题干问：“作者可能会认同于下面哪项？” 本题可以从以下两方面考虑。首先，通过作者整篇文章的情态来考虑。其次，从作者反复强调的重点信息来考虑，“不要惊慌”。由前面几道题也可看出，作者强调事情并没有那么糟，要保持乐观，要看到silver lings。因此选项［Ｃ］“只需谨慎，不必惊慌”表达了这一含义。

选项［A］意为“崭新的繁荣就在地平线”，这个有些过于夸张了，作者只是让大家不要过于担心，经济下滑的后果没有那么严重，而并没有反过来浮夸的说什么新的繁之类的东西。作者还是很实事求是的。

选项［B］意为“节俭是唯一的办法”，这个又是个绝对化选项，一般带有绝对，唯一，只，仅仅之类的绝对化用词，往往都不是正确答案。更何况这个选项表现的过于消极，与作者的积极态度相违背。

选项［D］意为“投资越多，机会越多”，这个从常理角度是正确的，的确没有付出就没有回报。但是请注意，作者只是号召大家不要过于担心，不要惊慌，而没有去号召大家进行风险投资。因此联系原文，该选项排除。

译文：

　　经济发展速度开始减慢时，艾琳·斯派罗还不至于咬手指。但是，这位四十七岁的指甲修饰师修剪、锉磨、上油的指甲数量却难遂其愿了。她的大多数顾客每周花费十二至五十美元，可上周两位长期客户突然不来了。斯派罗抱怨起疲软的经济。她说：“我是个准确的经济晴雨表。我提供的服务在当人们想攒钱时就变成可有可无。”因此斯派罗相应地节约起开支，买东西就在克利夫兰郊区的她家附近的中档迪拉德百货公司，而不再去内曼·玛科斯。她说“我不知道其他顾客会不会也不再光顾我。”

　　即使在格林斯潘还未承认美国过热的经济正在冷却的时候，许许多多的劳动者已经看出经济渐缓的迹象。由于购物者节约他们的支出，从汽车代理商到Gap名牌零售折扣店，数月以来销售一直滞缓。去年在感恩节和圣诞节之间零售商的销售收入是全年的百分之二十四。对于他们来讲，在关键时期该谨慎行事了。专家言之有据，较之去年假日销售速度已经减缓了百分之七。不过，目前还不必敲什么警钟。消费者看起来略显忧虑，并没有惊慌失措。许多人虽然稍微勒紧腰带，但他们说对于经济的长期前景还是乐观的。

　　新闻标题虽然够吓人的，消费者依旧对自己的财产状况感觉相当良好，因此他们说他们并不悲观绝望。在大多数地区房屋价格保持稳定。经纪人巴巴拉·考克兰说，在曼哈顿“出现了四百万至一千万美元之间的淘金热，资金来源以华尔街股票红利为主。”在旧金山，高价抢购现象虽然销声匿迹了，可价格依旧看涨。海湾地区房地产经纪人约翰·梯尔迪说：“已经卖出20到30套，剩下的可能只有两三套了。”而大多数人对能够找到并保有一件工作依旧觉得很随心。

　　许多人对于经济减速抱有乐观的希望。潜在的房产购买者会对利率下调欢天喜地。雇主们对就业市场少了些泡沫也并不在意。许多消费者似乎一直受股票市场波动的影响，投资者把这种波动视为持续繁荣的必要因素。就餐者可能也看到了有利的方面。在曼哈顿新开的火爆的阿兰·杜卡斯饭店吃上一桌曾经是不可能的，现在不了。这真值得格林斯潘和他的同事们庆祝。

2004 Text 4

　　Americans today don't place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education — not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools aren't difficult to find.

　　"Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual," says education writer Diane Ravitch. "Schools could be a counterbalance." Razitch's latest book, Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits.

　　But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy. Continuing along this path, says writer Earl Shorris, "We will become a second-rate country. We will have a less civil society."

　　"Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege," writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-Intellectualism in American life, a Pulitzer Prize winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in US politics, religion, and education. From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book.

　　Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children: "We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing." Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn exemplified American anti-intellectualism. Its hero avoids being civilized — going to school and learning to read — so he can preserve his innate goodness.

　　Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical, creative, and contemplative side of the mind. Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, re-order, and adjust, while intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes and imagines.

　　School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted. Hofstadter says our country's educational system is in the grips of people who "joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise."

56. What do American parents expect their children to acquire in school?

　　[A] The habit of thinking independently.

　　[B] Profound knowledge of the world.

　　[C] Practical abilities for future career.

　　[D] The confidence in intellectual pursuits.

57. We can learn from the text that Americans have a history of ________.

　　[A] undervaluing intellect

　　[B] favoring intellectualism

　　[C] supporting school reform

　　[D] suppressing native intelligence

58. The views of Ravitch and Emerson on schooling are ________.

　　[A] identical

　　[B] similar

　　[C] complementary

　　[D] opposite

59. Emerson, according to the text, is probably ________.

　　[A] a pioneer of education reform

　　[B] an opponent of intellectualism

　　[C] a scholar in favor of intellect

　　[D] an advocate of regular schooling

60. What does the author think of intellect?

　　[A] It is second to intelligence.

　　[B] It evolves from common sense.

　　[C] It is to be pursued.

　　[D] It underlies power

重点词汇：

intellect /5ιντιλεκτ/ （才学）Intellect distinguishes humans from other animals.人类与禽兽之别在于人具有思维能力 He was one of the most formidable intellects of his time.他是该时代的盖世奇才 [巧记] intel=inter在…之间+lect选择→在事情中善于选择。

athlete /5“Ωλι:τ/ （运动员,体育家） Most first-class footballers are natural athletes.多数一流的足球运动员都是天生的健将 athletics meeting 运动会

entertainer /εντΕ5τεΙνΕ(ρ)/ （专业演员）He’s a popular television entertainer.他是大众喜爱的电视演员[记]entertain(娱乐,款待) entertain friends at dinner招待朋友吃饭A teacher should entertain as well as teach.教师不仅要教书，也要能引起学生兴趣。

entrepreneur /7ΧντρΕπρΕ5νΕ:/ （企业家） He would not have successesd in such a risky businesss if he had not been such a clever entrepreneur.假若他不是那么精明强干的企业家，就不会在这样冒险的事业中取得成功

pursue (追赶,继续,从事) "Illness pursued him till his death, which made us all bitterly painful.""疾病一直纠缠着他,直到他去世,这使我们大家痛苦极了。[记]名词pursuit(追击)

symptom /5σιμπτΕμ/ （征兆，表现） The doctor made his diagnosis after studying the patient's symptoms.医生在研究病人的症状后, 作出了诊断 This demonstration was a symptom of discontent among the masses. 这次示威表明民众中有不满情绪

pervasive /πΕ:5ϖεισιϖ/ （到处弥漫的，普遍的） the pervasive mood of passimism 普遍存在的悲观情绪 Certainly TV is the most powerfull and pervasive of the media. 电视肯定是传播媒介中最强大和最有渗透力的

counterbalance (平衡力,使平衡) [巧记] counter(筹码)+balance(平衡)

distaste /5δισ5τειστ/ （厌恶） look at an advertisment with distaste. 厌恶地看某一则广告 a distaste for violent sports 不喜欢剧烈运动 [巧记]dis(否定前缀)+taste(体验)

vulnerable /5ϖΘλνΕρΕβ(Ε)λ/ （易受攻击的，脆弱的） Young birds are very vulnerable to predators. 幼小的鸟易受到肉食动物的伤害

resent (愤恨,怨恨) Does she resent my being here? 她讨厌我呆在这里吗？I bitterly resent your criticism.我对你批评我的话十分反感。

privilege (特权) Education should not be considered to be a privilege in a modern society."在一个现代社会中,受教育不应该被看成是一种特权。" [巧记] priv(私有的,private)+i+lege(法律的,合法的legal)

populist /5πΧπϕυλιστ/ （平民主义者） populist theories 平民主义的理论 [巧记]popul(ar)+ist

elitism /ει5λι:τιζμ, ι5λι:τιζμ/ （精英统治论，优越感） Many peoplee believe that private education encourages eleitism.许多人认为私人办学可助长精英主义 Elitism almost inevitably insinuates itself in the minds of such people. 优越感几乎不可避免地潜入这样一些人的头脑中

rigorous /5ρι⊥ΕρΕσ/ （严格的，严厉的） rigorous discipline严明的纪律 rigorous attention to detail 一丝不苟

restraint /ρισ5τρειντ/ （抑制，克制） throw off the restraints of convention 打破常规的限制 the restraints on the family budget of a limited income 有限的收入对家庭开支预算的约束

bellyful /5βελιφυλ/ （满肚子） I’ve had a bellyful of your complaints. 我已经听够了你的怨言

exemplify /ι⊥5ζεμπλιφαι/ （例证） This painting exemplifyies the artist’s early style.这幅画是该画家早期艺术风格的典型The recent oil price rises exemplify the difficulties which the motor industry is now facing.最近的石油涨价是汽车工业正面临困难的一个例子。

contemplative /5κΧντεμπλειτιϖ/ （沉思的） a contemplative person 深思熟虑的人

manipulate /μΕ5νιπϕυλειτ/ （[熟练地]操作，[巧妙地]处理）Primitive man quickly learned how to manipulate tools.原始人很快学会了使用工具 She uses her charm to manipulate people. 她利用其魅力左右他人[巧记]mani=hand手。

ponder /5πΧνδΕ/ (沉思，考虑） pondering on the meaning of life. 深深地思考人生的意义

theorize /5ΩιΕραιζ/ （建立理论，理论化） It’s a capital mistake to theorize before one has data.还未掌握数据就空谈理论是个大错

militantly /9μΙλΙ?τεΕρΙΕ/ （好战的） 即milit=fight战斗+ly。

hostility /ηΧσ5τιλιτι/ （敌意，敌对） 即host=guest+il+ity。 feelings of hostility敌对情绪 He needs an outlet for his frustration and hostilities. 他需要把心中的沮丧和怨恨发泄出来

proclaim (声明,显露) to proclaim a law公布一项法令The ringing bells proclaimed the news of the birth of the prince.钟声宣告了王子的诞生。[巧记]pro(向前)+claim(要求)

identify (识别,鉴别) The markings are so blurred that it is difficult to identify.标记模糊不清，难以识别。He identifies beauty with goodness.他认为美与善是一致的。

难句分析：

①Razitch's latest book, Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits.

句子的主干是Razitch's latest book…traces the roots…。Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms是书的同位语，concluding引导的是状语。

△其中they指前面的schools;anything but 此处的意思是“决不，远非”，counterbalance 的意思是“抗衡”,distaste的意思是“讨厌”。注意concluding…后面的宾语从句中各个词之间的肯定和否定关系。

翻译：莱维西最新著作《落后：一个世纪的失败学校改革》探索学校里反智主义倾向的根源，书中的结论是：美国学校绝没有抵制美国人对才学追求的厌恶。

②Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege," writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-Intellectualism in American life, a Pulitzer Prize winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in US politics, religion, and education.

句子主干为一个直接引语，Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege," writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter后面连接的in Anti-Intellectualism in American life作状语，斜体部分为书名，和Pulitzer Prize winning book为同位语。

③Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy.

▲第一句话的谓语动词是have，动名词短语充当了句子的主语。第二句话中的三个平行的动词不定式to think, to defend, to understand 作ability 的后置定语。

④Hofstadter says our country's educational system is in the grips of people who "joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise."

▲本句的主干是Hofstadter says…，后面是says的宾语从句 our country's educational system is in the grips of people …其中people后面的who引导一个定语从句who "joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children…而children后面又有一个 who引导的定语从句。

翻译：历史学家兼教授理查德·霍夫斯塔特在《美国生活中的反智主义》中写道：“才学被看作一种权利或特权而遭厌恶。”该书探讨美国政治、宗教和教育中的反智主义的根源，曾获普利策奖。

答案解析：

本文的中心是关于美国人反对智慧，对孩子智慧的不够重视。作者开宗明义地提出中心，接着通过举例的写作方法，列举了教育学作家Doses Ravitch、历史学家和教授Richard Hofstadter、作家Earl Shorris以及Ralph Waldo Emerson和其他的先验主义哲学家对智慧的看法，从而论证智慧对孩子的教育重要性。

56. [C] 难度0.870 区分度.0.410

题干问：“美国父母希望们孩子在学校获得的是什么？” 显然作者在第一段就提出了孩子上学的目的是为了获得实用的教育，之后在第二段第一句又重申了这一观点。主要是由第一段第三句to get a practical education明显表露了这个观点。因此选项［C］“将来职业的实用能力”表达了此含义。

选项［A］意为“独立思考的习惯”，在文中没有提及。

选项［B］意为“世界的深奥知识”，这个与原文本意恰恰相反，家长希望的是更实际些的东西，而不是真正的知识。

选项［D］意为“对智力追求的自信”，原文只提到了追求知识，而没有提到所谓追求智慧，故不能入选。

57. [A] 难度0.401 区分度.0.406

题干问：“我们从本文获悉，美国人长期 ……” 显然作者在第一段就提出了美国人不注重智慧，整篇文章在展开提供论据的过程中多次反复说明了这一观念，尤其是第二段末尾的那个长句，更体现了美国的历史，并指出了：美国学校绝没有抵制美国人对才学追求的厌恶。也就是说美国人历史上就不喜欢追求学识。所以选项［A］“不重视学识”表达了此含义。

选项［B］意为“喜欢知性主义”，这与原文本意恰恰相反，如果没有理解文章第二段末句的意思的话会误选改选项。

选项［C］意为“支持学校的改革” ，这与原文信息不符，原文的意思是说学校需要改革，而这是作者的观点，并不是所有美国人的观点。因此不能入选。

选项［D］意为“压抑先天的智力”在原文中找不到丝毫的根据。即使硬要这么说，也不是主动去压抑，而是被动的被影响。

58. [D] 难度0.424

题干问：“Ravitch和Emerson对学校教育的观点是 ……” 显然作者在第2、3、4段提出了自己赞成的观点来支持自己的观点，Ravitch的观点在第二段，其中有个较明显的词Failed，体现了其所认为的观点：教育改革是失败的，应该采用传统教育来培养孩子的学识。而Emerson的观点在第五段，整段话表明了他是个支持教育改革，也可以说是教育改革的领导者。既然支持，自然就应该认为教育改革是有成效的，应该培养孩子的实际能力。可以明显看出两者的观点相反。所以选项［D］“相反的”表达了此含义。而选项［A］“相同的”，［B］“相似的，［C］“互补的”显然不正确。

59. [B] 难度0.463

题干问：“根据本文，Emerson可能是 ……” 显然作者提倡学校改革，认为应该把更多的精力放在智慧的追求中，反对学校注重实用能力的一般教育。Emerson作为作者反对的观点的实例。其实只要上道题能读懂做对，这道题就没问题了。所以关键是读懂第五段那些话。所以选项［B］“知性主义的反对者”表达了此含义。

选项［A］意为“教育改革的先驱”，这个有些过于夸张了，文中只是提到他是反对传统的学识教育的，而没有给予他先驱这种高度评价。因此不能主观臆断。

选项［C］意为“支持有学识的学者”，这个和原文意思恰恰相反，Emerson是反对学识教育的人。

选项［D］意为“正规教育的倡导”同上个选项，都是与原文本意背道而驰的。

60. [C] 难度0.440 区分度.0.322

题干问：“本文作者对智慧的观念是什么？”这道题要注意是问的作者的观点，而千万不要从最后几段其他人的观点里找，要统观全文才能得出正确结论。 显然作者在第一段就提出与大众相反的观点，即应该追求学识。在第二段最后一句又重申了这一思想。第三段首句也体现了作者的对学识的肯定观点。所以选项［C］“它应该被追求”表达了此含义。

选项［A］意为“它的重要性次于智力”，原文并没有将智力与学识做关于重要性的比较，所以谈不上谁的重要性大。

选项［B］意为“它起源于常识”，这个更无从说起，不能入选 。文中没有涉及到所谓常识的观点。

选项［D］意为“它是权利的基础”，在文中也没有体现，即使从常识角度讲，智慧是权力的基础也不对的。因此排除。

译文：

今天的美国人不很看重才学。我们的英雄不是学者而是运动员、演艺圈名星和企业家。即使是我们的学校也只是我们送孩子去接受实用教育的地方，而不是让他们为了知识而去追求学问。学校里不难发现反智主义的普遍表现。

　　教育学作家戴安·莱维西说：“学校始终处于实用重于才学的社会之中。”“学校本来可能是一种抵消的力量。”莱维西最新著作《落后：一个世纪的失败学校改革》探索学校里反智主义倾向的根源，书中的结论是：美国学校绝没有抵制美国人对才学追求的厌恶。

　　但学校是能够并应该做到这一点的。鼓励孩子们排斥精神生活使得他们极易被利用和控制。如果不能批判地思考、不能捍卫自己的思想、不能理解他人的思想，他们就不能充分地参与我们的民主。作家厄尔·绍利斯说，沿着这条路线发展下去，“我们将变为二流国家。我们的社会将不再那么文明。”

　　历史学家兼教授理查德·霍夫斯塔特在《美国生活中的反智主义》中写道：“才学被看作一种权利或特权而遭厌恶。”该书探讨美国政治、宗教和教育中的反智主义的根源，曾获普利策奖。霍夫斯塔特说：自我们的历史之初，我们对民主化和大众化的渴望就驱使我们排斥任何带有精英优越论味道的东西。实用性、常识以及与生俱有的智力这些素质一直被视作比可以从书本里学得的任何东西都高贵。

　　拉尔夫·瓦尔多·爱默生和其他一些先验主义哲学家认为学校教育和严格的书本学习限制了孩子们的天性。“我们被关在中小学和大学的朗诵室里十年或十五年，最后出来满肚子墨水，却啥都不懂。”马克·吐温的小说《哈克贝利·芬》即是美国反智主义的例证。该书的主人公逃避教化——不上学和不学习读书写字——因此他才得以保住善良的天性。

　　按照霍夫斯塔特的观点，才学不同于天生的智力，它是一种我们不太情愿去赞赏的品质。才学是精神世界中的批评、创造和沉思的一面。智力寻求的是理解、运用、整合和调节，而才学是审视、思考、探究、形成理论、批判和想象。

　　学校仍然是才学备受怀疑的地方。霍夫斯塔特说，掌握我们国家教育体系的人“沾沾自喜地、霸气十足地公然宣称敌视才学，迫不及待地认同那些看来在才学方面最难造就的孩子。”

2003 Text 1

　　Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Internet. The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in the World War Ⅱ and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information. Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the "great game" of espionage — spying as a "profession". These days the Net, which has already re-made such everyday pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovan's vocation as well.

　　The latest revolution isn't simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemen's e-mail. That kind of electronic spying has been going on for decades. In the past three or four years, the World Wide Web has given birth to a whole industry of point-and-click spying. The spooks call it "open-source intelligence", and as the Net grows, it is becoming increasingly influential. In 1995 the CIA held a contest to see who could compile the most data about Burundi. The winner, by a large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open Source Solutions, whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world.

　　Among the firms making the biggest splash in this new world is Straitford, Inc., a private intelligence-analysis firm based in Austin, Texas. Straitford makes money by selling the results of spying (covering nations from Chile to Russia) to corporations like energy-services firm McDermott International. Many of its predictions are available online at .

　　Straiford president George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution, a spymaster's dream. Last week his firm was busy vacuuming up data bits from the far corners of the world and predicting a crisis in Ukraine. "As soon as that report runs, we'll suddenly get 500 new Internet sign-ups from Ukraine," says Friedman, a former political science professor. "And we'll hear back from some of them." Open-source spying does have its risks, of course, since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad. That's where Straitford earns its keep.

　　Friedman relies on a lean staff of 20 in Austin. Several of his staff members have military-intelligence backgrounds. He sees the firm's outsider status as the key to its success. Straitford's briefs don't sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong. Straitford, says Friedman, takes pride in its independent voice.

41. The emergence of the Net has ________.

　　[A] received support from fans like Donovan

　　[B] remolded the intelligence services

　　[C] restored many common pastimes

　　[D] revived spying as a profession

42. Donovan's story is mentioned in the text to ________.

　　[A] introduce the topic of online spying

　　[B] show how he fought for the US

　　[C] give an episode of the information war

　　[D] honor his unique services to the CIA

43. The phrase "making the biggest splash" (line 1, paragraph 3) most probably means ________.

　　[A] causing the biggest trouble

　　[B] exerting the greatest effort

　　[C] achieving the greatest success

　　[D] enjoying the widest popularity

44. It can be learned from paragraph 4 that ________.

　　[A] Straitford's prediction about Ukraine has proved true

　　[B] Straitford guarantees the truthfulness of its information

　　[C] Straitford's business is characterized by unpredictability

　　[D] Straitford is able to provide fairly reliable information

45. Straitford is most proud of its ________.

　　[A] official status

　　[B] nonconformist image

　　[C] efficient staff

　　[D] military background

重点词汇：

spymaster /5σπαι7μΒ:στΕ/ 即spy+master，间谍大王、间谍组织首脑。

strategic /στρΕ5τι:δςικ/ （战略的；对全局起关键作用的）为strategy（战略，策略）的形容词形式，-ic为形容词后缀。strategy and tactics 战略与战术；a global strategy 全球战略。Worry more about implementation than strategy — it's harder to do.更多地为贯彻落实而非战略本身操心——这样做更难。

lay the roots for 扎根于。

fascinate /5φ“σινειτ/ （使着迷，强烈地吸引），去e加名词后缀-ion即为fascination（入迷；诱惑力），去e加形容词后缀-ing即为fascinating（迷人的），另可记fascism（法西斯主义），fascist（法西斯主义的；法西斯主义者）。He was fascinated with her beauty.他被她的美貌迷住了。Fascism is a religion; the twentieth century will be known in history as the century of Fascism.法西斯主义是一种宗教；二十世纪将作为法西斯主义世纪而载入史册。←据说这句话是墨索里尼说的。

espionage /5εσπιΕνιδς, 5εσπιΕνΒ:ς/ （间谍活动）即esp(i)+ion+age，espi即espy（窥探←e-=ex-出来+spy窥探），-ion与-age皆名词后缀，表“活动”。

revolution /7ρεϖΕ5λυ:ΦΕν/ （革命；旋转）是revolve（使旋转）的名词形式，“旋转”入“革命”的漩涡。revolve即re+volve，re-反复，volve词根“卷”，于是“反复卷”→旋转。The heart makes a revolution, the head a reformation.感情造就革命，理智形成改革。（←the head a reformation省略了makes。另如培根的名句：Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.阅读使人充实，讨论使人机敏，写作使人精确。）Folds used to be willing to wait patiently for a slow-moving stage coach, but now they kick like the dickens if they miss one revolution of a revolving door.过去人们一向乐于耐心等待慢吞吞的公共马车，可现在若错过旋转门的一次旋转，他们就乱踢一气。revolution — ①an injustice that serves to replace as soon as possible the injustice of yesterday by the injustice of tomorrow ②the setting-up of a new order contradictory to the traditional one 革命——①能够促进尽快用明天的非正义取代昨天的非正义的一种非正义 ②建立一种与传统秩序相反的新秩序。Religions revolve madly round sexual questions.种种宗教都围绕着两性问题疯狂地打转。

give birth to 分娩；产生；造成。He gave birth to a brilliant idea.他想到一个绝妙的主意。

spook /σπυ:κ/ （幽灵；间谍）可看作sp(y)+o(o)+ok→“幽灵”级的“间谍”窥探(spy)只用两只眼睛(oo)就ok了。spook — something everyone is afraid of and no one believes in 幽灵——人人害怕，却没人相信的东西。

intelligence /ιν5τελιδςΕνσ/ （智力；情报）即intel+lig+ence，intel-即inter-（前缀，意为“在……之间”=between，因后接l，故r变形为l），lig词根意为“选择”=lect（i与e元音可替换，ct=G←G就是由一个大C与一个小T组成的），-ence名词后缀，故“从中挑选出所需之物的能力”→智力；“从中挑选出来的东西”→情报。intelligent（聪明的）←intel+lig+ent形容词后缀；intelligible（可理解的，易懂的）←intel+lig+ible形容词后缀。intelligence — perhaps only an instinct that is mistaken 智力——也许仅仅是一种被弄错的本能。Intelligence is quickness in seeing things as they are.智慧就是迅速看出事物本来面目的能力。The test of a first-rate intelligence is the ability to hold two opposed ideas in mind at the same time and still retain the ability to function.检验一流智力的标准，就是在头脑中同时存在两种相反的想法但仍保持行动能力。

influential /7ινφλυ5ενΦΕλ/ （有影响的；有权势的）即in+flu+ential，in-前缀意为“到里面”=into，flu词根意为“流”=flow（flu作单词时意为“流感”，即“流行性感冒”），-ential形容词后缀，故“能流到心里面的”→有影响的。名词与动词形式都是influence←in+flu+ence后缀。That man is admired above all men, who is not influenced by money.不为金钱所动的人是最受崇敬的。There is a boundary to men's passions when they act from feelings; but none when they are under the influence of imagination.当人们凭感觉行动时，与激情尚隔一条界线，而受想象力驱动时则无此界线。

compile /κΕμ5παιλ/ （编辑；搜集）即com+pile，com-前缀“一起”，pile堆，故“把文字堆在一起”→编辑；“把资料堆在一起”→搜集。compiler（编辑）←compil(e)+er表“人”；compilation（编纂）←compil(e)+ation名词后缀表“行为”。

splash /σπλ“Φ/ （n.v.溅）为拟声词。make a splash 炫耀财富；Diplomacy — the art of jumping into trouble without making a splash.外交——纵身跃入麻烦而不溅起水花的艺术。

prediction /πρι5δικΦΕν/ （预言，预测）即pre+dict+ion，pre-前缀表“在前”，dict词根意为“说”，-ion名词后缀，故“在事情发生前就说的”→预言，动词为predict←pre+dict。

available /Ε5ϖειλΕβλ/ （可用的，可得到的）。Opportunity is available for everyone, but many of them didn't know they had met with it.人人都能得到机会，但是许多人不知道自己遇到过它。

mutually /5μϕυ:τΦυΕλ, 5μϕυ:τϕυΕλ/ （相互地）可看作mut(e)+ual+ly，mute（哑的），-ual形容词后缀，-ly副词后缀，哑巴之间说话只能靠“相互地”交换手势，形容词为mutual（相互的）。The proper basis for marriage is a mutual misunderstandings.婚姻固有的基础是相互误解。

reinforce /7ρι:ιν5φΧ:σ/ （增援，加强）即re+inforce，re-前缀“再”=again，inforce即enforce（加强），故“再次加强”→加强。reinforced concrete 钢筋混凝土。

distribution /7διστρι5βϕυ:ΦΕν/ （分发）即dis+tribut+ion，dis-前缀“分离”=apart，tribut词根“给”，-ion名词后缀，故“给出去”→分发。Of great riches there is no real use, except it be in the distribution.巨大的财富除了散布，没有真正的用途。

dramatic /δρΕ5μ“τικ/ （戏剧性的；引人注目的；剧烈的）即drama+tic，drama戏剧、剧本，-tic形容词后缀，表“具……性质”。Has anyone ever seen a dramatic critic in the daytime? Of course not. They come out after dark, up to no good.有谁在白天见过戏剧批评家吗？当然没有。他们天黑才露面，不做什么好事情。

take pride in 以……为骄傲。

emergence /ι5μΕ:δςΕνσ/ （显现）为emerge的名词形式，emerge即e+merge，e-=ex-，表“出来”，merge意为“结合，兼并”，故“从兼并状态中出来”→显现。emergency（紧急情况，突然事件）←e+merg(e)+ency名词后缀。Truth emerges more readily from error than from confusion.在错误中比在混乱中更容易出真理。Coward is one who in a perilous emergency thinks with his legs.懦夫就是在危急时刻用两条腿思考的人。

revive /ρι5ϖαιϖ/ （v.恢复；复苏）即re+vive，re-前缀“回”，vive词根“活的”，故“回到活的状态”→复苏。Any great work of art is great because it creates a special world of its own. It revives and readapts time and space.任何伟大的艺术品之所以伟大，是由于它创造了自己特有的世界。它再现并重新改写了时空。

nonconformist /5νΧνκΕν5φΧμιστ/ （不合传统规范的；不合传统规范的人）即non-（前缀，“不”）+conform（遵守）+ist（“……的”或“……的人”）。

难句解析：

①The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in World War Ⅱ and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information.

▲本句的主干结构是The American spymaster was fascinated with information。spymaster的后边是一个定语从句，定语从句里包含由and连接的两个并列句。

△本句一共出现了三个动词，分别是built、laid和was fascinated。应该注意体会它们的逻辑关系。本句的谓语动词是was fascinated，应该首先把它找出来。built和laid处于并列关系，它们的主语是spymaster。

②These days the Net, which has already re-made such everyday pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovan's vocation as well.

▲句子的主干是the Net is reshaping Donovan's vocation。两个逗号之间是一个非限定性定语从句，用来补充说明the Net。

△本句应该重点体会逗号在阅读当中的一个用法。两个逗号之间是补充说明成分时，在阅读过程中可以先跳过不读。这样的话可以较迅速地把握出该句的主干结构。

③The winner, by a large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open Source Solution, whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world.

▲本句的主干结构是The winner was a tiny Virginia company。company的后边有一个过去分词短语和一个定语从句共同修饰它。

△应该重点体会company后边的修饰成分，紧随company之后的是一个过去分词短语作它的后置定语，同时还有一个whose引导的定语从句，也用来限定修饰company。

④Straitford's briefs don't sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong.

▲此处的whereby相当于by which、by what，即“凭什么”。所以本句的主干部分是逗号前边的部分，逗号的后边进一步补充说明。on the chance的意思是也许能够（做到某事）、希望能够（做到某事），后边经常接that引导的从句。

△本句应该重点体会whereby以及on the chance的用法。back-and-forthing在此处应译为“往来公文”。

试题解析：

　　这是一篇说明性的文章，介绍了互联网技术对情报行业的影响。文章第一段便指出，互联网在改变情报行业。第二段进一步说明互联网促使了一种新的情报行业的诞生，运用互联网技术可以获取更多的情报。接下来，作者以Straitford公司为例，介绍该公司如何将网络技术运用于情报工作以及该公司的一些经营理念。整篇文章通俗易懂，虽存在个别生词，但考生可以通过上下文猜测出词义。

　　基于这篇文章的5道小题考查的范围覆盖了全文，既考查了考生理解具体信息的能力，也考查了考生推测词义、推理引申的能力。5道小题难度适中。

41. [B]

本题的难度值为0.287，难度较大。　　

该小题考查的是考生是否理解了第一段内容，特别是最后一句话。

　　那句话是：“These days the Net, which has re-made such everyday pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovan's vocation as well.”。其中，“Donovan's vocation”指的就是“spying”，也就是“intelligence services”（情报行业）。关键在于对“reshape”一词的理解，它的含义是“改造”。

　　理解了以上这两点就能选出正确答案B。其实B选项就是原文的另一种表述方式。但是，此题只有28.7％的考生选出了正确案，答对率不高。

　　更多的考生选择的是D。选错的原因可能在于考生对“reshape”与“revive”的词义差别区分不清。“revive”一词的含义是“to come or bring back into use or existence”（复兴，复活），暗含的意思是某事物已不存在或已丧失作用。第一段并没有提到间谍行业曾经消失的信息，从第二段中我们了解到互联网推动了情报行业的发展，也没有找到任何关于情报行业曾经中断的内容，所以D选项的说法是不正确的。

　　C选项也不正确，关键也在于“re-make”与“restore”的差别。“restore”的含义有：（1）“bring back into existence or use”（该义项与“revive”相近）；（2）“bring back to an original condition”（恢复到原来的状态）。原文说的是，互联网改变了人们日常生活的方式，如：买书，发邮件等。人们现在可以足不出户，通过网络购书或发电子邮件。因此，无论“restore”在此取哪一种义项都与原文意思不符。

　　A选项也是错误的。选择A的考生对第一句话没有理解。第一句话用“would have loved”虚拟语气说，若Wild Bill Donovan还在世的话，他会爱上互联网的。可见Donovan在世的时候并没有互联网，从后面的几句话中我们也能证实这一点。所以A选项将Donovan说成是互联网的爱好者的说法是错误的。

42. [A]

本题的难度值为0.603，比较容易。区分度为0.411，比较理想。

　　该小题问作者提起Donovan的目的。

　　答这类题的时候，考生应从整段或全文的角度去考虑。作者在写文章时举出某个例子时，这个例子一定是围绕着作者想表达的观点。读懂了细节，弄清了篇章结构能有助于把握文章主旨，反过来，了解了文章的大致主题和观点也可帮助我们吃透细节。其实，在篇首对Donovan的介绍只是一个引子，导出的是作者要谈的主题，即第一段的最后一句话。在后面的几段中，作者介绍了互联网对情报工作的影响。所以答案是A。

　　有部分考生选择了C，原因在于没有理解文章的主题。

　　这道题属于中等难度偏易的题目，区分度较好。

43. [C]

本题的难度值为0.682，比较容易。

　　该小题考查的是考生对词组词义的猜测能力。

　　“make a splash”的含义是“to create a forceful, favorable, and noticeable effect”。即使不知道这个词组的含义，也可以从下文中推测出：Straitford公司是这个新领域的佼佼者，所以答案是C。

　　其他三个选项在文章中找不到依据。

　　这道题属于中等难度偏易的题目，区分度较好。

44. [D]

本题的难度值为0.398，中等难度。

　　该小题考查的是考生的推理、引申能力。

　　第四段主要讲的是：Friedman将互联网作为一个双向的工具，既用来收集信息，又用来发布信息。然后以乌克兰(Ukraine)的例子说明网络互动的实际作用。

　　A选项的说法没有根据，因为文中只说了Stfaitford公司作出了关于乌克兰局势的预测，并没有信息说明预言是否成真。

　　B选项的说法“Straitford公司确保情报的真实性”与原文意思有些不符。第四段最后一句说，利用互联网收集情报是有风险的，因为情报的真伪难辨。Straitford公司就是靠辨别真伪情报吃饭的。从这两句话中可以知道，Straitford公司能提供相当可靠的情报，但没有保证情报百分之百准确，从常理上说也是不可能的。所以B的说法太绝对。

　　C选项说的是Straitford公司生意的特点是不可预测性，这种说法在文中也找不到根据。

　　这道小题属于中等难度的题目。

45. [B]

本题的难度值为0.458，中等难度。区分度为0.374，比较理想。

　　该小题考查的是考生对最后一段内容的理解。

　　答案可以在最后一句话中找出：“Straitford，says Friedman, takes pride in its independent voice.”。Straitford公司引以为豪的是其独立的立场。与其他公司不同，Straitford公司避免外界的左右。B选项其实就是“independent voice”的另一种说法。

　　其他三个选项或没有说到点子上或缺乏依据，都是错误的。

　　该题属于中等难度题，区分度较好。

全文翻译：

　　比尔·多诺汶肯定会喜欢网络。这位美国间谍大王对情报着迷，他曾经在第二次世界大战时建立了战略事务办公室，后来又为中央情报局的成立打下了基础。多诺汶相信，在谍报职业这个“大游戏”中可以使用任何手段。如今，互联网已经改变了买书和寄信这样的日常活动，也正在改变多诺汶曾经从事的这个职业。

　　最近的这次革命性的改变不仅仅是一个人偷看别人的电子邮件的问题，这样的电子间谍活动已经存在了数十年。在过去的三四年中，国际互联网已经派生出一个可称为点击谍报的完整的产业。间谍们把它称为“公开来源情报”。随着互联网的增长，这样的情报变得越来越有影响力。1995年中央情报局举办了一个竞赛，看谁能够收集到关于“布隆迪”的最多信息。胜者胜出了一大截，却是弗吉尼亚的一家小公司，名为“公开来源解决方案”，它的明显优势是它对电子世界的把握。

　　在这个新的电子世界中最引起轰动的是一个叫司特雷福的公司，它是得克萨斯州奥斯汀市的一个私营的情报分析公司。该公司的业务是将覆盖全球各个国家的情报销售给“麦克德莫国际”这样的能源公司。它的许多预测在网上都可以查阅，网址。

　　该公司的总裁乔治·弗莱德曼说，他把网络世界视为情报收集和情报发布两方面相互增强的工具，是间谍们的梦想。上周，他的公司正在从远在世界的另一角落收集零散的信息，并预测在乌克兰将发生一场危机。“一旦这个报道发布，我们将从乌克兰突然新增500个浏览用户，”弗莱德曼，一位前政治科学教授说，“我们将听到其中一些人的回应。”当然公开来源的谍报活动的确有它的风险，因为很难区分正确与错误的信息。这正是司特雷福公司挣饭吃的地方。

　　弗莱德曼只在奥斯汀市雇用了为数不多的雇员。其中的一些有军事情报工作背景。他把公司的“局外人”地位视为它成功的关键。司特雷福公司的简报听上去不像华盛顿当局常常提供的躲闪的言辞，政府机构往往避免发布引人注目的言论，因为这些言论可能出错。弗莱德曼说，司特雷福公司为其独立的声音而感到自豪。

2003 Text 2

　　To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, "all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing." One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand the process of health care research. Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal.

　　For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals — no meat, no fur, no medicines. Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research. When assured that they do, she replied, "Then I would have to say yes." Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said, "Don't worry, scientists will find some way of using computers." Such well-meaning people just don't understand.

　　Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable way — in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother's hip replacement, a father's bypass operation, a baby's vaccinations, and even a pet's shots. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst.

　　Much can be done. Scientists could "adopt" middle school classes and present their own research. They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. If good people do nothing, there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress.

46. The author begins his article with Edmund Burke's words to ________.

　　[A] call on scientists to take some actions

　　[B] criticize the misguided cause of animal rights

　　[C] warn of the doom of biomedical research

　　[D] show the triumph of the animal rights movement

47. Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research is ________.

　　[A] cruel but natural

　　[B] inhuman and unacceptable

　　[C] inevitable but vicious

　　[D] pointless and wasteful

48. The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show the public's ________.

　　[A] discontent with animal research

　　[B] ignorance about medical science

　　[C] indifference to epidemics

　　[D] anxiety about animal rights

49. The author believes that, in face of the challenge from animal rights advocates, scientists should ________.

　　[A] communicate more with the public

　　[B] employ hi-tech means in research

　　[C] feel no shame for their cause

　　[D] strive to develop new cures

50. From the text we learn that Stephen Cooper is ________.

　　[A] a well-known humanist

　　[B] a medical practitioner

　　[C] an enthusiast in animal rights

　　[D] a supporter of animal research

重点词汇：

paraphrase /5π“ρΕφρειζ/ （n.v.释意）即para+phrase，para-前缀表“在旁边、辅助”，phrase即“短语；用短语表达”，故“用短语辅助表达”→释意。以para-为前缀的单词还有paragraph（文章的段、节；短评）←para+graph写；parameter（参数）←para+meter计量；parasite（寄生虫）←para+site地点。guangxian注：与真题文章开头paraphrase时引用的Edmund Burke的话相类似，在布鲁斯·威利斯(Bruce Willis)主演的2003年影片Tears of the Sun结尾时整屏显示的是：“The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing. — Edmund Burke”。←guangxian：然而至今尚无任何证据表明Edmund Burke曾说过这些“名言”。

biomedical /7βαιΕυ5μεδικΕλ/ （生物医学的）←bio生物+medic医疗+al形容词后缀。

respond /ρισ5πΧνδ/ （v.回复；响应）即re+spond，re-(=back)，spond词根“请求”，于是“回复请求”→响应。One of the few experiences which never pall is the experience for watching one's own interests, responds to new stimuli, and develops new thoughts.令人永不生厌的不多的几种体验之一，是观察自己的头脑，看它是如何产生新的兴趣、对新的刺激作出反应及发展新的思想。（←stimuli是stimulus的复数形式。）

advocate /5“δϖΕκιτ/ （v.提倡n.倡议者；辩护人）即ad+voc+ate，ad-前缀表“加强”，voc词根意为“声音”（即voice，因为元音可任意增减替换），-ate为动词后缀（作名词后缀时表“人”）。

argument /5Β:⊥ϕυμΕντ/ （辩论；论据，论点）为argue（v.辩论；主张）的名词形式。Never argue at the dinner table, for the one who is not hungry always gets the best of the argument.绝不要在餐桌上争论，因为肚子不饿的人总是占上风。Truth is always the strongest argument.事实永远是最强有力的论据。argument — ①the longest distance between two points of view ②an event that leaves either party convinced that he is more correct 争论——①两种观点之间的最远距离 ②一个使双方都确信自己更正确的事件。

allegation /7“λι5⊥ειΦΕν/ （宣称）即al+leg+ation，al-前缀表“加强”，leg词根意为“说”（如legend→leg说+end名词后缀表“物”→人们都在说的东西→传奇），-ation名词后缀。allege为其动词形式。

perplex /πΕ5πλεκσ/ （使困惑，使复杂化）即per+plex，per-前缀表“完全”，plex词根意为“重叠”，故“完全重叠在一起分不清了”→困惑。同根词为complex→com一起+plex→重叠在一起的→复杂的；综合的；联合体。

brochure /βρΕυ5ΦϕυΕ/ （小册子）源自法语，词形与brother相似→兄弟们每人手里拿着本小册子。

immunization /7ιμϕυ:ναι5ζειΦΕν/ （免疫作用）←immune（免疫的；免除的），immunity（免疫；免除），immunize（使免疫；使免除）。Immune←im+mun+e，im-=in-表“否定”（因后接字母m，故in-变形为im-），mun（本为词根，此不论）可分解为mu+n←读作“母牛”←最初为防天花而施行的最有效的免疫法即是在奶牛身上试验出来的，故谓之“种牛痘”。

vaccine /5ϖ“κσι:ν/ （疫苗）即vacc(a)+ine，vacca是拉丁文“牛”（开头两字母V和A表带角牛头），-ine后缀多用于医药名词（如medicine），该词是当初科学家发表“牛痘”论文时创造的。vaccination /7ϖ“κσι5νειΦΕν/ （接种疫苗）←vaccin(e)+ation名词后缀。vaccine — a microbe with its face washed 疫苗——洗过脸的微生物。

epidemic /7επι5δεμικ/ （流行的；流行病）与academic形似→学术思潮像流行病一样流行。

deceptive /δι5σεπτιϖ/ （欺骗的，蒙蔽的）→deceive（v.欺骗，蒙蔽）→deception（n.欺骗，蒙蔽）；类似单词有receptive（善接受的）→receive（v.接收；招待）→reception（接收；招待；招待会）。Nature never deceives us; it is we who deceive ourselves.大自然从不欺骗我们，欺骗我们的是我们自己。deceptions — the oil to the wheels of life 欺骗——生活车轮的润滑油。

ultimate /5Θλτιμιτ/ （最终的；根本的），马丁·路德·金(Martin Luther King)说：The ultimate measure of a man is not where he stands in moments of comfort and convenience, but where he stands at times of challenge and controversy.衡量一个人的最终尺度，不是看他在舒适顺利的时候站在哪里，而是看他在受到非难和争议的时候站在哪里。

recruit /ρι5κρυ:τ/ （v.征兵；招募n.新兵；新成员）即re+cruit，re-前缀表“反复”，cruit词根意为“创造”（=create，因为元音字母可增减替换），玩星际（zerg，哈哈）的时候不就要拼命“反复、一再”地create兵吗？

vicious /5ϖιΦΕσ/ （邪恶的，恶毒的）即vic(e)+ious，vice即名词“邪恶”，-ious为形容词后缀。The more virtuous any man is, the less easily does he suspect others to be vicious.任何人越高尚，就越不容易疑心别人邪恶。

ignorance /5ι⊥νΕρΕνσ/ （无知；不知道）即ig+nor(e)+ance，ig-否定前缀，nor词根表“知道”=know，-ance名词后缀。ignorant（无知的）；ignore（v.忽视）。It is impossible to defeat an ignorant man in argument.在争论中无法击败无知者。Not ignorance, but the ignorance of ignorance, is the death of knowledge.不是无知，而是对无知的无知，才是知识的死亡。ignorance — when you don't know something and somebody finds it out 无知——你不知道某事而又被人发现了。The more you study, the more you'll find yourself ignorant.越学习越会发现自己无知。ignorant person — is one who doesn't know what you have just found out 无知的人——不知道你刚刚发现的事情的人。

extinguish /ικσ5τιΝ⊥ωιΦ/ （v.熄灭，灭绝）→extinct（a.熄灭的，灭绝的），类似的有distinguish（v.区别，辨别）→distinct（独特的，明显的）。Absence is to love what wind is to fire; it extinguishes the small, it inflames the great.离别之于爱情有如风之于火，它熄灭小火，却使大火燃烧更旺。

bypass /5βαιπΒ:σ/ 心脏搭桥；ember /5εμβΕ/ 灰烬（但火焰尚未完全熄灭），多用复数形式。

难句解析：

①All that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing.

▲本句的谓语动词是后边的is。主语中心词是all。all的后边接了一个that引导的定语从句。谓语动词is的后边是一个表语从句。

△此句话不长，但是结构并不简单。要想把意思看透彻应该从抓主干成分开始，然后仔细琢磨词与词之间的修饰关系。同时还应体会两个that的不同用法。第一个that在定语从句当中充当主语，第二个that是引导表语从句的，不充当成分。

②Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care.

▲逗号的前边是主句，主句可以缩为Scientists need to respond to advocates。逗号的后边是一个非限定性定语从句，whose指代的是animal rights advocates。and把confusing和threatening连接了起来。

△体会一下thereby的用法。从此句中可以看出thereby并没有连接句子，它是副词，表示“借以”、“由此”、“在那一点上”、“在那一方面”，相当于by that means、in that connection。

③For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals — no meat, no fur, no medicines.

▲本句的主干结构是a woman was distributing a brochure。brochure的后边跟了一个that引导的定语从句，限定修饰brochure。anything的后边也接一个定语从句限定修饰anything。

△staff在此句中作动词使用，意思为provide with、act as。现在分词短语staffing an animal rights booth作woman的后置定语。

④To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst.

▲本句的主干结构在最后一个逗号的后边，即animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst。To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines，此部分的主干成分是to those，those的后边跟了一个who引导的定语从句。

△...at best ...at worst是一个非常地道的英文表达形式，可以译为“往最好的方面看……往最坏的方面看……”。

⑤Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment.

▲本句是由because连接的两个句子。主句的主干结构是the health research community should recruit to its cause not only... but...。Stephen Cooper的后边接了一个who引导的非限定性定语从句，用来补充说明他的情况。

△本句是本篇文章中最长的一个句子，有一定的难度。阅读的突破点还是应该努力抓其最核心的主干部分。另外还要抓住not only... but...之间的平行结构。

试题解析：

　　这是一篇论说文。文章的内容大致是这样的：作者举例说明许多动物权益保护者并不了解生物医学的真实情况和意义，而一味地反对生物医学，使广大群众也受到了蒙蔽。针对这一点，作者指出科学家应采取措施与大众多交流，避免由于人们的无知而阻碍了生物医学的发展。

　　基于这篇文章的5个小题考查了考生把握文章要义的能力，理解文章结构的能力以及推理、引申的能力。从考生的答题情况看，这篇文章的题目是四篇文章中最简单的。5个小题的区分度都较好。

46. [A]

本题的难度值为0.316，中等难度。

　　该小题问的是作者在篇首引用Edmund Burke的话的含义。

　　这道题与第42小题有类似之处，实际上考查了考生对文章主旨要义的理解。篇首的话在篇尾得到了呼应：“If good people do nothing, there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress.”。一首一尾的呼应突出了这篇文章的中心：呼唤科学家们采取行动，切勿让人们的无知阻碍了医学的发展。所以应该选A。答对的考生有31.6％，属中等难度的题目，区分度较好。

　　有43.4％的考生选择了B，错误的原因在于没有抓住文章的中心要义。

47. [B]

本题的难度值为0.631，比较容易。区分度为0.344，比较理想。

　　该题问的是受误导的人们是怎样看待用动物做试验的。

　　从前两段和第三段的最后一句中，我们了解到，受到误导的人们认为用动物做研究是残酷的、不可思议的。四个选项中，B最符合原文。

　　A项中提到了“cruel”，但是“natural”不对，正相反，人们认为那是非常不合情理的。

　　C项说的是“不可避免的，但含有恶意的”，也不正确。

　　D项说的是“毫无意义，浪费的”。实际上，人们的反对态度很强烈。D项虽无原则上的错误，但是不如B项更贴近原文意思。

　　该题属于中等难度偏易的题目，区分度较好。

48. [B]

本题的难度值为0.444，中等难度。区分度为0.386，比较理想。

　　该题主要是考查考生是否理解论据在文章中的作用，是否能从众多信息中找出作者的观点。

　　这个例子不难理解，说的是一位老太太向大家散发传单，号召大家不要用任何来自于动物或在动物身上试验过的东西。当问及是否反对使用疫苗时，老太大并不知道疫苗是从动物研究中得来的。她认为，若疫苗也来源于动物，那么就不应使用疫苗，流行病自有科学家们用计算机来解决。可见老太太对科学的无知。而她的这种无知是很普遍的。第二段最后一句话感叹：“Such well-meaning people just don't understand.”（这些好心人压根就不明白）。所以答案为B。

　　有部分考生选择了A，我们一起看一下A为什么不对。A说的是公众对动物试验的不满。的确，人们很反感用动物做试验，但是，老太太的例子就是为了说明这一点吗？这个论据反映的是什么论点呢？考生可以从全文的角度看。文章的重点不在描写公众有多愤怒，而在于指出公众不满的根源——对医学研究不了解，然后呼唤科学家们针对这个根源采取行动。所以老太太的例子反映的是公众的无知。A不正确。

　　C、D也是类似错误。

　　该小题属中等难度题，区分度较好。

49. [A]

本题的难度值为0.841，比较容易。区分度为0.452，很理想。

　　该题考查的是考生对作者观点的理解，解题线索可在最后两段中找出。作者向科学家们提出的建议都是有助于他们与公众更好的交流。答案很明显，是A。

　　该题属较容易的题，区分度很理想。

50. [D]

本题的难度值为0.677，比较容易。区分度为0.373，比较理想。

　　该题考查考生的推理能力。

　　从最后一段，我们可以找到线索：“Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients... Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research...”。从这句话中，我们知道Cooper是个名人，也是病患者，他曾经高度赞扬过动物研究的价值。所以，我们可以推断出他是支持动物研究的。答案是D。

　　该小题属中等难度偏易的题目。

全文翻译：

18世纪政治家埃德蒙·柏克曾说过类似这样的话，“一个被误导的事业如果要成功，它惟一需要的是好人无所作为”。一个这样的事业现在正在寻求终止生物医学的研究，因为有这样一种理论说，动物享有权利禁止它们被用于实验。科学家应该对动物权利鼓吹者做出强有力的回应，因为他们的言论混淆了公众的视听，从而威胁到卫生知识和卫生服务的进步。动物权利运动的领导者将矛头指向生物医学研究，原因在于它依赖公共资金的资助，并且很少有人懂得医学研究的过程。当人们听到医学实验虐待动物的指控时，许多人都不明白为什么有人会故意伤害动物。

　　例如，在近期的一次集市上，一位老奶奶站在动物权利宣传点前散发小册子，规劝人们不要使用动物制品和动物实验制品——肉类，毛皮，药物。当被问到她是否反对免疫接种时，她问疫苗是否来自动物实验。当被告知的确如此，她回答道，“那么我不得不说，是的，我反对接种”。当被问到瘟疫爆发怎么办时，她说，“不用担心，科学家会找到一种方法，用计算机来解决问题”。看，这样好心的人们就是不明白。

　　科学家必须把他们的意思传达给公众，并且要使用有同情心和通俗易懂的语言，一般人能够明白的语言，而不要使用分子生物学的语言。我们需要说明动物实验与祖母的髋骨更换、父亲的心脏搭桥、婴儿的免疫接种、甚至宠物的注射针剂都密切相关。许多人不明白获得这些新的治疗方法和疫苗都必须进行动物实验。对于他们来说，动物实验说得好是浪费，说得不好是残忍。

　　有很多事情可以做。科学家可以进入中学课堂，展示他们的实验结果。他们应该对报刊的读者来信及时做出反应，以防止动物权利的误导言论在毫无质疑的情况下横行，从而获得一副真理的面容。科研机构应该对外开放，让人参观，向人们展示实验室里的动物获得了人道的对待。最后，因为最终决定因素是病人，医疗研究机构不仅应该积极争取斯蒂芬·库柏这样的名人的支持——他对动物实验的价值勇敢地进行了肯定——而且应该争取所有接受治疗的病人的支持。如果好人无所作为，一群不明真相的公众真的有可能扑灭医学进步的宝贵火种。

2003 Text 3

　　In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into super systems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers.

　　Supporters of the new supersystems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.

　　The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such "captive" shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government's Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.

　　Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyone's cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. It's a theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. "Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?" asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shipper.

　　Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be hit with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on. Consider the $10.2 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year. Conrail's net railway operating income in 1996 was just $427 million, less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction. Who's going to pay for the rest of the bill? Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.

51. According to those who support mergers railway monopoly is unlikely because ________.

　　[A] cost reduction is based on competition

　　[B] services call for cross-trade coordination

　　[C] outside competitors will continue to exist

　　[D] shippers will have the railway by the throat

52. What is many captive shippers' attitude towards the consolidation in the rail industry?

　　[A] Indifferent.

　　[B] Supportive.

　　[C] Indignant.

　　[D] Apprehensive.

53. It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that ________.

　　[A] shippers will be charged less without a rival railroad

　　[B] there will soon be only one railroad company nationwide

　　[C] overcharged shippers are unlikely to appeal for rate relief

　　[D] a government board ensures fair play in railway business

54. The word "arbiters" (line 6, paragraph 4) most probably refers to those ________.

　　[A] who work as coordinators

　　[B] who function as judges

　　[C] who supervise transactions

　　[D] who determine the price

55. According to the text, the cost increase in the rail industry is mainly caused by ________.

　　[A] the continuing acquisition

　　[B] the growing traffic

　　[C] the cheering Wall Street

　　[D] the shrinking market

重点词汇：

merge /μΕ:δς/ （v.合并）比emerge（v.出现；形成）少首字母e，merger /5μΕ:δςΕ/ （n.合并）←merge+r名词后缀。

monopoly /μΕ5νΧπΕλι/ （n.垄断；专利权）即mono+poly，mono-前缀“单独的”，poly（词根=sell）可看作play，于是“一个人玩”→垄断。动词为monopolize←mono+pol(y)+ize动词后缀。含前缀mono-的单词另如：monotonous（单调的）←mono+ton调+ous形容词后缀；monoxide（一氧化物）←mon(o)+ox氧+ide化合物；monocracy（独裁统治）←mono+cracy统治。Liberty and monopoly cannot live together.自由与垄断不能并存。monopoly — business at the end of its journey 垄断——穷途末路的商业。

substantial /σΕβ5στ“νΦΕλ/ （实质的；坚固的；富裕的）←sub在下面+st(=stand)+antial形容词后缀。名词为substance（物质；实质；财产）←sub+st+ance。Every person born in the USA is endowed with life, liberty and a substantial share of the national debt.生在美国的每个人都被赋予生命、自由和国债的大量份额。

reduction /ρι5δΘκΦΕν/ （减少）←re(=back)+duc引导+tion名词后缀；reduce /ρι5δϕυ:σ/ （v.减少；还原）←re+duce。同根词：deduce（v.演绎）←de(=away)+duce；deduction（演绎；推论）←de+duc+tion。The tendency of modern science is to reduce proof to absurdity by continually reducing absurdity to proof.现代科学的趋势，是以不断地把谬论化为证明来使证明沦为谬论。reducing diet — the taming of the chew 节食——驯服咀嚼。

coordinate /κΕυ5Χ:δινιτ/ （使协调；同等的；坐标的；坐标）即co+ordin+ate，co-前缀=together，ordin词根意为“in order”，-ate后缀，于是“按次序摆在一起”→使协调；“按次序摆在一起的”→同等的。coordination（协调；同等）←co+ordin+ation名词后缀；coordinator /κΕυ5Χ:δινειτΕ/ （协调者；同等的人或物）←co+ordin+at(e)+or人或物。

fierce /φιΕσ/ （激烈的；凶猛的）The fiercest agonies have shortest reign.最强烈的痛苦持续时间最短。

compete /κΕμ5πι:τ/ （v.竞争；竞赛）即com+pet+e，com-前缀“一起”，pet（本为词根，此不论）宠物，“在一起争宠”；competition /κΧμπι5τιΦΕν/ （竞争；竞赛）←com+pet+ition名词后缀；competitor /κΕμ5πετιτΕ/ （竞争者）←com+pet+itor后缀表“人”。Art is the unceasing effort to compete with the beauty of flowers — and never succeeding.艺术就是与鲜花之美竞争的不断努力——而且从未成功。The biggest things are always the easiest to do because there is no competition.最大的事总是最容易做的事，因为不存在竞争。

shipper /5ΦιπΕ/ 托运者，货主。

consolidation /κΕν7σΧλι5δειΦΕν/ （巩固，加强）←con(=together)+solid坚固+ation名词后缀，动词为consolidate←con+solid+ate。

captive /5κ“πτιϖ/ （a.被俘虏的n.俘虏）←capt抓+ive后缀。You're not free until you've been made captive by supreme belief.在被至上的信仰俘获之前，你不是自由的。

discrimination /δισ7κριμι5νειΦΕν/ （辨别；歧视）即dis分离+crimin+ation名词后缀，crimin可看作criminal（罪犯）→要把罪犯“辨别”开来，但不可“歧视”；动词为discriminate←dis+crimin+ate。discriminate between 区分，辨别；discriminate against 歧视，不一样对待。

switching /5σωιτΦιΝ/ （n.开关；转换）←switch+ing，switch（v.n.开关；转换），-ing后缀。When the man you like switches from what he said a year ago, or four years ago, he is a broadminded person who has courage enough to change his mind with changing conditions. When a man you don't like does it, he is a liar who has broken his promises.当你喜欢的人改变一年前或四年前的说法时，他是个有足够勇气随时修正意见的坦荡的人；当你不喜欢的人这么做，他就是个食言的骗子。I find television very educational. Every time someone switches it on I go into another room and read a good book.我发现电视有很好的教育功能。因为每次有人打开电视，我就跑到另外的房间去读一本好书。

subscribe /σΕβ5σκραιβ/ （v.订购；捐助；签署；赞成）即sub在下面+scribe写→“在下面写上自己的名字”，名词为subscription；同根词describe（v.描述）即de向下+scribe写→“写下来”，名词为description。subscriber — someone who wants to read the same every morning, but on freshly printed paper 捐款者——每天早上都想读到同一内容的人，但要在新印的报纸上。

flourish /5φλΘριΦ/ （v.繁荣）即flour+ish动词后缀，flour为词根=flower，也可看作单词“面粉”→“使像面粉一样撒得到处都是”→繁荣。The sciences are of sociable disposition, and fourish best in the neighborhood of each other.各门科学性喜交际，因而在相邻地带最为繁荣。

arbiter /5Β:βιτΕ/ （仲裁者，权威人士）可参arbitrary（任意的，专断的）记忆，动词为arbitrate（仲裁）。arbiter — ①the only man who is completely satisfied with the final settlement ②a man who listens to both sides, studies the evidence, and then mispronounces judgment 仲裁者——①唯一对最后解决方案完全满意的人 ②聆听双方陈说，研究证据，最后误读判决的人。

fortune /5φΧ:τΦΕν/ （运气；财富）可看作for+tune，争取“运气”与“财富”是为了(for)生活的和谐(tune)。Every man is the artisan of his own fortune.每个人都是制造其自身命运的工匠。Honesty is incompatible with amassing a large fortune.诚实与积聚大量财产是不相容的。

invest /ιν5ϖεστ/ （v.投资）←in+vest，in在里面，vest看作单词“马甲”，“投资大量金钱生产马甲”。It is very much easier for a rich man to invest and grow richer than for the poor man to begin investing at all.富人投资并变得更加富有，要比穷人能够开始投资容易得多。

attitude /5“τιτϕυ:δ/ （态度；看法；姿势）与latitude（纬度）一起记：因为“态度”的“态”拼音声母为t，故attitude双写t；因为“纬度”是标示在一根根与赤道平行的拉(la)长的纬线上的，故latitude以la开头。Civilization is a method of living, an attitude of equal respect for all men.文明是一种生活方法，一种对所有的人同样尊重的态度。

apprehensive /7“πρι5ηενσιϖ/ （有理解力的；忧虑的）←ap(=to)+prehen抓+sive形容词后缀，名词为apprehension（理解；忧虑）←ap+prehen+sion；同根词：comprehensive（能理解的；广泛的）、comprehension（理解；包含）。

难句解析：

①But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.

▲本句是由三个分句构成的，分别由but和and两个连接词连接。第一个分句中complain的后边跟了一个that引导的宾语从句。

△阅读逗号较多的句子时，抓出其中的连词也是一种方法。虽然本句话看上去较乱，但是抓住了but和and层次感也就出来了。“have... by the throat”在此处译为“卡住……的脖子，主宰……”。

②Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government's Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.

▲本句是由三个分句构成的，分别由but和and两个连接词连接。第一个分句较长，可以缩句为shippers have the right。shipper的后边跟了一个who引导的定语从句。

△本句的结构与上句非常相像。阅读的时候建议还是先抓出两个连词，然后再各个分句逐个击破。

③If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue，shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line.

▲这是一个由if引导的条件状语从句。主句的主干是shippers would do so。Shipper的后边接了一个who引导的定语从句。最后一个逗号的后边是一个现在分词短语作状语。

△最后一个逗号的后边有两个现在分词，但是用法有所不同。leaving sb. to do sth.这个现在分词短语充当状语。而remaining这个现在分词时作customers的定语，可以译为“剩余的客户”。

④It's a theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail.

▲本句是由but连接的两个分句。第一个分句的主干部分是It's a theory，后边紧跟了一个which引导的定语从句。but后边的分句的主语是it，谓语是leave。determining的后边接了两个并列的宾语从句：which companies will flourish and which will fail。

△要注意subscribe的用法，它作“订阅”或“订购”意思讲的时候，是不及物动词，后面应该接to，比如：subscribe to China Daily，此处应该引申译为“采取”(adopt)；它作及物动词时候表示“捐献”，比如：subscribe fifty dollars to a local charity。

试题解析：

这是一篇经济类的文章。在文章中，作者对铁路行业中并购的状况和趋势进行了观察，阐述了并购支持者和铁路托运商对铁路行业垄断的不同看法，以及他们对并购可能带来的影响的看法。考生对这类题材也许不太熟悉。但是，经济是社会生活的一个重要组成部分，是考生在生活中不可避免的话题。而且，这篇文章的专业性并不强，题目也都是从语言理解能力方面考查，所以这篇文章是符合大纲要求的。

　　这篇文章的语言不难，存在一些生词，但是生词的数量并没有超出大纲允许的范围。实际上，在真实的语言环境中，我们在阅读中总会碰到生词，即使是英语国家的人们也是如此。考生应该掌握这样的阅读能力，即在不认识一些词语的情况下，通过上下文来推断和猜测词义以读懂文章。这种能力是实际语言环境要求我们掌握的。

　　这篇文章的几个文字难点是：“merge”，“'captive' shipper”等。“merge”一词虽未列入大纲词汇表，对考生来说是个生词，但是考生可以通过上下文理解它的含义。文章的第一句是：“In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into supersystems...”，从“combining with each other”我们可以猜出“merging”的意思是“合并”。“shipper”一词是动词“ship”（意思是“to send [esp. a large article] to a distant place by post or other means”，“运送”）加上后缀“er”构成的，表示“托运货物的人”或称“货主”，在文中指的是依靠铁路运输货物的商家，铁路公司的客户。“captive”的原义为“被俘虏的”，引申义为“受限制的”。这两个词在大纲上都已列出，考生应能通过构词法的知识猜测、引申出它们的含义。

　　这篇文章5个小题除第52小题较难外，其他小题都属中等难度的题目。

51. [C]

本题的难度值为0.561，中等难度。区分度为0.440，很理想。

　　该小题考查的是考生对具体信息的理解能力。

　　题目问的是并购支持者为什么认为铁路行业内不会形成垄断。答案要在第二段的前半段中找，后半段说的是货主们的观点。支持者认为：“Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks.”，意思是：因为要和卡车（指公路运输）竞争，所以不存在垄断的可能。所以C选项最符合文章的意思。

　　A项不对，文章说支持者认为合并能降低成本，与竞争没有关系。

　　B项没有根据。

　　D项把主语和宾语弄反了，而且也不是支持者的观点，所以也是错误的。

　　该小题属中等难度，区分度很好。

52. [D]

　本题的难度值为0.166，偏难。 　

上题问的是支持者的观点，本题问的是货主的态度，要求考生根据文中所提供的线索做判断。

　　通过文章中几处对托运商的描述，如：“But many shippers complain that...”（第2段），“Many captive shipper also worry...”（第5段），“Many captive shippers fear that...”（第5段），我们可以判断出货主的态度是忧虑的，对未来的状况忧心忡忡。所以D选项是正确的。

　　较多的考生选择的是C。C项的含义是“愤怒的”。这篇文章是论说性的文章，反映的是各方对铁路行业内合并的趋势和前景的看法。文中的许多描述用的是将来时，因为是对未来的推测。文中并没有线索说明货主们有强烈的敌对情绪，C项言过其实了。

　　该题的难度值较低。

53. [C]

本题的难度值为0.618，比较容易。

　　该小题考查的是考生的推理、引申能力。

　　A项正好与原文意思相反。从第三段第二句中，我们得知铁路公司合并后，铁路公司向货主们收取的费用是以前的20％至30％，所以，应该是“Shippers will be charged more without a rival railroad.”。

　　B项缺乏依据，所以也是不对的。

　　C项是正确的，因为文章里说到：货主们若认为铁路公司收费不合理，可以向联邦政府的机构申请降低收费。但是，因为申诉的过程耗时费钱，所以极少人提出申诉。由此，我们可以推断出受到剥削的货主们不大可能提出申诉。

　　D项说的是政府能保证铁路行业内的公平竞争。这种说法缺乏依据。事实上，由于货主们申诉的困难大，大多数情况下政府部门根本管不着。

　　该小题属中等难度偏易的题目。

54. [B]

本题的难度值为0.562，中等难度。区分度为0.361，比较理想。

　　该小题考查的是考生猜测生词词义的能力。

　　“arbiter”的意思是“仲裁者”。考生可以通过上下文猜测到这个含义。这个词出现在第四段的最后一句，其实它要表述的内容已在前一句体现了：“It's a theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail.”。由此，我们可以猜测出“arbiter”指的是“those who are in the position of determining something”，就可得出答案B。

　　考生应知道，语言交流中，重复是一种常用的修辞手段，以强调某个信息或观点。文章中也常会利用重复手法。所以，考生猜测词义时不应只限于一个句子，而应从上下文寻找线索。

　　D项虽有“determine”一词，但是意思不对。文中说的意思是，因为铁路对不同的顾客收取的费用不同，这种不公平使铁路公司无形中决定了托运商的命运（一些托运商的花费就会比其他托运商的高出很多，从而影响了他们的效益），所以铁路公司就好比是商场中的裁判，能决定谁赢谁输。D项的含义不准确。

　　该题属中等难度的题目，区分度较好。

55. [A]

本题的难度值为0.325，中等难度。

　　该小题问的是铁路成本提高的主要原因，考查的是考生对文中因果关系的把握。

　　最后一段以具体事例说明，铁路公司并购需要借很多的资金，是铁路公司目前的收入远远不能填补的。所以，铁路的经营成本提高。A是正确的。

　　至于B项，文中提到铁路公司还没有足够的钱去增加投资，以满足快速发展的交通的需要，但是，这并不是引起成本提高的主要原因，文章的重点并不在此。

　　C、D项都毫无依据，都是错误的。

　　该小题属中等难度的题目。

全文翻译：

　　近年来，铁路公司相互联合，组成了超大型集团，引起人们对垄断行为的极大关注。近至1995年，四家大型铁路公司占有整个铁路运输业务的约70％。到明年，一系列兼并活动完成之后，四家铁路公司将控制90％以上的铁路运输业务。

　　支持组建超大型铁路集团的人认为，兼并将带来成本的大幅降低，服务项目的更好协调。他们认为，在公路运输的激烈竞争面前，垄断的威胁已经不复存在。但许多客户却抱怨说，对于依赖长途运输的大宗商品来说，如煤炭、化学制品和粮食，由于公路运输花费太大，这样铁路公司就会“掐他们的脖子”。

　　铁路运输业内的大规模联合意味着多数客户将会依赖一家公司的服务。通常，铁路公司对这些“被控”客户的收费要比有另一铁路公司竞争业务时多20％～30％。如果客户感到他们被多收费，他们有权上诉到联邦政府的“陆路运输局”以争取价格下调。但这个过程耗财、耗时，并且只有在真正极端特殊的情况下才有作用。

　　铁路公司对“被控”客户进行区别对待的依据是，从长远来看，这样做会降低所有人的成本。他们认为，如果铁路公司向所有客户收取同样的普通价格的话，那么，可以使用公路运输或其他交通工具的客户将会转移，使剩下的客户来承担铁路正常运作的开销。这种理论得到了多数经济学家的认同，但在实际操作中，它使铁路公司获得了一个决定谁败谁荣的权利。“我们是否真的想让铁路公司成为在市场上决定谁败谁荣的裁决者呢？”马丁·贝科维奇问道。他是一位常常代表铁路客户的华盛顿律师。

　　许多“被控”客户还担心他们很快将遭遇一轮新的大幅涨价。从整体来说，虽然铁路行业有耀眼的资产，但它的收入仍然不足以支付为满足不断增长的运输需要而进行的固定资产投资。然而铁路公司仍然继续贷款数十亿美元来进行相互兼并，而华尔街也鼓励它们这样做。请想一想今年南诺弗克公司和CSX公司为兼并康雷尔公司所花的102亿美元吧。康雷尔公司1996年铁路运营纯收入为4.27亿美元，这还不足这宗交易运作成本的一半。谁来支付其余的费用？许多“被控”客户担心他们会，因为南诺弗克和CSX公司将增加对市场的控制。

2003 Text 4

It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional. Small wonder. Americans' life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure. Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 years ago. But not even a great health-care system can cure death — and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours.

Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even under ideal conditions. We all understand that at some level, yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved. Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it's useless. The most obvious example is late-stage cancer care. Physicians — frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient — too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified.

　　In 1950, the US spent $12.7 billion on health care. In 2002, the cost will be $1540 billion. Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable. Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it. Some scholars conclude that a government with finite resources should simply stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond a certain age — say 83 or so. Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm "have a duty to die and get out of the way", so that younger, healthier people can realize their potential.

　　I would not go that far. Energetic people now routinely work through their 60s and beyond, and remain dazzlingly productive. At 78, Viacom chairman Sumner Redstone jokingly claims to be 53. Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor is in her 70s, and former surgeon general C.Everett Koop chairs an Internet start-up in his 80s. These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age. As a mere 68-year-old, I wish to age as productively as they have.

　　Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit. As a physician, I know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful. I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have. As a nation, we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could improve people's lives.

56. What is implied in the first sentence?

　　[A] Americans are better prepared for death than other people.

　　[B] Americans enjoy a higher life quality than ever before.

　　[C] Americans are over-confident of their medical technology.

　　[D] Americans take a vain pride in their long life expectancy.

57. The author uses the example of caner patients to show that ________.

　　[A] medical resources are often wasted

　　[B] doctors are helpless against fatal diseases

　　[C] some treatments are too aggressive

　　[D] medical costs are becoming unaffordable

58. The author's attitude toward Richard Lamm's remark is one of ________.

　　[A] strong disapproval

　　[B] reserved consent

　　[C] slight contempt

　　[D] enthusiastic support

59. In contrast to the US, Japan and Sweden are funding their medical care ________.

　　[A] more flexibly

　　[B] more extravagantly

　　[C] more cautiously

　　[D] more reasonably

60. The text intends to express the idea that ________.

　　[A] medicine will further prolong people's lives

　　[B] life beyond a certain limit is not worth living

　　[C] death should be accepted as a fact of life

　　[D] excessive demands increase the cost of health care

重点词汇：

inevitable /ιν5εϖιτΕβλ/ （不可避免的；必然的）←in+evitable，in-否定前缀，evitable=avoidable可避免的。Change is inevitable. In a progressive country change is constant.变革不可避免，在进步的国家里变革是永恒的。In war there is no substitute for victory.在战争中没有什么可以取代胜利。Those who make peaceful revolution impossible will make violent revolution inevitable.那些使和平改革成为不可能的人，必会使暴力革命成为可能。the inevitable of history 历史必由之路。

life expectancy 预期寿命。

depression /δι5πρεΦΕν/ （消沉；萧条）←de向下+press压+ion名词后缀，动词为depress（压抑；使沮丧）。Noble deeds and hot baths are the best cures for depression.高尚的行为和热水澡是治疗抑郁的最佳方法。It's recession when your neighbor loses his job; it's a depression when you lose yours.邻居失业的时候就是经济衰退，自己失业的时候就是经济萧条。

cataract /5κ“τΕρ“κτ/ （大瀑布；白内障）可看作cat+ar+act，cat猫，ar啊~~，act动作，“猫啊一声从‘大瀑布’里跳出来摔成了‘白内障’”，白内障的主要症状就是自觉眼睛前面有条瀑布而视物不清。

surgical /5σΕ:δςικΕλ/ （外科的；外科医生的；手术的；手术；外科病房）←surg+ical；surgery（外科；外科学；手术；手术室）←surg+ery；surgeon /5σΕ:δςΕν/ （外科医生；军医）←surg+eon。

genetically /δςι5νετικΕλι/ （由遗传决定地）←gene基因+tical形容词后缀+ly副词后缀。

disintegrate /δισ5ιντι⊥ρειτ/ （使分裂；使解体）←dis使分离+integrate，integrate（使成为一体）←integr完整+ate动词后缀；integer（整数；完整的东西）；integrity（完整；诚实；正直）。

perish /5περιΦ/ （丧生；凋谢；消亡）←per(=away)+ish动词后缀。The great tragedy of life is not that men perish but that they cease to love.人生的巨大悲剧不是人们死亡，而是他们不再去爱。Truth may languish but can never perish.真理可能衰微，但决不会灭亡。

obvious /5ΧβϖιΕσ/ （显而易见的）可把b看作6，再把vi看作罗马数字6，两边的两个o看作两只眼睛，-ous为形容词后缀，因为6=6，所以b=vi，这是“显而易见的”。No question is so difficult to answer as that to which the answer is obvious.最难回答的问题是答案明显的问题。All great truths are obvious truths. But no all obvious truths are great truths.所有伟大的真理都是显而易见的事实，但并非所有显而易见的事实都是伟大的真理。

aggressive /Ε5⊥ρεσιϖ/ （侵略的；好斗的；有进取心的）←ag(=to)+gress走+ive形容词后缀。War is an aggressive action of man to man independent of his own will.战争是人对人的侵略行为，不为其自身意志左右。

unsustainable /7ΘνσΕσ5τεινΕβλ/ （不能持续的）即un+sustain+able，un-前缀表否定，sustain /σΕσ5τειν/ （支撑；保持）←sus(=sub)在下面+tain(=hold)。同根词：contain（包含）←con一起+tain；retain（保留）←re再+tain。sustainable development 可持续发展。

reverse /ρι5ϖΕ:σ/ （颠倒的；使倒转；背面）←re(=back)+verse(=turn)。The historian is a prophet in reverse.史学家是颠倒的预言家。

infirm /ιν5φΕ:μ/ （虚弱的；不坚固的）←in否定前缀+firm坚固的。

potential /πΕ5τενΦ(Ε)λ/ （潜在的；潜力）可看作pot+ent+ial，pot即“罐子”，-ent与-ial是后缀，“暂时藏在罐子里面的东东”→潜在的、潜力。Most of us haven't begun to tap our own potential for happiness.我们大多数人尚未着手开发自身获得幸福的潜力。

routinely /ρυ:5τι:νλι/ （例行公事地）←routine+ly，routine可看作由route与in组成→“按路线走的”→常规的；惯例。Man's usual routine is to work and to dream.人的日常行为就是工作与梦想。

humble /5ηΘμβλ/ （卑贱的；谦卑的v.贬抑）A humble man argues for his fault, while a brave man makes his faults known to all.卑微的人为自己的过失辩解，勇敢的人则把自己的过失公之于众。

pursuit /πΕ5σϕυ:τ/ （追求；职业）←pursu(e)+it名词后缀；动词为pursue（追求；从事）。Love is strongest in pursuit; friendship in possession.爱情在追求的时候最热烈，友情是在拥有的时候。

therapy /5ΩερΕπι/ （治疗；理疗）可看作the+rap轻敲+y名词后缀←“一种轻轻叩击的方法”。

fatal /5φειτλ/ （致命的，毁灭性的）←fat(e)命运+al。It is most important in this world to be pushing, but it is fatal to seem so.世间最重要的是有进取心，但徒有其表是致命的。God was satisfied with his own work, and that is fatal.上帝很满意他自己的工作，这点是致命的。

extravagantly /ικσ5τρ“ϖΕ⊥Εντλι/ （奢侈地）←extra(=ex)加强语气+vag大+ant形容词后缀+ly；extravagant（奢侈的）←extra+vag+ant；extravagance（奢侈）←extra+vag+ance。Waste of time is the most extravagant and costly of all expenses.时间的浪费是一切花费中最奢侈、最昂贵的一种。extravagance — ①anything you buy that is of no earthly use to your wife ②the way the other fellow spends his money 奢侈——①你所买的对妻子毫无用处的任何东西 ②其他人花钱的方法。

难句解析：

①Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure.

▲controlled的前面和removed的前面省略了can be。

△不要把clinical depression controlled和cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure看成独立主格结构，其实两个逗号连接的是三个平行部分，后面两个可以被视为省略了动词前“can be”的成分。

②Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it's useless.

▲本句的主干结构可以缩为we demand everything，everything的后面紧跟了一个that引导的定语从句，主句的前面是过去分词短语作状语，主句的后面是even if引导的让步状语从句。

△本句的阅读重点是抓出最主干的成分之后，了解分词短语作状语的用法。

③Physicians — frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient — too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified.

▲本句的主干结构是physicians off treatment，两个破折号之间是补充说明的部分，补充说明成分是由and连接的两个分词短语。介词beyond之后跟了一个宾语从句，构成介宾结构。

△通过本句应该掌握破折号之间内容的作用，两个破折号之间通常是补充说明的作用，在第一遍阅读的时候可以先略过不读，这样便可以较为迅速地抓住最主干的成分。

④I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spent far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have.

▲本句的主干结构是I know that，that后面跟了一个完整的宾语从句，宾语从句的谓语动词是have achieved，主语是people。countries作Japan和Sweden的同位语，并且country的后面跟了一个that引导的定语从句。

△本句应该重点理解同位语的用法，本句中的同位语的中心词是countries，后面紧跟了一个定语从句来限定修饰它。

试题解析：

　　这是一篇议论文。在文章中，作者谈到了随着医疗技术的发展，人们的寿命得以延长，人们越来越难接受死亡，经常过多的投入在那些无法治愈、毫无希望的治疗中。作者认为，人们应该勇于接受死亡这一自然规律，不要以为医学无所不能，徒劳地追求长命百岁。

　　这篇文章语言通俗，作者观点独特，而且举了很多例子，边叙边议，是篇很有意思的文章。这篇文章的5个小题考查了考生理解文章要义、篇章结构的能力，以及进行推断、引申的能力。5个小题难度适中。

56. [C]

本题的难度值为0.372，中等难度。

　　该题问的是篇首第一句的含义，考查的是考生对比较手法的理解能力。这句话说的是：“据说，在英国死亡是迫在眉睫的，在加拿大（死亡）是不可避免的，在加利福尼亚（死亡）是可以选择的。”从这句话中，我们不难看出美国人的骄傲和狂妄，他们认为美国拥有高端的医疗技术，死亡是可以控制的。所以C项是正确的：“美国人对他们的医疗技术过分自信。”

　　A项毫无道理，事实上，美国人比其他国家的人更害怕死亡，所以不惜投入许多金钱，期望医疗技术能延缓他们的生命。

　　B项是将美国人的现状与过去相比，与篇首的比较句没有关系。

　　D项说的是美国人为他们的寿命长而感到骄傲，也是没有理解原话的意思。原句中用了“optional”一词，不是说死亡会迟迟不来，而是说美国的医疗技术如此发达，人们可以选择什么时候死亡。借助医疗技术，人们可以想活多久就活多久。所以D项不正确。

　　这道小题属于中等难度的题目。

57. [A]

本题的难度值为0.396，中等难度。区分度为0.355，比较理想。

　　该小题问的是癌症病人的例子说明了什么，考查的是考生对论证过程的理解。

　　在第二段中，作者举出晚期癌症患者的例子，指出医生们为了不让患者丧失希望，往往采取一些过激的，缺乏科学根据的治疗方法。光看这一句，似乎A、B、C选项都正确。但是，结合文章来看（这篇文章是为了说服人们勇敢地接受死亡这一自然规律），我们发现它的作用是为了说明人们通常浪费了医疗资源，过度地投入在回天无力的事情上。从这道题中，我们可以学到，论据就是为了证明论点的，文章中的任何一句话都不能孤立地去理解。而应该结合文章大意，结合上下文去理解。所以A选项是正确的。

　　B、C选项都没有答到点子上。

　　文中并没有提及D项内容，所以是错误的。

　　该题属中等难度的题目，区分度较好。

58. [B]

本题的难度值为0.255，偏难。

　　该题考查的是作者对于Lamm所说的话的态度。

　　Lamm所说的话也是作者引用的一个论据。Lamm认为老年人有义务死亡，以免挡住（年轻人的）道路。在接下来的一段，作者对于Lamm的观点发表了看法：“I would not go that far.”（我不会那么极端）。接着，作者举出了许多例子，说明老年人也可以活得有生气，还能为社会做贡献。有的考生看到这儿就匆匆地选择了A，认为作者极力反对Lamm的观点。这就有点断章取义了。因为在接下来的一段中，作者用“Yet”表示了转折，表述了另外一个角度的意见。说的是，一个社会在这方面（追求高质量的老年生活）的花费是有限的。从作者的论述中，我们可以推断出，作者希望人们接受新陈代谢的自然规律，所以在一定程度上与Lamm所提倡的是一致的。所以选B，作者对Lamm的观点基本同意，但有所保留。

　　该小题属较难的题目。

59. [D]

本题的难度值为0.662，比较容易。区分度为0.479，很理想。

　　该小题考查的是考生进行推断、引申的能力。

　　文中的原话是：“I also know that people in Japan and Sweded, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier have.”，说明了虽然日本和瑞典在医疗保健上的花费比美国少，但寿命却比美国人长，身体也更健康。接着，作者提出倡议，与其将资金徒劳地花在没有希望的治疗上，还不如投入到较一般的治疗中，以提高人们的生活质量。所以可以推断出，日本和瑞典在医疗保健上的投资更合理。因此选择D。

　　该小题属中等难度偏易的题目，区分度很好。

60. [C]

本题的难度值为0.509，中等难度。

　　该小题考查的是考生对文章主旨要义的理解能力。

　　A项与作者观点相反。

　　B项也不正确，作者在第四段已举例反驳了这种过激的看法。

　　D项阐述的是事实，原则上没有错，但却不是文章主要要表达的思想。

　　该小题属中等难度的题目。

全文翻译：

　　据说，在英国死亡很紧迫，在加拿大死亡不可避免，在加利福尼亚死亡可以选择。难怪，在过去的一个世纪里，美国人的寿命几乎翻了一番。髋骨不行了可以更换，临床的忧郁症得到了控制，白内障仅用30分钟手术便可以切除。这些进步给老年人口带来的高质量生活在50年前我刚从事医学时是不可想像的。但是即使有一个伟大的医疗卫生体系，死亡也是无法战胜的——而我们不能面对这个现实，正危及我们自身的伟大。死亡是正常的；我们的基因决定我们即使在最理想的环境里也会解体和灭亡。我们所有人在某种程度上都懂得这一点，但是作为医疗消费者，我们常将死亡视为一个问题来解决。由于医疗费用由第三方支付，我们常常要求用尽所有的医疗手段，即使它们不会有任何作用。最明显的例子是晚期癌症的治疗。医生由于不能治愈疾病，同时又担心病人失去希望，常常采用极端大胆的治疗方法，这些方法远远超出了科学能够认同的界限。

　　1950年，美国在医疗卫生方面的开支是127亿美元。2002年，这项开支将达到15400亿。任何人都明白这个趋势不可持续，但是很少有人愿意扭转它。有些学者总结说，如果政府资金有限，它应该停止支付延缓某一个年龄以上人群寿命的医疗费用——比如83岁左右。据说，科罗拉多州前州长理查德·拉姆曾经说，老年多病者“有责任死去和让位”，以让更年轻、更健康的人们去发挥他们的潜能。

　　我不会说得这么绝对，毕竟现在精力充沛的人们通常能工作到60岁，甚至更久，并仍然具有惊人的创造力。78岁的Viacom公司总裁萨姆勒·雷斯顿开玩笑说他只有53岁。最高法院法官桑德拉·欧康奈70有余，前卫生局医务主任C·库普80来岁还出任了一个互联网公司的总裁。这些领导人就是活生生的证据，证明对疾病的防治是有意义的，证明我们能够对付年龄带来的健康问题。作为一名年仅68岁的人，我希望像他们一样在老龄阶段保持创造力。

　　然而在这样的追求中，一个社会能够承担的费用是有限的。作为一名医生，我深知最昂贵和最激进的手段也可能是无效的和痛苦的。我也深知在医疗开销少得多的日本和瑞典，人们获得了比我们更长的、更健康的寿命。作为一个民族，我们可能在寻求不可能奏效的治疗方法上花钱太多，而在研究能提高人们生活质量的更平常的方法上花钱太少。

2002 Text 1

论坛讨论帖地址：

　　If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems. Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view. Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different. If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses.

　　Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses' convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter. He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on. Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself. "Who is that?" the new arrival asked St. Peter. "Oh, that's God," came the reply, "but sometimes he thinks he's a doctor."

　　If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it'll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman's notorious bad taste in ties. With other audiences you mustn't attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman. You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system.

　　If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural. Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner. Often it's the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark.

　　Look for the humor. It often comes from the unexpected. A twist on a familiar quote "If at first you don't succeed, give up" or a play on words or on a situation. Search for exaggeration and understatements. Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor.

41. To make your humor work, you should ________.

　　[A] take advantage of different kinds of audience

　　[B] make fun of the disorganized people

　　[C] address different problems to different people

　　[D] show sympathy for your listeners

42. The joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are ________.

　　[A] impolite to new arrivals

　　[B] very conscious of their godlike role

　　[C] entitled to some privileges

　　[D] very busy even during lunch hours

43. It can be inferred from the text that public services ________.

　　[A] have benefited many people

　　[B] are the focus of public attention

　　[C] are an inappropriate subject for humor

　　[D] have often been the laughing stock

44. To achieve the desired result, humorous stories should be delivered ________.

　　[A] in well-worded language

　　[B] as awkwardly as possible

　　[C] in exaggerated statements

　　[D] as casually as possible

45. The best title for the text may be ________.

　　[A] Use Humor Effectively

　　[B] Various Kinds of Humor

　　[C] Add Humor to Speech

　　[D] Different Humor Strategies

重点词汇：

identify /αι5δεντιφαι/ （辨别；视为同一）即ident+ify，ident词根“同一”，-ify动词后缀“使……”；identification（识别；身份证明）←identify去y加-ication名词后缀；identical（同一的）←ident+ical形容词后缀。Any man over thirty identifies his youth with the worst fault he thinks he is capable of.任何过了三十岁的人都把自己的青年时代视为自认所能犯下的最大错误。

relevant /5ρελιϖΕντ/ （相关的；意义重大的）即re+lev+ant，re-前缀，lev词根“升，举”，-ant形容词后缀，故“从……升起的”→“源自……的”→相关的。同根词：elevate（升举，提高）←e+lev+ate；elevator（电梯，升降机）←e+lev+at(e)+or。The discovery and use of knowledge has always been relevant to a humane future.对于一个人道的未来，知识的发现与运用一直是关系重大的。

sympathy /5σιμπΕΩι/ （n.同情；共鸣）即sym+path+y，sym-（=syn-，在p前n变形为m以方便发音，前缀“同”），path词根“感情”，-y抽象名词后缀；sympathize/sympathise（v.同情；共鸣），-ize/-ise为动词后缀；sympathetic（同情的；共鸣的）←sym+path+etic形容词后缀。Next to love, sympathy is the divinest passion of the human heart.同情心是人类心中仅次于爱的最神圣的情感。Anybody can sympathize with the sufferings of a friend, but it requires a very fine nature to sympathize with a friend's success.人人都能同情朋友的痛苦，然而共享朋友的成功需要非常优良的品性。To be sympathetic without discrimination is so very debilitating.有同情心而无识别力是多么虚弱。Reading is not merely sympathizing and understanding; it is also criticizing and judging.阅读不仅是同情与理解，也是批评与判断。

alternatively /Ρ:λ5τ∴:νΕτιϖλι/ （二者择一地；另外）←alter改变+nat(e)+ive+ly；alternative（二者择一的；供选择的事物）←alter+nat(e)+ive；alternate（v.交替；交替的）←alter+nate。Love's alternate joy and woe.爱情就是交替的欢乐与痛苦。The more alternative, the more difficult the choice.可选择的东西越多，就越难选择。guangxian注：哲学家布里丹的虚拟驴子在两堆等距离等体积的谷堆面前饿死。

convention /κΕν5ϖενΦΕν/ （大会；惯例；公约）即con+ven(t)+tion，con-一起，ven(t)来，-tion名词后缀，故“人们来到一起”→开“大会”，而“大会制定的规则”即是“公约”，公约遵守时间长了就成为“惯例”。The danger doesn't lie in the hypothetical disasters of revolution, but in conventions impeding progress.危险不在于革命的臆测的灾难，而在于阻碍进步的成规。

stomp /στΧμπ/ （n.v.重踏）←stamp（邮票；标志）也有相同含义，想象“猛盖邮戳”→重踏。

appropriate /Ε5πρΕυπριιτ/ （适当的）即ap+propri+ate，ap-前缀加强语气，propri看作proper（适当的），-ate后缀；inappropriate /7ινΕ5πρΕυπριιτ/ （不适当的）←in否定前缀+appropriate。Extreme remedies are very appropriate for extreme diseases.烈性药物对于重病是非常适宜的。←这句话是西方医学之父希波克拉底说的。

inedible /ιν5εδιβλ/ （不可食的）←in否定前缀+ed(=eat)+ible能……的。

resent /ρι5ζεντ/ （v.愤怒、怨恨）即re+sent，re（=against反对），sent（=sense感觉），于是“在感觉上反对”→愤恨。People don't resent having nothing nearly as much as too little.人们所不满的往往是太少，而不是没有。

disparaging /δισ5π“ριδςιΝ/ （轻视的）←dis否定前缀+par平等+ag(e)后缀+ing后缀。

scapegoat /5σκειπ⊥Ευτ/ （替罪羊）可这样记：escape（n.v.逃跑）←e+scape，把e看作ex-，则scape就是没有“离开”的→“逃不掉的”→“留下来替罪的”，于是scape+goat→替罪羊。与“羊”有关的另一习语：black sheep（害群之马；败家子），源自谚语There is a black sheep in every flock.

casual /5κ“ςϕυΕλ/ （偶然的；漫不经心的）即cas降落+ual后缀；casualty（严重意外事故；伤亡者）←cas+ual+ty名词后缀。As sheer casual reading-matter, I still find the English dictionary the most interesting books in our language.作为纯粹随意浏览的读物，我还是觉得英语词典是以我们的语言写成的最有趣的书。

off-the-cuff 即席的。

deliver /δι5λιϖΕ/ （v.传递；释放；发表；分娩）即de+liver，de-前缀“使”，liver(=liber)词根“自由”，于是从“使自由”推出deliver的各项含义；delivery /δι5λιϖΕρι/ （传递）←deliver+y名词后缀。Lord, deliver me from myself.主啊，解放不能自拔的我吧。The day of the printed word is far from ended. Swift as is the delivery of the radio bulletin, graphic as is television's eyewitness picture, the task of adding meaning and clarity remains urgent.印刷文字的时代远未结束。尽管广播新闻传递迅速，电视现场画面生动，补充事件含义进而澄清事实的任务仍旧是迫切的。

light-hearted 轻松愉快的。

familiar /φΕ5μιλϕΕ/ （熟悉的；亲近的）即famil(y)+iar形容词后缀，“感觉像家一样的”；familiarity（熟悉）←familiar+ity名词后缀。The two most engaging powers of an author are to make new things familiar, and familiar things new.作家最吸引人的两种力量，是使新鲜的事物变得熟悉，和使熟悉的事物变得新鲜。familiarity — the opiate of the imagination 熟悉——想象力的麻醉剂。

exaggeration /ι⊥7ζ“δςΕ5ρειΦΕν/ （夸张）←ex加强语气+agger堆积+ation名词后缀；exaggerate（夸张）←ex+agger+ate动词后缀。We exaggerate misfortune and happiness alike. We are never either so wretched or so happy as we say we are.不幸和幸福被我们同样夸大了。我们从不像我们所说的那么痛苦，也从不那么快乐。exaggeration — a truth that has lost its temper 夸张——发脾气的真理。

understatement /ΘνδΕ5στειτμΕντ/ （掩饰；轻描淡写的陈述）←under+statement；反义词：overstatement（夸大的陈述）←over+statement。

privilege /5πριϖιλιδς/ （n.优惠；特权v.给予优惠或特权）即privi+leg+e，privi(=private)词根“私人的”，leg词根“法律”（如legal“法律的；合法的”←leg+al），e为小词，于是“私人的法律”→特权。To have become a deeper man is the privilege of those who have suffered.变得更加深谋远虑是受过磨难的人的特权。

effectively /ι5φεκτιϖλι/ （有效地）即ef+fect+ive+ly，ef-前缀表“加强”，fect词根“做”，-ive形容词后缀，-ly副词后缀；去ly即为形容词effective。The most effective water power in the world — women's tears.世界上最有效的水力——女人的眼泪。effective communication — 20 per cent what you know and 80 per cent how you feel about what you know 有效的交际——20%你所了解的东西加80%你对所了解的东西的感受。

难句解析：

①Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view.

▲该句是一个复杂单句，句子的主语是your humor，后面有两个平行的谓语must be和should help，它们后面分别有其宾语。其中should help后面的宾语是不定式to show，而它的宾语比较复杂，是两个并列的宾语从句：that you are one of them和that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view，中间用or连接。

△本句结构比较简明，只需注意show them后面是两个并列的宾语从句就可以了。后面的宾语从句中有个很有用的词组in sympathy with，表示同情、同意、赞同。

②If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it'll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman's notorious bad taste in ties.

▲if引导了一个条件从句，而后面的主句是两个子句构成的并列句。在第一个子句you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you中又有一个定语从句which are common to all of you来修饰the experiences and problems，而后面的子句的结构是一个it is adj. for sb. to do sth.的结构。

△要看懂本句，重点在于要把后面的两个子句断开，并分别理解。

③Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner.

▲该句是一个祈使句。谓语是include，宾语是remarks，后面有一个定语从句修饰它。

△注意该句的特性。另外注意off-the-cuff的意思。

④Often it's the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark.

▲整句可以看成是由so连接的并列句，前后有一定的因果关系。前面的子句是一个强调结构，而后面又是一个祈使句，其谓语动词是speak和remember。而remember后面又是一个很长的宾语从句。

△要理解前后的因果关系。

试题解析：

41. [C]

　　本题的难度值为0.745，比较容易。 　　

本题考的是局部信息。考生只要看懂了第一段第三句话“Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different”以及后面的supporting evidence，也就是后面的第四句话所表达的意思，就能够准确地回答本题。的一段从第三句话往后都是在说针对不同的人要用不同的幽默。联系C选项：根据不同的人按照不同的问题来解决（这里的address不同原句中的addressing，原句的addressing是与….谈话的意思，这里的address可以意译为针对……采取相应的方法）。因此入选。

A选项意为：充分利用不同种类的听众。这个就是个文字游戏了，原文所强调的是按照不同种类的听众来采用不同的幽默手段，而不是去利用听众。注意，如果这个选项改成“利用听众是分不同种类的”，那么还有点可选性。

B选项意为：取笑那些行为混乱的人。原文中refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries出现disorganized是用来形容methods的，而不是人的。所以该选项不能入选。

D选项意为：对你的听众表示同情。原文中在第一段的第二句中出现了这句话，但是请注意，题目问的是如何能使你的幽默成功，而第二句则是谈幽默成功后的好处。一个是问原因，一个是陈述结果，所以这属于偷换概念，因此不能入选。

42. [B]

　　此题的难度合适0.342，区分度不太理想。

　　本题的关键是看学生是否理解第二段结尾St．Peter的话。有42.8％的考生选C项是因为没有理解St．Peter的话，而把注意力放在了医生的所作所为上，即医生把新来的人推到一边，冲到队伍的最前面等等，因而给人一种他享有特权的印象。

采用沪友sartre的说法：首先，根据常识就算你是上帝也没有特权插队，医生就更不用说了。在护士看来医生地位是同她们平等的，决不会认为他们应该有何特权，因此护士十分痛恨医生高高在上的态度，所以听了这个笑话她们才会发自内心的狂笑。其次，我是学医的，补充点背景知识：一般来说在医院里护士对医生（实习除外）“惟命是从”，不是因为医生有特权，而是由于二者的工作性质不同。大多数情况下是医生开医嘱，护士具体执行，一个动口，一个动手。貌似医生是主人，护士是仆人。所以医生发号施令习惯了会产生“godlike role”的感觉是很自然的。

因此B选项：非常在意他们上帝般的角色。入选。

A选项意为：对于新来的人不礼貌。这个应该很少有人选，毕竟那个上帝插队可不是只针对新来的人的，更何况文章根本没有想突出这种想法。

C选项意为：享有某种特权。这个选项相当有迷惑性，估计不少人都是选了这个选项。由题目看出，是问在护士的眼中，医生…..如果选了C选项，就等于说在护士的眼中，医生是享有某种特权的。这就含有了一种护士对医生的肯定成分。而原文那个笑话明显是在说护士对医生这种行为的不满，护士对医生是持否定态度的。因此两者相矛盾，不能入选。

D选项意为：即使在午饭的时候都非常忙。这个也没有什么好解释的，过于肤浅的陈述了，而且在原文中没有根据。插队的人不是因为忙，而是因为道德品质问题……

43. [D]

　　此题的难度合适0.307，区分度好0.280。

　　本题的关键是第三段的最后一句话，意思是：你去开邮局或电话系统（即public services）的玩笑则比较安全，不会有冒犯什么人的危险，同时本句中还出现了一个关键词“scapegoats”，意思是替罪羊。这个词如果知道意思的话就很容易选了。说明public services常常成为人们的笑柄。因此联系D选项：经常成为笑柄。入选。

A选项意为：使许多人受益。这个属于利用常识充当干扰项。大家都知道公共服务肯定使许多人受益，这是个常识。但是文章没有提到这点，更没有强调这点。所以这种不用看文章都知道是常识的选项往往不是正确选项。

B选项意为：是公众关注的焦点。文章中陈述的是公众服务单位经常成为大家谈论的笑柄，这个如果都算是焦点就太有讽刺意味了呵呵。

C选项意为：公众服务不适合用来当幽默的对象。这个和原文意思恰恰相反，自然排除。

44. [D]

　　此题的难度合适0.542，区分度好。

　　本题主要考第四段的内容。其中有一些关键词，如：“natural”，“relaxed”，“unforced”，“light-hearted”等。只要考生看懂了这些词的意思，这道题就很容易了。因此第四段都是在强调说笑话的时候要自然，平和，全身放轻松(就和演讲一样，只要不紧张就行。因此联系D选项：尽可能的随意。入选。

A选项意为：措辞要恰当。这个或许是一种要求，但是根据最优选项的原则不能入选，毕竟原文中通过第四段明显指出自然，随和才是成功的关键。

B选项意为：尽可能的笨拙些。这个纯粹搞笑了，讲笑话又不是小丑表演，哪有故意装结巴的呵呵。

C选项意为：采用夸大的言辞。这个倒是常用在幽默里，但是同A选项，这个不是文章主要想强调的。因此也不能入选。

45. [A]

　　此题的难度合适0.627，区分度好。

　　这道题考的是对全文的理解，是一道总括题。答总括题需要利用全文的信息。从全文各段的内容来看，文章主要是讲如何有效地使用幽默。采用排除法很容易确定本题的答案。那么我来解释下其他几个选项为什么不对。

B选项意为：不同种类的幽默。这个属于过于片面了。的确文章开始是在讲针对不同类的人用不同种类的幽默，但是文章后半部分是在讲如果有效利用幽默，即要说的自然，平和，随意。更何况文章也没详细指出是哪几种幽默。因此不能入选。

C选项意为：在演讲中加入幽默手段。这个又属于常识性的干扰项。本意是没错，幽默是演讲中的好方法。但是文章没有特别提到演讲这个东西，更没有提到在演讲中加入幽默。文章针对的是如何利用幽默，如何有效使用幽默。因此不能入选。

D选项意为：不同的幽默策略。这个属于比较强的干扰项。但是请注意，文章没有在详细讲不同的幽默策略。如果这个选项是标题，那么文章就该详细写幽默分几种策略，每种策略应该怎么运用。但是实际原文并没有这么写，而是写如何运用幽默。换句话说，文章强调的是运用幽默，而不是幽默的不同性。因此不能入选。

全文翻译：

　　如果你想在谈话中用幽默来使人发笑，你就必须知道如何识别共同的经历和共同的问题。你的幽默必须与听众有关，能够向他们显示你是他们的一员，或者你了解他们的情况，同情他们的观点。根据与你谈话的不同对象，问题也有所不同。如果你在和一群经理谈话，你就可以评论他们秘书的工作方法紊乱；相反，如果你在和一群秘书谈话，你就可以评论她们老板的工作方法紊乱。

　　下面举一个例子，它是我在一个护士大会上听到的。这个故事效果很好，因为听众对医生都有同样的看法。一个人到了天堂，由圣彼得带着他参观。他看到了豪华的住宅、美丽的花园、晴朗的天气等等。所有人都很安静、礼貌和友善，然而当这位新来的人在排队等候午餐时，突然被一位穿白大褂的人推到一旁。只见这人挤到了队伍的前头，抓起他的食物，噔噔地旁若无人地走到一张餐桌旁。“这是谁啊？”新来的人问圣彼得。“哦，那是上帝，”他回答说，“但有时也认为自己是一名医生。”

　　如果你是你谈话对象集体中的一员，你就能够了解你们所共有的经历和问题，你就可对餐厅极难吃的食物或者总裁在选择领带方面差劲的品味进行评头论足。而对于其他听众，你就不能试图贸然地讲这种幽默，因为他们也许不喜欢外人对他们的餐厅或总裁有如此微词。如果你选择去评论邮局或电话局这样的替罪羊，那你就会很安全。

　　如果你在幽默时感到很别扭，你应该进行练习使它变得更自然。包括一些很随便的、看上去是即兴的话，你可以用轻松的、不做作的方式把它们说出来。常常是你说话的方式使听众发笑，因此说慢一些，并且记住扬扬眉毛或者做出一种不相信的表情都会向人们显示你正在说笑话。

　　留意幽默，它常常是在出其不意的时候出现。它可以是一句常言的歪曲如“你要是一开始不成功，就放弃”，或者是玩弄语言和情景。留意夸张和打折扣的话。考虑一下你的谈话，选出一些词汇和句子，颠倒它们的秩序，并注入一些幽默。

2002 Text 2

论坛讨论帖地址：

　　Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics — the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.

　　As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robo-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy — far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.

　　But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves — goals that pose a real challenge. "While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error," says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, "we can't yet give a robot enough 'common sense' to reliably interact with a dynamic world."

　　Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.

　　What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain's roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented — and human perception far more complicated — than previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can't approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don't know quite how we do it.

46. Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in ________.

　　[A] the use of machines to produce science fiction

　　[B] the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry

　　[C] the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work

　　[D] the elite's cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work

47. The word "gizmos" (line 1, paragraph 2) most probably means ________.

　　[A] programs

　　[B] experts

　　[C] devices

　　[D] creatures

48. According to the text, what is beyond man's ability now is to design a robot that can ________.

　　[A] fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery

　　[B] interact with human beings verbally

　　[C] have a little common sense

　　[D] respond independently to a changing world

49. Besides reducing human labor, robots can also ________.

　　[A] make a few decisions for themselves

　　[B] deal with some errors with human intervention

　　[C] improve factory environments

　　[D] cultivate human creativity

50. The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are ________.

　　[A] expected to copy human brain in internal structure

　　[B] able to perceive abnormalities immediately

　　[C] far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information

　　[D] best used in a controlled environment

重点词汇：

ingenuity /7ινδςι5νϕυ:ιτι/ （独创性；灵活性）←ingenu+ity，ingenu（=ingenious独创的；灵活的），-ity名词后缀。

burdensome /5βΕ:δνσΕμ/ （繁重的；难以负担的）←burden负担+some形容词后缀。What a heavy burden is a name that has become famous.广为人知的名字是多么沉重的负担啊。

nasty /5ν“στι/ （讨厌的；肮脏的；下流的……）Diplomacy is to do and say the nastiest thing in the nicest way.外交就是以最优雅的方式办最nasty的事，说最nasty的话。←nasty在此句实在不好翻译。

compulsion /κΕμ5πΘλΦ(Ε)ν/ （强制）即com一起+puls(=drive)+ion名词后缀，“不由分说全拖到一起”→强制；compulsory（强制的；必修的）←com+puls+ory形容词后缀。compulsion — a highbrow term for a temptation we're not trying too hard to resist 强制——对人们并不想坚持拒绝的诱惑的一种高雅说法。Bodily exercise, when compulsory, does no harm to the body; but knowledge which is acquired under compulsion obtains no hold on the mind.强制的身体锻炼不会损害身体，但被迫学习的知识占据不了头脑。←柏拉图老师说的。

robotics /ρΕυ5βΧτικσ/ （机器人学）即robot+ics，robot机器人，-ics后缀表“学科”，如physics、aesthetics（美学）。robo-driver即robot driver。

assembly /Ε5σεμβλι/ （集会；装配）是assemble的名词形式，-y为名词后缀；assemble谐音“啊，三步”，曹植七步成诗，而“装配”只需三步（三个步骤）！In most communities it is illegal to cry "fire" in a crowded assembly.大多数社会中，在拥挤的集会上喊“着火啦”是违法的。

terminal /5τΕ:μινλ/ （终端的；期末的；终端；终点站）←termin期限+al后缀；terminate（中止）←termin+ate动词后缀，施瓦辛格演的电影《终结者》就叫Terminator（-or后缀表“人”）。It's all right to have a train of thoughts, if you have a terminal.想法成串并没关系，只要有个止点。

miniaturization /7μινιΕτΦΕραι5ζειΦΕν/ （小型化）即mini+atur(e)+iz(e)+ation；mini词根“小”（比如有个好东西叫mini skirt），-ature名词后缀，-ize动词后缀，-ation名词后缀；miniature（小型的；缩影）←mini+ature。A day is a miniature of eternity.一天是永恒的缩影。

laborsaving /5λειβΕ7σειϖιΝ/ （节省劳力的）←labor劳动+saving节省的。

supervision /7σϕυ:πΕ5ϖιςΕν/ （监督）即super+vis+ion，super-前缀“在上面”，vis词根“看”（如visual→vis+ual形容词后缀→视觉的），-ion名词后缀。

specific /σπι5σιφικ/ （具体的；特定的；特效药）即speci+fic，speci词根=species（种类），-fic形容词后缀“使成为……的”，故“使成为某个具体种类的”→特定的。Time and again I have emerged from a course of reading in philosophy with the conviction that the authors were really avoiding specific problems by converting them into tenuous sophistries that have very little real meaning.我一再退出对哲学的钻研，深信作者们确实是在以将具体问题换成几乎没有实际意义的贫乏诡辩来躲避它们。

reliable /ρι5λαιΕβλ/ （可靠的）←reli+able，reli即rely（v.依赖；信任），-able后缀“可……的”。Without criticism and reliable and intelligent reporting, the government can not govern.没有批评和可靠而明智的新闻报道，政府无法统治。

artificial /7Β:τι5φιΦΕλ/ （人工的，人造的）即art+i+fic+ial，art词根“人工”，-i-连结元音，fic词根“做”，-ial形容词后缀。Of all artificial relations formed between mankind, the most capricious and variable is that of author and reader.在人与人之间形成的所有人为关系中，最变化无常的是作者与读者的关系。artificial intelligence — the art of making computers that behave like the ones in movies 人工智能——制造电脑的艺术，使它们的行为像电影里的人一样。

perception /πΕ5σεπΦΕν/ （感觉；理解）即per+cept+ion，per-前缀“全部”，cept词根“抓”（=capt，因为元音可替换，capture→capt+ure后缀→n.v.捕获），-ion名词后缀，故“把外界信息‘全部’‘抓住’”→感知。The perception of beauty is a moral test.对美的理解是道德的检验。

complicated /5κΧμπλικειτιδ/ （复杂的；难解的）即com+plic+at(e)+ed，com-前缀“一起”，plic词根“折叠”，-ate动词后缀+-ed后缀“已……的”，故“全都折叠在一起的”→复杂的；complicate（使复杂）←com+plic+ate；complication（复杂情况；并发症）←com+plic+ation。I never blame failures — there are too many complicated situations in life, but I am absolutely merciless toward lack of effort.我从不责备失败——生活中复杂的情况实在太多，但对于不努力，我绝不宽恕。

previously /5πρι:ϖϕϕΕσλι/ （先前地）即previous+ly，previous（先前的）即pre+vi+ous，pre-前缀“在前的”，vi(=via)词根“路”，-ous形容词后缀，故“在前面就上路的”→先前。A creative artist works on his next composition because he is not satisfied with his previous one.有创造性的艺术家致力于自己的下一个作品，因为他不满意前一个。

irrelevant /ι5ρελιϖΕντ/ （不相关的）即ir+relevant，ir-否定前缀（=in-，在r前n变形为r），relevant /5ρελιϖΕντ/ （相关的）参2002年Text 1。

instantaneously /7ινστΕν5τεινϕΕσλι/ （瞬间地）即instant+aneous+ly，instant单词“立刻的；速溶的；瞬间），-aneous形容词后缀。

suspicious /σΕσ5πιΦΕσ/ （可疑的；多疑的）←suspic(=suspect)怀疑+ious。Plagiarists are always suspicious of being stolen from.剽窃者总是疑心文字被人盗用。

neuroscientist /7νϕυ[ρ[υ5σαι[ντιστ/ （神经科学家）←neuro(=nerve)+scientist。

perceive /πΕ5σι:ϖ/ （察觉；感知）即per+ceive，是perception（见前述）的动词形式，per-前缀“全部”，ceive词根“抓”。同根词：receive（v.收到）←re(=back)+ceive，“抓回来”；deceive（v.欺骗）←de在下面+ceive，“在下面搞小动作”。There are no new truths, but only truths that have not been recognised by those who have perceived them without noticing.没有什么新的真理，只有人们不经意地感觉到但没有认识到的真理。Growing old is not upsetting, being perceived as old is.变老并不令人烦恼，除非别人认为你老了。

elite /ει5λι:τ/ （精英）用谐音记：“爱理他”→“精英人士”每个人都爱理他。

gizmo /5⊥ιζμΕυ/ 小发明；hum /ηΘμ/ 嗡嗡声、轰鸣声。

难句解析：

①Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty.

▲该句是一个复杂单句，前面是since引导的一个时间状语，这个地方的dawn取其比喻的意思，表示早期。后面主句中有一个定语从句that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty用来修饰work。

△本句结构比较简明，但是有一些词的意思比较难：ingenuity创造性，灵活性；nasty讨厌的。

②As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor.

▲本句的主句是the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos，后面是两个定语从句，中间用but来引导。

△要看懂本句，重点在于看到gizmo一词后面的两个定语从句。在本句中，认不认识gizmo并不重要，因为从上下文中可以看出它和robot的意思应该大同小异。

③There are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy — far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.

▲该句是一个there be的结构，注意robot systems后面有一个修饰它的定语从句。而后面的破折号引出一个补充说明部分来修饰submillimeter accuracy。

△注意该句中的最核心的部分是robot systems，其它成分都是围绕着它来展开的。

④But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves — goals that pose a real challenge.

▲整句是一个条件句，注意后面的主句比较复杂，里面有两个并列的谓语，而后面破折号引导的是一个补充说明成分，修饰整个主句。

△要注意两个并列谓语之间的关系。

⑤But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd.

▲整句的主干部分是这样的，主语the human mind，并列谓语glimpse和disregard，逗号后面instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd这一部分做状语，修饰谓语。

△要注意两个并列谓语之间的关系并抓住句子的主干成分。

试题解析：

46. [C]

　　此题的难度合适0.573，区分度好。

　　本题是一个局部题，主要考查考生是否看懂了第一段，尤其是文章首句的意思。文章在首句指出了人们为了要处理那些危险的、枯燥的、繁重的或者只是一般肮脏的工作而进行某些智慧性的发明。这句话换个意思就是说人们在一些危险的、枯燥的、繁重的或者只是一般肮脏的工作中体现出了他们的智慧。因此联系C选项：发明针对困难和危险工作的工具。入选。

A选项意为：使用机器来产生科幻小说。这个就搞笑了，原文在第一段最后一句提到了science fiction，但是这句话的意思是科学家们还没有在机械上实现科幻小说的幻想，而不是用机器去产生小说。这属于偷换概念，排除。

B选项意为：机器在制造工业上的广泛应用。这个在原文没有体现，故不能入选。准确讲这个也是答非所问。

D选项意为：精英们用来做危险和枯燥工作的巧妙工具。这个选项比较有迷惑性，里面也涉及了危险等关键词语。但是请注意，原文没有涉及到elite这个词，因此该选项属于过分缩小范围，不能入选。

47. [C]

　　此题偏易0.701，区分度很好0.364。

　　本题是考查考生从上下文猜测词义的能力。根据第二段中出现的“robot assembly arms”，“automated teller terminals”，“tireless robo-drivers”等信息，而且先后出现了tools，machines之类的关键词。因此考生可以猜出“gizmos”是“设备、装置”的意思。联系C选项：设备。入选。

A选项（节目，程序），B选项（专家），D选项（创造物）均不合题意。

48. [D]

　　此题的难度合适0.546，区分度很好0.445。

　　题目问：目前人类还有什么样的机器人设计不了呢？本题的答题依据是第三段中Dave Lavery的第二句话，即“we can't yet give a robot enough 'common sense' to reliably interact with a dynamic world.”该句中的“dynamic”就是“动态的、变化的”意思。同时定位到第三段的首句：goals that pose a real challenge.其实这个说法就是题目中的what is beyond man's ability now,都是要超越自我的意思。也就是说，原文所说的be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves（独立自我判断），是人们要迎接的新的挑战，换句话也就是说人们目前没法做到这点。因此联系D选项：独立的应对环境变化，入选。

A选项意为:完成如脑部外科手术这样精细的工作。原文第二段末句there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery中明确说明，已经有能够完成脑部外科手术的机器人了。而题目中问的是目前人们不能完成的机器人。因此排除该选项。

B选项意为:与人们进行口头交流。这个在原文中没有提及，尽管常识角度上讲应该有这种机器人，所以该选项在原文没有确凿根据，故不能入选。

C选项意为：有一点共同感。原文在第三段末句中提到we can't yet give a robot enough 'common sense'.乍一看符合题目的要求，但是仔细揣度一下，C选项的意思是人们没法给予机器人一点共同感。而原文的意思则是：人们没法给予机器人足够的共同感。这明显不是一个意思，因此该选项排除。

49. [B]

　　此题的难度合适0.641，区分度好0.268。

　　本题的答题依据是第三段中Dave Lavery说的第一句话，即“While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,”即我们知道如何告诉机器人去处理一个具体的错误。看懂了这句话，这道题就很容易了。同时定位到第三段的第二句：how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,以及第五段的第二句：robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel，均可以看出，机器人能够在人的指导下处理一下错误。联系B选项：在人的指导下处理差错。入选。

A选项意为：做一些自我决定。这个请参加48题，目前的机器人是无法做出自我判断的。因此排除该选项。

C选项意为：改善工厂的环境。原文末段的第二句话提到了工厂环境这个词，但是请注意原文说的是他们建造的机器人在严格控制的工厂环境里，能够在仪表盘上识别毫米以下的误差，而没有说是机器人去改善工厂环境。因此排除该选项。

D选项意为：培养人类的创造力。这个在常识上就属于无稽之谈了，机器人体现人们的创造力还差不多，培养人们创造力就扯了….

50. [C]

　　此题属于很容易的题目0.882，区分度好0.292。

　　本题考的是文章最后一段的意思。该段的主要意思是：机器人能够在很短的时间内发现机器的问题，而人脑能很快忽略不相关的信息，而将注意力集中到相关的信息上来，这是先进的机器人都做不到的。因此只要读懂了最后一段以及该题目的题干，这个题就很容易做了。联系C选项：比起人类大脑来说对于聚焦相关信息的能力还差的远。入选。

A选项意为：期待能在内部结构上与人类大脑相同。这个表面看上去有道理，但是题目问的是提到猴子的目的是什么，因此和人类大脑没关系。所以排除该选项。

B选项意为：立刻能察觉到异常情况。这个与原文本意相反，原文是说机器人在反应异常变化的能力上还差的远。因此排除。

D选项意为：在受控环境下能被最好的利用。这个还是在文章末段的第二句有相关词汇，但是也是无从谈起，没有根据，因此排除。

全文翻译：

　　从人类最初有了智慧至今，人们一直在设计日益巧妙的工具来处理那些危险的、枯燥的、繁重的或者只是一般肮脏的工作。这种不得已的行为导致了机器人科学的产生——一门将人类的能力赋予机器的科学。如果科学家们还没有在机械上实现科幻小说的幻想，那么他们也已经很接近这个目标了。

　　由此引起的结果是，现代世界已经日益充斥着智能的装置，虽然我们几乎都注意不到他们，但他们的普遍存在却节省了许多人类劳力。我们的工厂里轰鸣着机器人生产线的节奏；我们的金融服务完成于自动柜员机旁，完成业务后，它们还会机械地、有礼貌地感谢我们；我们的地铁车辆由不知疲倦的机器人驾驶。由于电子和微观机械仪器的不断缩小，现在已有一些机器人系统能够进行精确到毫米的脑部和骨髓手术，其精确性远远超过熟练的医生用他们的双手所能达到的水平。

　　但是如果机器人要进入节省劳力的下一个阶段，他们必须能够在更少的人工监控下运行，并且至少能够独立地做一些决定。这些目标给我们提出了一个真正的挑战。“虽然我们知道如何让机器人去纠正一个特定的错误，”NASA的一个机器人项目经理戴维·拉维里说，“我们仍然不能赋予机器人以足够的‘常识’，使它们能够与动态的世界进行可靠的交流。”

　　实际上对真正的人工智能的追求已经产生了各种各样的效果。虽然一开始在20世纪60年代和70年代有过一段乐观的时期——那时候仿佛晶体管电路和微处理器的发展将使他们在2010年能够模仿人类大脑的活动——但是最近研究人员已经开始将这个预测延后数十年，甚至数百年。

　　在试图建造思维模型的过程中，研究人员发现，人类大脑中的近1000亿个神经细胞要比以前想像的更聪明，人类的感觉器官也比以前想像的更复杂。他们建造的机器人在严格控制的工厂环境里，能够在仪表盘上识别毫米以下的误差。但是人的大脑能够扫描一个快速变化的场景，迅速排除98％的不相干的物体，立即聚焦于森林中婉蜒道路旁的一只猴子，或者人群中的一张可疑的脸。地球上最先进的计算机系统也不能仿效这种能力，并且神经学科学家仍然不知道我们是怎样做到这一点的。

2002 Text 3

论坛讨论帖地址：

　　Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return? Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last December. This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadrupled, and 1979-1980, when they also almost tripled. Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline. So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time?

　　The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports. Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short term.

　　Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the 1970s. In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the 1970s. In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.

　　Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price. Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption. Software, consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel or car production. For each dollar of GDP (in constant prices) rich economies now use nearly 50% less oil than in 1973. The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25~0.5% of GDP. That is less than one-quarter of the income loss in 1974 or 1980. On the other hand, oil-importing emerging economies — to which heavy industry has shifted — have become more energy-intensive, and so could be more seriously squeezed.

　　One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand. A sizable portion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline. The Economist's commodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago. In 1973 commodity prices jumped by 70%, and in 1979 by almost 30%.

51. The main reason for the latest rise of oil price is ________.

　　[A] global inflation

　　[B] reduction in supply

　　[C] fast growth in economy

　　[D] Iraq's suspension of exports

52. It can be inferred from the text that the retail price of petrol will go up dramatically if ________.

　　[A] price of crude rises

　　[B] commodity prices rise

　　[C] consumption rises

　　[D] oil taxes rise

53. The estimates in Economic Outlook show that in rich countries ________.

　　[A] heavy industry becomes more energy-intensive

　　[B] income loss mainly results from fluctuating crude oil prices

　　[C] manufacturing industry has been seriously squeezed

　　[D] oil price changes have no significant impact on GDP

54. We can draw a conclusion from the text that ________.

　　[A] oil-price shocks are less shocking now

　　[B] inflation seems irrelevant to oil-price shocks

　　[C] energy conservation can keep down the oil prices

　　[D] the price rise of crude leads to the shrinking of heavy industry

55. From the text we can see that the writer seems ________.

　　[A] optimistic

　　[B] sensitive

　　[C] gloomy

　　[D] scared

重点词汇：

decline /δι5κλαιν/ （n.v.下降；衰落v.谢绝）←de向下+cline倾斜；同根词：incline（v.倾斜；倾向于n.斜坡）←in(=to)+cline。People decline invitations when they are "indisposed" physically, and I wish they would do likewise when they fell indisposed emotionally.人们在身体“不适”时谢绝邀请，我希望他们在觉得情绪上不适时也能同样做。We perceive when love begins and when it declines by our embarrassment when alone together.我们由仅余两人时的局促不安察觉爱情于何时发生，何时减退。

OPEC（石油输出国组织）即Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries。

scary /5σκΖΕρι/ （引起惊慌的）即scar(e)+y，scare（n.v.惊恐），-y形容词后缀。More powerful creation may scare many people away, but more intrepid people will be captivated by it.更加强有力的作品可能吓退许多人，但比较勇敢的人们会被它吸引住。

quadruple /5κωΧδρυπλ/ （四倍的；使成四倍；四倍）即quadru+ple，quadru-前缀“四”(=quarter)，ple词根“折叠”，complicated所含的词根plic也是“折叠”的意思（参2002年Text 2）。

triple /5τριπλ/ （三倍的；使成三倍；三倍）即tri+ple，tri-前缀“三”，如triangle（三角形）←tri+angle角。

inflation /ιν5φλειΦΕν/ （膨胀；通货膨胀；自夸）即in+flat+ion，in-(=into)，flat词根“吹”，-ion名词后缀，故“往里面吹”→膨胀。Inflation: When nobody has enough money because everybody has too much.通货膨胀：由于人人钱太多而谁的钱都不够的时候。inflation — the period when the standard of living continues to rise until the people can't afford it 通货膨胀——生活水平持续上升直到人们负担不起的时期。

gloom /⊥λυ:μ/ （v.n.阴暗；忧愁），形容词为gloomy /5⊥λυ:μι/ （阴暗的；阴沉的），那首据说有杀人魔力的歌曲就叫Gloomy Sunday。Love is the flame of life, without it, everything in life becomes gloomy.爱是生命的火焰，没有它，生命中的一切都变得暗淡无光。

doom /δυ:μ/ （n.厄运v.注定）。A society that gives to one class all the opportunities for leisure, and to another all the burdens of work, dooms both classes to spiritual sterility.一个将闲暇的全部机会都给予一个阶级，而将劳作的全部重负都给予另一个阶级的社会，注定了两个阶级都处于精神贫瘠。

suspend /σΕσ5πενδ/ （v.悬挂；延缓）即sus+pend，sus-前缀“在下面”，pend词根“挂”，故“暂且挂在下面不管”→搁置；名词形式为suspension /σΕσ5πενΦΕν/ ←sus+pens挂+ion。The best of men cannot suspend their fate.最好的人也无法推迟死亡。

consequence /5κΧνσικωΕνσ/ （后果；重要性）←con+sequ(=follow)+ence。It is easy to dodge our responsibilities, but we cannot dodge the consequences of dodging our responsibilities.逃避责任很容易，但逃避责任的后果我们却无法逃避。With books, as with companions, it is of more consequence to know which to avoid, than which to chuse（chuse是古英语=choose）.读书如交友，懂得避开哪些比懂得选择哪些更重要。

conservation /7κΧνσΕ(:)5ϖειΦΕν/ （保护；保存；守恒）即con+serv(e)+ation，con-前缀“全部”，serve词根“保持”(=keep)，-ation名词后缀；动词为conserve←con+serve。A state without the means of some change is without the means of its conservation.不具备某种变革手段的国家也不具备保存自己的手段。

energy-intensive 能源密集型。

consumption /κΕν5σΘμπΦΕν/ （消费量，消耗）即consum(e)+ption，consume（v.消费，消耗），-ption名词后缀，m后加p便于发音，如assume（假定；承担；呈现）→assumption、presume（v.假设）→presumption。Conspicuous consumption of valuable goods is a means of reputability to the gentleman of leisure.引人注目地挥霍贵重财物是有闲绅士取得名声的手段。We have no more right to consume happiness without producing it than to consume wealth without producing it.我们没有权利享用幸福而不创造幸福，正像没有权力享用财富而不创造财富一样。

consultancy /κΕν5σΘλτΕνσι/ （顾问工作；咨询业）←consult+ancy名词后缀；consult（v.商量；查询；会诊）←比consul（领事）在最后多字母t，“他(t)去找‘领事’‘商量’”，名词为consultation←consult+ation名词后缀。Well, one can always consult a man and ask him: "Would you like your head cut off tomorrow?" and after he has said: "I would rather not", cut it off. Consultation is a vagues and elastic term.是的，什么时候都可以跟一个人商量，问他：“你愿意明天被砍头吗？”接着，在他说了“我不愿意”之后，砍掉他的脑袋。磋商是个含糊的带弹性的词。←这是英国老流氓丘吉尔说的，意思是：既然不愿意明天砍头，那么就在今天砍吧。

GDP（国民生产总值）即Gross Domestic Product。

OECD（经济合作与发展组织）即Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development。

estimate /5εστιμειτ/ （v.n.估计，估价）。True modesty does not consist in an ignorance of our merits, but in a due estimate of it.真正的谦虚不在于对自己的长处一无所知，而在于对它们的恰当评价。

excess（/5εκσεσ/ n.过量 /ικ5σεσ/ a.额外的）即ex+cess，ex-前缀“出”，cess词根“走”，故“走到范围之外的”→过量的；动词形式为exceed（超过）←ex+ceed走。The best things carried to excess are wrong.最好的东西超过限度也会变坏。He is poor whose expenses exceed his income.开支超过收入的人就是穷人。

sizable /5σαιζΕβλ/ （相当大的）←siz(e)+able；size（大小，尺寸）。You can tell the size of a man by the size of the things that make him mad.根据使一个人发怒的事情的大小，可以判断这个人的气量。

significant /σι⊥5νιφικΕντ/ （有意义的；重要的）即signify（y变形为i）表示+cant形容词后缀，“值得表示的”→有意义的；signify即sign+ify，sign标记，-ify动词后缀，“作标记”→表示。An art is only great and significant if it is one that all may enjoy.艺术作品只有在所有人都可以欣赏时才是伟大的、重要的。Love has various lodgings; the same word does not always signify the same thing.爱拥有形形色色的住所，同一个词不总是意味着同样的东西。

难句解析：

①Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short time.

▲该句是一个含有插入成分的单句。主语是Strengthening economic growth，谓语是could push，插入成分是一个时间状语。

△本句阅读的重点是要首先抓住主句的基本结构。

②In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.

▲该句是一个复杂句，由两个单句构成，中间用so来表示前后的因果关系。

△本句阅读的重点是一些短语和词组。account for占…的部分；muted原意是“沉默的，被弄哑的”，在文章里的意思是“不太显著的”；pump price油品零售价格。

③Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption.

▲该句是一个简单句，只是主语复杂一点，其谓语部分是have reduced oil consumption。

△本句阅读的重点在主语，注意它里面有三个并列成分：Energy conservation，a shift to other fuels，第三个是a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensive industries。

④The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25-0.5% of GDP.

▲本句的主句是The OECD estimates... that，本句复杂的地方在其宾语部分，里面有一个条件状语if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998，而主句是后面的部分，其中的主语this指代的是if条件句。

△本句阅读的重点在于抓住句子的主干。

⑤One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand.

▲本句的主句是One more reason is that...。比较复杂的是其以that引导的表语从句，它的主语是it，指代的是the rise in oil prices。

△本句阅读的重点在于了解一些短语的意思：lose sleep over因…而失眠；occur against the background of...发生在…的背景之下。

试题解析：

51. [B]

　　此题的难度合适0.555，区分度好0.245。

　　本题的答题依据是第一段的第二句话，“Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last December.”看懂了这句话，这道题就很容易了。可以看出，近期油价上涨是因为欧佩克减少了石油供应。联系B选项：减少石油供应。入选。

A选项意为：全球通货膨胀。原文首段说的是因为油价上涨导致了通货膨胀，而不是因为通货膨胀导致油价上涨，故排除该选项。

C选项意为：经济的快速增长。原文中提及了经济问题，但是并没说是因为经济快速增长导致了油价上涨，即使从常理考虑这也是不合情理的，因此排除该选项。

D选项意为：伊拉克停止了石油出口。其实这个选项比较有争议，毕竟这个也确实是油价上涨的原因。但是既然有了B选项这个概括的比较全面的选项，就不能选D选项了。

52. [D]

　　此题的难度合适0.609，区分度好0.280。

　　本题的关键信息在第三段的第三句话“In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price，so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.”意思是说：在欧洲，汽油的零售价中税占到五分之四，因此税的增加会导致汽油价格的（成比例）猛涨，而原油价格的变化带来的影响不会很大。联系D选项：燃油税上升。入选。

A选项意为：原油价格上升。原文第三段末句说的很清楚，即使原油价格有很大变动，汽油价格也不会有显著变化。因此排除该选项。

B选项意为：日用品价格上升。这在原文没有体现，故排除。

C选项意为：消费量上升。同上，原文中没有提及该观点。

53. [D]

　　此题较易0.793，区分度很好0.412。

　　本题的答题依据是第四段中的第五句“The OECD estimates in its latest Economic outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25%-0.5% of GDP.”这是一道比较容易的题。由此句看出，石油价格的变化也只会使发达国家的石油进口在支出上增加GDP的0.25％～0.5％，因此联系D选项：石油价格对于GDP没有显著的影响。

A选项意为：重工业变得非常能源密集。第四段第二句中提及了heavy, energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption，但是原文说的是重工业减少了对能源的消耗，而不是变得能源密集。因此排除该选项。

B选项意为：收入损失主要来源于原油价格的浮动。这在原文没有提及，故排除。

C选项意为：制作工业已经被严重浓缩了。第四段末句确实提到了：so could be more seriously squeezed.可是这和制作工业没什么联系，故排除。

54. [A]

　　此题的难度合适0.533，区分度很好0.449。

　　本题的答题依据是全文的最后一段，强调这次油价上涨与20世纪70年代的上涨不同，也就是没有70年代的那一次那么可怕。联系A选项：石油价格产生的动荡已经不那么明显了。入选。

B选项意为：通货膨胀看起来对与石油价格动荡不相关。这个与原文本意相反，原文提到了石油价格变化引起了通货膨胀。

C选项意为：能源保护能降低油价。这个没有任何根据，常理上讲也不合适。因此排除该选项。

D选项意为：原油价格上升导致重工业萎缩。原文只是说重工业降低了对能源的需求，而不是萎缩。因此排除该选项。

55. [A]

　　此题比较容易0.765，区分度很好0.472。

　　本题是一道比较容易的题。答题依据贯穿全文，尤其是第三段和最后一段的第一句话，强调人们不必担心此次油价上涨，因为这一次的情况与20世纪70年代不同。这种态度题一般不是选客观的，就是选乐观的，总之首先选中庸选项，其次选褒义选项，至于贬义选项基本没有可能是正确答案。因此A选项：乐观的。入选。

B选项（敏感的），C选项（令人沮丧的），D选项（恐惧的）均不合题意。

全文翻译：

　　过去经济衰落的日子会不会重来？自从石油输出国组织在3月决定减少原油供应，原油的价格便从去年12月的不到10美元一桶上升到约26美元一桶。这次近3倍的涨价令人想起了1973年和1979～1980年两次可怕的石油恐慌，当时的油价分别涨了4倍和近3倍。前两次的油价暴涨都导致了两位数的通货膨胀和全球性的经济衰退。那么这次警告人们厄运来临的头版新闻都到哪里去了呢？

　　本周伊拉克暂停石油出口，这使油价又一次上扬。强劲的经济增长势头，随着北半球冬季的到来，有可能在短期内使石油价格涨得更高。

　　然而，我们有充分的理由预期这次油价暴涨给经济带来的影响不会像20世纪70年代那么严重。与70年代相比，现在多数国家的原油价格占汽油价格的份额要小很多。在欧洲，税金在汽油零售价的比例高达4/5，因此，即使原油价格发生很大的波动，汽油价格所受的影响也不会像过去那么显著。

　　发达国家对石油的依赖性也不如从前，因此对油价的波动也就不会那么敏感。能源储备、燃料替代以及能源密集型重工业的重要性的降低，都减少了石油消耗量。软件、咨询及移动通讯消耗的石油，比钢铁、汽车行业少得多。发达国家国民生产总值中每一个美元所消耗的石油量比1973年少了近一半。国际经合组织在最近一期的《经济展望》中估计，如果油价持续一年维持在22美元左右，与1998年的13美元一桶相比，这也只会使发达国家的石油进口在支出上增加GDP的0.25％～0.5％。这还不到1974年或1980年收入减少部分的1/4。另一方面，进口石油的新兴国家由于转向了重工业，消耗能量更大，因此可能会受到石油危机的强烈影响。

　　另外一个不应因油价上升而失眠的原因是，与20世纪70年代不同，这次油价上升不是发生在普遍的物价暴涨及全球需求过旺背景之下。世界上很多地区才刚刚走出经济衰落。《经济学家》的商品价格指数与一年前相比总的来说也没有什么变化。1973年的商品价格跃升了70％，而1979年也上升了近30％

2002 Text 4

论坛讨论帖地址：

　　The Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.

　　Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of "double effect, "a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects — a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen — is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.

Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients' pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.

Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who "until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death."

　　George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. "It's like surgery," he says. "We don't call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If you're a physician, you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend their suicide."

　　On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.

　　Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on physician-assisted suicide, the National Academy of Science (NAS) released a two-volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life. It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of "ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care.

　　The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.

　　Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care. "Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering," to the extent that it constitutes "systematic patient abuse." He says medical licensing boards "must make it clear... that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension."

56. From the first three paragraphs, we learn that ________.

　　[A] doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients' pain

　　[B] it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives

　　[C] the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide

　　[D] patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide

57. Which of the following statements is true according to the text?

　　[A] Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients' death.

　　[B] Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery.

　　[C] The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can be prescribed.

　　[D] A doctor's medication is no longer justified by his intentions.

58. According to the NAS's report, one of the problems in end-of-life care is ________.

　　[A] prolonged medical procedures

　　[B] inadequate treatment of pain

　　[C] systematic drug abuse

　　[D] insufficient hospital care

59. Which of the following best defines the word "aggressive" (line 1, paragraph 7)?

　　[A] Bold.

　　[B] Harmful.

　　[C] Careless.

　　[D] Desperate.

60. George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they ________.

　　[A] manage their patients incompetently

　　[B] give patients more medicine than needed

　　[C] reduce drug dosages for their patients

　　[D] prolong the needless suffering of the patients

重点词汇：

suicide /5σϕυισαιδ/ （v.n.自杀）即sui+cide，sui词根=self，cide词根“切”=cut，于是“拿刀切自己”→自杀。Every suicide is a solution to a problem.每件自杀都是对一个问题的解决。suicide — the only perfect crime that remains unpunished 自杀——唯一不受惩罚的完美罪行。

constitutional /7κΧνστι5τϕυ:ΦΕνΕλ/ （构成的；体质的；宪法的）即con+stitut(e)+ion+al，con-前缀“一起”，stitute词根“建立”，-ion名词后缀，-al形容词后缀；名词形式为constitution（构成；体质；宪法）←con+stitut(e)+ion；动词为constitute（构成）←con+stitute。Why is woman persistently regarded as a mystery? It is not that she has labored to conceal the organic and psychological facts of her constitution, but that men have showed no interest in exploring them.为什么女人总是被视为神秘的事物？原因并不是她极力隐瞒了关于自身生理与心理的事实，而是男人从来就没有对探索这些事实表现过兴趣。The two powers which in my opinion constitute a wise man are those of bearing and forbearing.在我看来，造就智者的两种力量是忍受和克制。

principle /5πρινσΕπλ/ （原理；信念）可把princi看作print（印刷），ple看作“倍数”（如quadruple、triple，参2002年Text 3），于是“反反复复印刷的东西”→原理（联想：地下党反复印刷革命刊物宣传马克思主义原理）。When a fellow says, "It isn't the money but the principle of the thing," it's the money.当一个人说“这不是钱的问题而是原则问题”时，那就是钱的问题。Important principles may and must be flexible.重要的原则可以有伸缩性，也必须有伸缩性。

foresee /φΧ:5σι:/ （v.预知）即fore+see，fore前缀“在前”（如forehead额←fore+head），see看，“在事情发生前就能看到”→预知。He who foresees calamities suffers them twice over.预见灾难的人承受了它们两次。

sufficient /σΕ5φιΦΕντ/ （足够的）即suf+fici+ent；suf-前缀“在下”（=sub-，f前b变形为f），fici看作face面（元音字母替换），-ent形容词后缀，低于(suf)平均水平(fici)的(ent)消费使本来不多的收入变得“足够的”；insufficient /7ινσΕ5φιΦΕντ/ （不足的）←in否定前缀+sufficient。Life is the art of drawing sufficient conclusions from insufficient premises.生活是从不足的前提得出足够的结论的艺术。

mediation /7μι:δι5ειΦΕν/ （仲裁，媒介作用）即medi+ation，medi(=middle)词根“中间的”，-ation名词后缀，文中指代“镇痛剂”。同根词：medium（中等的；媒介；手段）←medi+um后缀。

maintain /μειν5τειν/ （v.维修；维持；支持）即main+tain，main词根=hand，tain词根=hold（参unsustainable，2003年Text 4）。He who tells a lie is not sensible how great a task he undertakes; for he must invent twenty more to maintain that one.说谎者没有意识到自己要承担多么艰巨的任务，因为他必须再说二十个谎言来维持这个谎言。

prescribe /πρισ5κραιβ/ （v.指示；开处方）←pre在前+scribe写，“在拿药之前写”→开处方。If I were a medical man, I should prescribe a holiday to any patient who considered his work important.我如果是医生，就会开处方给所有认为自己的工作非同小可的病人放一天假。

legitimate /λι5δςιτιμιτ/ （合法的；v.合法）即legitim+ate，legitim词根“合法”（leg即词根“法律”），-ate后缀。

homicide /5ηΧμισαιδ/ （n.杀人，杀人者）即homi+cide，homi词根“人”=human，cide词根“切”=cut。

debate /δι5βειτ/ （v.n.争论，辩论）即de+bate，de-向下，bate词根“打”=beat，“通过语言把对手打倒”→“辩论”。同根词：combat（v.n.战斗，格斗）←com一起+bat。Debate is the best catalyst of thought.争论是思想最好的催化剂。

ineffectual /7ινι5φεκτϕυΕλ/ （无效的）←in否定前缀+effect效果+ual形容词后缀，与ineffective意思相近但有区别，ineffectual强调“不起作用的”，ineffective强调“效率低的”。To be prepared for war is one of the most effectual means of preserving peace.备战是维持和平的最有效途径之一。

hospice /5ηΧσπισ/ （收容所）可看作hosp(ital)+ice，医院里什么都没有，只有冰，于是就不能再叫医院了，叫“收容所”。

predictably /πρι5δικτΕβλι/ （可预言地）←pre+dict+abl(e)+(l)y，参prediction（2003年Text 1）。

systematic /7σιστι5μ“τικ/ （系统的；有计划的）←system系统+-atic形容词后缀。systematic liar 故意说谎者。

incompetently /ιν5κΧμπιτΕντλι/ （无能力地）即in+competent+ly，in-否定前缀，competent（有能力的），-ly副词后缀。

define /δι5φαιν/ （下定义；限定）即de+fine，de-向下，fine词根“界限”。Man is made in such a way that he continually has to define himself and continually escape his own definitions.人注定要不断地给自己下定义，又不断地逃避他自己的定义。Bigotry may be roughly defined as the anger of men who have no opinions.可以给偏执下一个粗略的定义：没有观点的人的愤怒。

desperate /5δεσπΕριτ/ （绝望的；不顾一切的）←desper+ate，desper同despair（v.n.绝望），-ate形容词后缀。If the failures of this world could realize how desperate half the present-day geniuses once felt, they would take heart and try again.世上的失败者若能了解到当今的天才有半数一度感到过多么绝望，他们就会振作精神再次努力。It is a characteristic of wisdom not to do desperate things.不做孤注一掷之事是智者的特征。Never despair. But if you do, work on in despair.永远都不要绝望。但如果已经绝望，就在绝望中继续工作。←在绝望中复习考研！

morphine /5μΧ:φι:ν/ 吗啡（音译）；well-meaning 善意的。

难句解析：

①The Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.

▲要理解本句，一定要抓住它的核心成分，主语是The Supreme Court's decisions，谓语是carry，宾语是important implications，后面有一个how引导的从句作介词for的宾语。

△该句是本文的第一段，也是第一句，因此理解本句对全文的理解很有帮助。

②Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of "double effect", a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects — a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen — is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.

▲该句是一个复杂句，其基本结构是although引导的状语从句后面加一个主句，其主干是the court supported the medical principle of "double effect"，后面是一个对double effect进行说明的同位语，里面又有一个holding引导的宾语从句。

△本句阅读的重点在于搞清基本句子结构。在最开始阅读时可以先不看对double effect进行修饰的成分。

③Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who "until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death."

▲该句的主语是Nancy Dubler，后面有一个修饰它的同位语，句子的谓语是contends，后面有一个宾语从句，其中从句的宾语又有一个who引导的很长的定语从句。

△本句阅读的重点在于理清句子主干结构，另外对于一些词的理解也很关键。Mediation本意是“调停，调和”，此处结合上下文，它更倾向于指代医生用来缓解病人疼痛的药物，因此最好把它理解为“镇痛剂”。

④On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.

▲该句的主语是many，谓语是acknowledge承认，后面有一个宾语从句，用的是被动语态，而其中由by引导的短语后面又有一个定语从句for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying来修饰前面的patients。

△本句阅读的重点在于理清句子主干结构。

⑤It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of "ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care.

▲该句的主语it，指代的是上文提到的NAS，谓语的主干结构是identifies something as something，宾语有两个并列成分the undertreatment of pain和the aggressive use of "ineffectual and forced medical procedures"，后面的一个还有个定语从句来修饰。

△本句阅读的重点在于理清句子主干结构，并且要抓住复杂宾语中的核心部分。

试题解析：

56. [B]

此题的难度合适0.501，区分度好。

　　在文章第二段中有这么一句话：Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide，意思是：尽管裁决认为，宪法没有赋予医生帮助病人自杀的权利。也就是说，医生使用安乐死之类的助死法是违法的。因此请看B选项，刚好符合文章。至于A选项，有不少人选了，估计是看到第三段中Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients' pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.然而这句话的意思是：近年来，医生们一直在借用这项原则，为自己替病危患者注射大剂量的吗啡镇痛的做法提供正当的理由。而A选项的意思是，医生曾经为了控制病人的病情增加药的剂量。仔细想一下，是有区别的。原文的意思是医生注射大剂量的吗啡镇痛，而题目的意思是医生增加药的剂量。两者的区别虽然不明显，但是肯定不相同。因此排除A。然后是C选项，原文中没有提到，只是说目前在讨论，但是没有说强烈反对。然后是D选项，原理上就不对，病人自杀和法律,权利有什么关系...管天管地，管不了我上吊自尽～～～

57. [C]

　　此题的难度合适0.546，区分度好0.276。

　　这是一道总括性的题，需要以文章中的多处信息为线索。这些信息较多地集中在文章的前三段：尽管在医生帮助下的自杀是不合法的，但是最高法院认为只要医生的本意是为了减轻病人的痛苦，那么他们使用大剂量的镇痛药就是允许的。第二段中：a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects — a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen — is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect. 意思是：这个存在了好几个世纪的道德原则认为，如果某种行为具有双重效果（希望达到的好效果和可以预见得到的坏效果），那么，只要行为实施只是想达到好的效果，这个行为就是可以允许的。因此可以看出，法律是允许医生使用高剂量药剂的。因此和C选项相符。请看A选项，这个选项明显是为那些喜欢主观判断的同学准备的陷阱，如果你只从常理判断的话无疑是对的，人之初性本善嘛～～但是在文章中肯本没有提到医生会内疚....所以这种选项不能选。然后请看B选项，意思是说现代的药剂能帮助病人进行无痛的康复。但是又是在原文中毫无体现。因此A和B都是主观主义错误。最后是D选项，说医生不再按照他的目的来使用药剂。这个和原文恰恰相反，原文说的是：医生们一直在借用这项原则，为自己替病危患者注射大剂量的吗啡镇痛的做法提供正当的理由。因此D选项排除。

58. [B]

　　此题的难度合适0.481，区分度很好0.322。

　　本题的答题依据是第七段的第二句话中的“the undertreatment of pain”，理解了该短语的意思，这道题也就迎刃而解了。在第六段中有这么句话： It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of "ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care. 其中the undertreatment of pain表明了对待疼痛的不足，undertreatment是处理不足的意思。因此明显B选项入选。而ACD选项都是对上面这句话的无根据延伸，我看大家选C的比较多，所谓systematic drug abuse是指系统药物的滥用，但是原文只是说to the extent that it constitutes "systematic patient abuse."这就说明，和原文越像的越不是答案....更何况，题目说的是According to the NAS's report，所以内容应该在第六段找。

59. [A]

　　此题稍难0.279，但区分度好。

　　选择四个选项的考生人数比较平均。这道题考查考生根据上下文判断词义的能力。一方面考生对“aggressive”这个词的基本意思要有所了解，同时要运用上下文的信息。

60. [D]

　　此题的难度合适0.501，区分度不大理想。

　　有29.6％的考生选择A项。本题的答题依据是文章的最后一段。在这一段中，Annas对大量的医生置病人的痛苦于不顾，无端地延长病人不必要的痛苦这种行为提出了批评，认为这种行为构成了“虐待病人”，并认为这样的医生应该予以吊销行医执照。考生选择A的主要原因是受到了最后一句话中的“that are incompetently managed”的影响。在文章的最后一段中，是这么说的：Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care. "Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering," to the extent that it constitutes systematic patient abuse." He says medical licensing boards "must make it clear... that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension." 大体上说，Annas对大量的医生置病人的痛苦于不顾，无端地延长病人不必要的痛苦这种行为提出了批评，认为这种行为构成了“虐待病人”，并认为这样的医生应该予以吊销行医执照。因此，D选项入选。至于A选项，原文中有这么一句话that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension。但是，还是那句话，和原文越像的越不是答案。这个选项偷换了概念，原文中说的是 painful deaths，而题目中说的是病人。还有C选项，在原文中没有提到，虽然在前几段经常出现，但是在Annas的理论中并未体现，所以不能选。

全文翻译：

最高法庭关于医生协助病人结束生命问题的裁决，对于如何用药物减轻病危者的痛苦这个问题来说，具有重要的意义。

　　尽管裁决认为，宪法没有赋予医生帮助病人自杀的权利，然而最高法庭实际上却认可了医疗界的“双效”原则，这个存在了好几个世纪的道德原则认为，如果某种行为具有双重效果（希望达到的好效果和可以预见得到的坏效果），那么，只要行为实施只是想达到好的效果，这个行为就是可以允许的。

　　近年来，医生们一直在借用这项原则，为自己替病危患者注射大剂量的吗啡镇痛的做法提供正当的理由，尽管他们知道，不断增加的剂量最终会杀死病人。

　　蒙特非奥里医疗中心主任南希·都博勒认为，这项原则将消除部分医生的疑虑，这些医生在此之前一直强烈地认为，如果给病人充分的药品来止痛会加速他们的死亡的话工那就不能这样做。

　　波士顿大学健康法律系主任乔治·安纳斯坚持认为，只要医生是出于合理的医疗目的开药，那么即使服用此药会加速病人的死亡，医生的行为也没有违法。“这就像做手术，”他说，“我们不能称那些死亡为杀人是因为医生并没有想杀死病人，尽管他们敢冒病人死亡的危险。假定你是一名医生，只要你并没有想让病人自杀，你就可以去冒你的病人自杀的风险。”

　　另一方面，许多医疗界人士承认，致使医助自杀这场争论升温的部分原因是由于病人们的绝望情绪，对这些病人来说，现代医学延长了临终前肉体的痛苦。

　　就在最高法庭对医助自杀进行裁决的前三周，全国科学学会公布了一份长达两卷的报告——临近死亡：完善临终护理。报告指出了医院临终关怀护理中存在的两个问题：对病痛处理不力和大胆使用“无效而强制性的医疗程序，这些程序可能会延长死亡期，甚至会让死亡期难堪”。

　　“医疗行业采取步骤，让年轻医生去晚期病人休养所培训，对各种大胆的镇痛疗法方面的知识进行评估，为医院护理制定一份符合美国医疗保障方案的付款条例，以及为评估和治疗临终痛苦制定新的标准。

　　安纳斯说，律师可以在要求把医疗界的这些善意的行为变成更好的护理行动方面发挥关键作用。“不少医生对病人所遭受的毫无必要的，可预见的痛苦无动于衷”，乃至于已构成“蓄意虐待病人”。他说，行医资格理事会“必须明确表明——病人痛苦地死亡，可以推定，是由于医生处理不力造成的，应该因此吊销其从医资格”。

2001 Passage 1

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　　Specialisation can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialisation was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.

　　No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word "amateur" does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialisation in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.

　　A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, where as the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.

　　Although the process of professionalisation and specialisation was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.

51. The growth of specialisation in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as ________.

　　[A] sociology and chemistry

　　[B] physics and psychology

　　[C] sociology and psychology

　　[D] physics and chemistry

52. We can infer from the passage that ________.

　　[A] there is little distinction between specialisation and professionalisation

　　[B] amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science

　　[C] professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community

　　[D] amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones

53. The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate ________.

　　[A] the process of specialisation and professionalisation

　　[B] the hardship of amateurs in scientific study

　　[C] the change of policies in scientific publications

　　[D] the discrimination of professionals against amateurs

54. The direct reason for specialisation is ________.

　　[A] the development in communication

　　[B] the growth of professionalisation

　　[C] the expansion of scientific knowledge

　　[D] the splitting up of academic societies

重点词汇：

specialisation /7σπεΦΕλαι5ζειΦΕν/ （专业化）即special+is(e)+ation，special（特别的；额外的），-ise动词后缀（specialise即v.专业化），-ation名词后缀；specialist（专家；专科医生）←special+ist后缀表“人”。Love is a special affection for a man or a woman, which is stronger than that for any other person.爱情是对一个男人或女人的特殊的好感，它比对其他任何人的好感都强烈。specialist — a doctor whose patients can be ill only during office hours 专科医生——一位医生：他的病人只有在上班时间才能生病。specialist — one who knows more and more about less and less 专家——对越来越少的东西懂得越来越多的人。

response /ρισ5πΧνσ/ （回复；响应）是respond（见2003年Text 2）的名词形式。The sartorial artist no less than the sculptor, the painter and the musician dreams of creations that will awaken a response in the soul of the world.好裁缝跟雕塑家、画家和音乐家一样，梦想着能在世人灵魂中引起反响的作品。

accumulation /Εκϕυ:μϕυ5λειΦ(Ε)ν/ （积累，堆积）即accumulate+ation，accumulate（v.积累，堆积），-ation名词后缀。University are full of knowledge; the freshmen bring a little in and the seniors take none away, and knowledge accumulates.大学里充满了知识，新生带进来一些，高年级学生则一点也不带走，于是知识就积累了下来。Books are the ever-burning lamps of accumulated wisdom.书籍是积累智慧的明灯。

professionalisation /7πρΕ5φεΦΕνΕλαι5ζειΦΕν/ （职业化）即professional+is(e)+ation，professional（职业的；职业人员），-ise动词后缀（professionalise即v.职业化），-ation名词后缀。In love woman are professionals, men are amateurs.在恋爱中女子是专业者，男子是业余者。

clear-cut 明确的，清晰的。

amateur /5“μΕτΕ/ （业余的；业余爱好者）可记谐音“爱慕它”，“业余爱好者”选择某专业必定是“爱慕它”。Every artist was once an amateur.所有的艺术家都曾经是业余爱好者。amateur — a young man who, when flattering women, is afraid of overdoing it 业余选手——奉承女人时怕做过头的年轻人。

distinction /δισ5τιΝκΦΕν/ （差别，区分）即distinct+ion，distinct（清楚的，明显的），-ion名词后缀。同根词：extinct灭绝（因为有x而省略s）；instinct本能。Success seems to be that which forms the distinction between confidence and conceit.成功似乎是形成自信与自负区别的东西。

connotation /7κΧνΕυ5τειΦΕν/ （涵义）即con+not(e)+ation，con-前缀“一起”，note记录，-ation名词后缀，“所有东西都被一起记录在其中”→涵义。

integrate /5ιντι⊥ρειτ/ （使成为一体）←integr完整+ate，参disintegrate（2003年Text 4）。

participation /πΒ:7τισι5πειΦΕν/ （参加；分享）即parti+cip+ation，parti(=part)，cip(=cap)抓（参captive，2003年Text 3），-ation名词后缀，“抓取其中一部分”→分享；动词为participate←parti+cip+ate。We participate in a tragedy; at a comedy we only look.悲剧我们参加，喜剧我们仅仅观看。

in terms of 依据；用……措辞。

reveal /ρι5ϖι:λ/ （v.展现；揭示；泄露）即re+veal，re-前缀(=away)，veal(=veil)面纱，“揭开面纱”→展示。A person reveals his character by nothing so clearly as the joke he resents.没有什么比一个人所反感的笑话更能显露他的为人。If you reveal your secrets to the wind, you should not blame the wind for revealing them to the trees.你如果把秘密泄露给风，就不应责怪风把秘密泄露给树。

emphasis /5εμφΕσισ/ （强调，重点）可看作em+phasis，em-前缀“强调”，phasis看作是phase（阶段）的复述形式，于是“在各阶段里最值得强调的”→强调。I sometime wish that people would put a little more emphasis upon the observance of the law than they do upon its enforcement.有时候我但愿人们多把重点放在遵守法律上，而非强调其实施。

primacy /5πραιμΕσι/ （首要，首位）即prim(e)+acy，prime首要的，-acy名词后缀，primacy与privacy（隐私）一字母之差，“隐私”是最“首要”的。

definition /7δεφι5νιΦΕν/ （定义）即defin(e)+ition，define（下定义；限定）见2002年Text 4，-ition名词后缀。It is almost a definition of a gentleman to say that he is one who never inflicts pain.说一个人从不给人造成痛苦，这几乎是下了一个关于君子的定义。

represent /7ρεπρι5ζεντ/ （v.描述；代表）←re+present。Books only partially represent their authors.图书只是部分地体现了作者。

reflect /ρι5φλεκτ/ （v.反射；反映；思考）←re回+flect弯曲。There are two ways of spreading light: To be the candle, or the mirror that reflects it.散布光的方法有两种：当蜡烛或者当反射烛光的镜子。Who reflects too much will accomplish little.思虑过多者一事难成。

referee /7ρεφΕ5ρι:/ （仲裁者v.仲裁）←refer+ee。

separate /5σεπΕρειτ/ （分离的v.分离）←se+par+ate，se-前缀“分离”，par看作part“分离”，-ate后缀。同前缀词：select（v.选择a.精选的）←se+lect选。We sleep in separate rooms, we have dinner apart, we take separate vacations — we're doing everything we can to keep our marriage together.我们在分开的房间睡觉，我们分开吃饭，我们分开度假——我们做着能做的一切以维持婚姻。You can't separate peace from freedom because no one can be at peace unless he has his freedom.你无法将安宁与自由分开，因为得不到自由谁都不会安宁。

delay /δι5λει/ （v.n.耽搁，延迟）看作de+lay，de-向下，lay放，把事情暂时“放下”→耽搁。Never delay that should be done today until tomorrow.不要把今天应做的事推迟到明天。

reckon /5ρεκΕν/ （v.认为；估算）看作re+ckon，re-前缀“反复”，ckon谐音“啃”，题目太难了，需要“re啃”才能“估算”出答案。I reckon being ill as one of the great pleasures of life, provided one is not too ill and is not obliged to work till one is better.我把生病当作人生一大乐趣，只要病得不太严重，并且在好转之前不被要求工作。To sensible men, every day is a day of reckoning.对明智的人来说，每一天的时间都要精打细算。

crucial /5κρυ:ΦΕλ/ （极重要的，决定性的）即cruc+ial，cruc词根(=cross)，-ail形容词后缀，“处于十字路口的”→关键的。

psychology /σαι5κΧλΕδςι/ （心理学）←psycho+logy，psycho词根“心理”，-logy后缀“……学”。The purpose of psychology is to give us a completely different idea of the things we know best.心理学的用途是告诉我们对最熟悉事物的完全不同的观念。psychology — ①the science that tells you what you already know, in words you can't understand ②the theology of the twentieth century 心理学——①一门科学：它用你听不明白的语言告诉你已经知道的事 ②20世纪的神学。

in one's own right 凭自身条件；under way 在进行中。

难句解析：

①No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word "amateur" does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values.

▲先看前面的句子的主干是No... distinction can be drawn between...，冒号后面的内容是进一步说明前面的观点。在第二个句子中，一上来就有一个转折词nevertheless，表示语意的转折，其主句是the word "amateur" does carry a connotation，后面有一个同位语从句，里面有两个并列谓语。

△注意nevertheless表示转折，其后的信息与其前面的信息意思相反，前面讲二者没有很明显的区别，后面便说业余和专业就是不一样。其次要看清the word "amateur" DOES carry a connotation而非DOES NOT。

②The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.

▲两个分句有同一个主语，即the trend，两个谓语为was obvious和can be illustrated。前一个分句中based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training修饰areas of science。

△注意be illustrated的用法，这里是“举例说明，例证说明”的意思；另外in terms of是“就某事来说，以某事为例”的意思。

③A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper.

▲本句的主语是a comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half（中心词为a comparison），谓语是reveals，宾语主体结构是not simply... but also...所连接的两个并列宾语，注意宾语emphasis和definition前都有分词来修饰。

△an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research译为“对科研的重要性的强调不断攀升”，a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper译为“一篇过得去的科研论文创作标准也有所变化”，其中what指代the elements that。

④The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century.

▲全句的主干结构是The... result has been to do sth.。注意逗号后面只是一个名词性的短语，其核心词是a result，可以被看成是前面句子主语的同位语，在其内部主要是一个长的定语从句，而定语从句中又有两个并列的状语first by..., and then by...。

△entrance入口，此处指发表文章，进入专业圈子。reinforce增强，也就是使难度更高。本句的理解重点在于理顺句子结构，要看到在第一个逗号之后没有动词了，可以一层一层地把这个名词短语分解开。

⑤A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.

▲这是一个并列关系的并列句，两个分句由whereas（而）连接，说明了两种情况，前面是在说professional，而后面说amateurs。

△coming together nationally within one or two specific societies理解为“组成一到两个全国性的专科学术社团”。

试题解析：

51. [D]

　　根据第二段第三、四句，19世纪开始的专门化要求更长时间、更复杂的培训，日益增长的专门化给参与科学活动的业余爱好者带来了更大的问题。在特别是以数学和实验为基础的那些科学领域里，这一倾向自然表现得最为明显，英国地质学领域的发展充分地说明了这一点。

　　在这四个选择项中，虽然没有提到地质学，但是，众所周知，就19世纪而言，物理学和化学均是以数学和实验作为基础的科学，因此[D]是正确答案。

52. [B] 意为：业余研究者可以在某些科学领域与专业研究者相匹敌。

　　根据第三段，在20世纪，局部的研究(local studies)只有在能被纳入并反映出更广泛研究框架的时候，才为专业研究者所接受。这说明，某些方面的研究是为专业研究者所认可的。第二段还提到，目前并存着分别以业余研究者和专业研究者为对象的两种杂志，专业地质学家组成了全国性的一两个协会，而业余研究者则通常是或者参加本地的研究协会，或者也以不同的方式结成全国性的组织。这些都说明了业余研究的不可或缺性以及与职业研究并存状况。

　　A意为：专门化和专业化过程几乎没有区别。根据本文，专门化过程(specialisation)和专业化过程(professionalisation)实质上是同一个过程，即：研究领域的专门化带来了研究人员的专业化，一个是针对研究对象而言，另一个是针对研究者而宫，二者同时发生，不可比较。

　　C不对。根据第三段第四句，专业研究者对业余研究者甚至还有排挤的倾向。

　　D不对。参阅本题对选择项[B]的解释。

53. [A]

　　参阅第二段第三、四句并第51题题解。请特别注意第四句中illustrate（举例说明）。

　　另外，第四段第一句也提到，虽然专业化和专门化过程早在19世纪已在英国的地质学领域展开，但直到20世纪我们才看到其全面影响。这句话也是对上一段的总结。

　　B意为：业余研究者在科学研究中碰到的艰辛。例子中虽然提到了专业化结业余研究者带来的不利影响．但就总体而言，这个例子说明的是专业化和专门化过程的形成及其影响。

　　C意为：科技出版物出版方针的变化。第三段提到了科学杂志的问题（参阅第52题题解），但这显然不是例子旨在说明的问题。

　　D意为：专业研究者对业余研究者的歧视。

54. [C]

　　全文第一句指出，专门化过程可以看做是对日益积累的科学知识的反应。该句的含义是：科学知识的积累促进了知识的进一步分类和分化（或专门化）。

　　A不对。第一段第二、三句话的意思是，通过将研究课题分作更小单位，人们可以继续处理信息（注意：这里所说的information指上一句中的scientific knowledge），用之作为进一步研究的基础，但是，专门化只是影响交流过程的一系列科学发展的一部分。这里所说的communication指科学知识的交流。

　　B不对。专业比是随着知识的进一步分类而产生的，不是其成因。参阅第52题对选择项A的解释。

　　D意为：学术团体的分裂。

全文翻译：

　　专业化可被视为针对科学知识不断膨胀这个问题所做出的反应。通过将学科细化，个人能够继续处理这些不断膨胀的信息并将它们作为深入研究的基础。但是专业化仅是科学领域内一系列影响交流过程的有关现象之一。另一现象是科学活动的日益职业化。

　　在科学领域内，专业与业余之间没有绝对的区分：任何规律都有其例外。但是“业余”这个词的确具有特殊的含义，那就是所指的那个人没有完全融入某个科学家群体，具体地说，他可能并不完全认同这个群体的价值观。19世纪的专业化的发展，以及随之而来的对训练的长期性和复杂性的要求，对业余人员进入科学界造成了更大的困难。特别是在以数学和实验室训练为基础的科学领域，这种倾向自然尤为明显，这可以通过英国的地质学发展过程得到证实。

　　对过去一个半世纪的英国地质出版物进行比较，我们不但发现人们对研究的重视程度在不断增加，而且人们对可以接受的论文的定义也在不断变化。因此，在19世纪，局部的地质研究本身就可形成一种有价值的研究；而到了20世纪，如果局部的研究能够被专业人员接受，那么它越来越倾向于必须体现或思考更广阔的地质面貌。另一方面业余人员继续以旧的方式从事局部的研究。其整体的结果是使业余人员进入专业性地质学杂志更加困难，而审稿制度的全面引进使这个结果得到加强，这一制度开始是在19世纪的全国性杂志进行，进入20世纪后也在一些地方性地质杂志实行。这样发展的必然结果是出现了针对专业读者和业余读者的不同杂志。类似的分化过程也导致专业地质学家聚集起来，形成一两个全国性的团体，而业余地质学家则要么留在地方性团体中，要么以不同方式组成全国性的团体。

　　虽然职业化和专业化过程在19世纪的英国地质学界中已经得到迅速发展，但是它的效果直到20世纪才充分显示出来。然而，从科学这个整体来看，19世纪必须被视为科学结构发生变化的关键时期。

2001 Passage 2

论坛相关讨论帖地址：

　　A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide — the division of the world into the info(information) rich and the info poor. And that divide does exist today. My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty years ago. What was less visible then, however, were the new, positive forces that work against the digital divide. There are reasons to be optimistic.

　　There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow. As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to universalize access — after all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are. More and more governments, afraid their countries will be left behind, want to spread Internet access. Within the next decade or two, one to two billion people on the planet will be netted together. As a result, I now believe the digital divide will narrow rather than widen in the years ahead. And that is very good news because the Internet may well be the most powerful tool for combating world poverty that we've ever had.

　　Of course, the use of the Internet isn't the only way to defeat poverty. And the Internet is not the only tool we have. But it has enormous potential.

　　To take advantage of this tool, some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment. Countries that still think foreign investment is an invasion of their sovereignty might well study the history of infrastructure (the basic structural foundations of a society) in the United States. When the United States built its industrial infrastructure, it didn't have the capital to do so. And that is why America's Second Wave infrastructure — including roads, harbors, highways, ports and so on — were built with foreign investment. The English, the Germans, the Dutch and the French were investing in Britain's former colony. They financed them. Immigrant Americans built them. Guess who owns them now? The Americans. I believe the same thing would be true in places like Brazil or anywhere else for that matter. The more foreign capital you have helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure, which today is an electronic infrastructure, the better off you're going to be. That doesn't mean lying down and becoming fooled, or letting foreign corporations run uncontrolled. But it does mean recognizing how important they can be in building the energy and telecom infrastructures needed to take full advantage of the Internet.

55. Digital divide is something ________.

　　[A] getting worse because of the Internet

　　[B] the rich countries are responsible for

　　[C] the world must guard against

　　[D] considered positive today

56. Governments attach importance to the Internet because it ________.

　　[A] offers economic potentials

　　[B] can bring foreign funds

　　[C] can soon wipe out world poverty

　　[D] connects people all over the world

57. The writer mentioned the case of the United States to justify the policy of ________.

　　[A] providing financial support overseas

　　[B] preventing foreign capital's control

　　[C] building industrial infrastructure

　　[D] accepting foreign investment

58. It seems that now a country's economy depends much on ________.

　　[A] how well-developed it is electronically

　　[B] whether it is prejudiced against immigrants

　　[C] whether it adopts America's industrial pattern

　　[D] how much control it has over foreign corporations

重点词汇：

divide /δι5ϖαιδ/ （分开；分配；除）是division /δι5ϖιςΕν/ （分开；部门；除法）的动词形式。The only way on earth to multiply happiness is to divide it.世上唯一能使幸福成倍增加的方法是将其分作几份。Grief can take care of itself, but to get the full value of a joy you must have somebody to divide it with.悲伤只需其自身就足够了，然而要获取一件乐事的充分价值，你就必须找人分享。Instead of this absurd division into sexes they ought to class people as static and dynamic.为取代性别这种荒唐的区别，他们应该把人分成静态与动态两种。

loom /λυ:μ/ （v.隐约出现；织布机）可看作loo+m，loo即数字100，m即国际单位“米”，能织出100米长的布的“织布机”；另外布在织成以前是透明的，所以布后面的东西是可以“隐约出现”的。

commercialize /κΕ5μΕ:ΦΕλαιζ/ （使商业化）即commercial+ize，commercial（商业的）←commerc(e)+ial，-ize动词后缀“使……化”。Good manners are the settled medium of social, as specie is of commercial life.礼貌是社会生活固定的中介，就像硬币之于商业生活。commercialism — doing well that which should not be done at all 商业主义——把根本不该做的事做得很好。

universalize /7ϕυ:νι5ϖΕ:σΕλαιζ/ （使普遍化）即universal+ize，universal（宇宙的；普遍的）←univers(e)+al，-ize动词后缀“使……化”。Envy is the most universal passion.忌妒是最普遍的情感。universe — merely a fleeting idea in God's mind — a pretty uncomfortable thought, particularly if you're just made a down payment on a house 宇宙——不过是上帝头脑里一个稍纵即逝的想法——一种让人很不舒服的想法，特别是在你刚预付过房子的定金之后。

impoverish /ιμ5πΧϖΕριΦ/ （使贫穷；使枯竭）←im加强前缀+pover词根+ish动词后缀；同根词：poverty /5πΧϖΕτι/ （贫穷）←pover+ty名词后缀。

prejudice /5πρεδςυδισ/ （偏见v.n.损害）即pre+jud+ice，pre-前缀“在前”，jud词根“判断”(=judge)，-ice后缀，“在弄清事实之前就做出判断”→偏见，而“偏见”是会招致“损害”的。Prejudice is the child of ignorance.偏见是无知的产物。prejudice — ①an unwillingness to be confused with facts ②a device enabling you to form opinions without getting the facts 偏见——①不愿为事实所困惑 ②使你能在不了解事实的情况下形成观点的一种装置。

respect /ρισ5πεκτ/ （v.n.尊敬）即re+spect，re-反复，spect词根“看”，反复看一个人是对其表示“尊敬”；with respect to 关于。All the great religions are fundamentally equal. We must have innate respect for other religions as we have for our own.一切伟大的宗教在根本上都是等同的。我们对于其它宗教，必须像对自己的宗教一样怀着天然的敬意。To respect a person is not possible without knowing him.不了解一个人却要尊敬他，那是不可能的。respect — to admire from a distance 尊敬——从远处赞赏。

sovereignty /5σΧϖριντι/ （主权；主权国家）即sover+(r)eign+ty，sover(=over)在上，reign统治，-ty名词后缀，“在上面统治”；sovereign（统治的；统治者）←sover+(r)eign。Men in great places are thrice servants: servants of the sovereign or state; servants of fame; and servants of business.身居高位者是三重仆人：统治者或国家的仆人，名声的仆人，以及事务的仆人。

infrastructure /5ινφρΕ5στρΘκτΦΕ/ （基础设施）即infra+structure，infra-前缀“在下”，structure（v.n.构造）。以infra-为前缀的词：infrahuman（类人猿的；类人生物）←infra+human；infrared（红外线的；红外线）←infra+red。

telecom /5τελΕκΧμ/ （电信）即telecommunication。

responsible /ρισ5πΧνσΕβλ/ （负责的；可靠的；责任重大的）即respons(e)+ible，response回应（见2001年Passage 1），-ible能……的，“能得到回应的”→负责的。An idea isn't responsible for the people who believe in it.一种思想对信仰它的人并不负有责任。To be a man is, precisely, to be responsible.确切地说，做男人就是负责任。

in the interest of 为了……的利益；may well 很有可能；lie down 屈从。

难句解析：

①A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide — the division of the world into the info(information) rich and the info poor.

▲本句的结构较简单，抓住attention is being paid to the digital divide就可以了，注意破折号后面的名词短语实际上是对digital divide一词的定义。

△so-called所谓的，注意要学会利用如破折号、括号、逗号等标点符号来定位一个词的补充说明成分。

②As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to universalize access — after all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are.

▲注意主句是It is in the interest of business to do sth.，前面as引导的是伴随状语，而非原因状语，要理解为“随着”，而非“因为”。后面破折号的部分是进一步解释说明前面的主句。

△注意几个词的含义：commercialized商业化；universalize access普及上网条件。

③To take advantage of this tool, some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment.

▲本句的主干是some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices。前面的不定式可以被看成是一个目的状语。

△tool指上文的internet；impoverished贫困的；get over克服，摒弃；with respect to在某个方面。

④The more foreign capital you have helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure, which today is an electronic infrastructure, the better off you're going to be.

▲此处用了the more... the more...的句型。逗号之间的which today is an electronic infrastructure是Third Wave infrastructure的非限定性定语从句。

△capital资金；Third Wave第三次浪潮，指后工业时代，即“信息时代”；infrastructure基础设施；better off的原形是well off家境好，富裕。

试题解析：

55. [C] 意为：全世界应该警惕的。

　　第一段第一句对“数字分化”下了一个定义。其后作者提到，他和妻子20年前就在讲演中谈到这种随时将至的危险，这里，this looming danger当指the digital divide，即在世界范围内产生信息富裕和信息贫乏的两类国家。当时，作者就认为前途是乐观的，因为早在20年前就已经出现了一些防止产生这种分化的积极因素，只是当时这些因索还不太明显。同时，在第二段，作者提到了网络的普及使这种分化正得到缩小。可见，在作者看来，这种分化是不好的现象，而网络的普及能帮助世界战胜贫困(combating world poverty, defear poverty)。

　　有关选择项A和D，参阅本题对选择项C的解释。

　　B不对。该选择项表达的内容本文没有提到。

56. [A]

　　第二段提到，随着国际互联网越来越趋于商业化，普及上网会对商家有利，因为上网的人越多，潜在的顾客人数就越多，因此，许多国家的政府惟恐落后于形势，想要扩大上网率。第二段最后一句指出，“数字分化”的缩小是一个好现象，因为，国际互联网很可能是我们迄今所拥有的战胜贫困的最强有力的工具。所谓“战胜贫困”即指使这些贫穷国家富裕起来。第三段第三句则直截了当地指出，国际互联网有巨大的（经济）发展潜力。

　　B意为：可以带来海外投资。在第四段，作者建议贫穷国家在利用外资方面放弃一些过时的偏见——如殖民、侵犯主权等概念，积极利用外资建立自己的电子基础设施，以便充分利用国际互联网提供的机遇，走向富裕(better off)。这里的逻辑并不是互联网带来外资，而是利用外资发展网络工程。

　　C意为：能很快消灭贫困。虽然作者提到了国际互联网的利用可能是战胜贫困的工具，但这仅仅是一种潜在的力量，把这种力量转化为现实则取决于不同国家的努力。

　　D不对。正像上面所分析的，政府关注国际互联网是因为它为经济的发展带来的巨大潜力，而不仅仅是它将世界连成一片这个事实。

57. [D]

　　在第四段，美国和巴西的例子都用以说明抛弃过去的在利用外资上的错误观念，充分利用外资建立电子基础设施的重要性，因为，哪个国家在建设“第三次浪潮”（指目前正在进行的信息产业革命）的基础设施上利用外资多，哪个国家就将变得更富裕（见第四段倒数第三句）。

　　A意为；向海外提供资金援助。

　　B意为：防止外资的控制。第四段最后两句指出，利用外资并不意味着缴械或受愚弄，也不意味着放任外国公司肆意妄为，但是这的确意味着：对于利用外资建设能源和电信基础设施的重要性人们已有所认识，而这些设施是充分利用国际互联网的基础。

　　C意为：建立工业基础设施。由以上的分析可以看出，本文提到的不是建立“工业”基础设施的问题。

58. [A] 意为：其电子工业发展的程度。

　　参阅对以上三个题的题解。

　　B意为：它是否反对外来移民。

　　C意为：它是否采用美国的产业模式。美国的例子仅仅是利用外资建设基础设施的一个成功例子。

　　D意为：它在多大程度上控制着外企。

全文翻译：

　　今天，人们十分关注所谓的是信息差异问题——世界上信息资源丰富的地区和信息资源贫乏的地区之间的差异；这个差异确实存在，我和我妻子20年前就曾谈及这个临近的危险。然而，那时还不太明显的是一些抵制信息差异的、新的积极因素。实际上我们是完全有理由感到乐观的。

　　一些技术上的因素使我们有理由期望差异会缩小。随着互联网的日趋商业化，上网普及对商家是有利的——毕竟，上网人数越多，潜在的客户就越多。越来越多的政府，惟恐自己的国家落后，纷纷推广互联网的普及。一二十年之内，全球将有一二十亿人互联。因此，我认为在未来的数年中，信息差异将缩小而不会变大。那是好消息，因为互联网很可能成为我们消除所面临的贫困的最强有效的工具。

　　当然，使用互联网不是惟一消灭贫困的方法。互联网也不是我们所拥有的惟一工具，但它却有巨大的潜力。

　　要想利用互联网，某些贫困国家必须克服对国外投资所持的过时了的反殖民的种种偏见。那些认为外国投资是对本国主权的侵犯的国家最好还是研究一下美国的基础设施（社会的基本结构基础）建设历史。当初美国建设自己的工业基础设施时，缺乏必要的资金，因此美国的第二次浪潮基础设施——包括公路、港口，高速公路、港口城市等等——都是用国外资金建造的。英国人、德国人、荷兰人和法国人都在前英国殖民地投资。他们提供资金，美洲移民建造。想想看，现在谁拥有这一切？美国人。我想，在这件事上，像巴西或其他任何地方同样也该这样。你拥有的去建造第三次浪潮基础设施（今天主要指电子基础设施）的外国资金越多，那么你的情况就越好。这并不是说卑躬屈膝，任人愚弄，也不是对外国公司不加控制。但这的确意味着你已认识到外国公司对本国能源及通信基础设施建设的重要性，这些基础设施是充分利用互联网所必要的。

2001 Passage 3

论坛相关讨论帖地址：

　　Why do so many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers? The American Society of Newspaper Editors is trying to answer this painful question. The organization is deep into a long self-analysis known as the journalism credibility project.

　　Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.

　　But the sources of distrust go way deeper. Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates (patterns) into which they plug each day's events. In other words, there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusing news.

　　There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers, which helps explain why the "standard templates" of the newsroom seem alien to many readers. In a recent survey, questionnaires were sent to reporters in five middle size cities around the country, plus one large metropolitan area. Then residents in these communities were phoned at random and asked the same questions.

　　Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedeses, and trade stocks, and they're less likely to go to church, do volunteer work, or put down roots in a community.

　　Reporters tend to be part of a broadly defined social and cultural elite, so their work tends to reflect the conventional values of this elite. The astonishing distrust of the news media isn't rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but in the daily clash of world views between reporters and their readers.

　　This is an explosive situation for any industry, particularly a declining one. Here is a troubled business that keeps hiring employees whose attitudes vastly annoy the customers. Then it sponsors lots of symposiums and a credibility project dedicated to wondering why customers are annoyed and fleeing in large numbers. But it never seems to get around to noticing the cultural and class biases that so many former buyers are complaining about. If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class.

59. What is the passage mainly about?

　　[A] Needs of the readers all over the world.

　　[B] Causes of the public disappointment about newspapers.

　　[C] Origins of the declining newspaper industry.

　　[D] Aims of a journalism credibility project.

60. The results of the journalism credibility project turned out to be ________.

　　[A] quite trustworthy

　　[B] somewhat contradictory

　　[C] very illuminating

　　[D] rather superficial

61. The basic problem of journalists as pointed out by the writer lies in their ________.

　　[A] working attitude

　　[B] conventional lifestyle

　　[C] world outlook

　　[D] educational background

62. Despite its efforts, the newspaper industry still cannot satisfy the readers owing to its ________.

　　[A] failure to realize its real problem

　　[B] tendency to hire annoying reporters

　　[C] likeliness to do inaccurate reporting

　　[D] prejudice in matters of race and gender

重点词汇：

journalism /5δςΕ:νΕλιζΕμ/ （新闻；新闻业）即journal+ism，journal（期刊；日志），-ism后缀。journalism — that with which you may fill the space between advertisements 新闻——用以填充广告与广告之间的空隙的东西。

credibility /7κρεδι5βιλιτι/ （可信性）即cred+ibility，cred词根“相信”（如credit→cred+it→信用），-ibility名词后缀“可……性”（如ability←a+(i)bility）。credibility gap — what happens to the same news between the morning telecast and the evening paper 信用差距——早间电视新闻与晚报之间同一条新闻发生的情况。

head-scratching（令人为难的）即head+scratch+ing，head头，scratch抓，-ing形容词后缀，“急得直抓头”→为难的。

template /5τεμπλιτ/ （模板）可看作templ(e)+ate，temple寺庙，ate吃，当今倾向于素食者日益增多，而temple是ate素的“模板”(template)。

conventional /κΕν5ϖενΦΕνλ/ （传统的，惯例的）←convention+al，参convention（大会；惯例；公约），2002年Text 1。

newsroom /5νϕυ:ζρυμ/ （编辑室；阅览室）←news+room。

backbone /5β“κβΕυν/ （主干）←back+bone。

survey /σΕ:5ϖει/ （v.n.俯瞰；调查）即sur+vey，sur-前缀=super，vey词根“看”，故“从上面看”→俯瞰→引申为“调查”。An informal survey shows that what most people wanted for Christmas was two more weeks to prepare for it.一项非正式调查显示，大多数人圣诞节想要的东西是再给两个星期准备过节。

questionnaire /7κωεστΦΕ5νΖΕ/ （调查表）←question+naire名词后缀表“物”。

metropolitan /μετρΕ5πΡλιτ(Ε)ν/ （大都市的；大都市的人）即metro+polit+an，metro-前缀“母体，大”，同matri-，《黑客帝国》里的电脑“母体”就叫Matrix（即母体这东东太复杂，对任何人来说都是个大的未知数X），polit词根“城市”，-an后缀表“……的”或“……的人”；也可把polit看作polite（有礼貌的），于是“懂礼貌的大地方”→大都市的。

upscale /5Θπσκειλ/ （高消费阶层的；质优价高的）←up向上+scale等级。

volunteer /ϖΡλΕν5τιΕ/ （志愿的；志愿者v.志愿）←volunt意愿+eer；voluntary（自愿的）←volunt+ary形容词后缀。Maintain outside interests — volunteer in not-for-profits and stay physically fit.保持业余爱好——自愿做无利可图的事情而保持身体健康。

sponsor /5σπΧνσΕ/ （v.发起；赞助n.主办者）←spons(e)词根+or后缀；参response，2001年Passage 1。The longest word in the English language is the one following the phrase: "And now a word from our sponsor."英语中最长的单词是由此引发的：“现在请赞助者×××。”←此处×××不好译，因为显然不能译为“说一个词”，而译为“说几句话”则失去了原句的一语双关。

symposium /σιμ5πΕυζιΕμ/ （专题讨论会；专题论文集）即sym+pos+ium，sym-前缀“共同”，pos词根“放”，-ium后缀表“地方”，“把共同的问题放在一起讨论”→专题讨论会，“把共同讨论好的问题放在一起”→专题论文集。

bias /5βαιΕσ/ （v.n.偏见）谐音“白饿死”，古人有骨气者不吃嗟来之食而饿死，后来某些人对此不以为然，认为这是古人的“偏见”，所以是“白饿死”(bias)←白白饿死。

gender /5δςενδΕ/ （性别）可看作gen(e)+der，gene即单词“基因”，der谐音“的”，故“基因的”→“由基因决定的”→性别。

contradictory /7κΧντρΕ5δικτΕρι/ （反驳的；矛盾的；对立物）即contra+dict+ory，contra-前缀“相反”，dict词根“说”（如dictate→dict+ate动词后缀→口述；命令），-ory后缀；contradict（v.反驳；矛盾）←contra+dict。Assertion is not argument, to contradict the statement of an opponent is not proof that you are correct.坚定的看法不是论据，反驳对手的说法不能证明你是正确的。

illuminating /ι5λϕυ:μι7νειτιΝ/ （照明的；启发的）即illuminat(e)+ing形容词后缀，illuminate（照明；启发）可看作illumin+ate，illumin谐音“一路明”，-ate动词后缀，“使”“一路明”→照明→引申为“启发”。The man of science, like the artist, may easily have more facts than he can use. Both seek the one fact out of a million that will illuminate their idea. Both find that it is rarely to be had without research.与艺术家一样，科学家可以轻易得到用不尽的事实。他们都在上百万的事实中寻求能说明自己想法的那一个，都发现未经调查研究而得到它几乎是不可能的。

superficial /σϕυ:πΕ5φιΦΕλ/ （表面的；肤浅的）即super+fici+al，super-前缀“上面的”，fici看作face“表面”，-al形容词后缀，“表面上的”→肤浅的。To know things well, we must know them in detail; but as that is almost endless, our knowledge is always superficial and imperfect.为了充分认识事物，我们必须详细了解它们，然而那几乎是没有穷尽的，所以我们的知识总是肤浅和不完善的。

be known as 称为；alien to 为……所不熟悉；put down roots in 定居；get around to 抽时间做。

难句解析：

①Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.

▲本句主语是this project，谓语是has turned out to be，findings为宾语，mostly low-level是宾语的定语修饰成分，about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes是宾语的补语成分。combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want是过去分词引导的伴随状语，其中about what in the world those readers really want是puzzlement的补语。

△要正确理解本句，一定要注意lots of head-scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want这一部分并不包含在findings里面，而应该是与findings属于同一层次上的东西，换言之，可以把turned out to be后面的表语看成是由两个并列的意思构成的。

②In other words, there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusing news.

▲本句的主干是there is a conventional story line...，后面的that provides a backbone and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusing news是定语从句修饰conventional story line。

△本句的理解重点在单词的意思：a story line一种写新闻报道的故事主线；newsroom culture报社文化；backbone本义为“脊柱”，此处是“主干”；otherwise否则。

③There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers, which helps explain why the "standard templates" of the newsroom seem alien to many readers.

▲此句的结构和上句非常类似，主句也是一个there加系动词的用法。而表语后都有一个定语从句。本句的定语从句是which helps explain why the "standard templates" of the newsroom seem alien to many readers。

△alien本义为“异国的”，此处是“相差甚远，背道而驰”。如果考生不了解standard templates的意思，可以从上下文中找与其有相同作用和功能的词组，如上句中的a story line和backbone，那么就应该知道它们指的都是记者们在写新闻和评论时固定的套路和思维。

④The astonishing distrust of the news media isn't rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but in the daily clash of world views between reporters and their readers.

▲本句的主干是一个not... but结构。注意这个结构引导的是两个方式状语。其核心词分别是inaccuracy和the daily clash。

△to be rooted in...根源在于……；另外注意not... but结构中，but后面的部分总是阅读的重点。

⑤If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class.

▲it代表上文提到的a troubled business，即“问题重重的新闻界”。now focused narrowly on race and gender是插入语，也是修饰program的定语。本句在would后面有两个并列宾语open up和look for。

△此句中含有一个虚拟语气：If it did, it would open up...。另外注意前两个逗号之间是对diversity program（多样化项目）的修饰成分。

试题解析：

59. [B] 意为：造成公众对报纸失望的原因。

　　文章的第一句开门见山地提出了本文旨在说明的问题：为什么那么多的美国人不相信自己在报纸上读到的内容呢？第二段驳斥了一种解释。第三段指出人们怀疑心理的产生有更深刻的原因。第三段以后具体分析了这个原因：记者和报纸的大多数读者生活在两个世界里，具有不同的社会价值观。这造成了二者的分歧和冲突。

　　C意为：造成报业衰败的根源。该选择项不如选择项A表达的内容确切，注意选择项A中的disappointment对应于原文的distrust（见第一段第一句和第三段第一句）。

　　D意为：一个新闻界信誉项目的目的。作者仅在第二段提到了这个项目的内容和发现，并驳斥了这些发现。

60. [D] 意为：相当表面。

　　在第二段作者指出，遗憾的是，该项目最终所发现的原因大都是诸如报道失实、文章中有拼写和语法错误，以及对读者究竞想读什么的许多莫名其妙的困惑，在作者看来，这些发现大都是低级的(low-level)，而真正的原因没有这么表面（go way deeper，见第三段第一句）。

　　C意为：很有启发。

61. [C] 意为：世界观。

　　在第三段作者指出，多数记者通过一套标准的范式来看世界，将每天报道的消息嵌入这些范式，换言之，在新闻界存在着一个写报道的传统路数，这一路数提供了一个框框和一种现成的叙事结构，将纷杂的事件顺理成章。第四段又指出，由于在记者和读者之间存在着一个社会和文化上的分歧，这就解释了为什么新闻报道的“标准范式”似乎不为许多读者所接受。第四、五段提到了一项调查，在解释这项调查结果的第六段作者指出，从广义的角度讲，记者似乎居于社会和文化名流的一分子，所以他们的工作倾向反映这部分人的传统价值现，因此，公众对新闻媒体的不信任，与其说根源于报道失实或报道技能的欠缺，不如说根源于记者和读者之间世界观的日常冲突。

　　可见，A、B、D是不确切的。

62. [A]

　　最后一段指出，这（指上一段提到的世界观的冲突）对任何产业——特别是一个衰落的产业——来说都是一种危险的状况，报业目前就是处于这样一种麻烦的局面，但是，他们还在雇用那些自身态度与读者大大相悖的雇员（当指记者）。尔后又举办许多研讨会，搞什么信誊项目，企图了解顾客（当指读者）为什么对他们不满意，他们为什么大量失去读者。但是，对于那么多原来的顾客所不满的文化和阶级偏见，他们似乎就是视而不见，置若罔闻。如果他们看到了这一方面的问题，他们就会深化自己的多样化项目（diversity program本来指公司雇用不同种族、性别等的雇员以满足不同群体的顾客的需要的做法），而不是像现在这样将这一项目狭隘地局限于种族和性别：他们就会去雇用在世界观、价值观、教育背景、社会阶层上迥异的记者。

　　可见，在这段中，作者对报界进行了批评，认为他们还没有找到问题的根源，无法对症下药解决问题。另请参阅对以上三题的题解。

全文翻译：

　　为什么那么多美国人不相信自己在报纸上看到的东西？美国新闻编辑协会正试图回答这个痛苦的问题。该组织正深深陷入一个长期的自我剖析过程，即新闻可信度调查项目。

　　遗憾的是，这次新闻机构可信度调查计划结果只获得了一些肤浅的发现，诸如新闻报道中的事实错误，拼写或语法错误，和这些低层次发现交织在一起的还有许多令人挠头的困惑，譬如读者到底想读些什么。

　　但这种对媒体的不信任有更深刻的根源。多数新闻记者都学着用一套标准的模式去看待世界，并把每天发生的事件纳入这种模式。换言之，在媒介机构的新闻采编室文化中存在着一套约定俗成的写作模式，为纷繁复杂的新闻报道提供了一个主干框架和一个现成的故事叙述结构。

　　新闻记者和读者之间存在着社会和文化方面的脱节，这就是为什么新闻编辑室的“标准模式”与众多读者的意趣相差甚远的原因。在最近一次调查中，问卷被送到了全国五座中等城市及一座大都市的记者手中，然后随机地给这些城市的居民打电话，问他们同样的问题。

　　结果表明，与其他美国人相比，新闻记者更有可能居住在富人区，有女佣，有奔驰车，炒股，而他们去教堂，参加支援服务，扎根社区的可能性却很小。

　　记者们往往属于广义的社会文化精英的一个部分，因此他们的工作往往反映了这些精英传统的价值观。读者对新闻媒介令人震惊的不信任的根源并非是报道失实或低下的报道技巧，而是记者与读者的世界观每天都发生着碰撞。

　　这对任何一个工业产业来说都算是爆炸性的形势，对于一个正在衰落的行业来说尤其如此。这是一个棘手的行业，却不断地雇用观点总体上使客户恼怒的雇员。然后它又出资组织研讨会和可信度调查项目，去探究为什么顾客们恼火了，为什么会有那么多人逃避新闻。但它似乎从来就没回过头来去注意那么多以前的顾客所抱怨的文化和阶级偏见。如果它能注意这个问题的话，它就应该进一步开放其多样化项目（这个项目现在还只单纯考虑招收不同种族和性别的员工），进一步寻找那些世界观、价值观、教育水平和社会阶层各不相同的各种记者。

2001 Passage 4

论坛相关讨论帖地址：

　　The world is going through the biggest wave of mergers and acquisitions ever witnessed. The process sweeps from hyperactive America to Europe and reaches the emerging countries with unsurpassed might. Many in these countries are looking at this process and worrying: "Won't the wave of business concentration turn into an uncontrollable anti-competitive force?"

　　There's no question that the big are getting bigger and more powerful. Multinational corporations accounted for less than 20% of international trade in 1982. Today the figure is more than 25% and growing rapidly. International affiliates account for a fast-growing segment of production in economies that open up and welcome foreign investment. In Argentina, for instance, after the reforms of the early 1990s, multinationals went from 43% to almost 70% of the industrial production of the 200 largest firms. This phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of smaller economic firms, of national businessmen and over the ultimate stability of the world economy.

　　I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers' demands. All these are beneficial, not detrimental, to consumers. As productivity grows, the world's wealth increases.

　　Examples of benefits or costs of the current concentration wave are scanty. Yet it is hard to imagine that the merger of a few oil firms today could re-create the same threats to competition that were feared nearly a century ago in the US, when the Standard Oil trust was broken up. The mergers of telecom companies, such as World Com, hardly seem to bring higher prices for consumers or a reduction in the pace of technical progress. On the contrary, the price of communications is coming down fast. In cars, too, concentration is increasing — witness Daimler and Chrysler, Renault and Nissan — but it does not appear that consumers are being hurt.

　　Yet the fact remains that the merger movement must be watched. A few weeks ago, Alan Greenspan warned against the megamergers in the banking industry. Who is going to supervise, regulate and operate as lender of last resort with the gigantic banks that are being created? Won't multinationals shift production from one place to another when a nation gets too strict about infringements to fair competition? And should one country take upon itself the role of "defending competition" on issues that affect many other nations, as in the U.S. vs. Microsoft case?

63. What is the typical trend of businesses today?

　　[A] To take in more foreign funds.

　　[B] To invest more abroad.

　　[C] To combine and become bigger.

　　[D] To trade with more countries.

64. According to the author, one of the driving forces behind M&A wave is ________.

　　[A] the greater customer demands

　　[B] a surplus supply for the market

　　[C] a growing productivity

　　[D] the increase of the world's wealth

65. From paragraph 4 we can infer that ________.

　　[A] the increasing concentration is certain to hurt consumers

　　[B] WorldCom serves as a good example of both benefits and costs

　　[C] the costs of the globalization process are enormous

　　[D] the Standard Oil trust might have threatened competition

66. Toward the new business wave, the writer's attitude can be said to be ________.

　　[A] optimistic

　　[B] objective

　　[C] pessimistic

　　[D] biased

重点词汇：

acquisition /7“κωι5ζιΦΕν/ （收购；获得；获得物）即acquisit+(t)ion，acquisit为acquire（v.获得）之变形，-tion名词后缀。

hyperactive /7ηαιπΕ(:)5ρ“κτιϖ/ （过度活跃的）即hyper+active，hyper-前缀“超过；过度”（h脱落，元音y变u，即为uper），active活跃的。

unsurpassed /5ΘνσΕ(:)5πΒ:στ/ （未被超越的）即un+surpass+ed，un-否定前缀，surpass（v.超过）←sur前缀“超”+pass过，-ed形容词后缀。If a pupil looks up at the teacher as a model, but not as a rival, he can never surpass the teacher.弟子如果视老师为榜样而非对手，他就永远超不过老师。

concentration /7κΧνσεν5τρειΦΕν/ （集中；专心；浓度）即con+centr+ation，con-前缀“一起”，centr(=center)词根“中心”，-ation名词后缀，“一起聚集在中心的”→集中；专心。No fine work can be done without concentration and self-sacrifice and toil and doubt.没有全神贯注、自我牺牲、辛劳和怀疑，就做不出优秀的工作。concentration — the ability to do your son's homework while he is watching television 专心——儿子看电视时你替他做家庭作业的本事。

multinational /μΘλτι5ν“ΦΕν(Ε)λ/ （跨国公司；跨国公司的）即multi+national，multi-前缀“多”（如multiple→multi+ple倍→v.加倍；多倍的；倍数），national国家的。

affiliate /Ε5φιλιειτ/ （v.附属；附属机构）即af+fili+ate，af-加强前缀，fili谐音“费力”，-ate后缀，想让别人成为自己的“附属”是很“费力”的。

phenomenon /φι5νΧμινΕν/ （现象）复数形式为phenomena。Nature is by no means inferior to art, and no works of art is not the imitation of various phenomena of nature.自然绝对不低于艺术，艺术作品无一不是对种种自然现象的模仿。

M&A（兼并与收购）即文中提到的mergers and acquisitions。

detrimental /7δετρι5μεντλ/ （有害的）可看作detri+mental，detri谐音“淡吃”（沪方言，表示只吃饭而不吃菜），mental谐音“馒头”，于是“淡吃馒头”→天天只吃馒头而不吃菜对身体是“有害的”。

megamerger /5με⊥ΕμΕ:δςΕ/ （大兼并）←mega大+merger。

supervise /5σϕυ:πΕϖαιζ/ （监督；管理）←super在上面+vis看+e，参supervision（2002年Text 2）。

gigantic /δςαι5⊥“ντικ/ （巨大的）即gigant+ic，gigant(=giant)巨人，-ic形容词后缀，“巨人的”→巨大的。He has a gignatic appetite, and eats gigantic meals.他食量很大，能吃很多食物。

infringement /ιν5φρινδςμΕντ/ （侵害）即in+fringe+ment，in-否定前缀，fringe（边缘；刘海；穗），-ment名词后缀，已经“不”在“边缘”→侵入内部→侵害；infringe（v.侵害）←in+fringe。China's sovereignty and territorial integrity must not be infringed.中国的主权和领土完整决不允许侵犯。

pessimistic /7πεσι5μιστικ/ （悲观的）即pessimist+ic，pessimist悲观主义者，-ic形容词后缀。pessimist — ①a man who thinks that God created the earth in six days and then was laid off ②an optimist with a sense of reality 悲观主义者——①一个认为上帝用六天时间创造了世界，然后就被解雇了的人 ②具有现实感的乐观主义者。

warn against 告诫防范；take upon oneself 承担。

难句解析：

①International affiliates account for a fast-growing segment of production in economies that open up and welcome foreign investment.

▲本句的主干是International affiliates account for a fast-growing segment of production in economies，后面的that open up and welcome foreign investment是economies的定语从句。

△注意一些词汇的含义：affiliate名词，意为“分支机构”，此处是指在世界各地都有分支的多国公司，并且是全句的主语；account for是……的原因；economies在此处指经济领域的国家概念，因此用复数。

②This phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of smaller economic firms, of national businessmen and over the ultimate stability of the world economy.

▲of smaller economic firms与of national businessmen都是the role的补语；而over the role of smaller economic firms，of national businessmen与over the ultimate stability of the world economy都与concern相关连，是其补语。

△本句的重点在于看好concerns后面的结构，注意over the role与over the ultimate stability并列，而the role的后面有两个并列的of结构。

③I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers' demands.

▲本句主语为I，谓语为believe，that引导了believe的宾语从句，其中的又一个that可替换为as the ones that，是一个定语从句。冒号后面的部分是the most important forces的同位语，其中markets后面的that从句是markets的定语，capable of meeting customers' demands是operations的补语。

△underlie在下面，作基础；barriers障碍物，壁垒；operations经营运作；meet sb's demands满足某人需求。

④And should one country take upon itself the role of "defending competition" on issues that affect many other nations, as in the U.S. vs. Microsoft case?

▲此句的主干是should one country take upon itself the role，而that affect many other nations是issues的定语从句。as in the US vs. Microsoft case是issues的补语。on issues是take upon itself the role的状语。

△注意本句在阅读的时候要抓住它本身是一个文句，另外，vs.的意思对正确理解也很重要，它是指“对垒，对阵”，在法律的情景中就是“起诉，对簿公堂”的意思。

试题解析：

63. [C] 意为：合并并变得庞大。

　　第一段就指出，世界正在经历有史以来最大的合并和兼并热潮，这一热潮以前所未有的态势席卷了异常活跃的美国和欧洲，并延伸到新兴经济国家。

　　A意为：吸收更多的外资。

　　B意为：更多地向海外投资。

　　D意为：与更多的国家做买卖。

64. [A] 意为：顾客更大的需要。

　　第三段剖析了造成合并和兼并热潮(M&A wave)的重要原因。在作者看来，这些因素和导致（经济）日趋全球化的过程是一样的，如：交通运输成本的日趋下降，贸易和投资障碍的减少，以及扩大的市场：扩大的市场需要市场业务的扩大，以满足顾客的需要。作者又总结说，所有这些因素都对顾客有益，而不会有害。在以上提到的三个因素中，包括了根据顾客的需要扩大市场这个因素。

　　B意为：对市场的额外供给。

　　C意为：日益增长的生产率。

　　D意为：世界财富的增长。

　　以上提到的三个原因不包括B、C、D提到的内容。

65. [D] 意为：标准石油联合公司可能曾对竞争形成过威胁。

　　第四段第一、二句提到，要找出目前合并热潮带来的利益和降低成本的例子还很困难，但是，如果现在有几个石油公司合并，很难想像会再次产生近乎100年前所引起人们恐慌的对（公平）竞争的威胁，这一情况当时是由于美国的标准石油联合公司解体而造成的。

　　A意为：日益增长的合并热潮肯定会损害顾客的利益。第四段第三、四、五句提到，像WorldCom这样的电信公司合并几乎没有给消费者带来更高的价格，或减缓技术进步的步伐，相反，通信业务的价格迅速降低；汽车工业也在合并，但也没有迹象表明消费者的利益受到伤害。

　　B意为：WorldCom是一个（合并）带来利益和降低成本的好例子。参阅第四段第三句，这句强调的是价格没有随着合并而提高，并没有提到价格降低问题，因此，合并虽然没有伤害消费者，也没有给他们带来利益。

　　C意为：全球化过程成本巨大。本段没有涉及这方面的问题。

66. [B] 意为：客观的。

　　本文描述了目前的合并热潮，第二段用数据证明了目前这种情况的现实存在，第三段解释了造成这一现象的原因，第四段具体分析了合并热潮的影响，认为人们没有必要担心，但是在最后一段，作者也提醒人们注意合并活动的动向。可见，作者没有对合并热潮过于悲观或乐观，而是提到了它可能产生的正反两方面的影响，对这一现象的产生采取了审慎理智的客观态度。

　　A意为：乐观的。

　　C意为：悲观的。

　　D意为：有偏见的。

全文翻译：

　　世界正在经历一场前所未有的巨大的并购浪潮。这个浪潮从异常活跃的美国席卷到欧洲，并以不可比拟的威力影响到正在崛起的国家。这些国家的许多人面对这个浪潮开始忧虑：“企业合并的浪潮会不会变成一股不可控制的反竞争的力量？”

　　无疑，大企业正在变得更大、更强。跨国公司在1982年只占有国际贸易不到20％的份额。而现在，这个数字上升到25％强，并且还在迅速上升。在那些对外开放并鼓励外资的国家的经济中国际分公司在国民生产中成为一个快速增长的部门。比如，在阿根廷，经过90年代初的改革之后，跨国公司在200家大型企业的工业生产中从43％增加到几乎70％。这个现象造成了人们对小型企业和民族资本的作用以及世界经济的最终稳定的严重忧虑。

　　我认为，推动这股巨大的并购浪潮的最主要的力量，也是推动全球化进程的力量，包括日趋下降的运输与通讯费用，较低的贸易与投资壁垒，以及市场的扩大和为满足市场需求而进行的扩大生产。所有这些对消费者来说都有益而无害的。随着生产力的提高，世界的财富也在增长。

　　目前证明这股合并浪潮是带来利还是弊的实例并不多。但是很难想像当今的几个石油公司的合并是否会重新造成约100年前美国标准石油公司对竞争造成的同样的威胁，那时由于人们对该公司的这种担心而导致了它最终的解散。像世界通讯这样的通讯公司合并似乎没有给消费者带来更高的价格，或者降低技术进步的速度。相反，通信的价格在迅速下降。在汽车行业，合并也同样在增加——比如戴姆勒与克莱斯勒，雷诺与尼桑的合并——但消费者看起来并未受到伤害。

　　但是合并运动必须受到严密监视这个事实仍然存在。就在几星期以前，格林斯潘对银行业的巨大合并发出了警告。如果合并后如此巨大的银行出现，谁来充当最终的借贷者，发挥监督、规范和运作的作用呢？当一个国家对破坏公平竞争的行为的处理过于严厉时，跨国公司会不会把它们的生产从一地转到另一地呢？在那些将会影响许多其他国家的事情中，如美国政府与微软公司的诉讼案，一个国家是否应该担负起“保护竞争”的责任呢？

2001 Passage 5

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　　When I decided to quit my full time employment it never occurred to me that I might become a part of a new international trend. A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress prompted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming "I wanted to spend more time with my family".

　　Curiously, some two-and-a-half years and two novels later, my experiment in what the Americans term "downshifting" has turned my tired excuse into an absolute reality. I have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of "have it all", preached by Linda Kelsey for the past seven years in the pages of she magazine, into a woman who is happy to settle for a bit of everything.

　　I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of "juggling your life", and making the alternative move into "downshifting" brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status. Nothing could persuade me to return to the kind of life Kelsey used to advocate and I once enjoyed: 12-hour working days, pressured deadlines, the fearful strain of office politics and the limitations of being a parent on "quality time".

　　In America, the move away from juggling to a simpler, less materialistic lifestyle is a well-established trend. Downshifting — also known in America as "voluntary simplicity" — has, ironically, even bred a new area of what might be termed anti-consumerism. There are a number of bestselling downshifting self-help books for people who want to simplify their lives; there are newsletters, such as The Tightwad Gazette, that give hundreds of thousands of Americans useful tips on anything from recycling their cling-film to making their own soap; there are even support groups for those who want to achieve the mid-'90s equivalent of dropping out.

　　While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline — after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late '80s — and is still linked to the politics of thrift, in Britain, at least among the middle class downshifters of my acquaintance, we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives.

　　For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the '80s, downshifting in the mid-'90s is not so much a search for the mythical good life — growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one — as a personal recognition of your limitations.

67. Which of the following is true according to paragraph 1?

　　[A] Full-time employment is a new international trend.

　　[B] The writer was compelled by circumstances to leave her job.

　　[C] "A lateral move" means stepping out of full-time employment.

　　[D] The writer was only too eager to spend more time with her family.

68. The writer's experiment shows that downshifting ________.

　　[A] enables her to realize her dream

　　[B] helps her mold a new philosophy of life

　　[C] prompts her to abandon her high social status

　　[D] leads her to accept the doctrine of She magazine

69. "Juggling one's life" probably means living a life characterized by ________.

　　[A] non-materialistic lifestyle

　　[B] a bit of everything

　　[C] extreme stress

　　[D] anti-consumerism

70. According to the passage, downshifting emerged in the US as a result of ________.

　　[A] the quick pace of modern life

　　[B] man's adventurous spirit

　　[C] man's search for mythical experiences

　　[D] the economic situation

重点单词：

lateral /5λ“τΕρΕλ/ （侧面的，旁边的）可看作later+al，later即单词“后来”，-al词后缀，“后来者只能靠边站”→旁边的。在文中此词用引申义，各参考书观点不尽相同，请自甄别。

curiously /5κϕυΕριΕσλι/ （好奇地；奇怪地）←curious+ly；curious（好奇的；奇怪的）即curi+ous，curi关心=care（因为元音可替换），-ous形容词后缀“有……性质的”，故“对某事非常关心的”→好奇的。It is a curious fact that in bad days we can very vividly recall the good time that is now no more; but that in good days we have only a very cold and imperfect memory of the bad.一个奇怪的事实是，在失意的日子里，我们能够生动地想起不复存在的美好时光；而在得意的时候，对苦难的日子却只留有非常淡漠而残缺的记忆。←这是德国哲学家叔本华说的，其代表作《作为意志与表象的世界》是guangxian最欣赏的哲学作品，商务印书馆出过中译本。

downshifting /5δαυν7ΦιφτιΝ/ ←down+shift+ing，原义指汽车调档减速，文中指“放慢生活节奏”。

passionate /5π“ΦΕνιτ/ （充满热情的）即passion+ate，passion（激情；暴怒），-ate此作形容词后缀。A poet is, before anything else, a person who is passionately in love with language.一个诗人首先是个热爱语言的人。Death is the only pure, beautiful conclusion of a great passion.死是伟大激情的唯一纯洁与美丽的终结。Three passions, simple but overwhelmingly strong, have governed my life: the longing for love, the search for knowledge and the unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind.有三种情感，虽朴实却无可抗拒地主宰着我的生命：对爱的渴望，对知识的探求，以及对人类所受苦难的怜悯。Passion is in all great searches and is necessary to all creative endeavours.激情存在于一切伟大的追求中，对所有创造性的活动都是必不可少的。

preach /πρι:τΦ/ （v.鼓吹；布道）可看作pr(e)+each，pre-前缀“在前”，each每个，“牧师走到每个人面前”→布道。Preach not because you have to say something, but because you have something to say.布道不是由于你不得不说些什么，而是由于你有些话要说。

resignation /7ρεζι⊥5νειΦΕν/ （辞职；顺从）←resign+ation名词后缀；resign（v.辞职；顺从）←re+sign，re-前缀=away或=again，sign签署，故“签署后离开”→辞职，“再次签署”→顺从。What is called resignation is confirmed desperation.所谓顺从就是确定了的绝望。no resign oneself to being defeated 不甘心于失败。

editorship /5εδιτΕΦιπ/ （编辑职务，编辑工作）←editor+ship，editor（编辑者），-ship抽象名词后缀表“性质、职位、资格等”，如：friendship、leadership、membership等。

doctrine /5δΧκτριν/ （教义；学说）←doctr+ine，doctr=doctor（元音可增减），-ine名词后缀表“物”，故“教授拿来讲授的东西”→教义。参vaccine（疫苗），2003年Text 2。The wisest man preaches no doctrines; he has no scheme.最大的智者不鼓吹任何学说，没有任何体系。

juggle /5δςΘ⊥λ/ （n.v.杂耍）发音与沪方言对扑克牌中Jack的发音同，“拿扑克牌玩杂耍(juggle)，引得大家咯咯(guggle)笑”，文中juggle引申为“忙忙碌碌”。

deadline /5δεδλαιν/ （最后期限）←dead+line。

Newsletter /5νϕΥ:ζ7λετΕ/ （时事通讯，简报）←news+letter。

cling-film（食品保鲜膜）←cling粘着+film薄膜。

equivalent /ι5κωιϖΕλΕντ/ （相等的，等价的；相等物，等价物）即equi+val+ent，equi相等（如：equal相等的），val价值（如：value价值），-ent后缀。In truth, politeness is artificial good humor, it covers the natural want of it, and ends by rendering habitual a substitute nearly equivalent to the real virtue.礼貌实际上是人为的好性情，它掩盖了它天生的不足，结果给惯于此道者提供了与真正美德几乎相当的代用品。

drop out 退隐，逃避现实。

redundancy /ρι5δΘνδΕνσι/ （冗余）即red+und+ancy，red-(=re-)，und词根“多”，-ancy名词后缀，“越来越(re)多”→冗余。同根词：abundant（丰富的）←ab加强前缀+und多+ant形容词后缀。redundancy — an air-bag in a politician's car 多余物——政治家汽车里的保险气袋。

thrift /Ωριφτ/ （节俭；繁荣）可记：“节俭”导致“繁荣”；thrifty（节俭的；繁荣的）←thrift+y形容词后缀。thrift→thrive（v.繁荣），类似变化的单词有theft（n.偷）→thieve（v.偷）。It is thrifty to prepare today for the wants of tomorrow.节俭就是今天为明天的需要作准备。

mythical /5μιΩικΕλ/ （神话的；虚构的）←myth神话+ical后缀。myth — a religion in which no one any longer believes 神话——一种没有人再信仰的宗教。

recognition /7ρεκΕ⊥5νιΦΕν/ （n.认出，承认）是recognise（或recognize）的名词形式。Three fundamental truths without a recognition of which there can be no effective liberty: that what we believe is not necessarily true; that what we like is not necessarily good; and that all questions are open.有三条基本真理，如果不承认就不会有实在的自由：我们相信的未必真实，我们喜爱的未必美好，一切问题都无定论。The highest possible stage in moral culture is when we recognize that we ought to control thoughts.道德修养有可能达到的最高境界是认识到我们应该控制自己的思想。A celebrity is a person who works hard all his life to become known, then wears dark glasses to avoid being recognized.所谓名人不过是这样一种人：他终生勤奋努力而致成名，然后戴上墨镜以免被别人认出。

adventurous /Εδ5ϖεντΦΕρΕσ/ （喜冒险的；充满危险的）←adventur(e)冒险+ous形容词后缀。A good critic is one who narrates the adventures of his mind among masterpieces.好的批评家是个讲述自己的精神在杰作中历险的人。adventure — the vitaminizing element in histories both in dividual and social 冒险——个人历史和社会历史中的维生素。

难句解析：

①A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress promoted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming "I wanted to spend more time with my family".

▲本句中a lateral move是主语，promoted是谓语，that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress是a lateral move的定语，although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming "I wanted to spend more time with my family"是状语，其中逗号之间的in the manner of a disgraced government minister是插入语。

△注意找准主句主谓结构。

②Curiously, some two-and-a-half years and two novels later, my experiment in what the Americans term "downshifting" has turned my tired excuse into an absolute reality.

▲本句主干是... my experiment... has turned my tired excuse into an absolute reality。注意其谓语是一个turn sth. into sth.的结构。前面两个逗号之间的是时间状语。

△注意抓句子的主干，其中主语的修饰部分in what the Americans term "downshifting"看不懂可以跳过去。当然，如果我们对英语的预感较好，就可以猜测downshifting一词的意思与驾驶骑车有关，在这里，作者把生活比喻为开车，因此放弃对物质生活的热衷追求就像在开车时减档减速一样。

③I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of "juggling your life", and making the alternative move into "downshifting" brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status.

▲I have discovered是主句的主谓结构，that abandoning the doctrine of "juggling your life", and making the alternative move into "downshifting" brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status是主句的宾语，其中abandoning the doctrine of "juggling your life", and making the alternative move into "downshifting"为该宾语从句的主语，brings为谓语。as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress既是伴随状语，又是插入语，其主语为Kelsey，谓语为will，而after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress是本插入语中的时间状语。

△注意一些词汇的含义：much-publicized十分张扬的；She是杂志的名字，因此首字母须大写；build-up积聚；juggling忙碌；brings with it far greater rewards than带来的利益远远不止……。

④Downshifting — also known in America as "voluntary simplicity" — has, ironically, even bred a new area of what might be termed anti-consumerism.

▲本句的句子结构是Downshifting has bred a new area，破折号之间的是插入结构，ironically也是插入语，可放在句首，what相当于thought which。

△重点是抓住句子的主干成分。

⑤While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline — after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late '80s — and is still linked to the politics of thrift, in Britain, at least among the middle-class downshifters of my acquaintance, we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives.

▲本句首先应该从in Britain的前面一分为二，前面讲的是在美国的情况，其中破折号之间的是一插入成分，而后面讲的是在英国的情况。

△注意英美两国的差异。

⑥For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the '80s, downshifting in the mid-'90s is not so much a search for the mythical good life — growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one — as a personal recognition of your limitations.

▲本句主谓结构为... downshifting in the mid-'90s is not...。who were urged to keep juggling through the '80s是修饰the women of my generation的定语从句。growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one既是插入语，又是the mythical good life的同位语。

△注意not so much A(a search for the mythical good life) as B(a personal recognition of your limitations)的句式含义，即“与其说是A，不如说是B”。

试题解析：

67. [B] 意为：作者因环境所迫而辞职。

　　根据第一段，当作者决定辞去她的全职工作时，她从没有想到自己可能成为一个国际新时尚的一分子。作者写道，一次始料未及的行动伤害了我的自尊，阻碍了我在工作上的进一步发展，使得我不得不放弃相对具有良好公众形象的工作生涯，虽然当时自己像一个出丑的政府部长一样，不得不用“我想多花些时间和家人在一起”这样的话来掩饰自己的辞职。

　　A意为：全职工作是一种新的国际时尚。第一句中所说的新时尚实际上指下文提到的“激流勇退”(downshifting)，过简朴而无强工作压力的生活。

　　C意为：“一次意想不到的行动”指放弃全职工作。lateral原来的意思是“横向的”，这里意思是“超出预料的”，含义是“没有按原设定好的进程而发生的”；move意为“步骤”或“行动”。根据原文，a lateral move是作者失去工作的原因，而不是指失去工作这一过程本身。

　　D意为：作者太想多花点时间和家人在一起了。

68. [B] 意为：使作者形成了一种新的生活哲学。

　　作者在第二段指出，奇怪的是，经过了约两年半的时间并发表了两部小说以后，我在美国人称之为“激流勇退”的生活方式上的实验，却不期将我那乏味的借口（指第一段最后一句掩饰性的话）转化为实实在在的现实。我从一个“全力以赴”生活哲学——在过去七年里Linda Kelsey一直在“她”这份杂志上鼓吹这种生活方式——的积极倡导者，演变成一个乐于随遇而安的女人。

　　在第三段作者又指出，像Linda Kelsey有一天也许会认识到的那样（在经历过越来越大的压力之后，她辞去了“她”杂志的编辑工作，她的辞职被炒得沸沸扬扬），摒弃“玩耍生活”的生活哲学，而代之以“激流勇退”的生活哲学，会给人带来比经济上的成功和社会地位更高的益处。现在，谁也不能劝我再回到Kelsey所倡导的——并且我自己也曾经喜欢的那种生活方式中去了：一天工作12小时，充满压力的一件件有最后期限的事情，办公室规章所带来的可怕的压力，以及做母亲（所能花在家人身上）的有限的“高质量时间”。

　　A不对。新的生活方式是她始料未及的，可以说是她的意外发现——辞职时她并没有梦想要像现在这样生活。

　　C意为：促使她放弃了自己很高的社会地位。根据原文，作者是在辞去工作以后才过上现在这种生活的。

　　D意为：使她接受了“她”杂志所倡导的生活哲学。恰恰相反，她放弃了这一生活哲学。

69. [C] 意为：极度紧张。

　　juggle的原义是“耍弄，摆弄”，在第三段中，juggling your life和downshifting相提并论，而downshifting这里应该和第二段第二句中的settle for a bit of everything属于同义，相应地，juggling one's life应该和第二段第二句中的having it all同义。根据第四段，downshifting本文指过简朴、自在的生活，那么，juggling one's life当指进取的生活方式，工作中的不断进取当然是与工作压力成正比的。

　　A意为：不追求物质利益的生活方式。根据第四段第一句，这是downshifting的生活特点。

　　B不对。根据第二段，这也是downshifting的生活特点。

　　D意为：反消费主义。根据第四段第二句，所谓“反消费主义”与“自愿过简朴的生活”是一致的。

70. [D]

　　根据第五段，在美国，这种趋势（指上一段提到的downshifting生活方式）的出现最初是对经济衰退的一种反应。

　　A意为：快节奏的现代生活。

　　B意为：人们的冒险精神。

　　C意为；人们对神秘的生活体验的追求。

全文翻译：

　　当我决定辞去自己的全日制工作时决没有想到，自己竟成了一种新的国际性潮流的一分子。一次平级的人事调动伤了我的自尊心，并阻断了我的事业发展，这促使我放弃自己地位较高的职业，当然，就像面子扫尽的政府部长那样，我也掩饰说“我只想与家人更多的呆在一起”。

　　奇怪的是，大约两年半的时间我写完两部小说后，我这个被美国人称为“放慢生活节奏”的试验，却使我老掉牙的借口变成了现实。我已从一个“获得一切”哲学（琳达·凯茜过去七年中在《她》这本杂志所宣扬的）的狂热支持者，变成了一个乐于接受任何东西只要一丁点的女人。

　　我已经发现（由于压力过大，凯茜已多次公开宣称要辞去《她》杂志编辑的职务，在这之后她也许会有同样发现），放弃“忙忙碌碌”的生活哲学，转而过一种“放慢生活节奏”的生活所带来的回报，比经济成功和社会地位更有价值。什么也说服不了我回到过去那种凯茜所宣扬的、我也曾自得其乐的生活中去：每天12小时的工作日，压得人喘不过气来的最后期限，可怕而紧张的办公室的争权夺利，以及因为时间有限连做母亲也得“高效率”所造成的种种限制。

　　在美国，摆脱忙碌，转而过一种简单、不大物质化的生活已成明确趋势。具有讽刺意味的是，“放慢生活节奏”——在美国也称“自愿简单化”——甚至孕育了一个崭新的、可称之为反消费主义的生活方式。对于那些想简单生活的人来说，有许多很畅销的帮你轻松生活的自助书籍；有各种简讯，例如省钱简报，会给美国人提供成千上万条有用的点子去做事，从回收保鲜腊到自制肥皂；甚至还有一些帮助团体，帮人按90年代中期脱离传统社会的人的生活方式去生活。

　　在美国，这种趋势一开始是对经济衰落所做出的一种反应——出现于80年代后期缩小经济规模所引起的大量人员冗余之后——在英国，至少在我所认识的中产阶级的简化生活者中，这种趋势仍被认为与节俭政治有关联，虽然如此，然而我们有着不同的缘由去寻求使自己的生活简单化。

　　对我们这一代女性来说，整个80年代我们曾被迫忙碌地生活，90年代中期的简化生活与其说是寻求神话般的好生活——自己种有机蔬菜以及冒险制造有机蔬菜——倒不如说我们都认识了自身的局限。

2000 Passage 1

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　　A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the world's best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.　

　　It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. (Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea's LG Electronics in July.) Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market. America's machine-tool industry was on the ropes. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.

　　All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America's industrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.

　　How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride. "American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted," according to Richard Cavanaugh, executive dean of Harvard's Kennedy School of Government. "It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity," says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, D.C. And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as "a golden age of business management in the United States."

51. The U.S. achieved its predominance after World War Ⅱ because________.

　　[A] it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal

　　[B] its domestic market was eight times larger than before

　　[C] the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors

　　[D] the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy

52. The loss of U.S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American________.

　　[A] TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market

　　[B] semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises

　　[C] machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions

　　[D] auto industry had lost part of its domestic market

53. What can be inferred from the passage?

　　[A] It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride.

　　[B] Intense competition may contribute to economic progress.

　　[C] The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation.

　　[D] A long history of success may pave the way for further development.

54. The author seems to believe the revival of the US economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the________.

　　[A] turning of the business cycle

　　[B] restructuring of industry

　　[C] improved business management

　　[D] success in education

重点词汇：

handicap /5η“νδικ“π/ （v.阻碍；使不利）←hand+i(n)+cap，据说源自古代一种赌博：将罚金置于帽子里，手进入帽子抽签，抽中者处不利地位。cultural handicap 文化障碍；language handicap 语言障碍。

unparalleled /Θν5π“ρΕλελδ/ （无可比拟的）←un+parallel+ed；parallel（n.v.a.平行；相似）即para+llel，para-前缀“在旁边”=beside，llel三个l看作是“平行线”。parallel points in the characters of different men 不同人的个性的相同之处。

prosperous /5πρΧσπΕρΕσ/ （繁荣的）←prosper（v.繁荣）+ous；prosperity /πρΧσ5περιτι/ （繁荣）←prosper+ity名词后缀。The problems to be resolved demand, and create, spiritual resources which the prosperous ease of a golden age will never inspire.等待解决的问题需要并且造成了黄金时代的繁荣安逸不可能激发的精神资源。The prosperity of a people is proportionate to the number of hands and minds usefully employed.国家的繁荣与有效使用的人手和头脑的数量成比例。If we did not something taste of adversity, prosperity would not be so welcome.如果不偶尔遭遇不幸，幸福就不会如此甜蜜。prosperity — something the businessmen create for the politicians to take credit for 繁荣——实业家发明出来让政客居功的某种东西。

predominance /πρι5δΧμινΕνσ/ （优势）即pre+domin+ance，pre-“在前”，domin词根“支配”（如dominate→domin+ate动词后缀→支配；占优势），-ance名词后缀；predominant（占优势的；起主要作用的）←pre+domin+ant形容词后缀。the predominant feature of sb.'s character 某人性格的主要特征。

sensational /σεν5σειΦΕνΕλ/ （感动的；引起轰动的）即sens(e)+ation+al，sense词根“感觉”，-sation名词后缀，-al形容词后缀。sensational literature 令人激动的作品；a sensational crime 骇人听闻的罪行。

attribute /Ε5τριβϕυ:τ/ （属性v.归因于）即at+tribute，at-(=to)，tribute词根“给”，于是“把属性给某物”→归因于；contribute /κΕν5τριβϕυ:τ/ （v.贡献；捐献；投稿）即con一起+tribute，“一起给”→捐献→引申为“投稿”。参distribution，2003年Text 1。I attribute the little I know to my not having been ashamed to ask for information, and to my rule of conversing with all descriptions of men on those topics that form their own peculiar professions and pursuits.我把自己这点知识归因于不耻于提问，归因于常常与各种各样的人谈论那些造成了他们各自专业与行当的主题。The value of a man is decided by what he has contributed, not by what he has obtained.人的价值取决于他所贡献的，而非他所获取的。

executive /ι⊥5ζεκϕυτιϖ/ （执行的；执行官）可看作exe+cut+ive，exe即“可执行文件”后缀名，cut切，-ive后缀，“执行(exe)官的任务是——如果你不听话，就把你cut掉”。The business system is blessed with a built-in corrective, namely, that one executive's mistakes become his competitor's assets.商界有一条天然的校正法则，即：决策者的失误会变成竞争对手的资产。executive — a person who always decides; sometimes he decides correctly 管理人员——总在做决定的人；有时候他也能做出正确决定。

productivity /7πρΧδΘκ5τιϖιτι/ （生产率）即produc(e)+tiv(e)+ity，produce生产，-tive形容词后缀，-ity名词后缀。raise the labour productivity 提高劳动生产率。

impetus /5ιμπιτΕσ/ （n.推动；推动力）可看作im+pet+us，im-即in-（in-在p前变形为im-），pet宠物，us我们，宠物(pet)里面(im)有我们(us)的动力(impetus)。the primary impetus behind the economic recovery 促使经济复苏的主要推动力。

manifest /5μ“νιφεστ/ （明白的；v.表明）看作man+if+est，man男人，if是否，est形容词最高级，“男人是否最明白”。No amount of manifest absurdity... could deter those who wanted to believe from believing.无论明显的荒唐有多大……都无法阻止那些由于相信而相信的人。

withdraw /ωιΤ5δρΧ:/ （v.撤销；缩回；提取）←with+draw，with-(=back, against)，draw拉，“拉回来”。This is no time for any man to withdraw into some ivory tower and proclaim the right to hold himself aloof from the problems and the agonies of his society.现在对于任何人都不是缩进某座象牙塔并声明自己有权置身于社会问题与痛苦之外的时候。

restructure /ρι5στρΘκτΦΕ/ （v.重组）←re+structure，re-再=again，structure（v.n.构造）。The past has revealed to me the structure of the future.过去向我揭示了未来的结构。

at a loss 不知所措；on the ropes 岌岌可危；take sth. for granted 认为理所当然；quick-witted 机智的；think-tank 智囊团。

难句解析：

①A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force.

▲该句是一个并列句，由前后两个转折关系的分句组成，其间的连词为but。but与后一个分句之间又插入一个由if引导的条件状语if properly handled，该状语原来是一个if引导的条件状语从句，即if it(a history of long and effortless success) is properly handled，其中的it is由于和该分句的主句部分主谓语一致而被省略掉了。

△本句结构比较简明，只需注意but与it may become a driving force之间的if结构是一个插入语，并且是一个省略了主语和系动词的被动语态。此外handicap意为“不利条件”。

②Its scientists were the world's best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.

▲前一句中its workers the most skilled是一个伴随状语，省略了其中的being，补齐成分后应为its workers being the most skilled。后一句中beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians作prosperous的状语，beyond为介词，是“超越，超出”的意思。而whose economies the war had destroyed作定语从句修饰the Europeans and Asians，原形是the war had destroyed the economies of the Europeans and Asians。

△注意beyond一词的意思，它表示“在……之外”。

③For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.

▲该句带有一个表语从句，其表语从句中又套有两个并列的定语从句。全句主句部分的主谓结构是it looked...，as though（即as if好像）引导的从句是looked（看上去）的表语。表语从句中主语为the making of semiconductors，谓语为was going to be，而逗号之间的两个which从句是the making of semiconductors的非限定性定语，同时又是插入语。

△注意理解the next casualty的含义，casualty本意为“伤亡”，此处是“被国外产品击败的美国本土产业”。

④Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.

▲英语的句式词汇一般都比较简练，如果将本句用中国人习惯的语式讲出应该如下：Their sometimes surprising findings about the causes of American's industrial decline are full of the warnings about the growing competition from overseas nations.

△sensational即surprising。另外注意本句的中心意思在句末的the growing competition from overseas。

⑤Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride.

▲attribute... to...将……归功或归咎于……。solely作状语修饰attribute，this指代上一句中的five years of solid growth，此外as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle作宾语such obvious causes的补语。

△yield to是“向……屈服”，即“被取代”。此处使用了现在完成时，证明这种状态到现在已成型。

试题解析：

51. [C] 意为：战争摧毁了多数潜在的竞争国的经济。

　　提问中predominance意为“优势”。

　　第一段指出，第二次世界大战以后，美国进入一个欣欣向荣的(glowing)发展时期，它拥有八倍于其他任何一个竞争国家的市场，工业经济发展到空前规模，它拥有世界上最优秀的科学家和技术最高的工人。美国的繁荣和美国人的富裕水平，是欧洲人和亚洲人做梦也达不到的，因为战争摧毁了他们的经济。

　　A意为：它已经为实现这一目标付出了艰苦的努力。

　　B意为：其国内市场比以前大八倍。

　　D意为：其劳动力（数量）空前的规模促进了经济的发展。

52. [D] 意为：汽车工业失去了部分国内市场。

　　第二段第六句提到，进口车和纺织品涌进（美国）国内市场。

　　A意为；电视工业萎缩回到了国内市场（即：该工业失去了国际市场）。根据第二段，到80年代中期，面对其工业竞争力的日益衰退，美国人感到无计可施(at a loss)，美国某些大的行业——如电子消费品——在园际竞争的压力下，面临萎缩或消亡的威胁。到1987年为止，美国仅存的电视制造商只有Zenith一家了（现在已荡然无存：Zenith于7月份（指文章写作年代的7月份）被韩国LG电子有限公司购买）。这里并没有直接提到美国电视失去国际市场，事实上，它连国内市场也保不住了。

　　B意为：半导体行业被外国公司接管。第二段最后一句提到，在一段时间内，半导体制造业似乎要成为下一个受害者，虽然美国是半导体的发明者，而且半导体又处于新的计算机时代的核心位置（即：在新的时代中起着关键作用）。本句中casualty意为“伤亡”、“受害者”，与上一句中be on the ropes（美语俚语，意为“即将完蛋”）相照应。这里所说的是半导体制造商似乎(as though)要失去国内外市场．而不是被国外企业接管。

　　C意为：机床制造业自取灭亡。第二段提到了机床制造业“即将完蛋”(on the ropes)。这显然也是说它正在失去国内外市场，并未提到它的灭亡是由其自身原因造成的。

53. [B] 意为：激烈的竞争可能促进经济的发展。

　　第三段提到，严峻的现实（this指上一段中提到的诸多现状）使美国人失去了自信，他们不再认为繁荣是自然而至的事，他们开始认识到自己的经营方式存在严重问题(failing)。在80年代中期，他们开始挖掘美国经济衰退的原因，他们有时有些惊人的(sensational)发现，其中往往提示人们警惕外来竞争。第四段提到了90年代的经济复苏。其中的含义是：在竞争的压力下，美国人在80年代进行了自我反思和产业结构调整，因此带来了90年代的经济复苏。

　　A意为：在自我怀疑和盲目骄傲之间摆来摆去是人的本性。（即：人倾向于在这两种心态之间摇摆）。

　　C意为：经济的复苏取决于国际间的合作。

　　D意为：长期的成功可以为进一步的发展铺平道路。

54. [A] 意为：经济周期的转机。

　　在第四段，作者指出，截止到1995年，美国已经经历了五年的稳定（经济）增长，而日本却在困境中挣扎，但是，美国人并不将这一增长看做是美元贬值或经济周期的转机等明显的因素直接带来的，而是由自我怀疑变为盲目的骄傲。这里作者实际上对当前美国人的盲目乐观情绪进行了批评，认为，90年代的增长是由美元贬值或经济周期的转机等因素造成的。

　　B意为：产业结构的调整。根据Richard Cavanaugh的看法，美国经济的持续增长是由产业结构的调整造成，他认为美国的产业正在“节食”(go on a diet)，正在变得更加理智。但这并不是作者的观点。参阅第四段。

　　C意为：经营管理的改善。根据Stephen Moore的看法，美国的经济正在提高其生产率。但这也不是作者的观点。参阅第四段。

　　D意为：教育上的成功。

全文翻译：

　　一段长时间并且不费力而成功的历史可能成为一种可怕的不利因素，但若处理得当，这种不利因素也有可能转化为一种积极的推动力。二战结束后，美国恰好进入了这样的一个辉煌时期，当时，它拥有比任何竞争者大8倍的市场，这使其工业经济具有前所未有的规模经济。美国的科学家是世上最优秀的，它的工人是最富于技术的。美国的国富民强是那些经济遭到战争破坏的欧亚诸国做梦也无法达不到的。

　　随着其他国家日益强盛，美国的这一优势地位逐渐下降是不可避免的。从优势地位上退出的痛苦也同样是不可避免的。到了80年代中期，面对其日益衰退的工业竞争力，美国人感到不知所措。面对国外竞争，一些大型的美国工业，如消费电子产业，已经萎缩或渐渐消失。到1987年，美国只剩下Zenith这一家电视生产商。（现在一家也没有了：Zenith于当年7月被韩国LG电器公司收购。）外国制造的汽车和纺织品正在大举进入国内市场。美国的机床工业也即将灭亡。人们曾一度感觉下一个在海外品牌面前全军覆没的似乎该轮到美国的半导体制造业了，而在新计算机时代有着核心作用的半导体正是美国人发明的。

　　所有这一切导致了信任危机。美国不再视繁荣为理所当然之事。他们开始相信自己的商业经营方式不灵了，也相信不久他们的收入也会因此而下降。80年代中期，人们对美国工业衰退的成因作了一次又一次的探寻。在美国人那些有时耸人听闻的发现中充满着对其他国家日益增长的经济竞争的警告之词。

　　情况的变化真快！1995年，当日本还在奋力拼搏的时候，美国却可以对5年的稳固发展作一回顾了。没几个美国人将这一巨变单纯归因于美元贬值或商业周期循环这些显而易见的原因。到如今，对自身的怀疑已被盲目乐观所取代。“美国的工业已经改变了结构，消除了滞胀，学会了明智”，这是哈佛大学肯尼迪管理学院行政院长理查德·卡佛纳的看法。华盛顿特区的智囊团——卡托研究院的史蒂芬·莫尔说：“看到我们的企业正在提高自身的生产率，作为一个美国人，我感到自豪。”哈佛商学院的威廉·萨尔曼相信人们将会把这一时期视为“美国企业管理的黄金时代”。

2000 Passage 2

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　　Being a man has always been dangerous. There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men. But the great universal of male mortality is being changed. Now, boy babies survive almost as well as girls do. This means that, for the first time, there will be an excess of boys in those crucial years when they are searching for a mate. More important, another chance for natural selection has been removed. Fifty years ago, the chance of a baby (particularly a boy baby) surviving depended on its weight. A kilogram too light or too heavy meant almost certain death. Today it makes almost no difference. Since much of the variation is due to genes, one more agent of evolution has gone.

　　There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide: stay alive, but have fewer children. Few people are as fertile as in the past. Except in some religious communities, very few women has 15 children. Nowadays the number of births, like the age of death, has become average. Most of us have roughly the same number of offspring. Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished. India shows what is happening. The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples. The grand mediocrity of today — everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring — means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes.

　　For us, this means that evolution is over; the biological Utopia has arrived. Strangely, it has involved little physical change. No other species fills so many places in nature. But in the past 100,000 years — even the past 100 years — our lives have been transformed but our bodies have not. We did not evolve, because machines and society did it for us. Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they "look at an organic being as a savage looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension." No doubt we will remember a 20th century way of life beyond comprehension for its ugliness. But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us.

55. What used to be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph?

　　[A] A lack of mates.

　　[B] A fierce competition.

　　[C] A lower survival rate.

　　[D] A defective gene.

56. What does the example of India illustrate?

　　[A] Wealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people.

　　[B] Natural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor.

　　[C] The middle class population is 80% smaller than that of the tribes.

　　[D] India is one of the countries with a very high birth rate.

57. The author argues that our bodies have stopped evolving because________.

　　[A] life has been improved by technological advance

　　[B] the number of female babies has been declining

　　[C] our species has reached the highest stage of evolution

　　[D] the difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing

58. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?

　　[A] Sex Ration Changes in Human Evolution.

　　[B] Ways of Continuing Man's Evolution.

　　[C] The Evolutionary Future of Nature.

　　[D] Human Evolution Going Nowhere.

重点词汇：

maturity /μΕ5τϕυΕριτι/ （成熟）←matur(e)+ity，mature（成熟的v.成熟），-ity名词后缀。Love is quiet understanding and the mature acceptance of imperfection.爱情是静静的理解和对不足之处的成熟接受。maturity — ①behaviour determined by the plans other people have in mind ②a high price for growing 成熟——①按照别人脑子里的计划决定自己的行为 ②成长的高昂代价。

mortality /μΧ:5τ“λιτι/ （死亡率）←mortal+ity，mortal（致命的；凡人），-ity名词后缀。If I laugh at any mortal thing, it's that I may not weep.如果我笑任何mortal事物，那是为了我可以免于哭泣。←此处mortal的中文意思guangxian不知如何表达。

survive /σΕ5ϖαιϖ/ （v.幸存；比……活的长）即sur+vive，sur-(=super-)前缀“超”，vive词根“活的”，于是“超过别人活的长度”→比别人活得长→幸存；survival /σΕ5ϖαιϖΕλ/ （n.幸存；幸存者）←surviv(e)+al名词后缀。同根词：revive（v.恢复；复苏），见2003年Text 1。I have observed that only those plants in nature which are strongest survive and reproduce themselves. It seems to me that hardiness is the chief essential for success.我观察到，自然界中只有最强壮的植物才能存活并繁衍。看来坚韧是成功的基本要素。The survival of the fittest, which I have here sought to express in mechanical terms, is that which Mr. Darwin has called 'natural selection', or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life.我在这里一直想要以机械论术语表达的适者生存，就是达尔文先生说过的“自然选择”，或者说是优越种族在生存斗争中的保存。guangxian注：英特尔前任总裁Andrew S. Grove的一本极具影响力的书就叫“Only the Paranoid Survive”。此书名一直被译作《只有偏执狂才能生存》，导致上世纪九十年代后期以来无数强烈渴望成功的创业者（IT界为甚）以将“偏激固执”作为人生信条而自豪。但就像很多人已指出的那样，“paranoid”不是指上述意义的“偏执狂”，而是指“迫害妄想狂”，其典型症状是——认为周围所有人都想加害自己而终日惶恐不安。Grove在书的前言中说：Business success contains the seeds of its own destruction. The more successful you are, the more people want a chunk of your business and then another chunk and then another until there is nothing left. I believe that the prime responsibility of a manager is to guard constantly against other people's attacks and to inculcate this guardian attitude in the people under his or her management.企业的成功包含着自身毁灭的种子。你越是成功，对你垂涎三尺的人就越多，他们会一块块地夺取你的生意，直到最后一点都不剩。所以管理者的首要职责就是始终保持警惕以防范他人袭击，并把这种防范意识灌输给下属人员。

evolution /7εϖΕ5λυ:ΦΕν/ （n.进化；发展），动词形式为evolve /ι5ϖΧλϖ/；evolutionary /7εϖΕ5λΥ:ΦΕνΕρι/ （进化的）←evolution+ary形容词后缀；另revolution（见2003年Text 1）可看作r+evolution，r看作镰刀，于是“用镰刀使其发展”→“拿着镰刀闹革命”→革命。Evolution is not the force but a process, not a cause but a law.进化不是动力而是过程，不是原因而是法则。

opportunity /7ΧπΕ5τϕυ:νιτι/ （机会）即op+port+un(e)+ity，op-前缀=to，port港口，-une后缀，-ity后缀，有港口的地方都是很发达的，因此人们都到港口去寻找“机会”。Opportunity makes the thief.大意失荆州。（←妙！）A wise man will make more opportunities than he finds.智者创造的机会要比他发现的多。opportunity — a bird that never perches 机遇——一只不落的鸟。

diminish /δι5μινιΦ/ （v.缩小，减少）即di+min+ish，di-前缀“使”，min词根“小”=mini，-ish动词后缀。Absence diminishes little passions and increases great ones, just as the wind blows out a candle and fans a fire.离别减弱浅薄的感情而增强深厚的感情，正如风吹灭蜡烛而煽旺火焰。

poverty /5πΧϖΕτι/ （贫穷）记其中有over←“人贫穷就完了”（即使物质贫穷，在精神上也不能贫穷）。Poverty is not vice, but an inconvenience.贫穷不是罪恶，而是一种不便。poverty — ①having enough money to buy all the things you ever wanted to have if only you hadn't got children ②the most effective way to keep out robbers and thieves 贫穷——①假如没有孩子，你的钱就能买得起你想要的任何东西 ②把强盗和小偷拒之门外的最有效方法。

mediocrity /7μι:δι5Χκριτι/ （平常）可看作medi+ocr+ity，medi-前缀“中间”（如medium→medi+um后缀→中间的；媒介），ocr看作Optical Character Recognition（光学字符识别），-ity名词后缀，用中等(medi)识别率OCR的效果是平常(medicocrity)的。

upper-middle-class 上中阶层。

Utopia /ϕυ:5τΕυπϕΕ/ （乌托邦）是英国空想社会主义者托马斯·莫尔(Thomas More)所著书名的简称，书中描写了作者所想象的没有阶级的幸福社会——乌托邦，意即“没有的地方”。Utopia — ①a place where men are severely punished for all odours and noises they expel ②the place where all women get married, and all men remain bachelors 乌托邦——①在那个地方，人类因其散发的气味和制造的噪音而受到惩罚 ②所有女人都结了婚，而所有男人却仍然单身的地方。

involve /ιν5ϖΧλϖ/ （v.陷入；涉及）←in+volve，in-前缀=into，volve词根“卷”，“把东西卷到里面”。参revolution词条（含revolve），2003年Text 1。Great discoveries and improvements invariably involve the co-operation of many minds.伟大的发展和改进总是牵涉到许多富于才智的人的协作。The power of choice must invovle the possibility of error — that is the essence of choosing.选择的权力必须包括出错的可能——这是选择的精髓。

transform /τρ“νσ5φΧ:μ/ （v.转变；改造）即trans+form，trans-前缀“改变”，form词根“形状”。Marriage is the miracle that transform a kiss from a pleasure into a duty, and a life from a luxury into a necessity.婚姻是个奇迹，它把接吻从快乐化为义务，把生活从享乐化为必需。

describe /δισ5κραιβ/ （v.描述，形容）←de向下+scribe写，“写下来”，名词为description。A man never discloses his own character so clearly as when he describes another's.在描述另一个人的性格时，人最清楚地显露自己的性格。

descendant /δι5σενδ(Ε)ντ/ （后裔）即de+scend+ant，de-向下，scend词根“爬”，-ant名词后缀表“人”。同根词：descend→de+scend→“向下爬”→下降；ascend→a+scend→“向上爬”→攀登。One of the best things people could do for their descendants would be to sharply limit the number of them.人们能为后代做的最好的事情之一大概就是严格限制自己的数量。

难句解析：

①There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men.

▲该句是由三个递进关系的简单句组成的并列句，句法结构比较清晰。

△第一个分句的关键词在born，表明该比数是婴儿出生时的性别比例；第二个分句的关键词在near balance（接近持平）和at the age of maturity，表示性别比例的持平状态发生在成年时期；第三个分句的70-year-olds指代的是“70岁的人们”，作名词。

②Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished.

▲注意differences between people和the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it是两个并列的主语，千万不要理解成people与the opportunity是between的并列宾语。

△and连接的两个并列部分是differences between people和the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it，而不是people和the opportunity。另外注意句中的it指代的是differences between people。

③The grand mediocrity of today — everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring — means that natural selection has lost 80％ of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes.

▲该句的主语是The grand mediocrity，谓语是means，其后跟着that引导的宾语从句that natural selection has lost 80％ of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes，其中compared to the tribes是分词结构作状语，省略了if/when being。破折号中间everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring是典型的插入语，其中survival和number of offspring都是介词in的宾语。

△grand在此处不是“宏伟，壮丽”的意思，而是“程度很深”；mediocrity也非“平庸，平常”，而是“平均化”或“折衷”；offspring是“后代”。另外要理解natural selection has lost 80％ of its power in upper-middle-class India的意思，这里是指在原来的社会不平等的情况下，印度中上层阶级拥有一些能使自己在自然选择中处于优势的特权，而随着医疗和卫生条件的改变，下层人民也拥有同样的生存条件，因此中上层阶级就丧失了80％的自然选择中的优势。

④Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they "look at an organic being as a savage looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension."

▲冒号后的句子是主句中a phrase的同位语。该同位语从句中的结构是A does something as B does something（A做某事的样子正像B做某事的样子）。

△those ignorant of evolution指对生物进化过程一无所知的人，其后的they也指代这些人。最后的his指代前面的a savage。beyond his comprehension超出了他的理解范围。

试题解析：

55. [C] 意为；较低的存活率。

　　第一段第一、二句指出，做男人总是有危险的。出生时男孩比例高于女孩，到成熟期时男女比例已持平，到70岁时男人仅剩女人数量的一半了。

　　A意为：配偶的缺乏。第一段第四、五句提到，现在，男孩的存活率几乎与女孩一样了，这意味着，到寻找配偶的关键年龄时，就会有多余的男孩（找不到配偶）。这两句话仅是论据，说明本段第三句指出的现象：过去普遍存在的男人死亡率高的现象正在改变。

　　B意为：激烈的竞争。

　　D意为：有缺陷的基因。第一段最后一句指出，既然其中的差别都是由基因造成的，另一个进化因素不复存在了。这里并未提到基因的缺陷造成男人的高死亡率。

56. [B] 意为：自然选择的法则基本不适用于穷富的差别。

　　印度的例子用于说明第二段第六句指出的观点：不同的人面对自然选择时所可利用的优劣势差别已经变小。根据下文．这一句应理解为：在存活率问题上，富人和穷人几乎面临着同样的机会，即富人已渐失其优势。另请参阅本段最后一句。

　　A意为：富人（家庭）一般比穷人孩子少。虽然这也许是事实，但文章井未提到这一点。

　　C意为：中产阶级人口数量比部落人口少80％。第二段最后一句的意思是：今天的总平均趋势——存活率和孩子数量的平均化——意味着自然选择在印度的中高层家庭人口中——与部落人口相比——已失去80％的控制力；即：中高阶层不再拥有绝对的生存优势。

　　D意为：印度是出生率很高的国家之一。这是文章没有提到的。

57. [A] 意为：技术的进步改进了生命（的质量）。

　　第三段第四、五句指出，在过去的10万年乃至100年中，我们的生活得到了改变，但是身体却没有改变，我们（的身体）没有进化的原因是机器和社会使其然。这里所说的“机器”当指技术。

　　B意为：女婴数量减少了。参阅第55、56题题解。

　　C意为：我们这种物种（指人）已达到最高进化阶段。虽然在第三段中作者的确提到了进化已经结束(evolution is over)，但是造成这种现象的原因却只有在第五句中才提到。

　　D意为：贫富差别正在逐渐消失。即使在第二段，文章也没有提到贫富差别的消失，提到的只是贫富家庭在婴孩存活率和孩子平均数量上差别正在缩小。

58. [D] 意为：人的进化已穷尽。

　　在第一段阐述男人死亡率降低的原因时，作者就指出了进化机制已不再起作用，第二段在讨论每个家庭孩子平均数量减少这一现象时，作者再次指出自然进化机制已不能再左右人口的出生率，即：人不再通过多生孩子来保持人口的均衡。在总结全文的第三段时，作者直截了当地指出，进化已经结束。

　　A意为：人的进化过程中性别比例的改变。这一点仅在第一段提到了，所以，该选择项不足以概括全文内容。

　　B意为：保持人类进化的方法。

　　C意为：大自然未来的进化。本文侧重点在于探讨人口的结构变化与进化过程的关系，而不是泛泛地谈论大自然的进化。

全文翻译：

　　做男人总是充满危险，出生时男女比例大约是105:100，但到了成熟期，这一比例几乎持平，而在70岁的老人中女性是男性的两倍，但是男性死亡率普遍偏高这种情况正在改变，现在男婴存活率几乎同女婴一样高。这就意味着男孩到了寻找伴侣的关键年龄将首次出现男孩过剩现象。更重要的是，又一次自然选择的机会不复存在了。50年前，婴儿（尤其是男婴）存活的机会取决于体重，过轻或过重几乎意味着必死无疑。今日体重几乎不起什么作用，因为大部分差异是由基因引起的，又一个进化的因素消失了。

　　进化自杀还有另一种方法：存活，但少生孩子。现在没有几个人像过去那样具有旺盛的生育力。除了在一些宗教社区之外，没有几名妇女有15个孩子。当今婴儿出生的数量同死亡年龄一样已趋于平均化，我们多数人的子女数量大致相同。人与人之间的差异和利用差异进行自然选择的机会再一次减少。印度可以说明正在发生的一切。这个国家给大城市里的少数人提供财富，而给其余的各部落民族以贫困。今天这种极其显著的平均化——每个人的生存机会和子女数量都相同——意味着与部落相比较，自然选择在印度中、上层已经失去了80％的效力。

　　对我们来说，这意味着进化已经结束；生物学上的乌托邦已经降临。奇怪的是，这一过程几乎丝毫没有牵涉到身体上的变化，没有其他物种充斥着自然中如此多的空间。但在过去的10万年——甚至过去的100年中，我们的生活发生了变化，但我们的身体却没变。我们没有进化。因为机器和社会替我们办了这一切。达尔文有一句话描述那些对进化一无所知的人，他们“看有机的生命如同野人看船，好像看某种完全不能理解的东西”。毫无疑问，我们将记住20世纪的生活方式，尽管对其丑陋之处不得其解，但是，不管我们的子孙后代对我们离乌托邦的理想境界还差多远感到有多么惊讶，他们的样子会同我们差不了多少。

2000 Passage 3

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　　When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be — even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right — it can hardly be classed as Literature.

　　This, in brief, is what the Futurist says: for a century, past conditions of life have been conditionally speeding up, till now we live in a world of noise and violence and speed. Consequently, our feelings, thoughts and emotions have undergone a corresponding change. This speeding up of life, says the Futurist, requires a new form of expression. We must speed up our literature too, if we want to interpret modern stress. We must pour out a large stream of essential words, unhampered by stops, or qualifying adjectives, or finite verbs. Instead of describing sounds we must make up words that imitate them; we must use many sizes of type and different colored inks on the same page, and shorten or lengthen words at will.

　　Certainly their descriptions of battles are confused. But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river — and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers: "Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms."

　　This, though it fulfills the laws and requirements of Futurist poetry, can hardly be classed as Literature. All the same, no thinking man can refuse to accept their first proposition: that a great change in our emotional life calls for a change of expression. The whole question is really this: have we essentially changed?

59. This passage is mainly________.

　　[A] a survey of new approaches to art

　　[B] a review of Futurist poetry

　　[C] about merits of the Futurist movement

　　[D] about laws and requirements of literature

60. When a novel literary idea appears, people should try to________.

　　[A] determine its purposes

　　[B] ignore its flaws

　　[C] follow the new fashions

　　[D] accept the principles

61. Futurists claim that we must________.

　　[A] increase the production of literature

　　[B] use poetry to relieve modern stress

　　[C] develop new modes of expression

　　[D] avoid using adjectives and verbs

62. The author believes that Futurist poetry is________.

　　[A] based on reasonable principles

　　[B] new and acceptable to ordinary people

　　[C] indicative of basic change in human nature

　　[D] more of a transient phenomenon than literature

重点词汇：

farfetched /5φΒ:5φετΦτ/ （牵强的）即far+fetch+ed，far远的，fetch拿来，-ed形容词后缀，叫别人到很远(far)的地方去把东西拿回来(fetch)，这个要求是很“牵强的”(fartetched)。

futurist /5φϕυ:τΦΕριστ/ （未来派的；未来派艺术家）即futur(e)+ist，future（未来；未来的），-ist后缀。If we open a quarrel between the past and the present, we shall find that we have lost the future.我们如果在过去和现在之间展开争吵，就会发现我们丧失了未来。Every hour of lost time is a chance of future misfortune.失去的每一小时都构成未来不幸发生的可能。future — something which everyone reaches at the rate of sixty minutes an hour 未来——每个人都在以每小时60分钟的速度接近的东西。future shock — the shattering stress and disorientation that we induce in individuals by subjecting them to too much change in too short a time 未来的冲击——我们通过让个人在太短的时间内承受太多的变化而施加给他们的破坏性压力和定向障碍。

undergo /7ΘνδΕ5⊥Ευ/ （v.经历；承受）即under+go，“在下面走”→经历。You cannot create experience, you must undergo it.你不能创造经验，你必须经历它。undergo a long process of tempering 经受长期的磨练。

corresponding /7κΧρισ5πΧνδιΝ/ （相应的；符合的）即cor+respond+ing，cor-共同（con-在r前的变形），respond反应（见2003年Text 2），-ing形容词后缀；动词形式为correspond（相应；符合；通信）。Two delusions fostered by higher education are that what is taught corresponds to what is learned, and that it will somehow pay off in money.高等教育造成了两种错觉，一是教的东西就等于学到的东西，二是它总会通过某种方式以金钱回报。Science is the attempt to make the chaotic diversity of our sense-experience correspond to a logically uniform system of thought.科学试图将杂乱纷繁的感官经验纳入思维的逻辑有序的体系中。

interpret /ιν5τΕ:πριτ/ （v.解释；口译）；interpretor（译员）←interpret+or后缀表“人”。The philosophers have only interpreted the world in various ways; the point is to change it.哲学家们只是以不同的方式解释世界，而问题在于改变世界。interpretor — someone who lies in two languages 译员——用两种语言说谎的人。

essential /ι5σενΦΕλ/ （必不可少的；本质的）；名词形式为essence（本质；精华），记谐音“爱深思”→只有爱深思(essence)才可能发现事物的“本质”和“精华”。As a researcher perhaps two characters are most essential, one is love for sciences, the other is curiosity.作为研究人员有两种品质也许是最基本的：一是对科学的热爱，一是对事物的好奇心。The essence of romantic love is that wonderful beginning, after which sadness and impossibility may become the rule.浪漫的爱的本质是奇妙的开始，随后注定是悲伤与不可能。

finite /5φαιναιτ/ （有限的）即fin+ite，fin词根“完”（如finish→fin+ish后缀→v.n.完成），-ite形容词后缀，“有完的”→有限的。反义词：infinite（无限的；无限的东西）←in否定前缀+finite。参define（下定义；限定），2002年Text 4）。We must accept finite disappointment, but we must never lose infinite hope.我们必须接受有限的失望，但我们决不可失去无限的希望。a finite number of possibilities 有限的几种可能性。

explanatory /ικσ5πλ“νΕτΕρι/ （说明的，解释的）即ex+plan+atory，ex-前缀=out，plan即plain（元音可增减），-atory形容词后缀，“简单明白地表达出来的”→解释的；动词形式为explain←ex+plain；名词形式为explanation←ex+plan+ation。Mediocrities can explain everything, and are surprised at nothing.庸人能够解释一切，他们对任何事都不感到意外。←mediocrity参2000年Passage 2。A little inaccuracy sometimes saves tons of explanations.少许的含糊有时能省去大量的解释。

fulfill /φυλ5φιλ/ （v.完成，履行）即ful+fill，ful即full“完全”，fill“填满”，故“完全填满”→完成。Only they who fulfill their duty in everyday matters will fulfill them on great occassions.只有在日常工作中尽责的人才会在重大时刻尽责。

determine /δι5τΕ:μιν/ （v.决心；确定）即de+termine，de-加强前缀，termine词根“结束”（参terminal，2002年Text 2），故“使结束”→决定；名词形式为determination←de+termin+ation。The surest way not to fail is to determine to succeed.不致失败的最可靠方法是决心成功。When it is not in our power to detemine what is true, we ought to follow what is most probable.在无法认定何者正确之时，就应采用可能性最大的一个。The important thing in life is to have a great aim, and the determination to attain it.人生最重要的事就是确立一个伟大的目标，并有决心使其实现。

all the same 仍然；at will 随意。

难句解析：

①When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal.

▲该句是一个因果关系的并列句，表示结果的部分是When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at，表示原因的部分是for it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal。而for与it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal之间是一个插入语，也是由however+形容词引导的状语从句，意为“不管他们（这群前卫艺术家们）的时尚原则在今天看来多么牵强无理”。

△句中attain原意为“达到”，此处应理解为“发展成”；advocates指倡导的人；however不是“然而”，而是“不论多么”。

②With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be — even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right — it can hardly be classed as Literature.

▲该句也是一个因果关系的并列句。结果为With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult，其中however是插入语，表示此句与上一句之间是转折关系；原因为for之后的部分whatever Futurist poetry may be — even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right — it can hardly be classed as Literature，其中破折号之间的部分even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right是插入语，on which it is based是the theory的定语从句，it指代Futurist poetry。

△注意however一词是对上一句内容的转折信号，了解这一点，the case is rather difficult的意思就不难领会了。同时要抓住作者的态度，他对未来主义诗歌是持完全否定的态度的。

③We must pour out a large stream of essential words, unhampered by stops, or qualifying adjectives, or finite verbs.

▲该句中主句为We must pour out a large stream of essential words，而unhampered by stops, or qualifying adjectives, or finite verbs是过去分词引导的伴随状语。

△注意or连接的qualifying adjectives和finite verbs与stops并列，而不与a large stream of essential words并列。

④But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river — and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers: "Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms."

▲句中开始的it是形式主语，它指代的是to read及后面的定语从句和to find及其后面的宾语从句。that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river是read的宾语从句，其中off which they both fall into the river是bridge的定语从句；that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers: "Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms."是find的宾语从句。

△该句相对较复杂，一定要注意upsetting的意思，它是指当我们先是从注释中得知某诗行讲述了一个场景，便怀着新奇感去读原文，结果却发现原文如此枯燥拙劣，心中不免感到不舒服。

⑤All the same, no thinking man can refuse to accept their first proposition: that a great change in our emotional life calls for a change of expression.

▲此处的that从句是proposition的同位语，说明了其内容。

△注意句中的双重否定：no thinking man can refuse to accept their first proposition没有一个有思想的人能否决他们自己最初的主张，也就是“几乎人人都会坚持自己最初的主张”。

试题解析：

59. [B] 意为：对未来派诗歌的评述。

　　本文是一篇文学评论。第一段开门见山地对未来派诗歌进行批评，指出，无论未来派诗歌是什么东西——即使承认其理论根据是正确的，却很难将它归作是文学作品。第二段简述了未来派诗歌诞生的基本历史背景，第三、四段又转入对它的批评。注意第四段第一句对第一段第二句的照应。

　　A意为：对新的艺术理论的评价。这个选择项表达的内容过泛，缺乏针对性。

　　C意为：有关未来主义运动的优点。

　　D意为：有关文学（创作）的法则和要求。这个选择项表达的内容过泛，缺乏针对性。

60. [A] 意为：确认其目的。

　　第一段第一句指出，每当一个新艺术思潮达到一定流行程度时，（在评价它之前）最好先找出其倡导者的目的，因为，无论其（创作）原则在今天看来可能是多么不着边际、多么荒谬，但是在未来它也许会被看做是正常的东西。

　　B意为：忽视其缺陷。

　　C意为：追随这些新思潮。

　　D意为：接受其（创作）原则。

61. [C] 意为：挖掘新的表达方式。

　　第二段简述了未来派诗歌诞生的基本历史背果。未来派认为，一个世纪以来，生活状况一直在有条件地加速发展，以致我们今天生活在一个喧闹、暴力和迅变的世界里，结果，我们的感觉、思想和情感经历了相应的变化。未来派认为，这种生活（节奏）的加快需要一种新的表达方式（与之相适应）。

　　A意为：增加文学作品的创作（数量）。第二段第四句指出，为了诠释当今世界的（生活）压力，我们必须加快文学的创作。这里所说的speed up our literature的具体内容包括下两句提到的文学创作方法，并非指加大文学作品的创作数量。

　　B意为：用诗歌来化解当今的压力。见对选择项[A]的解释，interpret（解释）的意思不同于relieve（缓解；解除）。

　　D意为：不使用形容词和动词。第二段第五甸的意思是：我们（在诗歌中）注入大量的基本词汇，这一语流不为句号、修饰性形容词或限定性动词所打断。从这句来看，并没有提到不使用形容词和动词。

62. [D] 意为：与其说是文学（作品）不如说是一种暂时的现象。

　　在最后一段最后一句作者反问道：我们的时代真的发生了根本变化吗？言外之意，我们生活的变化被未来主义考夸大了，因此他们对历史和现实的认识是不正确的，所以其理论根据是站不住脚的。

　　A意为：基于合理的原理。

　　B意为：对普通人来说是新的、易于接受的。

　　D意为：表明人性的根本变化。

全文翻译：

　　当一场新的艺术运动形成某种时尚时，理应弄清其倡导者的目标所在，因为无论他们的准则在今天看来是多么牵强附会、不可思议，将来都有可能被视为正常的。然而，就未来派诗歌而言，情况却相当不同，因为无论未来派诗歌为何物——即使承认其理论根据可能正确，也很难称之为文学。

　　简而言之，未来派诗人宣称：一个世纪以来，过去的生活一直在有条件地急剧变化；现在，我们生活在一个充斥着喧嚣、暴力和快节奏的世界之中。因此，我们的感情、思想和情绪都经历了相应的变化。未来派诗人声称，这种加速的生活节奏需要一种新的表达形式。如果我们想诠释现代生活的压力，就必须加快文学发展的步伐。我们必须大量使用基本词汇，摆脱句号，修饰性形容词及限定动词的羁绊。我们不应描绘声音，我们必须造出模仿声音的词语；我们必须在同一张纸上使用不同型号和不同颜色的墨水，任意缩短或加长词语。

　　他们对战斗的描述确实让人很难理解。但是读到一句描写战斗的诗行的注解时，则令人有点生厌，注解中说该诗描写了一名土耳其军官和一名保加利亚军官在一座桥上发生了搏斗，结果双双从桥上掉进河中——结果，诗把他们两人落水的声音和体重写在了一起：“扑通！扑通！185公斤。”

　　尽管这符合未来派诗歌的规则和要求，却很难被归入文学之列。实际上，没有一个善于思考的人会拒绝接受他们的第一个观点：即情感生活的巨大变化要求表达方式也随之变化。实际问题是：我们发生了根本的变化吗？

2000 Passage 4

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　　Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. But increasingly the Japanese are seeing a decline of the traditional work-moral values. Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people don't know where they should go next.

　　The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teenagers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. In a recent survey, it was found that only 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life, compared with 67.2 percent of students in the United States. In addition, far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed.

　　While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression. "Those things that do not show up in the test scores — personality, ability, courage or humanity are completely ignored," says Toshiki Kaifu, chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party's education committee. "Frustration against this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild." Last year Japan experienced 2125 incidents of school violence, including 929 assaults on teachers. Amid the outcry, many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moral education. Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War Ⅱ had weakened the "Japanese morality of respect for parents".

　　But that may have more to do with Japanese life-styles. "In Japan," says educator Yoko Muro, "it's never a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life, but only how much you can endure." With economic growth has come centralization; fully 76 percent of Japan's 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two-generation households. Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes (travels to and from work) and crowded living conditions, but as the old group and family values weaken, the discomfort is beginning to tell. In the past decade, the Japanese divorce rate, while still well below that of the United States, has increased by more than 50 percent, and suicides have increased by nearly one-quarter.

63. In the Westerner's eyes, the postwar Japan was________.

　　[A] under aimless development

　　[B] a positive example

　　[C] a rival to the West

　　[D] on the decline

64. According to the author, what may chiefly be responsible for the moral decline of Japanese society?

　　[A] Women's participation in social activities is limited.

　　[B] More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs.

　　[C] Excessive emphasis his been placed on the basics.

　　[D] The life-style has been influenced by Western values.

65. Which of the following is true according to the author?

　　[A] Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder

　　[B] Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity.

　　[C] More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity.

　　[D] Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking.

66. The change in Japanese Life-style is revealed in the fact that________.

　　[A] the young are less tolerant of discomforts in life

　　[B] the divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the US

　　[C] the Japanese endure more than ever before

　　[D] the Japanese appreciate their present life

重点词汇：

postwar /5πΕυστ5ωΧ:/ （战后）←post前缀“在后”+war；prewar /5πρι:5ωΧ:/ （战前）←pre前缀“在前”+war。postwar architecture — the accountants' revenge on the prewar businessmen's dreams 战后的建筑——会计师们对战前商人们的梦想的报复。

harmony /5ηΒ:μΕνι/ （和谐，融洽）可看作har+mony，har谐音“哈”，mony即money，于是“哈！money！”→有钱很多事情都会变得“和谐”与“融洽”。No family harmony, no social stability.没有家庭的和睦，就没有社会的稳定。harmony — the husband likes fishing, the wife likes cooking fish, and the child likes eating fish 和谐——丈夫喜欢钓鱼，妻子喜欢烧鱼，孩子喜欢吃鱼。

sacrifice /5σ“κριφαισ/ （v.n.牺牲；奉献）可看作sa+cri+fice，sa谐音似“杀”，cri看作cry（元音替换），fice看作face（元音替换），于是“因马上要被杀(sa)而泪留(cri)满面(fice)的东西”→牺牲。Good manners are made up of petty sacrifices.得体的举止由许多细小的牺牲构成。Whenever you have an aim you must sacrifice something of freedom to attain it.无论何时，只要有目标，你就要牺牲一定的自由以达到它。Success can be only one ingredient in happiness, and is too dearly purchased if all the other ingredients have been sacrificed to obtain.成功只能是幸福的一个因素，如果为了获得成功而牺牲其它幸福的因素，就未免得不偿失了。

counterpart /5καυντΕπΒ:τ/ （相似或对应的人或物）即counter+part，counter-前缀“对等”，part部分，“对等的部分”。

personality /7πΕ:σΕ5ν“λιτι/ （人格；个性）←person+ality名词后缀。Personality is to man what perfume is to a flower.个性之于人一如香气之于花。personality — everything that's false in a human, everything that's been added on to him and contrived 个性——人类身上所有虚假的东西，所有强加在他身上的不自然的东西。

assault /Ε5σΧ:λτ/ （v.n.攻击）即as+sault，as前缀=to，sault沪方言“烧掉”之谐音，于是“去把敌人的东西烧掉”→“火攻”→攻击。Against the assault of laughter nothing can stand.没有东西能抵挡笑声的进攻。

conservative /κΕν5σΕ:ϖΕτιϖ/ （保守的；保守主义者）即con+serv(e)+ative，con-前缀“全部”，serve词根“保持”（=keep），-ative后缀；参conservation（2002年Text 3）。When a nation's young men are conservative, its funeral bell is already rung.当一个国家的青年因循守旧，这个国家的丧钟即已敲响。conservative — ①someone who wants to keep what he already had lost ②a man who wants the rules changed so that no one can make a pile the way he did ③someone who believes that nothing should be done for the first time 守旧者——①试图保留已经失去的东西的人 ②希望改变一下规矩，使任何人都不能再像他那样赚钱的人 ③相信什么事都不应当有第一次的人。

authorities /Χ:5ΩΧριτιζ/ （当局，官方）；原形为authority（权力；权威；权威者）←author作者+ity名词后缀。All authority belongs to the people.一切权力属于人民。Authority is not truth, but truth possesses the authority.权威不是真理，但真理拥有权威。authority — a high hat under which every donkey can hide his ears 权力——一顶高帽子，驴子戴上它也能遮住耳朵。

endure /ιν5δϕυΕ/ （v.忍受；持续）即en+dure，en-前缀“使”，dure词根“持续”（如durable→持久的）。We have all sufficient strength to endure the misfortunes of others.我们具有极其充足的力量来忍受他人的不幸。Colors fade, temples crumble, empires fall, but wise words endure.色彩会消退，庙宇会坍塌，帝国会崩溃，但智慧的话永存。

isolate /5αισΕλειτ/ （v.隔离，孤立）←isol+ate，isol即isle“小岛”（元音可增减替换），-ate动词后缀，使像小岛一样被“孤立”。The word, even the most contradictions word, preserves contact — it is silence which isolates.话语，甚至最矛盾的话语也维持着人们的联系——是沉默使人们隔离。

generation /7δςενΕ5ρειΦΕν/ （产生；一代人）←generat(e)+ion，generate（v.产生），-ion名词后缀。Each generation imagines itself to be more intelligent than the one that went before it, and wiser than the one that comes after it.每代人都想象自己比前一代聪明，也比后一代明智。

commute /κΕ5μϕυ:τ/ （v.乘公交车上下班，乘车船往返于两地）即com+mute，com-前缀“一起”，mute词根“交换”，于是“一直在两地间交换位置”→乘车往返上下班。参mutually，2003年Text 1。

divorce /δι5ϖΧ:σ/ （v.n.离婚；分离）与diverse（多种多样的；不同的）一起记，“离婚”后双方就成为“不同的”人。Friendship is the marriage of the soul, and this marriage is liable to divorce.友谊是心灵的结合，这种结合是易于解体的。It is only in marriage with the world that our ideals can bear fruit; divorced from it, they remain barren.只有与现实联姻，我们的理想才能结果；如果脱离现实，理想将永无生机。divorce — ①a tragedy that after a while feels suspiciously like relief ②the best way to replace the first mistake by a second ③puts men back in circulation 离婚——①一场悲剧，片刻之后又似乎觉得像是一种解脱 ②用第二次错误代替第一次错误的最佳方法 ③将男人放回可流通领域。

cultivation /7κΘλτι5ϖειΦΕν/ （耕作；培养）←cultivat(e)+tion，cultivate（v.耕作；培养），-tion名词后缀。To cultivate oneself in disposition is not for the others, but for strengthening his own capacity in life.修养性情不是为了他人，而是为了加强自己的生活能力。

tolerant /5τΧλΕρΕντ/ （宽容的）←toler+ant。The public is wonderfully tolerant — it forgives everything except genius.公众宽容得惊人——他们宽恕一切，除了天才。

难句解析：

①Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe.

▲whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe是Japan的定语从句。

△千万注意hardly是否定词，相当于not。

②The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs.

▲本句的主语是The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market，谓语是have limited，宾语是the opportunities of teen-agers，而who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs是宾语的定语从句，该从句中involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs又是personal sacrifices的补语。

△age是“时代”，表示这一代已经成为社会的主力军；baby boom指在战后的“生育高峰，婴儿潮”；questioning的意思是“质问，质疑”；involved in指“与某事有关，由某事引起”。

③Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II had weakened the "Japanese morality of respect for parents."

▲本句主语是Mitsuo Setoyama，谓语是raised eyebrows，who was then education minister是主语的定语，when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II had weakened the "Japanese morality of respect for parents."是全句的时间状语从句，其中that引导的从句是argued的宾语，该宾语从句中主语是liberal reforms，谓语是had weakened，宾语是the "Japanese morality of respect for parents"，introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II是liberal reforms的补语。

△注意raised eyebrows是“瞋目”的意思，此处指“瞪起眼睛，情绪激愤”。

④With economic growth has come centralization; fully 76 percent of Japan's 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two-generation households.

▲has come centralization是一个倒装结构，原形为centralization has come。Where引导的定语从句修饰cities。

△本句中须弄清一些词汇的含义，如：centralization集中化；community礼俗社会；extended family多代同堂式的家庭；in favor of由…取代；households家庭。

试题解析：

63. [B] 意为：正面的例子。

　　第一段第一句指出，战后，日本的生产率与和谐的社会状态是美国和欧洲所羡慕的，其发展目标明确（主句的直译意思是：无目标性一直不是日本的特点）。

　　A意为：处于无目标的发展状态下。

　　C意为：是西方国家的劲敌。

　　D意为：正在走下坡路。

64. [D] 意为：生活方式受西方价值观的影响。

　　第一段指出，日本人越来越多地目睹着一场传统的工作道德价值观的沦丧。十年前，年轻人工作努力，将工作看作是生存(being)的重要动力；但是，日本目前在很大程度上满足了其经济发展的需要，年轻人反而不知道下一步的发展目标了。

　　在第二、三段，文章探讨了造成这种现象的原因。在第四段第一句，作者指出，这（that指上一段提到的现象）也许更多地是与日本人的生活方式有关（have... to do with意为：与……有关）。

　　A意为：妇女参加社会活动受到限制。第二段第一句的意思是：随着战后进入高生育时期，并随着妇女进入过去男人占统治地位的就业市场，青少年的机会受到限制，他们已经表现出对为爬上严格的社会阶层——如进入好学校或获得好工作——所做出的巨大的个人牺牲提出质疑。

　　B意为：更多的工人对自己的工作感到不满。

　　C意为：过多地注重基础训练。根据第三段，虽然外国人经常称赞日本教育对基础训练的强调，日本的教育却倾向于强调考试和机械的学习，而忽视丁创造力和自我表达的培养。可见，强调基础的教育是好的，但是忽视创造力和自我表达的培养也是不对的。这里，强调基础是教育的目的，强调考试和机械的学习是日本实现这一目的的方法；目标并没有错（不会导致道德水平的下降），错误的是实现这一目标的方法。

65. [C] 意为：应该更多地强调创造力的培养。

　　参阅第64题题解。

　　A意为：日本的教育受到赞赏，因为它有助于年轻人爬上社会阶梯。日本的教育受到外国人赞赏的原因是它强调整础教育。参阅第64题对选择项[C]的解释。

　　B意为：日本教育既强调机械的学习也强调创造力。参阅第64题对选择项[C]的解释。

　　D意为：失学导致了对考试的反感。根据Toshiki Kaifu的看法，对这种东西（指上一句提到的强调考试，忽视个性、能力、勇气或人性教育）的反感使孩子们弃学，变得难以管教。可见，选择项[D]颠倒了因果。参阅第三段。

66. [A] 意为：年轻人更难以忍受生活中的困难。

　　根据Yoko Muro的观点，对日本人来说，问题一直不是一个他们能否享受工作和生活的问题，而是一个他们有多大的承受力的问题。例如，城市居民长期以来一直承受着上下班时间长和生活环境拥挤的折磨，但是，随着旧的价值观被摈弃，（与之相关的）困难开始表面化了（tell意为：产生影响；显现出来）。这里的意思是，日本人以前默默地忍受生活的困苦，但是，现在年轻的日本人觉得这种牺牲太大，对此产生了逆反情绪。参阅第四段。

　　B意为：日本人的离婚率超过了美国人。根据第四段最后一句，日本人的离婚率仍然大大地(well)低于美国人。

　　C意为：日本人比以前需要忍受的东西更多了。

　　D意为：日本人喜欢自己目前的生活方式。

全文翻译：

　　战后日本的生产率和社会的和谐为美国和欧洲所称羡，因此漫无目标很难说是战后日本的特色。但是，日本人正在经历传统工作道德价值观的日益衰退。10年前，日本人工作勤奋，将工作视为他们存在的主要理由，但现在日本大体上已经满足了其经济需求，年轻人却不知道他们下一步的目标在哪里。

　　战后婴儿出生高峰期的到来及妇女进入男性主宰的就业市场，限制了青少年的发展机遇，这些青少年已经开始质疑在进好学校，找好工作，攀登日本等级森严的社会阶梯的过程中所做出的沉重的个人牺牲是否值得。在最近一次调查中发现与62.7％的美国学生相比较，只有24.5％的日本学生对学校生活完全满意。此外，与被调查的其他10个国家的工人相比，对自身工作表示不满的日本工人多得多。

　　虽然日本的教育因强调基础知识而经常受到外国人的赞扬，但是它往往强调考试和机械学习，而不重视创造性和自我表现。“在考分中得不到体现的那些东西——个性、能力、勇气或人性——完全被忽视，”执政的自民党教育委员会主席Toshiki Kaifu说，“对这类事情灰心丧气，致使孩子辍学、放荡不羁。”去年日本发生了2125起校园暴力事件，其中包括929起袭击老师事件。在一片抗议声中，许多保守党领导人正在力图回复到战前，强调道德教育；去年，当时任教育大臣的Mitsuo Setoyama就提出责难，他申辩说二战后美国占领当局引进的自由改革削弱了“日本人尊敬父母的道德观”。

　　但是，那也许与日本人的生活方式关系更大。“在日本，”教育家 Yoko Muro说，“问题绝对不是你是否喜欢自己的工作和生活，而仅仅是你能承受多大的负荷。”随着经济的发展，居住集中化也跟着来了，在日本1亿1900万人当中，足有76％住在城市，在那里社区和几世同堂的大家庭已经成为过去，而取而代之的是单门独户的两代之家。城市里的日本人长期忍受着漫长的上下班来回路程和拥挤不堪的居住条件，随着旧的群体家庭道德观的削弱，令人不舒服的结果开始显现出来。在过去10年中，日本的离婚率，尽管仍远在美国之下，已经上升了50％，而自杀事件则上升了近1/4。

2000 Passage 5

　　If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition — wealth, distinction, control over one's destiny — must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition's behalf. If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them. In an odd way, however, it is the educated who have claimed to have give up on ambition as an ideal. What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition — if not always their own then that of their parents and grandparents. There is a heavy note of hypocrisy in this, a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped — with the educated themselves riding on them.

　　Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly. Summer homes, European travel, BMWs — The locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago. What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar. Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools. For such people and many more perhaps not so exceptional, the proper formulation is, "Succeed at all costs but avoid appearing ambitious."

　　The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive. As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States. This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings, but only that, no longer openly honored, it is less openly professed. Consequences follow from this, of course, some of which are that ambition is driven underground, or made sly. Such, then, is the way things stand: on the left angry critics, on the right stupid supporters, and in the middle, as usual, the majority of earnest people trying to get on in life.

67. It is generally believed that ambition may be well regarded if ________.

　　[A] its returns well compensate for the sacrifices

　　[B] it is rewarded with money, fame and power

　　[C] its goals are spiritual rather than material

　　[D] it is shared by the rich and the famous

68. The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that it is________.

　　[A] customary of the educated to discard ambition in words

　　[B] too late to check ambition once it has been let out

　　[C] dishonest to deny ambition after the fulfillment of the goal

　　[D] impractical for the educated to enjoy benefits from ambition

69. Some people do not openly admit they have ambition because________.

　　[A] they think of it as immoral

　　[B] their pursuits are not fame or wealth

　　[C] ambition is not closely related to material benefits

　　[D] they do not want to appear greedy and contemptible

70. From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should be maintained________.

　　[A] secretly and vigorously

　　[B] openly and enthusiastically

　　[C] easily and momentarily

　　[D] verbally and spiritually

重点词汇：

ambition /“μ5βιΦΕν/ （雄心，野心）看作am+bit+ion，am是，bit一点，-ion名词后缀，考研的人都是(am)有一点点(bit)野心(ambition)，谐音“俺必胜”！形容词形式为ambitious /“μ5βιΦΕσ/ ←ambit+ious形容词后缀。All ambitions are lawful except those which climb upward on the miseries or credulities of mankind.野心是合法的，不过利用人们的痛苦或轻信者除外。ambition — ①the noble name one gives to his money problems ②the immemorial weakness of the strong 志向——①给经济困难取的高雅名字 ②坚强者的永久性虚弱。

destiny /5δεστινι/ （命运）看作de+s+tiny，de-否定前缀，s谐音“是”，tiny微小的，命运(destiny)不(de)是(s)小事情(tiny)。A tyrant's authority for crime, and a fool's excuse for failure.命运：暴君作恶的理由，傻瓜失败的借口。destiny — statistics by another name 命运——统计学的代名词。

vitality /ϖαι5τ“λιτι/ （生命力）即vit(a)+al+ity，vita词根“生命”（如vitamin←vita+min，原义为“维持生命的胺类物质”，即“维生素”），-al形容词后缀，-ity名词后缀。vitality — the pursuit of life 活力——对生命的追求。

hypocritical /7ηιπΕ5κριτικΕλ/ （伪善的）看作hypo+critical，hypo-前缀“在……之下、次于”（如hypothesis→hypo+thesis论点→次于论点地位的→n.假设），critical批评的，“在批评之下的”→伪善的；名词形式为hypocrisy /ηι5πΧκρΕσι/ （虚伪，伪善）。hypocrisy — ①the lubricant of society ②the most difficult and nerve-racking vice that any man can pursue; it needs an unceasing vigilance and a rare detachment of spirit 伪善——①社会的润滑剂 ②人们所能学到的最困难、最刺激的恶习；它需要不懈的警惕性和精神的高度超脱。

escape /ισ5κειπ/ （v.n.逃跑；避免）看作es+cap+e，es-(=ex-)，cap帽子，“从帽子里出去”→“金蝉脱壳”→逃跑。Investing the future has been man's favourite game of escape.虚构未来一向是人类最喜爱的逃避把戏。Many have been ruined by their fortunes, and many have escaped ruin by the want of fortune.有许多人毁于幸运，还有许多人由于缺乏幸运而免于毁灭。

confess /κΕν5φεσ/ （v.供认；坦白；忏悔）即con+fess，con-一起，fess词根“说”，“把知道的全都说了”。同根词：profess /πρΕ5φεσ/ （v.声称；教授）←pro向前+fess说，“走到前面对大家说”。I'm not ashamed to confess that I'm ignorant of what I don't know.我不耻于承认对自己不懂的事情的无知。

pushing /5πυΦιΝ/ （有进取心的；急功近利的）←push推+ing形容词后缀。

acquisitive /Ε5κωιζιτιϖ/ （渴望获得的；贪得无厌的）即acquisit+ive，acquisit为acquire（v.获得）之变形，-ive形容词后缀。参acquisition，2001年Passage 4。In an acquisitive society the form that selfishness predominantly takes is monetary greed.在一个贪婪的社会里，贪财是自私自利的突出表现形式。

vulgar /5ϖΘλ⊥Ε(ρ)/ （粗俗的）谐音“浮哥”，“轻浮的哥哥”→粗俗的；名词为vulgarity（粗俗；粗俗的行为）←vulgar+ity名词后缀。Prejudices are what rule the vulgar crowd.支配庸人们的是偏见。vulgarity — the garlic in the salad of taste 粗俗——味觉色拉里的大蒜。

spectacle /5σπεκτΕκλ/ （场面；奇观）即spect+acle，spect词根“看”，-acle表“物”。同根词：spectator（观众，旁观者）←spect+ator后缀表“人”。Life is not a spectacle or a feast; it is a predicament.生活并非奇观，亦非盛宴，它是一种困境。

participatory /πΒ:5τισιπειτΕρι/ （供分享的）即parti+cip+atory，parti(=part)，cip(=cap)抓，-atory形容词后缀，“抓取其中一部分”→供分享的。参participation，2001年Passage 1。

democracy /δι5μΧκρΕσι/ （民主；民主制；民主国家）←demo+cracy，demo-人民，cracy统治，“由人民统治的”；也可把demo看作“演示”（如很多演示版软件就叫Demo），尚处于演示(demo)阶段的统治(cracy)手段→民主(democracy)。另可记：autocracy（独裁统治；专制国家）←auto自己+cracy；autonomy（自治）←auto+nom+y。Democracy means simply the bludgeoning of the people by the people for the people.民主不过是意味着为了人民而由人民来强制人民。democracy — ①the worst form of government except all the others that have been tried ②hypocrisy without limitation ③a process by which the people are free to choose the man who will get the blame ④the recurrent suspicion that more than half of the people are right more than half of the time 民主——①除所有尝试过的形式以外最坏的管理形式 ②无限制的虚伪 ③人们自由选择该责备谁的过程 ④一个反复出现的疑问：大多数情况下大多数人都是正确的吗。

enroll /ιν5ρΕυλ/ （v.招收；入学；入伍）即en+roll，en-使，roll名册，“使登记入册”。I like your institute but I do not want to enroll.我喜欢你们学院，但我不想报名去那里。

impulse /5ιμπΘλσ/ （v.n.推动；冲动）看作im+pulse，im-加强前缀，pulse脉搏。There is one thing better than crushing impulse, it is using impulse.有一件事比压制冲动更可取，即利用冲动。

stir /στΕ:/ （v.搅动；激动；鼓动）与star（明星）只一元音字母之差，联想：star有stir的作用。Make no little plans: they have no magic to stir men's blood.不要作小计划，它们没有激动热血的魔力。

earnest /5Ε:νιστ/ （热心的，诚挚的）看作earn+est，earn赚钱，est即最高级，“很多很多人非常非常热衷于赚钱”。An earnest desire to succeed is almost always prognostic of success.对成功的热切愿望几乎总是成功的预兆。

contemptible /κΕν5τεμπτΕβλ/ （卑劣的）即contempt+ible，contempt蔑视，-ible可……的。

at an end 完结；get on in life 出人头地。

难句解析：

①If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition — wealth, distinction, control over one's destiny — must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition's behalf.

▲此句包含一个if引导的条件状语从句If ambition is to be well regarded，主句的主语是the rewards of ambition，谓语是must be deemed，而wealth, distinction, control over one's destiny既是插入语，又是the rewards的同位语。made on ambition's behalf是the sacrifices的补语。

△本句中需弄清一些词汇的含义，如：distinction声望显赫或出人头地；worthy of对得起或不辜负；on behalf of为了。

②If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them.

▲这是一个并列关系的并列句。前一个分句又包含由if引导的条件状语，主句中的主语it指代the tradition of ambition。后一分句中who are themselves admired修饰people，the educated not least among them是people的补语。

△注意people who are themselves admired指“自己也受人仰慕的人士”；not least意为“相当重要”。

③There is a heavy note of hypocrisy in this, a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped — with the educated themselves riding on them.

▲a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped是前面主句的补语，with the educated themselves riding on them是补语中的伴随状语。

△hypocrisy虚伪或伪善，理解了这个词，后面的比喻就简单了。要理解这个比喻，最好把句中的马理解为ambition的象征。注意这个比喻和“亡羊补牢”没有任何关系，它的意思更接近于“掩耳盗铃”；在这里是指受过良好教育的人在自己的野心实现以后，从追求野心的过程中受了益，但他们得了便宜还卖乖，反过来谴责野心，并说自己并没有追求野心。

④Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly. Summer homes, European travel, BMWs — the locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago.

▲此处出现了两个比较级，less interested in success and its signs now than formerly和less in demand today than a decade or two years ago。

△千万注意两句中的双重否定：“do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly”means“seem at least as interested in success and its signs now as formerly, if not more”，后面的do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago也是如此。

⑤What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar.

▲what一词指代的是that引导的从句，从句中as easily and openly as once they could又是下一层的状语，此外lest引导带虚拟语气的假设状语从句。

△注意lest一词的含义（“唯恐”）和用法（引导虚拟语气）。而且在阅读过程中应该能够推测出pushing，acquisitive，vulgar三词都是贬义。

⑥Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools.

▲本句的主句是we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles。后面有一个非限定性的定语从句修饰spectacles。在冒号的后面是三个并列的名词性短语，其核心词分别是critic，publisher和journalist。

△要理解本句，首先要正确理解be treated to的意思是“被款待，被招待”；因此后面的spectacles就不是“眼镜”，而是“壮观景象”，此处有一定的反讽意味。后面即使不理解其具体含义，大致也应该抓住的是虚伪，说一套做一套的具体事例，从这个角度理解就比较清楚了。

⑦The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive.

▲此句是用分号隔开的两个并列句，后面的一个分句中有一个where引导的定语从句，从整体上来修饰its public defenders，只不过先行词用了where。

△要理解分号前后是从正反两个方面来说明人们对于ambition的态度，同时注意最后的定语从句中的那个双重否定，表达了作者的一种态度，说明作者对于野心的维护者是抱肯定的态度的，从而也能推出作者对于野心也是持积极态度的，而作者所不齿的是对于野心问题虚伪的、说一套做一套的做法。

试题解析：

67. [A] 意为：其收益足以抵得上做出的牺牲。

　　文章第一句指出，如果正确看待野心（雄心），由野心所带来的收益——如财富、名声以及对自己命运的控制力等——必须被看做是抵得上为（实现）野心所做出的牺牲的。言外之意，只有树立雄心壮志，并为实现雄心壮志做出努力和牺牲，收到的回报就会大于做出的牺牲，使你感到没有白白做出牺牲。作者在本文中谈到了如何正确看待树立“野心”，不要对“野心”避而不谈。

　　B意为：野心使人取得金钱、名誉和权力（或力量）。在第一句中，财富、名誉以及对自己命运的控制力只是作为取得回报的三个例子，并非仅包括这三方面而已。因此，选择项[A]更加确切地表达了第一句的意思。

　　C意为：其目标是精神上的而不是物质方面的。

　　D意为：野心是富人和名人共有的。第一段第二句的意思是：如果野心的传统要保持其生命力（指这一传统要持续下去），人们必须普遍拥有野心——特别是那些受过教育的人更是如此。然而，奇怪的是，恰恰是这些人回避这一话题，虽然他们从中受益匪浅。

68. [C] 意为：在目标实现后又不诚实地否认（拥有）野心（的重要性）。

　　第一段最后一句的前半句指责这些人是虚伪的(hypocrisy)，后半句是一个比喻。含意为：他们是野心的受益者，但又虚伪地否认拥有野心的重要性。

　　A意为：受过教育者习惯于口头上摈弃野心。含意为：口头上否认自己有野心，但行动上实践之。原句中的“虚伪”并非指这些人口是心非，而是指他们是野心的受益者（也许他们自己都没有认识到这一点），但又虚伪地否认拥有野心的重要性。

　　B意为：野心一旦被释放出来就无法控制。

　　D意为：对受过教育者来说，享受野心所带来的益处是不现实的。

69. [D] 意为：他们不想看起来贪婪、卑鄙。

　　根据第二段第三句，事实是：人们不坦陈自己的梦想（即指野心）——不像从前一样容易公开承认梦想，以防被人看做是爱出风头的、贪婪的(acquisitive)和庸俗的人。

　　A意为：他们将此看做是不道德的。

　　B意为：他们追求的不是名誉或财富。

　　C意为：野心与物质利益没有密切关系。

70. [B] 意为：公开并热情地。

　　根据最后一段第四、五句，由于人们不公开表达自己的野心，就产生一些不良后果，有些野心就成为暗中拥有的东西，使人变得狡黠。由此推论，作者认为，人们不应该隐瞒自己的“野心”，以免产生人对人的猜疑和阴谋。

　　A意为；秘密并严格地。

　　C意为：容易并暂时地。

　　D意为：在语言上和精神上。

全文翻译：

　　个人的雄心如果能被正确看待的话，那么它的回报——财富、声誉、对命运的掌握——则应该被认为值得为之付出牺牲。如果雄心的传统具有生命力，那么它就应该受到广泛的推崇，尤其应该受到那些自身得到他人羡慕的人们的高度重视，当然那些接受过良好教育的人也应包括在内。然而，恰恰是那些受过良好教育的人却不可思议地声称他们已经放弃了雄心壮志这一理想。奇怪的是他们已经从雄心壮志中获益颇多了——如果不是他们自己的雄心，那么就是他们父母的和祖父母的。这其中有着浓厚的虚伪色彩，恰如马跑后再关上马厩的门那样，而受过良好教育的人自己正骑在那些马背上。

　　当然，现在人们对成功及其标志的兴趣似乎并未比从前减弱，避暑别墅，欧洲旅行、宝马车——它们的位置、地名和商标可能会改变，但现在对这些东西的需求似乎并未比一二十年前减少。现在的情况是人们不能像以前那样轻易地、公开地坦陈自己的梦想，惟恐别人认为自己爱出风头、贪婪、庸俗不堪。相反我们目睹了比以前任何时候都多的虚伪景观：美国物欲主义批评家在南安普顿拥有一幢避暑别墅；激进的出版商到三星级宾馆就餐；倡导终生参与民主制的新闻记者却把自己的子女送进私立学校。对于这样的人，还有那些也许不太出色的人而言，“不惜一切代价获得成功，但避免让他人看出雄心勃勃”是对他们最好的诠释。

　　对雄心的攻击非常之多，出自各种不同的角度；公开为之辩解的则少之又少，虽不能说他们是完全没有吸引力的，但却未能给人们留下深刻印象。因此，在美国，作为一种健康的冲动，一种应该令人称羡并扎根于青年人心灵的品质的雄心，它所得到的支持也许比以往任何时期都低。但这并不意味着雄心已经穷途末路，人们不再感觉到它对人们的激励了，只是人们不再公开地以它为荣，更不愿公开地坦白了。当然这样就带来了很多不良后果，其中的一些后果就是雄心被赶入地下，或暗藏于胸。于是情况就成了这样：左边是愤怒的批评家，右边是愚蠢的支持者，而居中的通常是大多数认真而努力追求成功的人。

1999 Passage 1

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　　 It's a rough world out there. Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat. Light up the stove and you could burn down the house. Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers' misfortunes.

　　Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident. Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might — surprise! — fall off. The label on a child's Batman cape cautions that the toy "does not enable user to fly."

　　While warnings are often appropriate and necessary — the dangers of drug interactions, for example — and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn't clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. About 50 percent of the companies lose when injured customers take them to court.

　　Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn't have changed anything. In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet. "We're really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets aren't designed to prevent those kinds of injuries," says Nimmons. The jury agreed that the nature of the game, not the helmet, was the reason for the athlete's injury. At the same time, the American Law Institute — a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight — issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones. "Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities," says a law professor at Cornell Law School who helped draft the new guidelines. If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability.

51. What were things like in 1980s when accidents happened?

　　[A] Customers might be relieved of their disasters through lawsuits.

　　[B] Injured customers could expect protection from the legal system.

　　[C] Companies would avoid being sued by providing new warnings.

　　[D] Juries tended to find fault with the compensations companies promised.

52. Manufacturers as mentioned in the passage tend to ________.

　　[A] satisfy customers by writing long warnings on products

　　[B] become honest in describing the inadequacies of their products

　　[C] make the best use of labels to avoid legal liability

　　[D] feel obliged to view customers' safety as their first concern

53. The case of Schutt helmet demonstrated that ________.

　　[A] some injury claims were no longer supported by law

　　[B] helmets were not designed to prevent injuries

　　[C] product labels would eventually be discarded

　　[D] some sports games might lose popularity with athletes

54. The author's attitude towards the issue seems to be ________.

　　[A] biased

　　[B] indifferent

　　[C] puzzling

　　[D] objective

重点词汇：

compensate /5κΧμπΕνσειτ/ （补偿，赔偿）看作com+pens+ate，com-前缀“一起”，pens钢笔，-ate动词后缀，“把钢笔全都给你”→赔偿；名词形式为compensation /κΧμπεν5σειΦΕν/ ←com+pens+ation名词后缀。True tragedy may be defined as a dramatic work in which the outward failure of the principal personage is compensated for by the dignity and greatness of his character.真正的悲剧可以这样定义：一部剧作，剧中主人公的表面失败由其人格的高贵伟大予以补偿。

misfortune /μισ5φΧ:τΦΕν/ （不幸；灾难）←mis+fortune，mis-否定前缀，fortune（运气；财产）见2003年Text 3。No misfortune can be as great as the loss of time.再大的不幸也比不上时间的损失。misfortune — the gift you receive after you criticize your superior in public 不幸——当众批评上司后收到的礼物。

anticipate /“ν5τισιπειτ/ （预料，期望）即anti+cip+ate，anti-前缀“先前的”（如antique→anti+que后缀→古老的；古玩），cip词根“抓”（参participation，2001年Passage 1），-ate动词后缀，于是“在事情发生之前就在脑子里将其抓住”→预料。What we anticipate seldom occurs; what we lest expected generally happens.我们所预料的事很少发生，最预料不到的事却往往出现。

stepladder /5στεπλ“δΕ/ （一种通常在顶端有个小平台的活动梯子）←step台阶+ladder梯子。

interaction /7ιντΕρ5“κΦΕν/ （互相作用）←inter互相+act作用+ion名词后缀。It is the interaction of his personality and period that results in the formation of a composer's style.作曲家风格的形成，是其个性与时代相互作用的结果。

regulation /ρε⊥ϕυ5λειΦΕν/ （调整；校准；规章）即regul+ation，regul词根“规则”=rule（如regular→定期的；规则的），-ation名词后缀；动词形式为regulate（调整；校准；管制）←regul+ate。The use of travelling is to regulate imagination by reality, and instead of thinking how things may be, to see them as they are.旅行的价值在于用显示校正想象，目睹事物的本来面目，而非臆想它们可能如何。regulation — the substitution of error for chance 规则——用错误代替变化。

defendant /δι5φενδΕντ/ （辩护的；被告）←defend（防卫；辩护）+ant后缀。I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.我不同意你说的话，但我愿誓死捍卫你说这话的权力。←这是18世纪法国启蒙运动领袖伏尔泰(Voltaire)的名言。

recommendation /7ρεκΕμεν5δειΦΕν/ （推荐）即re+commend+ation，re-反复，commend称赞，-ation名词后缀，联想记忆：考研辅导班上某名师反复(re)称赞(commend)某本辅导书，这一定是不怀好意的“推荐”(recommendation)。A good presence is letters of recommendation.良好的仪表就是推荐信。

guideline /5⊥αιδλαιν/ （指导方针）←guide+line。

tort /τΧ:τ/ （民事侵权行为）与torture（v.n.折磨；拷问）一起记，“折磨拷问别人是一种民事侵权行为”。

bombard /5βΧμβΒ:δ/ （v.炮轰，攻击）为象声词。

triviality /τριϖι5“λιτι/ （琐事）←trivial琐碎的+ity名词后缀。In important matters, we expose our best sides; in trivial matter, we disclose ourselves as we really are.我们在重要的事件中显示自己最好的方面，在无关紧要的小事中露出自己的本来面目。

mention /5μενΦΕν/ （v.n.提及）看作men+tion，“提起了男人”。One measure of friendship consists not in the number of things friends can discuss, but in the number of things they need no longer mention.友谊的尺度之一不在于朋友们可以讨论的事情的数量，而在于他们无须再提及的事情的数量。

oblige /Ε5βλαιδς/ （v.迫使，责成）。My ideal of a picture is that every part of it should oblige the looker-on who has any real sense for a whole to see the rest.我理想中的画是这样的：它的每个部分都会促使具有任何真正整体感的观者去看其余的部分。

indifferent /ιν5διφΕρΕντ/ （冷漠的；不积极的）即in+different，in-否定前缀，different不同，“无论怎样都感觉不到什么不同”→漠不关心的。The worst sin towards our fellow creatures is not to hate them, but to be indifferent to them; that's the essence of inhumanity.我们对作为同类的其他人所犯下的最大罪过不是憎恨，而是漠不关心，那是不近人情的本质。The true secret of giving advice is, after you have honestly given it, to be perfectly indifferent whether it is taken or not, and never persist in trying to set people right.提出忠告的真正秘诀在于：诚心诚意地提出之后，就不再关注它是否被采纳，并且决不固执己见地要求别人按自己的意见行事。

objective /Εβ5δςεκτιϖ/ （客观的；目标）去e加-ity即为objectivity（客观性）。After many years I have reached the firm conclusion that it is impossible for any objective newspaperman to be a friend of a President.许多年之后，我得出了这个坚定的结论：任何客观的新闻工作者都不可能成为一个总统的朋友。objectivity — subjectivity, expressed statistically 客观性——以统计数字表达出来的主观性。

难句解析：

①While warnings are often appropriate and necessary — the dangers of drug interactions, for example — and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn't clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured.

▲在这个主从复合句中，前一个分句是由while引导的让步从句，这个从句由两个并列句组成，中间用and连接。破折号之间的部分是举例说明warnings的内容，and后面的many省略了warnings，state与federal共用regulations。主句部分本身也是一个主从复合句，主句用了一个形式主语it，真正的主语是that引导的从句，注意这个从句中有个动词短语protect... from...，后面是一个if引导的条件从句。

△首先要把握这个句子的主旨，那就是主句中所阐明的warnings对manufacturers and sellers的保护作用还很不明朗。注意破折号之间的部分对warnings的解释作用以及it作为形式主语的替代作用。

②As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn't have changed anything.

▲在这个主从复合句中，前一个分句是由as引导的伴随状语从句，注意这里的claims是个名词；主句的时态用的是现在进行时，表示的这种状况正在开始。这个主句有一个较长的状语短语，原因是cases后面跟了一个where引导的定语从句修饰cases，这个定语从句的主干是warning label not change anything，解释的是什么样的cases。

△主句依然是抓住句子大意的关键，该句所要表达的就是some courts beginning to side with defendants，再者要注意cases后面定语从句指出了哪类cases尤为如此。

③In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet.

▲这个句子的主干是... president... successfully fought a lawsuit...。句子的主语是Julie Nimmons，后面逗号之间的部分是她的职位，宾语部分a lawsuit有一个较长的动词现在分词involving所引导的短语，involving的宾语是a football player，后面跟了一个who引导的定语从句，这个定语从句中有一个while引导的时间状语，还原成句子就是while he was wearing a Schutt helmet。找出其中的关键部分：... president of Schutt... successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player... paralyzed... while wearing a Schutt helmet。

④At the same time, the American Law Institute — a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight — issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones.

▲这个看起来很长的句子其实是一个简单句，主干是... the... Institute... issued new guidelines for tort law...。其中破折号之间的内容说明的是这个Institute的人员构成，并且用一个whose引导的定语从句说明了这些成员的权威。law后面跟的现在分词stating有一个相当长的宾语从句，这个从句的主语是companies，而谓语有两个动词结构，一个是warn... of...，另一个是bombard... with...，叙述了guidelines的内容。

△这个句子的要点是在stating后面的that从句，对其中两个动词结构warn... of...和bombard... with...的正确理解决定了对整个句子的理解。

⑤If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability.

▲在这个复合句中，if引导的是一个条件从句，主句部分的谓语用了被动形式，谓语动词provide for有两个宾语，一个是the benefits of customers，另一个是protection against legal liability，not决定了两者的取舍关系：取前者，舍后者。

△从句给出了前提条件，注意has its way的意思是can be achieved；理解主句部分的关键在于provide for的两个宾语的取舍关系。

补充: Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s中的thinking是一种思想的意思，指的是上面所说过的人们对于通过法律获得赔偿的思想。gone本意是消失，这里可以意译为改变，就是说这种思想已经改变。但是我个人觉得，从前后文看，这个gone不是否定，所以应该是开始的意思，也就是说应该翻译成这种思想已经形成了。

试题解析：

51. [B] 意为：受伤的顾客可望得到法律制度的保护。

　　第一段指出，外面是个危险的世界，如果你走出去，可能会滑倒在门垫上，摔伤一条腿；如果点燃炉灶，可能烧毁整栋房屋。可幸的是，如果门垫或炉灶没有警告你可能发生的危害，你可以就自己所受的伤害诉诸法律，成功地获得赔偿。或者，更确切地说，自80年代初以来人们一直这样认为，从那时起，陪审团开始认为更多的公司应该对其顾客遭受的不幸负责。

　　第二段提到，为了保护自己，公司开始撰写冗长的标签，但是，正如第三段第二句所指出的那样，这种做法无济于事，因为，如果顾客与公司对簿公堂，大约一半的情况是公司败诉。然而，第四段第一句指出，这种潮流似乎正发生逆转。

　　A意为：顾客可以通过诉讼免除自己的灾难。relieve sb. of sth.意为“免除某人某事；解除某人某事；使某人摆脱某事”。relieve的意思与原文表达的内容不相符，根据对选择项B的分析，顾客通过法律获得的是对损失的赔偿。看原文，顾客都已经是出事后才找诉讼，事情既然发生了怎么能够免除呢？所以说无论从原文还是从常理都是不对的。

　　C意为：公司将会通过提供新的警示标签避免被起诉。该选择项有两处主要错误：一是avoid的使用，二是new的使用，这两个词的使用使C与原文表达的内容很不一致。这句话用了would avoid这个词，这就是说能够逃避的意思。但是原文根本没有提到是否这么做能否逃避法律的制裁。更何况，从常理考虑也不应该是这样。还有，这句话用了new这个词，原文中也找不到根据。所以C是不对的。

　　D意为：陪审团倾向于对公司所承诺的赔偿严加挑剔。这个与原文中“when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers' misfortunes”比较相象，但是原文的这句话意思是：当时陪审团已开始认为更多的公司应对其顾客所遭受的不幸负责。可以看出，这两句的意思还是不同的。一句是有关赔偿的严谨性，一句是有关赔偿的执行度。

52. [C] 意为：充分利用标签避免法律责任。

　　第二段指出，公司感到很大威胁，它们通过撰写比以前更长的警示标签保护自己，企图预料各种可能发生的事故。结果，现在的梯子上的标签有几英寸长，除了警告你其他可能发生的意外之外，还警告说你可能摔下来——这种警告真是莫名其妙！孩子的蝙蝠侠玩具的斗篷上也警告说：本玩具“并不能使拥有者飞行”。在作者看来，这样的警示语都是多余的、不必要的。

　　A意为：通过在产品上写长长的警示语满足顾客。根据上文对选择项C的分析，他们这样做的目的主要是避免承担责任，而不是满足顾客的需要。

　　B意为：在描述自己的产品的不足上表现得更诚实。这个其实肯定不是商人们的本意，毕竟无奸不商，有哪个商人会这么诚实，把自己产品的缺点告诉别人？

　　D意为：不得不将顾客的安全看作头等重要的事。这个问题嘛，其实想一下，商人的目的就是赚钱，头等重要的事怎么可能是....从文章第二段可以看出，Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident。公司是因为受了威胁所以才开始贴标签的，但是文章并未说是因为考虑到顾客安全才这么做的。而且，从常理推断，公司应该是考虑到自身利益才这么做的。因此D选项应该是偷梁换柱大法。

53. [A] 意为：某些因伤害提出的索赔再也受不到法律的保护了。

　　第三段指出，潮流似乎正发生逆转，虽然因人身伤害引起的索赔案像以往一样不断出现，某些法庭正逐渐开始站到被告一边(side with)，特别是在有警示标签也可能无济于事的案件中。在Schutt Sports的案件中，Schutt Sports公司被告生产了不安全的头盔，造成一名橄揽球队员(football player)的瘫痪，但是，陪审团认为，造成球员受伤的不是头盔，而是橄榄球这种运动本身的危险性(the nature of the game)。公司因此胜诉。这一例子用于说明第四段第一、二句提到的现象。

　　B意为：头盔不是设计来防止损伤的。戴头盔的目的当然是防止伤害，但是，头盔不可能是万能的。B答案是表面的意思，一般考研命题中不会把答案设定给这种选项的。因为“头盔不是设计来防止损伤的”这个即使从常理来讲也不正确，头盔本来就是用来防止损伤的。而且原文中也没提到这点。

　　C意为：产品标签最终将会被淘汰。discard意为：弃而不用。

　　D意为：运动员可能不再会热衷于某些体育运动项目。这个从常理上来说就不太对，再对照原文，原文只是说了一次事故引发的关于体育用品的争论，但是没有任何地方可以看出运动员会不再热衷于某些项目。只是一次单纯的事故而已，没有理由就夸张到放弃这一层，因此这个选项明显是用了夸张的手法。

54. [D] 意为：客观的。

　　这里所说的“问题”指索赔案中孰是孰非这一问题。文章探讨了索赔案所涉及的顾客（原告）、公司（被告）和陪审团三方的反应，重点指出陪审团态度的转变。文章叙述客观，作者没有表达个人观点。关于态度题有很多偏方，基本上说，ABC三项这三个词基本不可能成为任何题的答案。而D这个词，绝对是首选项，基本上出现了选它就没错。因为，所有的选中文章讨论的大多是客观问题，作者的态度更是客观的。如果是主观的话根本就犯了主观主义错误......

　　A意为：有偏见的。这个单词在考研英语阅读中很难会成为正确答案的，毕竟你想，既然能当选全国研究生入学考试试题，没有鲜明的中心思想是不可能的，像有偏见的这种态度基本是不可能出现的。反过来说，客观的这种态度基本是放之四海而皆准的

　　B意为：冷漠的。

　　C意为：迷惑不解的。如果对于问题是迷惑不解的，那么整篇文章就是说没有表明鲜明的立场。但是这种文章是不可能入选研究生入学考试的。更何况从原文来看，作者的态度相当明显，因此是客观的。

全文翻译：

　　外面是一个危险的世界。如果你走出去，可能会滑倒在门垫上，摔伤一条腿。如果你点燃炉灶，可能会把房子烧掉。但是假如门垫或炉灶上没有警示语告诉你可能发生的危害，那么你或许可以就自己所受的伤害通过法律诉讼，成功地获得赔偿。大约自80年代初以来人们就不再（guangxian注：此处“不再”二字应删除！）这样认为了，当时陪审团已开始认为更多的公司应对其顾客所遭受的不幸负责。

　　公司因此感到了威胁，便做出了反应，写出越来越长的警示标识语，力图预先标明种种可能发生的事故。现在，梯子上警告标签有几英寸长，除了警告你其他可能发生的意外情况外，还警告你可能会摔下来，简直是莫名其妙！印在儿童蝙蝠侠披风上的标识语竟然也告诫说，本玩具“无法让用户飞行”。

　　虽然警示语常常是合理而必要的，如对药物副作用而产生的危险的警示语，并且很多是州或联邦法规所要求的，但是当消费者受伤，这些警示语能否真正保护制造商和销售商使之免于责任，这还很难说。被受伤的消费者告上法庭的公司中，大约一半的情况是公司败诉。

　　现在看来这种趋势正在转变。尽管个人伤害的指控一如既往地继续着，但有些法庭已开始站到被告一方，特别是在处理那些有警示语也无法避免伤害的案件时。五月份，伊利诺斯州的Shutt体育公司总裁朱利·尼蒙斯就成功地打赢了这样一场官司。一名橄榄球队员戴着该公司的头盔在一场比赛中受伤瘫痪，遂将该公司告上法庭。公司总裁朱利·尼蒙斯说：“他成了瘫痪，我们非常难过，但头盔的设计不是为了预防这类伤害的。”陪审团也认为造成该运动员受伤的是这项运动本身的危险性，而不是头盔。与此同时，美国法学会——该学会由一群举足轻重的法官、律师、学者所组成——签署了新的民事侵害法纲要，宣布公司不必警示顾客那些显而易见的危险，或者给顾客列出一份冗长的可能造成的危险的清单。康奈尔大学法学院一位参与起草新纲要的教授说，“重要的信息会淹没在细枝末节的汪洋之中”。如果该法律团体的这一适中的目的能够实现，产品上提供的警示信息实际上是用来保护消费者利益的，而不是为了避免公司承担法律责任的。

1999 Passage 2

论坛相关讨论帖地址：

　　In the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market. More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such business-to-business sales make sense because business people typically know what product they're looking for.

　　Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability. "Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier," says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company's private intranet.

　　Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to "pull" customers into sites. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to "push" information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers. Most notably, the Pointcast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and advertisements to subscribers' computer monitors. Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a company's Web site. Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales, product offerings, or other events. But push technology has earned the contempt of many Web users. Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web and television fades. That's a prospect that horrifies Net purists.

　　But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money. The examples of Virtual Vineyardsa., and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.

55. We learn from the beginning of the passage that Web business ________.

　　[A] has been striving to expand its market

　　[B] intended to follow a fanciful fashion

　　[C] tried but in vain to control the market

　　[D] has been booming for one year or so

56. Speaking of the online technology available for marketing, the author implies that ________.

　　[A] the technology is popular with many Web users

　　[B] businesses have faith in the reliability of online transactions

　　[C] there is a radical change in strategy

　　[D] it is accessible limitedly to established partners

57. In the view of Net purists, ________.

　　[A] there should be no marketing messages in online culture

　　[B] money making should be given priority to on the Web

　　[C] the Web should be able to function as the television set

　　[D] there should be no online commercial information without requests

58. We learn from the last paragraph that ________.

　　[A] pushing information on the Web is essential to Internet commerce

　　[B] interactivity, hospitality and security are important to online customers

　　[C] leading companies began to take the online plunge decades ago

　　[D] setting up shops in silicon is independent of the cost of computing power

重点词汇：

pathway /5πΒ:Ωωει/ （小径；通路）←path+way。

establish /ισ5τ“βλιΦ/ （建立；安置）即e+stabl(e)+ish，e-加强前缀，stable稳定，-ish动词后缀。We must establish the respectability of peace and get rid of the false glamour surrounding war.我们必须确立和平的崇高地位，除去萦绕着战争的欺骗性的魔力。

intranet /ιντρΕ5νετ/ （内部互联网）←intra内部的+net。

customize /κΘστΕμαιζ/ （按客户要求定制）←custom+ize动词后缀。There are three means of believing, by inspiration, by reason, and by custom.信仰有三种：神灵感应、理性思维，以及从俗。

contempt /κΕν5τεμπτ/ （n.蔑视）可看作con+tempt，con-全部，tempt单词“v.诱惑”，对所有人都进行诱惑→这种行为是令人“蔑视”的。Familiarity breeds contempt.熟悉引起轻视。Many can bear adversity, but few contempt.许多人能忍受厄运，但极少人能忍受侮辱。contempt — the weapon of the weak and a defense against one's own despised and unwanted feelings 轻蔑——弱者的武器和抵御自己所蔑视的有害感情的自卫手段。

promotion /πρΕ5μΕυΦΕν/ （促进；提升）即pro+mot(e)+ion，pro-向前，mote词根“运动”=move，-ion名词后缀；动词形式为promote←pro+mote。No true and permanent fame can be founded except in labors which promote the happiness of mankind.真正的、永恒的声望只能在增进人类幸福的劳作中求得。

prospect /5πρΧσπεκτ/ （展望；前景）←pro向前+spect看；参spectacle（场面；奇观），2000年Passage 5。Prospect is often better than possession.预期往往胜于拥有。

resort /ρι5ζΧ:τ/ （求助于；胜地；手段）可看作re+sort，re-反复，sort单词“分类”，联想：某游客对众多“胜地”无所适从，只能“求助于”导游的反复(re)分类(sort)。I never resort to a prepared script — anyone who does not have it in his head to do 30 minutes extemporaneous talking is not entitled to be heard.我从不求助于事先准备的讲稿，任何想不出30分钟即席讲话内容的人就没有资格让人来听。Home is the resort of love, of joy, of peace, and plenty, where supporting and supported, polished friends and dearest relatives mingle into bliss.家是爱、欢乐、和睦与富足的胜地，养育者与被养育者，优雅的友人与最密切的亲属在这里共享天赐之福。

interactivity /7ιντΕρ“κ5τιϖιτι/ （交互性）←inter互相+act作用+ivity名词后缀表“性质”；参interaction，1999年Passage 1。

hospitality /7ηΧσπι5τ“λιτι/ （好客；款待）看作hospital+ity，“医院是好客的”←医院为提高效益而唯恐别人不生病。When hospitality becomes an art it loses its very soul.待客殷勤一旦成为技巧，就失去了真正的精髓。

security /σι5κϕυΕριτι/ （安全）←secur(e)安全的+ity。Security is the mother of danger and the grandmother of destruction.安全感是危险的母亲、毁灭的祖母。

enterprise /5εντΕπραιζ/ （企业；进取心）看作enter+prise，enter进入，prise奖赏=prize，“进入奖赏”→以“进取心”办“企业”就会获得奖赏。There is no resting place for an enterprise in a competitive economy.在竞争的经济中没有企业休息的处所。What recommends commerce to me is its enterprise and bravery.在我看来，商业的可取之处在于它的进取与无畏。enterprise — the hope of our future 事业——对未来的希望。

难句解析：

①Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company's private intranet.

▲这个句子的主谓宾很明显，但是重要的是by后面的conducting引导的动名词短语，表示的是companies limiting the risk的方式方法。还要注意的是partners后面跟了一个who引导的定语从句，说明了partners所享受的待遇。

△找出其中的关键部分：... companies... limiting... risk by... transactions... with established... partners who... access to... company's... intranet。注意intranet与internet的差别：后者是国际互联网，前者是公司内部网。

②In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to "push" information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers.

▲在这个简单句中，宾语tools带了一个that引导的定语从句，修饰tools，在这个从句中真正的主语是tools，由that替代，注意这个从句中谓语动词短语allow... to...的形式；后面跟了一个transmitting引导的现在分词短语，相当于that从句的补充成分，进一步说明push information to consumer的方式。

△这个句子的主要内容集中在develop tools以及tools后面的that从句，从句中关键信息在于几个动词的使用：allow，push，transmit等。

③Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request.

▲这个句子的主句就是that前面的部分，注意动词短语think highly of的含义，但是理解这个句子的关键在于宾语notion后面所跟的that引导的同位语从句，就是说that从句解释的就是notion的内容。这个从句中的主语information后面跟了一个修饰性的flowing引导的现在分词短语。

△在抓住了主干think highly of the notion之后，理解这个句子的关键在于对that从句的理解，尤其是by specific request决定了notion的重要内容。

④The examples of Virtual Vineyards, , and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers.

▲这个句子的主干是... examples... show... a Web site... will attract... customers。抓住这个主干，再看其它成分：examples后面跟的of短语是限定成分，说明examples的内容；谓语动词show后面跟的是一个that引导的宾语从句，这个宾语从句的主语a Web site后面跟了一个现在分词短语作限定成分，这个短语的动词是selling，宾语是the right kind of products，再加上一个较长的表示方式的状语，注意介词宾语mix后面有一个of引导的三个并列名词表示mix的内容，后面will attract online customers是这个从句的谓语和宾语。

△找出句子的主谓宾，再看不同成分的修饰限定部分，再者要注意宾语从句的主语所带的现在分词结构的限定短语。

⑤And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon.

▲这个句子的主句是逗号前的句子，容易理解，重要的是逗号后which引导的从句，这里which指代的是逗号前的这个句子，指的是这个句子所陈述的现象，which在这里充当的是从句的主语，enterprise后面有一个现在分词短语，起限定作用。

△重要的是弄清从句中which引导词所指的是前面整个句子，这样就可以得知a good sign的意思。另外注意setting up shop in silicon中silicon原意是“硅”，在这里指代的是“互联网”与“计算机”。

试题解析：

55. [A] 意为：一直在竭力开拓其市场。

　　第一段指出，在网络公司创办的最初一两年中，大部分措施是围绕着努力开拓(tap)消费者市场。最近，随着网络证明不仅是一种时尚而已，公司开始（在网上）相互买卖产品或提供服务，公司间的这种买卖方式是很有道理的，因为商人一般都知道自己所需要的产品。第一句和第二句都叙述了公司企图利用网上资源开拓业务的努力，第三句是对第二句提到的现象的评价。

　　B意为：打算遵循一种空幻的时尚。

　　C意为：企图控制市场，但徒劳无益。第一段仅提到了它们的努力，并未提到努力的结果。

　　D意为：在一年左右的时间里发展迅速。第一段仅提到了它们的努力，并未提到努力的结果。事实上，正如第二段所提到的，许多公司目前仍然因为怀疑网络的安全性而对网络的使用犹豫不决。

56. [C] 意为：在策略上发生了根本改变。

　　第三段第一句指出，网络商业模式的另一个重大变化是营销策略的变化。在这个句子中，technology的意思不是“技术”，而是“技巧”，这里指销售方法。根据第三段，这里所说的变化指从“推”到“拉”的变化。两种营销策略迥然不同。

　　A意为：这种技术（或方法）受到了许多网络用户的喜爱。虽然第三段提到了许多用户对pull策略的喜爱，但是，在这个选择项中，the technology即使被理解为“方法”的话，究竟是指push还是pull并不清楚。

　　B意为：公司对在线交易的可靠性充满信心。根据第二段第一句，许多公司对网络的可靠性表示怀疑，因此对使用网络仍然很忧虑。

　　D意为：它仅限于对固定合作伙伴使用。在这个选择项中，it只能理解为指代the technology。这样，这个选择项的意思就有些令人费解。

57. [D] 意为：没有要求就不应该有在线商业信息。即：没有主动要求就不应该提供在线商业信息。

　　根据第三段最后四句，“推”的策略受到了许多网上用户的厌弃，在线用户们极力推崇这种做法：信息应该根据特定要求载入（用户的）屏幕。商业信息一旦在没有要求的情况下就被推入用户的屏幕，那么，网络和电视的区别就不存在了，这种前景正是Net purists所惧怕的。这里，Net purists指主张保持网络特色的人。

　　A意为：在线领域不应该有销售信息。根据对D的分析，这些人反对的是销售信息的传送方式，而不是这种信息本身。

　　B意为：上网的首要目的应该是为了赚钱。

　　C意为：网络的功能应该像电视一样。这正是Net purist所反对的。

58. [B] 互动、礼貌、安全对在线客户来说很重要。这里互动（指网上人机对话功能）、礼貌（指网上热情服务）、安全都指网络信息的特点或提供方式。

　　在最后一段作者指出，网上的公司不使用“推”的策略也肯定能赚钱。Virtual Vineyards和（两个网址的名称）以及其他开拓者的例子表明：销售对路产品的网址，加上互动、礼貌、安全等特点，将同样会吸引网上客户。

　　A意为：对网上商业来说，在网上“推”信息至关重要。根据上文的分析，事实恰恰相反。

　　C意为：一些大公司在几十年前就开始积极尝试在线服务。第四段最后一句指出，只要回顾一下过去5年至10年的历史人们很可能会感到奇怪：为什么如此少的公司尝试在线服务呢？

　　D意为：在计算机上建立销售点与（计算机的）运算能力无关。根据第四段第三句，计算机的运算能力成本不断下降，这对于企事业在计算机上建立销售点是个好的形势。所渭“计算机的运算能力成本不断下降”指计算机和网络上网价格变得便宜；所谓“在硅中设立商店”指在计算机（网络）上设立销售点。可见，二者是相关的。

全文翻译：

　　大约在网上交易的第一年当中，大部分业务活动都是围绕着努力开发消费者市场来进行的。最近，随着证明网络不仅是一种时尚而已，公司间便开始（在网上）交易产品和服务。这类公司之间的销售是很有道理的，因为商人通常都知道他们需要什么产品。

　　不过，由于怀疑网络的可靠性许多公司仍对网络的使用犹豫不决。Forrester研究所的资深分析家布兰·欧文说，“商家需要认识到他们可以信赖销售商和供应商之间的这种途径。”有些公司为了限制这种冒险，只与那些已经熟识的贸易伙伴进行在线贸易，给予这些伙伴进入本公司局域网的权利。

　　网络商业模式的另一个重大变化体现在营销策略上。前些年，互联网上的营销活动还集中在如何将用户“拉进”网站的策略问题上。然而，在去年，软件公司开发出新的技术，这些技术使得公司可以将信息直接“推出”给消费者，直接把营销信息传送给特定的用户。最突出的例子是Pointcast网络，该网络使用一种屏幕保护系统，将大量最新的信息和广告不断地传送到用户的计算机显示器上。用户可以定制自己想要接受的信息，然后直接进入某个公司的网址。像Virtual Vineyards这样的公司业已开始采用类似的技术将有关特价商品、产品推销或其他活动的信息“推”向用户。但这种“推”销技术遭到许多网上用户的鄙视。网上文化推崇这样一个概念，即流动到屏幕上的信息应是在专门的请求之后才出现的。一旦商业促销不请自来地充斥电脑屏幕，那么网络和电视就没多大差别了。这种前景让网络净化者感到不安。

　　网上公司并不是非得依靠“推销”策略方能挣钱。像Virtual Vineyards和及其他开拓者的例子说明：一个销售适类商品的网站，如果将交互性、热情服务、安全性合理结合，肯定会吸引网上用户的。计算能力的成本持续自由下降，这对任何建立了网上销售的企业来说都是个好的征兆。回顾过去的5到10年的历史，人们很可能会感到奇怪：尝试网上销售的公司为何如此之少呢？

1999 Passage 3

论坛相关讨论帖地址：

　　An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students' career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. Very few writers on the subject have explored this distinction — indeed, contradiction — which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom.

　　An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical education, justified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law. It is not simply to raise everyone's job prospects that all children are legally required to attend school into their teens. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. But this was not always the case; before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain age, it was widely accepted that some were just not equipped by nature to pursue this kind of education. With optimism characteristic of all industrialized countries, we came to accept that everyone is fit to be educated. Computer-education advocates forsake this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook. Banking on the confusion between educational and vocational reasons for brining computers into schools, computer-ed advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates over their educational achievement.

　　There are some good arguments for a technical education given the right kind of student. Many European schools introduce the concept of professional training early on in order to make sure children are properly equipped for the professions they want to join. It is, however, presumptuous to insist that there will only be so many jobs for so many scientists, so many businessmen, so many accountants. Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.

　　But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not. Of course, the basics of using any computer these days are very simple. It does not take a lifelong acquaintance to pick up various software programs. If one wanted to become a computer engineer, that is, of course, an entirely different story. Basic computer skills take — at the very longest — a couple of months to learn. In any case, basic computer skills are only complementary to the host of real skills that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional. It should be observed, of course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose.

59. The author thinks the present rush to put computers in the classroom is ________.

　　[A] far-reaching

　　[B] dubiously oriented

　　[C] self-contradictory

　　[D] radically reformatory

60. The belief that education is indispensable to all children ________.

　　[A] is indicative of a pessimism is disguise

　　[B] came into being along with the arrival of computers

　　[C] is deeply rooted in the minds of computer-ed advocates

　　[D] originated from the optimistic attitude of industrialized countries

61. It could be inferred from the passage that in the author's country the European model of professional training is ________.

　　[A] dependent upon the starting age of candidates

　　[B] worth trying in various social sections

　　[C] of little practical value

　　[D] attractive to every kind of professional

62. According to the author, basic computer skills should be ________.

　　[A] included as an auxiliary course in school

　　[B] highlighted in acquisition of professional qualifications

　　[C] mastered through a life-long course

　　[D] equally emphasized by any school, vocational or otherwise

重点词汇：

radical /5ρ“δικΕλ/ （根本的；重要的；激进的）即radi+cal，radi词根“根”，-cal形容词后缀；副词为radically /5ρ“δικΕλι/ ←radi+cal+ly。因为植物的“根”呈放射状排列，故radi作词根时亦表“放射”，如：radiate→radi+ate动词后缀→辐射；radium→radi+um后缀表“元素”→有放射性质的元素→镭；radius→radi+us后缀表“物”→从圆心放射出来的东西→半径。I never dared be radical when young for fear it would make me conservative when old.我年轻时从来不敢激进，因为害怕那会使我年老时保守。radical — ①anyone whose opinion differs from yours ②a person whose left hand does not know what his other left hand is doing 激进分子——①任何与你持不同观点的人 ②一个他的左手不知道他的另一只左手在干什么的人。

conception /κΕν5σεπΦΕν/ （概念；构想）是conceive（v.构想）的名词形式，参perceive（察觉；感知），2002年Text 2；concept /5κΧνσεπτ/ （概念）。In the last analysis, it is our conception of death which decides our answers to all the questions that life puts to us.归根结底，是对死亡的看法决定了我们对生活所提出的一切问题的回答。No theory is as good as experience. No concept is as good as facts.理论不等于实践。概念不等于事实。

forsake /φΕ5σεικ/ （v.抛弃）可看作for+sake，联想：为了(for)什么缘故(sake)而“抛弃”(forsake)我？←因考研而被女友抛弃的周星星说：给个理由先！To abstain from sin when a man cannot sin is to be forsaken by sin, not forsake it.在无法犯罪时放弃犯罪是被罪行抛弃，而非抛弃罪行。

betray /βι5τρει/ （v.背叛；泄露）可看作be+tray，be是，tray盘子，“是已经和盘托出了”→泄露（若向敌人“泄露”则为“背叛”）。When we fail our pride supports us, when we succeed, it betrays us.失败时自尊支撑着我们，成功时它使我们露出本来面目。There is nothing in which people more betray their character than in what they laugh at.你对之发笑的事物最能出卖你的性格。

pessimism /5πεσιμιζμ/ （悲观；悲观主义）参pessimistic（悲观的），2001年Passage 4。pessimism — ①a luxury a Jew can never allow himself ②the wisdom of the experienced 悲观——①犹太人决不会允许自己享受的一种奢侈品 ②有经验者的智慧。

presumptuous /πρι5ζΘμπτϕυΕσ/ （专横的，自以为是的）看作presumpt(ion)假设+uous形容词后缀，“只凭假设就给人下结论的”→自以为是的。

acquaintance /Ε5κωειντΕνσ/ （认识；熟人）即ac+quaint+ance，ac-否定前缀，quaint离奇的（俞敏洪说：把quai看作guai，音“怪”），-ance名词后缀，“不奇怪”→见怪不怪→已经认识的→熟人。I look upon every day to be lost, in which I do not make a new acquaintance.哪一天不新结识一个人，我就把那一天视为虚度。acquaintance — ①somebody you nod to if he nods first ②a degree of friendship called slight when the object is poor or obscure, and intimate when he is rich or famous ③a person whom we know well enough to borrow money from but not well enough to lend to 熟人——①如果他先对你点头，你也会对他点头的人 ②某种程度的友谊，如果对方穷困或无名则称之为无足轻重，如果对方有钱或知名则称之为亲密无间 ③一个我们熟悉到可以向他借钱，但没有熟悉到可以借钱给他的人。

complementary /κΡμπλΕ5μεντΕρι/ （补充的；互补的）←complement（v.n.补充；补足物）+ary形容词后缀。compliment（v.n.恭维）与complement一字母之差，i像一支燃烧的蜡烛→拿着蜡烛在神灵面前→“恭维”，e想成维生素E→“补充”维生素E。Guilt always hurries towards its complement, punishment; only there does its satisfaction lie.罪行总是匆匆赶向它的补充——惩罚，只有在那里它才能得到满足。

dubiously /5δϕυ:βϕΕσλι/ （可疑地；怀疑地）←dub+ious+ly，dub怀疑=doubt，-ious形容词后缀，-ly副词后缀。

reformatory /ρι5φΧ:μΕτΕρι/ （改革的）←reform改革+atory后缀。To reform a man is a tedious and uncertain labour; hanging the sure work of a minute.改造人是冗长而无把握的工作，绞刑则是举手之劳。Every man is a reformer until reform tramps on his toes.每个人在改革降临其身之前都是改革者。

disguise /δισ5⊥αιζ/ （v.n.假装，伪装）可看作dis+gui+s+e，dis-否定前缀，gui拼音“鬼”，s复述词尾，e小词，以蒲松龄《聊斋志异》联想：真正的鬼总是要伪装(disguise)自己，说自己不是(dis)鬼(gui)。Praise undeserved is satire in disguise.溢美之词是披着伪装的讽刺。Opportunities are usually disguised as hard work, so most people don't recognize them.机会通常伪装成艰苦的工作，所以大多数人认不出它们。

auxiliary /Χ:⊥5ζιλϕΕρι/ （辅助的）即aux+iliary，aux词根“增加”（同aug，如augment→aug增加+ment后缀→v.增加），-iliary形容词后缀，“起增加作用的”→辅助的。

highlight /5ηαιλαιτ/ （v.使显著n.最重要的部分）即high+light，用高(high)强度的光(light)照某物体→使显著。

on behalf of 为……的利益；go to the heart of 涉及……的核心问题。

难句解析：

①An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students' career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform.

▲这是本篇首句，对于本文理解至关重要。在结构上这是个简单句，复杂之处在于divides后面所跟的两个作宾语的those。those后面跟的都是由arguing引导的作为限定成分的现在分词短语，结构相似。注意短语中介词用法，on the behalf of和本句最后一个for都有“因为……的原因”的意思。

△主要把两个those后面的限定成分弄清楚，就知道了两种论点的不同之处，还要注意的是本句的介词所代表的意思。

②An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical education, justified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law.

▲首先看这个句子的主语an education，它带了一个that引导的定语从句，其中that在这个从句中作主语，谓语是aims at，后面跟了一个动名词短语作介词宾语；这个句子的谓语是is，后面作表语的是名词a technical education，在这之后是一个过去分词justified引导的短语修饰上句的表语名词，这个短语中作为介词宾语的reasons带了一个形容词different前导的短语，其中from后面跟的介词宾语是个why引导的从句。

△理解这个句子的关键，一是明白主语所带从句的含义，再是表语所带的过去分词短语，尤其是其中why引导的介词宾语从句。

③Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently access how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself.

▲这个句子的难点在于conception后面所跟的限定成分，尤其是citizen后面的部分，在这里a character复指的是the American citizen，其后是一个who引导的定语从句，是个主从复合句，其中主句是who is incomplete，从句是if引导的条件从句，这个条件从句中的谓语动词access跟了一个how引导的宾语从句。

△对这个句子的理解关键在于后半部分对the American citizen的解释，尤其是if引导的条件从句的含义，是整篇文章的重点内容。

④Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.

▲这里的主语this指的是前面所说的professional training，后面不定式短语中动词produce的宾语是professional，前面的成分是修饰这个词的短语，接着是他点状语，其中country带了两个修饰成分，前一个是形容词词性的短语as large as ours，后一个是where引导的定语从句，这个从句的主语the economy有两个谓语动词：is和involves，后面都用了相似的结构so many，表示强调。

⑤But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not.

▲该句是个主从复合句，前面for引导的短语表示的是对象，注意主句的表语the way跟了一个不定式to go，从句由since引导，这个从句的主干结构是skills... can be the difference，其中difference带了一个介词短语between... and...，and后面的not可以补足为not having a job。再者就是中的插入成分，all other factors being equal，这是一个独立主格结构，在本句中作为插入短语，起到限制的作用。

△理解好since后面的原因状语从句是这个句子的关键，当然还要注意for后面所跟的对象，以及主句不太确定的语气：might be the way。

试题解析：

59. [B] 意为：目标不明确。

　　第一段指出，有人主张为学生的未来工作而进行计算机课堂教学，有人则主张为教育的根本改革这一更广泛的目的进行计算机课堂教学，在这两种人之间存在着一条看不见的界限。很少有人撰文论述这一区别——或更确切地说是矛盾，但是，这一问题恰恰是主张汁算机课堂教学这一运动的症结之所在。可见，在这两句中已经提到了计算机教学的目的不清的问题。

　　在全文的最后一句作者总结说：当然，应该指出的是，无论是职业学校还是普通学校，其办学目的不明确都是无益的。

　　A意为：意义深远的。

　　C意为：自相矛盾的。

　　D意为：根本改革的。

60. [D] 意为：起源于工业化国家的乐观主义态度。

　　第二段第三、四、五句指出，我们对一个美国公民的素质有一种既定的认识，认为，如果他不能充分地评价外在因素对其生活和幸福的影响，他的个性是不完整的。但是，情况不总是如此，在法律规定所有孩子必须上学到某个年龄之前（指义务制教育），有些人被普通认为本性上是不适于接受这种教育的。随着乐观主义的思想深入到所有工业化国家，人们开始认为每个人都适于受教育。

　　A意为：表明伪装下的悲观主义态度。

　　B意为：随着计算机的诞生而存在。

　　C意为：深深地植根于主张计算机教育的人们的思想中。computered是本文作者杜撰的一个词，根据第二段最后一句，computered advocate当理解为“主张计算机课堂教学的人”。

61. [C] 意为：几乎不具有实际价值。意即不适用于其国家。

　　第三段第三句指出，此外，对于像我们这样偌大一个国家（指美国）来说，经济遍布这么多的州，涉及如此多的跨国公司，这种做法（指欧洲式的职业教育）很难培养出所需要的各类专业人员。

　　A意为：取决于学员开始接受培训的年龄。candidate这里指参加培训的人。

　　B意为：值得在社会各界进行尝试。

　　D意为：对各种专业人员来说都具有吸引力。

62. [A] 意为：应该作学校的辅助课程。

　　第四段第六句指出，无论如何，在成为任何一类专业人员所需要的众多真才实学中，计算机基础技能只是一种辅助技能。这里的complementary和选择项A中的auxiliary是同义词。

　　B意为：在获得专业素质的过程中加以强调。在最后一段作者指出，学习计算机基本技能很简单，不需要花太多的时间。可见，作者并不认为从职业培训的角度来学习计算机基础知识多么深奥难懂，因此也不需要“强调”。

　　C意为；花毕生的时间去掌握。根据最后一段，在作者看来，现在掌握计算机基础技能非常简单，不需要花毕生的时间学习各种软件程序，掌握基础计算机技能最多只需要一两个月。

　　D意为：无论是职业学校还是普通学校都强调。有关文章最后一句话的意思参阅第59题题解。

全文翻译：

　　对于计算机课堂教学，人们在观点上存在着一条无形的界限：一种是以学生的就业前景为理由，另一种是以激进的教育改革为理由。很少有人就这一区别——事实上是矛盾——进行撰文探讨，但它却是促使计算机进入课堂的活动出问题的关键。

　　旨在使学生胜任某种工作的教育是职业教育，它存在的理由与法律所规定的普及教育之间有很大差别。根据法律要求，所有儿童都必须就学至十几岁，其目的并非简单地增加他们的谋职能力。我们更应该具有的是作为美国公民的某种观念，即他必须准确判断自身的生活和幸福是如何受到外界影响的，否则他的公民特征就是不完整的。但是情况并不总是如此；在法律要求所有儿童必须上学至一定年龄之前，人们普遍认为有些儿童天生就不适合接受这种教育。随着工业化给国家带来的特有乐观精神，我们已经接受人人都适合受教育的观念。倡导计算机教育的人抛弃了这一乐观理念，取而代之的是与他们乐观外表相悖的悲观论调。基于将计算机引入课堂的“教育理由”和“谋职理由”的混淆，主张计算机教育的人常常只强调毕业生的就业前景，而忽略了他们的教育成就。

　　对适当的学生实行职业教育也有道理。欧洲的许多学校很早就引进职业培训的概念，以确保儿童具备欲从事的职业所需的技能。然而，去臆断科学家、商人、会计职位的数量是武断的。此外，在我们这么大的一个国家里，经济延展到这么多的州，涉及到这么多的国际公司，因而要按照数量培养出所需要的各类专业人员是不太可能的。

　　但是对少数学生而言，职业培训也许是可取之路，因为在其他因素相同的情况下，熟练的技能是能否得到工作的关键。当然，目前计算机的基本操作非常简单。不需要花毕生的时间去熟悉各种不同的软件程序的使用。当然如果想成为一名计算机工程师，事情就完全不同了。基本的计算机技能最长也只需一两个月即学会。不管怎样，基本的计算机技能只是对成为专业技术人员所需的各种实际技能的补充。当然应该看到的是，不管是职业学校、还是普通学校，混淆计算机教学的目的，都不会受益。

1999 Passage 4

论坛相关讨论帖地址：

　　When a Scottish research team startled the world by revealing 3 months ago that it had cloned an adult sheep, President Clinton moved swiftly. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment — although no one had proposed to do so — and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. That group — the National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC) — has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper, and at a meeting on 17 May, members agreed on a near-final draft of their recommendations.

　　NBAC will ask that Clinton's 90-day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended indefinitely, and possibly that it be made law. But NBAC members are planning to word the recommendation narrowly to avoid new restrictions on research that involves the cloning of human DNA or cells — routine in molecular biology. The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial question, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning.

　　In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be "morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning." Shapiro explained during the meeting that the moral doubt stems mainly from fears about the risk to the health of the child. The panel then informally accepted several general conclusions, although some details have not been settled.

　　NBAC plans to call for a continued ban on federal government funding for any attempt to clone body cell nuclei to create a child. Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos (the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or to knowingly endanger an embryo's life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research.

　　NBAC members also indicated that they would appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics not to try to clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer. But they were divided on whether to go further by calling for a federal law that would impose a complete ban on human cloning. Shapiro and most members favored an appeal for such legislation, but in a phone interview, he said this issue was still "up in the air."

63. We can learn from the first paragraph that ________.

　　[A] federal funds have been used in a project to clone humans

　　[B] the White House responded strongly to the news of cloning

　　[C] NBAC was authorized to control the misuse of cloning technique

　　[D] the White House has got the panel's recommendations on cloning

64. The panel agreed on all of the following except that ________.

　　[A] the ban on federal funds for human cloning should be made a law

　　[B] the cloning of human DNA is not to be put under more control

　　[C] it is criminal to use private funding for human cloning

　　[D] it would be against ethical values to clone a human being

65. NBAC will leave the issue of embryo research undiscussed because ________.

　　[A] embryo research is just a current development of cloning

　　[B] the health of the child is not the main concern of embryo research

　　[C] an embryo's life will not be endangered in embryo research

　　[D] the issue is explicitly stated and settled in the law

66. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that ________.

　　[A] some NBAC members hesitate to ban human cloning completely

　　[B] a law banning human cloning is to be passed in no time

　　[C] privately funded researchers will respond positively to NBAC's appeal

　　[D] the issue of human cloning will soon be settled

重点词汇：

startle /5στΒ:τλ/ （使吃惊）即start+le，start开始，le拼音“了”，监考老师说：考试“开始了”，于是同学们“大吃一惊”。Poetry should be great and unobtrusive, a thing which enters into one's soul, and does not startle it or amaze it with itself, but with its subject.诗歌应当既不寻常又不唐突，它深入人心不是以其本身，而是以其主题使心灵震动或惊奇。

husbandry /5ηΘζβΕνδρι/ （n.耕作；饲养）看作husband+(d)ry，让丈夫(husband)口干舌燥(dry)的事→耕作；饲养。

feverishly /5φι:ϖΕριΦλι/ （激动地，狂热地）←fever+ish+ly。

indefinitely /ιν5δεφινιτλι/ （不确定地）即in+de+fin+ite+ly，in-否定前缀，de-向下，fin词根“界限”，-ite形容词后缀，-ly副词后缀，“不能下定界限地”→不确定地。definite（明确的）←de+fin+ite。参define（下定义；限定），2002年Text 4。Liberty does not consist in mere declarations of the rights of man. It consists in the translation of those declarations into definite actions.自由并不仅仅是人权宣言，自由在于使这些宣言化为明确的行动。

restriction /ρισ5τρικΦΕν/ （限制，约束）即re+strict+ion，re-一再，strict单词“严厉的”，-ion名词后缀，“一再严厉的事”→约束；动词形式为restrict←re+strict。Read your job description but never be restricted by it.读工作任务条例但不可受其限制。

molecular /μΕυ5λεκϕυλΕ/ （分子的）即mole+cul(e)+ar，mole单词“痣”，-cule后缀表示“小”，-ar形容词后缀，于是“像小痣一样的”→分子。分类记忆：molecule分子；atom原子；neutron中子；proton质子；nucleus原子核；ion离子。If the molecules in one drop of water could be converted into grains of sand, there would be enough sand to build a concrete highway, half a mile wide and one foot thick, from New York to San Francisco.假如一滴水里的分子可以变为沙粒，形成的沙子就足以建造一条半英里宽、一英尺厚的混凝土公路，从纽约直到旧金山。

legislation /7λεδςισ5λειΦΕν/ （立法；法规）看作leg+is+lat(e)+ion，leg词根“法律”（参allegation宣称，2003年Text 2），is是，late迟的，-ion名词后缀，“法律是迟的”→旧法律难以适应新事物→所以要不断“立法”→“立法”之产物即“法规”。Inflation is the one form of taxation that can be imposed without legislation.通货膨胀就是那种无须立法便可实施的征税方式。

consensus /κΕν5σενσΕσ/ （意见一致）即con+sens(e)+us，con-一起，sense感觉，-us名词后缀，“共同的感觉”→意见一致。consensus — ①the security blanket of the insecure ②the negation of leadership 多数人的意见——①不安全的安全覆盖物 ②领导的对立面。

nuclear /5νϕυ:κλιΕ/ （核的，原子核的）即nuc+le+ar，nuc=nut坚果，-le后缀表示“小”，-ar形容词后缀，“像小坚果一样的”→原子核的。nucleus（核心，原子核）←nuc+le+us名词后缀，复述形式为nuclei /5νϕυ:κλιαι/ 或nucleuses。Pro football is like nuclear warfare. There are no winners, only survivors.职业足球有如核战争，其中没有赢家，只有幸存者。

embryo /5εμβριΕυ/ （胚胎；胚胎的）即em+bryo，em-“使”，bryo词根“膨胀的”（联想bra），“正蓬勃生长的”→胚胎。

impose /ιμ5πΕυζ/ （v.强加；征税）即im+pose，im-加强前缀，pose词根“放”，“强制性地放”→强加→引申为：征税。When one has had to work so hard to get money, why should he impose on himself the further hardship of trying to save it?已经是为了赚钱而不得不如此辛苦地工作，为什么还要把极力省钱这种更苦的事强加给自己呢？

ethical /5εΩικΕλ/ （伦理的，合乎道德的）←eth+ical，eth词根“道德”，-ical后缀；ethics（伦理，伦理学）←eth+ics后缀表“学科”←研究道德的学问。ethics — aesthetics from within 伦理学——出自内心的美学。

explicitly /ικσ5πλισιτλι/ （明晰地；坦率地）即ex+plic+it+ly，ex-(=out of)，plic词根“折叠”，-it形容词后缀，-ly副词后缀，“没有折叠地”→完全显露地→清楚地。参complicated（复杂的；难解的），2002年Text 2。

panel of experts 专家小组；up in the air 悬而未决。

难句解析：

①Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment — although no one had proposed to do so — and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning.

▲这个长句严格来说主语只有一个he和两个谓语（order和ask）。第一个逗号之前是一个表示伴随状态的现在分词短语，declaring后面是一个that引导的宾语从句，注意其中有一个use... to...的动词结构，然后是主句，第一个谓语ordered后面也是一个that引导的宾语从句，这个从句用了虚拟语气，在谓语动词be前面省略了should；破折号之间是个although引导的让步从句，是对前面的补充；and后面是第二个谓语asked，用了短语搭配ask... to...，ask的宾语其实是panel，这个单词的前后都是它的修饰成分，尤其是有过去分词chaired引导的短语，表明的是这个panel的领导者是谁；to后面的动词report接的是目的地the White House，时间要求in 90 days，内容recommendations，后面的for短语说明的是recommendations的内容。

△理解这个句子的关键在于找到主句的两个谓语，然后理清两个谓语动词后面的宾语成分；再者就是句子开始的现在分词结构和破折号之间的补充成分。

②NBAC will ask that Clinton's 90-day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended indefinitely, and possibly that it be made law.

▲这个句子的主语是NBAC，谓语ask后面是两个并列的宾语从句，从句都用了虚拟语气的谓语形式，即省略了should，谓语动词用原形be。第一个从句的主语是ban，这个词前后都是修饰成分；第二个从句还是用that引导，句式简单。要注意的是，如果把第二个从句补齐的话，应该是and possibly ask that it be made law。

△找出ask的两个宾语从句是理解这个句子的关键，同时注意虚拟语气的运用，明白谓语动词为什么用be动词原形。

③The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial question, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning.

▲这个简单句的宾语agreement跟了一个on引导的短语，说明的是agreement的内容，即a crucial question；question后面有一个whether引导的不定式短语，其中包含了一个宾语从句，从句的主语缺省，应该是legislation。在这个从句中有一个形式宾语it，真正的宾语是后面的for... to...结构。

△whether引导的不定式短语是这个句子的关键，注意其中的宾语从句以及it作为形式宾语所替代的真正宾语。

④In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be "morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning".

▲这个简单句的主干其实就是Shapiro suggested that从句。主语前面的部分是该句的状语，其中recommendations后面的过去分词结构是表明时间的修饰成分。主句的宾语从句中包含了一个consensus的同位语从句，解释的是consensus的内容，这个同位语从句中的it充当的是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的不定式to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning。

△该句的主要信息集中的两个地方，一个是the panel... found... consensus...，另一个是对于consensus的解释，尤其是对其中形式主语的理解。

⑤Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos(the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or to knowingly endanger an embryo's life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research.

▲在这个主从复合句中，前面是because引导的原因状语从句，这个从句的宾语是use，of短语说明了use的对象（federal funds），随后是两个并列的不定式短语，表明的是用途（create embryos；to knowingly endanger an embryo's life），其中括号里的内容是对embryos的解释，然后才是主句，注意介词on（关于）的用法。

△这个句子的关键在于use后面的修饰成分，尤其是两个to不定式的意义，说明了禁止的内容。再者注意括号里对embryos的解释。

试题解析：

63. [B] 意为：白宫对这一克隆技术方面的消息反应强烈。

　　根据第一段第一、二句，当苏格兰一个研究小组三个月前透露他们克隆了一只成年羊时，消息震动了世界，克林顿总统立即作出了反应，他宣布反对用这种特殊的畜牧技术克隆人，要求禁止使用联邦基金进行这样的研究——虽然尚未有人提出这样做，他要求成立一个由普林斯顿校长Shapiro领导的独立专家小组，就克隆人研究方面的国家政策问题拿出建议，在三个月内向白宫汇报。从这两句的内容来看，白宫的反应不仅迅速而且强烈。

　　A意为：联邦基金已被用于一个克隆人的项目中。见对B的解释。

　　C意为：NBAC被授权控制克隆技术的滥用。国家生物道德顾问委员会(NBAC)的职责是向白宫提出有关克隆人技术的政策性建议。

　　D意为：白宫已得到专家组有关克隆技术的建议。

64. [C] 意为：使用私人基金研究克隆人技术是犯罪行为。

　　在本文中，private funding区别于federal funds。根据第二段第三句，专家组还没有在一个关键问题上达成一致，即：是否建议立法，规定私人出资研究克隆人技术是犯罪行为。最后一段第一句也指出，NBAC成员们也表示，他们将呼吁私人资助的研究者和研究机构不要用细胞核移植技术来克隆人。

　　A意为：应该立法禁止使用联邦基金研究克隆人技术。根据第二段第一句，NBAC将要求克林顿总统有关使用联邦基金研究克隆人技术的禁令无限期延长，并且可能要求立法禁止。根据第四段，他们也计划呼吁继续禁止使用联邦政府基金利用人体细胞核来克隆婴孩的企图。

　　B意为：不再对克隆人体DNA技术作更多的限制。根据第二段第二句，NBAC成员们计划对建议的内容严加措辞，以避免对涉及克隆人体DNA（脱氧核糖核酸）和细胞的研究增加新的限制——因为在分子生物研究中这种研究属常规研究课题。

　　D意为：克隆人类将是违背道德价值观的。第三段第一句指出，Shapiro在5月17日开会讨论的建议序言草稿中表示，专家组已取得广泛的一致意见，认为“试图利用成人细胞核克隆技术来创造人是不道德的。”

65. [D] 意为：有关这个问题法律己经作出了明确的陈述和规定。

　　根据第四段第二句，因为现行联邦法律已经禁止使用联邦基金创造供研究用的胚胎，或有意识地危害胚胎的性命，NBAC的建议将不再涉及胚胎的研究。

　　A意为：胚胎研究只不过是代表克隆技术的新发展。

　　B意为：婴儿的健康状况不是胚胎研究所主要关心的问题。

　　C意为：胚胎的性命在胚胎研究中不会受到威胁。

　　A、B、C提到的内容均与文章内容不符。

66. [A] 意为：某些NBAC成员对彻底禁止克隆技术的研究表示犹豫不决。

　　根据最后一段第二句，在是否进一步呼吁制定联邦法律彻底禁止克隆人技术研究方面，NBAC成员意见不一。虽然Shapiro和多数成员都赞成呼吁做这样的立法，但是，在一次电话采访中，他称这一问题仍然“悬而未决”。

　　B意为：禁止克隆人技术研究的法律将很快获得通过。

　　C意为：私人资助的研究者将会响应NBAC的呼吁。根据最后一段第一句，虽然不作出法律上的强行禁止，NBAC成员们也表示，他们将呼吁私人资助的研究者和研究机构不要用细胞核移植技术来克隆人。但是这里并没有提到——也没有足够的证据推测出私人资助的研究者对这一呼吁的态度。

　　D意为：克隆人技术研究这一问题将很快获得解决。

全文翻译：

　　当一个苏格兰研究小组透露三个月前他们克隆了一只成年绵羊时，世界为之震惊，克林顿总统迅速做出反应。他宣称反对利用这种非同寻常的畜牧业技术去克隆人，并下令禁止使用联邦资金做这样的实验——尽管还没有人提议要那样做——并责成成立一个由普林斯顿大学校长哈罗德·夏皮罗为首的独立专家小组，在90天内拿出有关克隆人的国家政策的建议，向白宫汇报。这个名为“全国生物伦理道德顾问委员会”(NBAC)的小组一直在非常积极地工作，集思广益，并诉诸笔端；在5月17日的一次会议上，委员们就接近定稿的意见书取得了一致意见。

　　NBAC将要求克林顿总统禁止使用联邦资金克隆人的90天禁令无限期地延长，并且还可能要求将之立法。但是，NBAC成员们正计划在建议的措辞上更为严谨，以避免给克隆人体DNA或细胞等研究带来更多地限制——（这属于）分子生物研究中的常规课题。然而，该小组尚未在一个关键问题上达成一致，即是否建议立法机关把将私人资金用于克隆人的行为视为犯罪。

　　在5月17日会议上讨论的建议序言草案中，夏皮罗表示，专家组已取得广泛的共识，认为“试图利用成人细胞核去克隆婴儿将是违背道德伦理的”。夏皮罗解释说在与会期间，道德上的怀疑主要源于对婴儿健康带来危害的担忧。随后，该小组非正式地接受了几条一般的结论，尽管有些细节尚无定论。

　　NBAC计划呼吁继续禁止使用联邦政府基金利用人体细胞核去克隆婴孩的任何企图。因为现行的联邦法律已经禁止使用联邦基金克隆研究用的胚胎（人类子代出生前的最早阶段）或有意识地危及胚胎的生命，NBAC在胚胎研究这一问题上保持沉默。

　　NBAC的成员明确表示，他们呼吁由私人提供资金的研究人员和机构不要试图通过人体细胞核转移去克隆人。但他们在是否进一步要求联邦立法强令彻底禁止克隆人这一问题上存在分歧。夏皮罗和大多数委员赞成将此立法，但在电话采访中，他透露这一议题仍“悬而未决”。

1999 Passage 5

论坛相关讨论帖地址：

　　Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments. Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple. Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets. What kept them in place? Why didn't they fall out of the sky? The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets.

　　How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree？ Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering. His mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredicability is part of the essential nature of research. If you don't have unpredictable things, you don't have research. Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it.

　　In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the "scientific method" a substitute for imaginative thought. I've attended research conferences where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuing a certain experiment. The scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs, and said "the data are still inconclusive." "We know that," the men from the budget office have said, "but what do you think? Is it worthwhile going on? What do you think we might expect?" The scientist has been shocked at having even been asked to speculate.

　　What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings. He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself, but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true. If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope. Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the "odd balls" among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who "work well with the team."

67. The author wants to prove with the example of Isaac Newton that ________.

　　[A] inquiring minds are more important than scientific experiments

　　[B] science advances when fruitful researches are conducted

　　[C] scientists seldom forget the essential nature of research

　　[D] unpredictability weighs less than prediction in scientific research

68. The author asserts that scientists ________.

　　[A] shouldn't replace "scientific method" with imaginative thought

　　[B] shouldn't neglect to speculate on unpredictable things

　　[C] should write more concise reports for technical journals

　　[D] should be confident about their research findings

69. It seems that some young scientists ________.

　　[A] have a keen interest in prediction

　　[B] often speculate on the future

　　[C] think highly of creative thinking

　　[D] stick to "scientific method"

70. The author implies that the results of scientific research ________.

　　[A] may not be as profitable as they are expected

　　[B] can be measured in dollars and cents

　　[C] rely on conformity to a standard pattern

　　[D] are mostly underestimated by management

重点词汇：

supposedly /σΕ5πΕυζιδλι/ （大概；据推测）即suppose+(e)d+ly，suppose（猜想；假设），-ed形容词后缀，-ly副词后缀。My own suspicion is that the universe is not only queerer than we suppose, but queerer than we can suppose.我个人隐约觉得，宇宙之奇异不仅超过我们所料想的，更超过我们所能够料想的。We can not suppose that some men have a right to be in this world, and others no right.我们无法假定一些人有权力活在世上而另一些人没有。

particularly /πΕ5τικϕυλΕλι/ （特别地；显著地）即particul+ar+ly，particul(=particle)微粒，-ar形容词后缀，-ly副词后缀，“连细微处的性质都具备地”→特别地；形容词形式为particular←particul+ar。Particulars are not to be examined till the whole has been surveyed.在概括地考察整体之前先不要探究细节。In heaven an angel is nobody in particular.在天堂里天使不是什么特别的人物。

substitute /5σΘβστιτϕυ:τ/ （v.替代n.替代物）即sub+stitute，sub-“在下”，stitute词根“放置”，于是“在下面放置的”→“准备用作替换的”→替代或替代物。参constitutional，2002年Text 4。There is no substitute for hard work.任何东西都代替不了勤奋工作。Democracy substitutes election by the incompetent many for appointment by the corrupt few.民主政治以无能的多数进行的选择代替腐败的少数作出的委任。

imaginative /ι5μ“δςινΕτιϖ/ （富想象力的）即imagin(e)+ative，imagine（v.想象），-ative“多……的”。Anything one man can imagine, other men can make real.一个人能够想象出的任何东西都会有别人把它变为现实。

conference /5κΧνφΕρΕνσ/ （会议；协商）即con+fer+ence，con-一起，fer词根“拿来”=bring，-ence名词后缀，“把意见拿到一起来协商”→会议。A conference is a gathering of important people who singly can do nothing, but together can decide that nothing can be done.会议就是重要人物的聚会，他们独自干不了什么事，但是在一起能决议什么事也干不了。Reading make a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man.阅读使人充实，交谈使人机智，写作使人精确。conference — just an admission that you want somebody to join you in your troubles 会议——仅仅是一种加入权，即你遇到麻烦时，想要别人加入进来与你分担。

budget /5βΘδςιτ/ （v.n.预算）看作bud+get。The only good budget is a balanced budget.只有平衡的预算才是好的预算。budget — ①just another name for a family quarrel ②a detailed record of how you managed to spend more than you earned 预算——①家庭纠纷的代名词而已 ②表明你如何设法花掉比你所挣的钱还要多的一份详细记录。

worthwhile /5ωΕ:Τ5(η)ωαιλ/ （值得的）←worth+while。Love doesn't make the world go round. Love is what makes the ride worthwhile.爱情并不推动世界，它只是使人生值得。

speculate /5σπεκϕυ7λειτ/ （推测；投机）即specul+ate，specul词根“看”=spect，-ate动词后缀，联想：考研阅读题每个都不会做，对四个选项“看”来“看”去，希望看（推测）出答案，未果，最后只能看天由命（投机）了，于是悄悄拿出两枚硬币……There are two times in a man's life when he should not speculate; when he can't afford it and when he can.人的一生中有两个时候不应投机：投机不起的时候和投机得起的时候。

victim /5ϖικτιμ/ （受害者，牺牲品）。Men who do not make advances to women are apt to become victims to women who make advances to them.不追逐女人的男人容易成为追逐他们的女人的牺牲品。

consistently /κΕν5σιστΕντλι/ （始终如一地）即con+sist+ent+ly，con-一直，sist词根“站”，-ent形容词后缀，-ly副词后缀，“一直站在那里地”→始终如一地；形容词形式为consistent←con+sist+ent；名词形式为consistency←con+sist+ency名词后缀。Consistency is contrary to nature, contrary to life. The only completely consistent people are the dead.一成不变违反自然、违反生命，能够做到完全始终如一的只有死人。Consistency is the last resort of the unimaginative.一致性是缺乏想象力的人们的最后乐园。consistency — ①what requires you to be as ignorant today as you were a year ago ②the last refuge of the imaginative 前后一致——①要求你今天像一年前一样无知 ②富有想象力的人的最后避难所。

convince /κΕν5ϖινσ/ （使信服）。The best way to convince a fool that he is wrong is to let him have his own way.使愚人认识错误的最好办法，是让他走自己的路。

faithfully /5φειΩφυλι/ （忠实地；守信地）←faithful+ly。Books are those faithful mirrors that reflect to our minds thoughts of sages and heroes.书籍是忠实的镜子，把圣贤英杰的思想反映到我们的头脑中。faithful woman — a woman who doesn't want two men to suffer as the same time 忠实的女人——不愿让两个男人同时受折磨的女人。

auditor /5Χ:διτΕ/ （审计员）用熟词editor（编者）记：auditor与editor的工作都是审查，但auditor审查的是钱，故以au开头←金的化学符号即Au。

distract /δισ5τρ“κτ/ （v.分散；扰乱）即dis+tract，dis-(=away)，tract词根“拉”，“把注意力拉出去”→分散注意力。The reason why we are so pleased to find out other people's secrets is that it distracts public attention from our own.我们所以如此乐于发现别人的秘密，是由于它能分散大家对我们自身秘密的注意。

register /5ρεδςιστΕ/ （注册；自动计数器）。History, which is, indeed, little more than the register of the crimes, follies, and misfortunes of mankind.历史实在不过是人类的罪行、蠢事与不幸的记录。

conformity /κΕν5φΧ:μιτι/ （遵守；顺从）←conform+ity名词后缀。conformity — the jailer of freedom and the enemy of growth 顺从——自由的狱卒，成长的大敌。

inquire /ιν5κωαιΕ/ （v.调查；询问）=enquire。Luck stops at the door and inquires whether prudence is within.好运在节俭的门前止步，问讯它是否在家。

neglect /νι5⊥λεκτ/ （v.n.忽视；忽略）即neg+lect，neg-否定前缀（如negative→neg+ative形容词后缀→否定的；负的），lect词根“选择”（如elect→e+lect→v.选举，e-前缀=ex-）。Paying attention to simple little things that most men neglect makes a few men rich.注意多数人忽视的简单小事使少数人致富。A little neglect may breed mischief,... for want of a nail the shoe was lost; for want of a shoe the horse was lost; and for want of a horse the rider was lost.微小的疏忽可能酿成祸害，……缺一根钉子就会掉一块蹄铁，掉一块蹄铁就会失去一匹马，失去一匹马就会失去一名骑手。

profitable /5πρΧφιτΕβλ/ （有益的，有利可图的）即profit+able，profit（v.n.收益；利润），-able可……的。Genuine ignorance is… profitable because it is likely to be accompanied by humility, curiosity, and open-mindedness.真正的无知……不无益处，因为它很可能伴有谦虚、好奇、及思想开放。That is a good book which is opened with expectation and closed with profit.使人怀着期待打开、带着收益合上的书就是好书。Great men are those who profit the most from the fewest mistakes.伟人是由最少的错误获得最多益处的人。

underestimate /5ΘνδΕρ5εστιμειτ/ （v.n.低估）←under+estimate估计；反义词为overestimate→over+estimate→高估。Never underestimate a man who overestimates himself.切勿低估一个过高估计他自己的人。

cut and dried 千篇一律；odd ball 古怪的人。

难句解析：

①The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets.

▲这个句子的主干是The fact answered the question。复杂之处在于主语fact跟了一个同位语从句，解释的是fact的内容，注意这个从句中and省略了与前面相同的主语谓语the apple fell；后面的宾语带了一个定语从句，这个从句的引导词that或者which省略了，about短语是对question的解释，those larger fruits of the heavens指的就是the moon and the planets。

△找出这个句子的主干，再看主语和宾语的修饰性短语，再一个需要注意的是larger fruits of the heavens和后面the moon and the planets的复指关系。

②In talking to scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the "scientific method" a substitute for imaginative thought.

▲这个句子的主干是you... gather the impression...，但是它的主要内容集中在impression后面的同位语从句中。在这个解释impression的从句中有一个动词结构find+n.+n.，意思是“觉得……是……”，在本句中是“觉得科学方法是一种替代品”，for后面的短语解释了是什么的替代品。句子开始的介词短语充当的是状语，表示的是这种形象形成的时刻。

△可以撇开前面的状语短语，只看主干，重要的是理解that从句中find后面跟两个名词的用法。

③If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents.

▲这个主从复合句中的前半部分是if引导的条件从句，这个从句中有一个as... as...的结构，比较施行中的和书面所说的试验的真实度（faithfully），注意后一个as后面跟的是一个句子，其中the report谓语是indicate；后半部分是主句，句中的it是形式主语，代替的是后面for... to...的结构，这是真正的主语。还需要注意的是results后面跟的形容词短语说明的是results的衡量方式。

△准确理解as... as...结构，弄清faithfully这个副词修饰的是动词planned and carried out，再就是主句中形式主语的用法，要找到作为真正主语的不定式短语。

④It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope.

▲这个简单句的主语用的是形式主语it，真正的主语是for后面的部分。believe后面跟的是一个that引导的宾语从句，主干是scientists... should not be distracted by...，其中的主语scientists跟了一个who引导的定语从句，这个定语从句的宾语分别是where和how引导的两个从句。by后面名词跟了一个of前导的动名词短语，后面还有一个while引导的伴随状语，表示同时发生的动作。注意动词词组keep an eye on的用法。

△抓住believe后面宾语从句的意义，尤其是主语scientists的限定性从句以及by后面名词短语的修饰作用。

⑤Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the "odd balls" among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who "work well with the team."

▲首先注意这个句子是个倒装句，原因是否定词nor在句首，后面紧跟的是if引导的条件从句，注意其中有一个as... as...的用法，中间跟的是形容词desirable，比较的是科学家对regularity and conformity的希望和他们论文所反映的要求；这样的构成使得主句的主语和谓语is发生了倒装，介词for后面跟动名词短语的是blamed的理由，注意against和in favor of后面各跟了一种不同类型的researchers，最后需要注意的是thinkers后面跟的是who引导的定语从句，起修饰作用。

△理解主句的倒装结构是理解这句话的关键，在看这个句子的时候不要忽略了句首的nor，这个单词否定了整个主句。此句的主干是Nor is management to be blamed。

试题解析：

67. [A] 意为：好奇心比科学实验更重要。

　　第一段第一句指出，在实践中，科学（的进步）更多地依赖于实验的观察者（指做实验的人）的心理准备状况，而更少地依赖于科学所设置的实验。本段其他部分所举的牛顿的例子用于说明这一句阐明的道理；第二段又对这一个例子进行了更具体的总结概括，指出了为捕捉未预料到的现象而做好心理准备的重要性。

　　B意为：当进行有成果的研究时，科学就会进步。

　　C意为：很少有科学家忘记研究的本质内容。

　　D意为：在科学研究中，不可预测性不如预测重要。根据第二段第五、六句，不可预测性是科学研究的本质内容（不可缺少）的一部分。如果没有不可预测性，就无所谓研究。

68. [B] 意为：不应该忽视对不可预测现象的推测。

　　第二段指出，不可预测性是科学研究的本质内容（不可缺少）的一部分。如果没有不可预测性，就无所谓研究。科学家们在为科学杂志写作千篇一律的报告时往往忘记这一点，但是历史上充满了这样的例子（指像牛顿一样通过预测没有预料到的现象获得重大发现的例子）。

　　A意为：不应该用想像思维代替“科学方法”。第三段指出，在与某些科学家——特别是年轻一点的科学家交谈时，你也许会得到达样一个印象：他们认为“科学方法”可以代替想象思维。可见，有些科学家是遵循“科学方法”的，但是，在他们写作论文时却经常忽视了。

　　C意为：应该为科学杂志撰写更简明的报告。根据文章第三、四段，科学家在撰写论文时经常忽视科学实验中的不可预测性因素，写出的论文给人以错误的印象，似乎科学实验总是能取得预期的结果。可见，这里不是一个简明不简明的问题。

　　D意为：应该对自己的研究发现有信心。第三段举的例子旨在说明：科学家对待科学实验的态度和他们写作论文的方式很不一致，因此容易引起其他人的误解。

69. [D] 意为：坚持“科学方法”。参考第68题对选择项A的解释。

　　A意为：对预测很感兴趣。

　　B意为；经常预测未来。

　　C意为：崇尚创造性思维。

　　文章只在第三段第一句提到了年轻科学家的态度。

70. [A] 意为：可能不像预料的那样有利可图。

　　第四段第三句指出，假如科学实验像科学杂志登载的论文所显示的那样完全按事先的计划设计完成，那么，管理者如果期望实验会产生可以用美元和美分测量的结果就会是完全符合逻辑的。言外之意，科学实验中总是会存在一些难以预测的现象，因此所产生的结果有时难以预测到，因此，不能肯定地说某项实验必定会产生经济效益。

　　B意为：可以用美元和美分测量。

　　C意为：依赖于与标准模式的一致性。第四段最后一句话的意思是：假如像他们的论文所反映的那样科学家们也想看到规律性和与某种标准模式的一致性，那么，如果管理者们歧视研究者中的“怪人”，而喜欢善于合作的、具有传统思维模式的人，这也是无可指责的。言外之意，科学实验中可能存在很多不可预测现象，如果实验者有充分的心理准备，及时把握住这些现象，突破传统的思维方式，就可能获得更有价值的发明。

　　D意为：大都被管理者低估了。

全文翻译：

　　在实践中，科学的进步依赖于做实验，但更依赖于实验的观察者（即做实验的人）的心理是否有足够的准备。艾萨克·牛顿爵士通过苹果落地发现了万有引力。多少个世纪以来，苹果一直在许多地方落到地面，也有成千上万的人看到过苹果落地。多年来牛顿一直对月球和行星绕轨道运行的起因好奇不已。是什么使它们处于现在的位置呢？它们为什么不落到天空之外呢？苹果向下落到地面不是向上飞到树上，这一事实回答了他长期以来一直对天空中更大果实——月球和行星所存有的疑问。

　　多少人会考虑过苹果向上飞到树上的可能性呢？牛顿考虑过，因为他不想对任何事情进行预测。他只是怀有好奇心。他的思想在准备思考不可预测的事。不可预测性是科学研究不可或缺的一个重要特征。如果没有不可预测现象的产生就无所谓科学研究了。科学家们在为科学杂志撰写千篇一律的报告时常常忘记这一点，而历史上这样的例子却比比皆是。

　　在和一些科学家，特别是年轻科学家交谈时，你可能会有这样一种印象：他们认为“科学方法”可以代替创造性思维。我出席过一些科研会议，会上有人问一位科学家继续某项实验是否是明智之举。那位科学家皱了皱眉，又看了看图表，然后说：“数据还是不够充分。”预算部门的人说：“这点我们知道，但你的意见如何？你觉得值得做下去吗？你觉得我们可以期待什么呢？”这位科学家感到很震惊，他没有料到人们会让他做出预测。

　　当然，这几乎等于说：那位科学家成了他自己论文的受害者。他所提出的种种论断是如此不容置疑、如此一致，以至于不仅他自己相信了，而且也说服了工商界的管理者相信其正确性。假如科学实验像科学杂志登载的科学报告显示的那样完全按事先的计划去规划和实施，那么，对管理层来说，期待研究能够产生可以用金钱衡量的结果是完全合理的。审计人员也完全有理由相信，确切知道自己的目标并知道如何实现这一目标的科学家们根本没必要用一只眼盯着现金计数器的同时，还要用另一只眼睛盯着显微镜。如果像他们的论文所反映的那样，科学家也想看到规律性和与某种标准模式的一致性，那么如果管理人员歧视研究人员中的“标新立异者”，而赞赏“善于合作”的具有传统思维模式的人，那也是无可指摘的。

1998 Passage 1

论坛相关讨论帖地址：

　　Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankind's long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the ideal of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.

　　The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful. It doesn't help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves. Egypt's leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam. Turkey's bid for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.

　　But big dams tend not to work as intended. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left — all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.

　　And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself.

　　Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go-ahead to the even more wrong-headed Narmada Dam. And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaranteed.

　　Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts. Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper, or scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You don't need a dam to be saved.

51. The third sentence of paragraph 1 implies that ________.

　　[A] people would be happy if they shut their eyes to reality

　　[B] the blind could be happier than the sighted

　　[C] over-excited people tend to neglect vital things

　　[D] fascination makes people lose their eyesight

52. In paragraph 5, "the powerless" probably refers to ________.

　　[A] areas short of electricity

　　[B] dams without power stations

　　[C] poor countries around India

　　[D] common people in the Narmada Dam area

53. What is the myth concerning giant dams?

　　[A] They bring in more fertile soil.

　　[B] They help defend the country.

　　[C] They strengthen international ties.

　　[D] They have universal control of the waters.

54. What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as ________.

　　[A] "It's no use crying over spilt milk"

　　[B] "More haste, less speed"

　　[C] "Look before you leap"

　　[D] "He who laughs last laughs best"

重点词汇：

imagination /ι7μ“δςι5νειΦΕν/ （想象；想象力）←imagin(e)想象+tion名词后缀。Imagination is more important than knowledge.想象力比知识更重要。Every great advance in science has issued from a new audacity of imagination.科学的每一个重大进展都得力于大胆的想象力。imagination — ①the highest kite one can fly ②a poor substitute for experience 想象——①一个人能放得最高的风筝 ②经验的劣质替代品。

symbol /5σιμβΕλ/ （符号；象征）即sym+bol，sym-共同，bol看作ball，“共同喜欢球类运动”→这是现代人的“象征”。Light is the symbol of truth.光是真理的象征。

cement /σι5μεντ/ （v.胶合；巩固n.水泥；胶接剂）。A sweet and innocent compliance is the cement of love.温柔天真的依从是爱情的粘合剂。

deprive /δι5πραιϖ/ （v.剥夺）即de+priv+e，de-(=away)，priv词根“个人的”（如private→priv+ate→私人的），“使某物离开个人”→剥夺。Poverty often deprives a man of all spirit and virtue; it is hard for an empty bag to stand upright.贫穷常使人丧失全部精神与美德，空袋子是难以直立的。

persist /πΕ(:)5σιστ/ （v.坚持，持续）即per+sist，per-“完全”，sist词根“站立”，于是“自始至终都站着”→坚持。参consistently（始终如一地），1999年Passage 5。To persist in efforts without losing the aim will finally result in success.不失目标地坚持努力终将导致成功。Any man can make mistakes, but only an idiot persists in his error.任何人都可能犯错误，但只有愚蠢的人才坚持错误。

complex /5κΧμπλεκσ/ （复杂的；综合的；联合体）即com+plex，com-“一起”，plex词根“重叠”，“重叠在一起的”→复杂的。参perplex（使困惑，使复杂化）←per完全+plex，2003年Text 2。Everything is simpler than you think and at the same time more complex than you imagine.凡事都比你思考的简单，同时比你想象的复杂。

go-ahead n.批准，允许。

wrong-headed 执迷不悟的。

environmental /ιν7ϖαιΕρΕν5μεντλ/ （周围的，环境的）←environment环境+al形容词后缀。What is the thing called health? Simply a state in which the individual happens transiently to be perfectly adapted to his environment. Obviously, such states cannot be common, for the environment is in constant flux.称为健康的东西是什么？不过是一种状态，处于这种状态的人刚好一时对环境完全适应。这种状态显然不可能常见，因为环境是在不断改变的。environment — everything that isn't me 环境——除我以外的一切。

proper /5πρΧπΕ/ （适当的；合乎体统的；固有的）。Proper words in proper places make the true definition of style.风度的准确定义就是在适当的场合说适当的话。A fool, indeed, has great need of a title; it teaches men to call him count or duke, and thus forget his proper name of fool.傻瓜的确非常需要头衔，那使人们称他为伯爵或公爵，从而忘掉他固有的名字——傻瓜。

resolve /ρι5ζΧλϖ/ （v.n.决心；解决；决议）←re+solve解决。同根词：dissolve（v.溶解；解散）←dis+solve。The reason why a great man is great is that he resolves to be a great man.伟人之所以伟大，是因为他立志要成为伟人。Resolve to perform what you ought; perform without fail what you resolve.该做的事要下决心去做，决定去做的事要务必去做。Do not, for one repulse, forgo the purpose that you resolved to effort.不要只因一次挫败就放弃原来决心达到的目标。

conflict /5κΧνφλικτ/ （v.n.冲突）即con+flict，con-一起，flict词根“打”，“打在一起”→冲突。A marriage without conflicts is almost as inconceivable as a nation without crisis.没有冲突的婚姻几乎与没有危机的国家一样难以想象。In the long term we can hope that religion will change the nature of man and reduce conflict. But history is not encouraging in this respect. The bloodiest wars in history have been religious wars. 长期以来我们希望宗教能改变人的天性并减少冲突。但历史却令人失望。历史上最血腥的战争都是宗教战争。

hydroelectric /5ηαιδρΕι5λεκτρικ/ （水电的）即hydro+electric，hydro词根“水的”，electric单词“电的”。另记：hydrogen（氢）←hydro+gen，这是化学家创造的英文单词，因为氢气燃烧的唯一产物是水，-gen后缀意为“致……的物质”。

irrigation /7ιρι5⊥ειΦΕν/ （灌溉；水利）与irritation（激怒；刺激物）一字母之差，联想记忆：“溉”的声母为g，故灌溉为irriGation，而irriTAtion为激怒“他”。

at the mercy of 受……支配；stop just short of 几乎要……；far from guaranteed 根本没有保障。

难句解析：

①Perhaps it is humankind's long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the ideal of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating.

▲这个句子中包含了一个强调句型，基本结构是it is... that...，强调部分的关键词是suffering，这个词就是后面that引导的从句的主语，因而这个句子的核心句其实就是Suffering makes the ideal so fascinating。suffering加上前后的修饰、限定成分是humankind's long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought（人类受水旱灾害控制的长期的苦难）；ideal后面跟了一个of引导的分词短语：forcing the waters to do our bidding（让河水听我们吩咐［的这个理想］）；suffering使得这个ideal如何呢？so fascinating。在掌握了这个整体框架之后，这个句子就很清楚了。

△通过分析结构我们知道此句强调的是suffering这个使得ideal如此fascinating的这个因果关系。一旦给that引导的从句找到了真正的主语suffering，这个句子的基本结构就出来了。

②It doesn't help that building a big, powerful dam had become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves.

▲这个句子中第一个单词it指代的是文章中上面的一句话，即“从大型水坝中得到的教训是不一定大的就是好的”。help后面是一个从句，在这个从句中，主语是一个现在分词短语，核心句是Building a dam had become a symbol of achievement。分词短语striving to assert themselves是修饰nations and people的限定成分。

△注意it doesn't help的意思，此处意为“无法阻止”。

③The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left — all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.

▲这个句子首先要注意的是有两个谓语：stopped和deprived；然后可以找出这个句子的核心句：The Aswan Dam stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the silt。第一个silt后面有一个that引导的从句that floods left修饰silt；破折号后面的all代替的是破折号前面所说的the fertile silt，介词短语in return for后面的宾语带了一个which引导的从句，修饰的是这个宾语：a giant reservoir of disease，同时这个从句中还有一个so... that的结构。如果把这个which引导的从句分解开来就是The reservoir is now full of silt, so it barely generates electricity。

△此句理解的关键有三个：一是找到两个谓语：stopped和deprived；二是要明白all指的是前面所说的the fertile silt；三就是which引导的从句修饰的是the reservoir of disease这个名词短语。

④This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube.

▲这个句子理解上的困难可能出现在短语上。撇开前面的时间状语和地点状语不看，这个句子的核心句其实是Slovaks and Hungarians stopped sending troops。这里有两个短语需要理解：short of差一点就；send in派遣。后面的in their contention over a dam说的是他们sending in the troops的原因。再加上前后的状语短语，就有了一个完整理解。

△这个句子的短语和介词非常重要，除了结构分析中所说的两个短语之外，in the contentions，over a dam，on the Danube都对句子理解非常重要。

⑤Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts.

▲这个句子的核心句是Study can help to resolve conflicts。但是理解的重点却在study后面的修饰成分，因为study后面有两个并列关系的of，说明了study的内容：study of the impacts of dams和study of the cost and benefits of controlling water。第三个of修饰的是the cost and benefits两个名词，of后面是个动名词短语。这个修饰成分解决了，后面的句子就好理解了，再注意一下help to do sth.的用法。

△主要是四个of的用法，注意哪两个of是并列关系（of the impacts和of the cost and benefits）。

试题解析：

51. [C] 意为：过于兴奋的人容易忽视极为重要的事情。

　　第一段指出，在重大技术所创造的东西中，很少有比大坝更能体现人的幻想的。也许是因为人类长期遭受洪涝和干旱的袭击，使人类（通过筑坝）制服洪水的愿望显得更加令人兴奋不已（该句是一个强调句，基本句型是：it is... that makes... so fascinating）。这两句谈的是人们的愿望；本段第三、四句话锋一转，指出愿望与现实往往相反，所以，第三句应该在第一、二句意思的基础上理解。第三句可理解为：但是，兴奋有时候也表现为盲目。而第三句的意思又被第四句进一步阐释为：有些大坝工程为害多于为善(do more harm than good)。盲目建设大坝的危害在第三、五段都举了具体例子加以说明。

　　A意为：人们如果无视现实就会感到高兴。

　　B意为：盲人比有眼睛的人更幸福。

　　D怠为：兴奋使人双目失明。

52. [D] 意为：讷尔默达河大坝周围的平民百姓。

　　讷尔默达河位于印度。根据第五段，建设讷尔默达河大坝(Narmada Dam)本来就是一个错误(wrong-headed)，但是，世界银行还是向印度贷款，支持大坝建设。银行的顾问指出，大坝将给平民百姓带来苦难，给环境带来破坏，但是，银行方面却一意孤行。大坝的建设也许会给掌权有势的人带来益处。但是，即使这一点也根本没有保障（即：很难保障大坝会给有权势者带来利益）。该句中的the powerless（平民百姓）在意思上应该对应于上一句的the powerful（有权势者）。

　　A意为：缺电力的地区。

　　B意为：没建电站的大坝。

　　C意为：印度周边的穷国。

　　定冠词the置于形容词之前经常指一类人，如：the poor穷人，the rich富人，the miserable受苦难的人，the young年轻人，等等。

53. [D] 意为：它们普遍能控制住洪水。

　　第一段第一、二句指出，人们幻想大坝来达到控制洪水的目的，但有时意识不到大坝会带来意想不到的后果。第三段也指出，大坝有时有违其建设目的，埃及的阿斯旺高坝(Aswan High Dam)就是一个例子。大坝起到了制服尼罗河洪水泛滥的作用，但也不再有洪水过后留下的肥沃的冲积土壤；换来的只是(all in return for)一个硕大的病态水库，水库被淤泥填满，几乎无法发电。

　　第四段指出，尽管如此，制服洪水的神话还在继续传送。这句话的意思是：人们仍然一味地幻想着通过建坝来控制水：其含义是，尽管大坝的建设有时弊多于利，会给人类带来意想不到的后果，但是，人们建坝的热情还是很高，本段下文提到了斯洛伐克和匈牙利拟在多瑙河上建坝的事。最后一段第二句指出，其实，水力发电也好，治水也好，灌溉也好，未必都只有通过建坝进行。

　　A意为：它们带来更肥沃的土地。

　　B意为：它们有助于国防。第二段第二句指出，有些人把建设硕大的大坝看作是国家成就的象征，是一个民族独立(assert themselves)的体现，这其实是一种幻想(It doesn't help that...)；第四段第二、三、四句指出，本周，在文明的欧洲中心，为了多瑙河上的建坝事宜，斯洛伐克人和匈牙利人几乎就要派驻军队了，该大坝也可能产生其他大坝存在的所有问题，但是，斯洛伐克正在闹独立(is bidding for independence)，想脱离捷克，它想通过大坝来证明自己的能力和独立性(prove itself)。可见，人们想通过大坝证明自己的国力和独立性，并非将大坝用于国防。

　　C意为；它们增强国际联系。

54. [C] 意为：“三思而后行。”

　　该题实际上提问的是作者的观点：作者想通过本文说明什么道理。

　　文章指出，人们对大坝的建设存在很多幻想，所以经常事与愿违。在最后一段最后两句，作者指出，该是我们认真吸取阿斯旺大坝的教训的时候了。言外之意，不要再存在理想化心理，我们应该变得更加理智一点，因为，我们未必非要通过大坝来拯救自己(You don't need a dam to be saved.)，这一句回溯该段第二句：其实，水力发电也好，治水也好，灌溉也好，未必都只有通过建坝实现。言外之意，应该消除对大坝的迷恋，多动脑筋，积极寻求更好的措施解决我们的问题。

　　A意为：“覆水难收。”比喻后悔是没有用的。

　　B意为：“欲速则不达。”

　　D意为：“笑到最后才算笑得最好。”比喻受到挫折时不要轻易放弃，应该坚持。

全文翻译：

　　在重大技术所创造的东西中很少能像大型水坝这样让人痴迷的。可能正是因为人类长期遭受旱涝灾害的摆布才使得人们治理江河、供我驱策的理想如此令人痴迷。但让人着迷有时也就使人盲目。有几个巨型大坝项目就有弊大于利的危险。

　　建造大坝的教训是：大的未必总是美的。但这个教训也无法阻止修建高大雄伟的大坝已成为那些力争得到自我肯定的国家和人民的伟大成就的象征。埃及由于建造了阿斯旺大坝而巩固了在阿拉伯世界的领导地位。土耳其在力图跻身第一世界的努力中也包括修建阿塔特克大坝。

　　但大坝不会像预期的那样产生效果。以阿斯旺大坝为例，它阻止了尼罗河洪水泛滥，但也使埃及失去了洪水冲击过后留下的肥沃土壤，换回来的是这么一个疾病滋生的水库。现在这个水库积满了淤泥，几乎不能发电了。

　　不过，控制水的神话还在继续。本周，在文明的欧洲腹地，斯洛伐克人和匈牙利人就为了多瑙河上的一处水坝引起争端，差点动用了军队。这个大型工程可能会出现大坝上所有的常见问题。但斯洛伐克正在要求脱离捷克而独立，现在他们需要建一个大坝来证明自己的实力。

　　与此同时，世界银行已经贷款给印度来建造问题很多的纳尔马达大坝。尽管世界银行的顾问说，该大坝将给平民带来苦难，而且也会破坏那里的环境，但世界银行已经这样做了。大坝会给有权有势者带来利益，但这种利益却没有保障。

　　对于水坝的影响作用、水坝控制水流的成本和收益进行恰当而科学的研究能够有助于解决这些冲突。水利发电，治理洪水以及灌溉即使不建大型水坝也是可能的，不一定非要建大坝。但当你相信神话时就很难做到合理或科学。现在是世界吸取阿斯旺大坝教训的时候了。我们未必要通过大坝来拯救自己（dekuan68注：此句应译为“我们不需要建一座将被拯救的大坝”）。

1998 Passage 2

论坛相关讨论帖地址：

　　Well, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain? Everywhere you go in America, you hear tales of corporate revival. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.

　　The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1987. That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade. And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the 1978-1987 average. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a "disjunction" between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.

　　Some of this can be easily explained. New ways of organizing the workplace — all that re-engineering and downsizing — are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training. Moreover, most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity: switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.

　　Two other explanations are more speculative. First, some of the business restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly done. Second, even if it was well done, it may have spread much less widely than people suppose.

　　Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain, a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes, says that much "re-engineering" has been crude. In many cases, he believes, the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost. His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability. BBDO's Al Rosenshine is blunter. He dismisses a lot of the work of re-engineering consultants as mere rubbish — "the worst sort of ambulance-chasing".

55. According to the author, the American economic situation is ________.

　　[A] not as good as it seems

　　[B] at its turning point

　　[C] much better than it seems

　　[D] near to complete recovery

56. The official statistics on productivity growth ________.

　　[A] exclude the usual rebound in a business cycle

　　[B] fall short of businessmen's anticipation

　　[C] meet the expectation of business people

　　[D] fail to reflect the true state of economy

57. The author raises the question "what about pain without gain?" because ________.

　　[A] he questions the truth of "no gain without pain"

　　[B] he does not think the productivity revolution works

　　[C] he wonders if the official statistics are misleading

　　[D] he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businesses

58. Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?

　　[A] Radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity.

　　[B] New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increase productivity.

　　[C] The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long-term profitability.

　　[D] The consultants are a bunch of good-for-nothings.

重点词汇：

assume /Ε5σϕυ:μ/ （v.假定；承担；呈现）。Optimism assumes, or attempts to prove, that the universe exists to please us, and pessimism that it exists to displease us.乐观主义假定或企图证明宇宙存在是为了使我们快乐；悲观主义则假定或企图证明那是为了使我们不快乐。When a man assumes a public trust, he should consider himself as public property.当一个人承担了公众的信任，就应该视自己为公众财产。They who assume a character that does not belong to them generally betray themselves by overacting.装模作样的人常常由于表现过火而露出原形。

lump /λΘμπ/ （团块；使成团块）。An overdose of praise is like ten lumps of sugar in coffee; only a very few people can swallow it.过量的赞扬有如在咖啡里放了十块糖，只有极少数的人能咽得下去。

acceleration /“κ7σελΕ5ρειΦΕν/ （加速；加速度）即ac+celer+ation，ac-加强前缀，celer词根“速度”，-ation名词后缀；反义词为deceleration（减速）←de向下+celer+ation。

rebound /ρι5βαυνδ/ （v.n.反弹）←re反+bound跳。

evidence /5εϖιδΕνσ/ （证据，迹象）即e+vid+ence，e-(=ex-)，vid词根“看”=vis（如visible→vis+ible→可见的），-ence名词后缀，“能看出来的东西”→证据。Growth is the only evidence of life.成长是生命的唯一证明。Poverty of speech is the outward evidence of poverty of mind.言语的贫乏是心智贫乏的表现。

treasury /5τρεςΕρι/ （宝库，国库）即treasur(e)+y，treasure（n.财宝v.珍爱），-y表“地方”，于是“放财宝的地方”→宝库。Collection of famous quotes and collection of mottoes are the most important treasure of the society.名言集和格言集是社会最可贵的财富。Let us learn to treasure only good and reject the evil in everything.让我们学会只珍视善，而排斥一切事物中的恶。

disjunction /δισ5δςΘΝκΦΕν/ （n.分离，分裂）即dis+junction，dis-否定前缀，junction（n.连接，连接处）。

anecdote /5“νικδΕυτ/ （趣闻，轶事）谐音：安妮(Annie)可逗她←用“趣闻”来逗女孩子开心。anecdote — a joke in evening dress 趣闻——穿着晚礼服的笑料。

profitability /7πρΧφιτΕ5βιλιτι/ （收益率）即profit+ability，profit（v.n.收益），-ability名词后缀；参profitable，1999年Passage 5。profitability — the sovereign criterion of the enterprise 有利可图——企业的至高无上的准则。

ineptly /ι5νεπτλι/ （不相宜地；无能地）即in+ept+ly，in-否定前缀，ept(=apt)适宜的，-ly副词后缀。

revenue /5ρεϖινϕυ:/ （财政收入；税收）←re+venue，另可记avenue（林荫道；途径）←a+venue。Economy is of itself a great revenue.节约本身就是一大笔收入。

blunt /βλΘντ/ 率直的；钝的；使钝。

consultant /κΕν5σΘλτΕντ/ （顾问）即consult+ant，consult（v.商量；查询），-ant表“人”；参consultancy，2002年Text 3。consultant — someone who will take your watch off your wrist and tell you what time it is 顾问——把你的手表从你手腕上摘下来，然后告诉你时间的人。

难句解析：

①What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.

▲这个句子的主语和表语都是从句。主语是what引导的名词性从句，表语是whether引导的状语表语从句。在表语从句中，主语是the productivity revolution，核心句是Whether the productivity revolution is for real，其中productivity revolution后面跟了一个that引导的定语从句，这个从句中的主语是businessmen，谓语是assume，后面跟一个宾语从句，而that所替代的productivity resolution就是这个宾语从句中over这个介词的宾语。

△理解这个句子的关键在于要弄清其中环环相套的从句关系，就是revolution后面that引导的定语从句，以及从句中assume后面的宾语从句，这样就找出preside over的宾语其实就是productivity revolution。

②The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend.

▲这个句子有一个很长的表语从句，由that引导。从句中有两个分句，中间用and so连接。第一个分句中又有一个that引导的定语从句，修饰的是rebound，第二个分句的主语与第一个分句的主语一样，都是part of the recent acceleration。这样我们可以得到这个句子的主干部分：The trouble is that part of acceleration is due to rebound, and is not conclusive evidence.

△理解这个句子的关键在于要清楚表语从句中第一个分句所套的修饰rebound的定语从句，再者就是第二个分句的主语与第一个分句的主语一致，并注意conclusive的意思。

③There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a "disjunction" between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.

▲理解这个句子先要找出它的核心句：There is a "disjunction" between the mass and the picture，中间的人名及其职位可以当作插入语。between后面的名词带有一个that引导的定语从句，修饰的是business anecdote，that在这个从句中充当的是主语；and后面的名词the picture后面跟的是过去分词reflected，表示的是一种被动关系。

△找出between和and的宾语（分别是the mass of business anecdote和the picture reflected by the statistics），这个句子就容易理解了。

④New ways of organizing the workplace — all that re-engineering and downsizing — are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training.

▲这个句子看似庞大，分析之下就简单了。先找出核心句：New ways are one contribution，再来看其它部分：new ways后面of organizing the workplace限定了new ways的内容；破折号之间的部分是进一步说明new ways of organizing the workplace的一些具体内容；contribution后面的to接的是名词宾语，这之后有一个which引导的定语从句，修饰的是前面的名词an economy。在这个定语从句中by后面的宾语是factors，后面的such as跟随的三个名词短语就是列举的内容。

△找出主干句之后就不会受到长句所造成的混乱影响，关键是要弄清楚contribution to后面的内容，尤其是which引导的定语从句，修饰的是economy。

⑤His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability.

▲这个句子的主要部分在于谓语says后面的宾语从句，从句中的重要成分是在状语短语部分，即in a mechanistic fashion，因为后面跟的一个现在分词短语chopping out costs是进一步说明fashion的内容，without后面的动名词短语是补充成分，表示的是一种伴随状态。

△关键在于chopping out costs这个现在分词短语的理解，要明白这是in a mechanistic fashion的进一步说明。

试题解析：

55. [A] 意为：并不像表面看上去那样好。

　　第一段第三、四句指出，美国到处都在谈论所谓公司的振兴(tales of corporate revival)，但是，商界自认为正在进行的所谓生产率革命究竟是否名符其实(for real)，这一点却很难确定。该句实际上是全文的主旨，从反面提出了下文旨在回答的问题，所谓生产率革命根本不存在，官方的统计数字也并不怎么乐观；该段第四句指出，问题是；最近显示出的增长部分是由商业领域里此时出现的正常的反弹(rebound)造成的，因此，不能将它看作是更深层的（当指生产率）振兴的证据。由题目能够定位到第一段的这一句：What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.其意思是：商人们自认为的他们所领导的生产力革命是否确有其事，这一点更加难以确定。因此可以看出作者觉得美国经济形式并不像商人们说的那样好，因此联系到了A选项。

　　最后一段引用了几个专家的评价，对目前进行的促进生产率发展的措施进行了否定，特别是罗森伯格的评价，在他看来，目前负责调整经济的顾问们所做的工作，多数都是垃圾（没有成效），是典型的“于事无补”(ambulance-chasing)。

　　B意为：处于转折阶段。文章中只是说经济发展并不乐观，但是还没有达到转折的地步，因此该选项属于夸张类干扰项。

　　C意为：比现状要好得多。这个和原文意思恰恰相反，同作者的中心思想相违背。换句话说，这个是作者要批驳的观点。

　　D意为；几乎要实现全面复苏了。此选项同C选项，都是与作者思想相违背的，更何况，复苏这个词根本无从谈起。

56. [B] 意为：与商人的预想不符。或：不像商人预想的那样好。

　　第二段指出，官方的统计数字也并不怎么乐观，如果将制造业和服务业算在一起(lump... together)，1989年以来生产率平均增长了1.2％，比前十年的平均指数略有增长；1991年后，生产率每年增长约2％，是1978年至1987年这十年平均指数的一倍多。然而问题是：最近显示出的增长部分是由商业领域里此时出现的正常的反弹造成的，因此，不能将它看作是更深层的（当指生产率）振兴的证据。正如财政部长鲁宾所说的那样，一方面，大量的商业神话似乎表明生产率的激增(leap)，另一方面，（官方的）统计数字又是另一番景象，二者之间存在着一个“差距”(disjunction)。定位到第二段的这几句：There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a "disjunction" between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.其意思是：正如财政部长罗伯特•鲁宾所说的，生产力发生飞跃的商业传奇与统计数字所反映的情况之间存在着一种“脱节”。商业传奇即是说大量的商业神话似乎表明生产率的激增(leap)。因此，可以得出结论，经济发展的实际情况和商人们所塑造的神话有脱节，即联系到了B选项。

　　A意为：排除了商业领域里出现的正常的反弹。此选项定位到了原文第二段中的The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle，意思是：近年发生的生产力快速增长部分是由于商业周期通常到了这时候就会出现的反弹造成的。但是官方统计时并未排除此反弹，在原文中没有根据。原文只是说这个反弹是个trouble，但是并未说找个trouble被排除了。

　　C意为：与商人预想的一致。这个与B选项正好矛盾，参考B选项的解释。

　　D意为：没有准确地反映经济的状况。该选项的说法太笼统了，虽然由原文得出了“脱节”的结论，但是请注意，是生产力发生飞跃的商业传奇与统计数字所反映的情况之间存在着一种“脱节”，而不是该官方统计与经济情况存在脱节。至少，原文并未说该统计不准确，而只是说该统计与商人们预料的不符。

57. [B] 意为：他认为所谓的生产率革命并未奏效。

　　第一段指出，人们常说：不劳则无所获，但是，要是劳而无获呢？美国到处都在谈论所谓公司的振兴，但是，商界自认为正在进行的所谓生产率革命究竟是否名符其实，这一点却很难确定。作者的观点在此其实已表达得很清楚。

　　另外，从第三段来看，所谓的生产率革命包括了改组企业(business restructuring, reengineering)等一系列措施，正如第四段所指出的，近年所进行的一些重组措施也许并未奏效，而且，即使有所成效，效果也没有人们想像的那样广泛。在最后一段，作者引用了几个专家的评价，这几位专家对目前进行的促进生产率发展的措施更是持否定态度。作者的引用当然带有很大的倾向性，用以支持自己的观点。第一段指出，人们常说：不劳则无所获，但是，要是劳而无获呢？美国到处都在谈论所谓公司的振兴，但是，商界自认为正在进行的所谓生产率革命究竟是否名符其实，这一点却很难确定。作者的观点在此其实已表达得很清楚，就是说所谓的生产率革命并没起多大作用。而且由其他段也可看出，现实的数据与商人们所想的存在脱节，因此他们所鼓吹的革命并不奏效。因此联系到了B选项

　　另请参考第55、56题题解。

　　A意为：他对“不劳则无所获”的真实性提出质疑。该选择项过于局限于字面意思。该选择项过于局限于字面意思，而与作者的真正用意无关。这是一个用字面意思来迷惑考生的干扰项。

　　C意为：他认为官方的统计数宁可能有错。正好相反，他们认为所谓的商业振兴仅仅是假象。联系上一道题，作者并未说官方的统计数据不符合实际。如果上道题明白的话，就会第一个排除此选项的。

　　D意为：他获得了商业振兴的确凿证据。这个选项有两个大错误。首先作者压根没说商业振兴，反而在说经济情况不如想象中的好。第二个错误是所谓的确凿证据无从说起。文章中所有的例证都是在说明“脱节”这个问题，而不是在说什么商业振兴。

58. [A] 意为：激进的改革对生产率的提高极其重要。

　　首先要看清楚题目，是说文章未提到的，大家一定不要犯这种低级错误，选了文章提到过的选项。，作者只指出促进生产率革命的措施并未奏效，未达到人们想象的效果，而并末提到应该如何才对。这属于过度引申的干扰项。

　　B意为：用新方法改变工作场所可以提高生产率。第三段第二句指出，重新改变工作场所仅是加快一个国家的国民经济综合生产率水平(overall productivity of an economy)的一种措施，促进生产率发展的因素还有许多，如：设备和机器投资、新技术、教育和培训投资等都会带来生产率的提高。

　　C意为：降低成本并不能保证带来长期利润。根据第五段第三句，在比尔看来，许多公司机械地(in a mechanistic fashion)应用改革措施，降低了成本，但对长期盈利却考虑不够。可见，降低成本和长期盈利并非总是成正比。

　　D意为：顾问们是一伙饭桶。不要以为这种骂人句肯定不会出现在原文中，那你就犯了主观主义错误了。文章最后一段指出，在罗森伯格看来，目前负责经济调整的顾问们所做的工作，多数都是垃圾（没有成效），是典型的“于事无补”。

全文翻译：

　　人们说，不劳就无获。但是，如果有劳却无获又会怎样呢？在美国，无论你走到哪里都会听到企业复苏的故事。商人们自认为的他们所领导的生产力革命是否确有其事，这一点更加难以确定。

　　官方的统计数字却有点不让人乐观。这些数据表明，如果把制造业和服务业合起来算，1987年以来生产力平均增长1.2％。这比前10年的平均增长速度略快。自1991年来，生产力每年约增长2％。这比1978年—1987年的平均增长速度高两倍以上。问题在于，近年发生的生产力快速增长部分是由于商业周期通常到了这时候就会出现的反弹造成的，因而它不是经济复苏已经是潜在趋势的结论性证据。正如财政部长罗伯特·鲁宾所说的，生产力发生飞跃的商业传奇与统计数字所反映的情况之间存在着一种“脱节”。

　　这其中的一些原因很容易解释。企业重组的新方法——所有那些重新设计和缩小规模的做法——只是对一个经济的整体生产力做出了一方面的贡献，而这种经济的发展还收到许多其他因素的驱动，如设备、机械上的联合投资，新技术，以及教育和培训上的投资。另外，公司的大部分改革是为了赢利，而达到赢利的目的不一定非要提高生产力：转入新的市场或改善产品质量也会有同样的功效。

　　其他两种解释带有很大的猜测性。一种解释是近年来所进行的公司重组也许并未奏效。另一种则说，即使有所成效，效果也不像人们所设想的那样广泛。

　　哈佛学者，快速增长的面包连锁店Au Bon Pain的前任总裁莱昂纳多·施莱辛格说，许多“重组”是粗糙的。他认为很多情况下，企业收益的损失超出了成本的降低。他的同事迈克·比尔说，太多的公司已用机械的方式进行重组，在没有充分考虑到长期赢利能力的情况下降低了成本。BBDO的艾尔·罗森夏恩更加直率。他把许多重组咨询专家所做的工作视为垃圾——“典型的劳而无获”。

1998 Passage 3

论坛相关讨论帖地址：

　　Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Galileo's 17th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake's harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton. The schism between science and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century.

　　Until recently, the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics — but no longer. As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked "anti-science" in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R. Gross, a biologist at the University of Virginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon-Haunted World, by Carl Sagan of Cornell University.

　　Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as "The Flight from Science and Reason," held in New York City in 1995, and "Science in the Age of (Mis)information," which assembled last June near Buffalo.

　　Anti-science clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists, philosophers and other academics who have questioned science's objectivity. Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts, creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview.

　　A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.

　　Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pretechnological utopia. But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are anti-science, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.

　　The environmentalists, inevitably, respond to such critics. The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.

　　Indeed, some observers fear that the anti-science epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless. "The term 'anti-science' can lump together too many, quite different things," notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti-Science."They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened."

59. The word "schism" (line 3, paragraph 1) in the context probably means ________.

　　[A] confrontation

　　[B] dissatisfaction

　　[C] separation

　　[D] contempt

60. Paragraphs 2 and 3 are written to ________.

　　[A] discuss the cause of the decline of science's power

　　[B] show the author's sympathy with scientists

　　[C] explain the way in which science develops

　　[D] exemplify the division of science and the humanities

61. Which of the following is true according to the passage?

　　[A] Environmentalists were blamed for anti-science in an essay.

　　[B] Politicians are not subject to the labeling of anti-science.

　　[C] The "more enlightened" tend to tag others as anti-science.

　　[D] Tagging environmentalists as "anti-science" is justifiable

62. The author's attitude toward the issue of "science vs. anti-science" is ________.

　　[A] impartial

　　[B] subjective

　　[C] biased

　　[D] puzzling

重点词汇：

relationship /ρι5λειΦΕνΦιπ/ （关系）←relation关系+ship抽象名词后缀（如：friendship友谊）。The incestuous relationship between government and big business thrives in the dark.政府与大商人之间的乱伦关系在黑暗中繁盛着。There is no more lovely, friendly, and charming relationship, communion, or company than a good marriage.世上没有一种关系、交流或陪伴比美满的婚姻更愉快、友好和迷人。The relation of genius to talent is the same as that of instinct to reason.天赋与才能的关系一如本能与理智的关系。

aspect /5“σπεκτ/ （外表；方面）；参spectacle（场面；奇观），2000年Passage 5。A real genius possesses talents in many aspects, but they are brought into play only by chance and in a single field.真正的天才具有多方面的才能，只是处于偶然而仅在单一的领域中得到施展。

rebelling /ρι5βελιΝ/ （n.反叛）看作re+bell+ing，re-反复，bell铃，-ing表“现在进行时”，联想：监狱里警铃大作→犯人们“造反”了！rebel（v.反叛n.反叛者）。As long as the world shall last there will be wrong, and if no man rebelled, those wrongs would last forever.只要世界继续存在就会有不公正，如果没有人反抗，这些不公正将永远存在下去。No one can go on being a rebel too long without turning into an autocrat.没有人能一直做叛逆者而不变成独裁者。rebel — a man who says no 反叛者——说“不”的人。

Catholic /5κ“ΩΕλικ/ （天主教的；天主教徒）看作Cat+hol(e)+ic后缀，“天主教的”“天主教徒”像“猫”一样住在“洞”里刻苦修行。As a Roman Catholic I thank God for the heretics. Heresy is only another word for freedom of thought.身为天主教徒，我为异端者的存在而感谢上帝，异端不过是思想自由的别名。

harsh /ηΒ:Φ/ （粗糙的；刺耳的；严厉的）意同hard，因发音为“哈嘘”，故又表示“刺耳的”。Harsh counsels have no effect: they are like hammers which are always repulsed by the anvil.刺耳的劝告不会收效：它们就像总是被铁砧弹回的锤。

schism /5σιζΕμ/ （组织的分裂；派系）←sch+ism，sch看作scholar（学者），-ism抽象名词后缀，学者之间是分“派系”的。

superstition /7σϕυ:πΕ5στιΦΕν/ （迷信）即super+sti+tion，super-前缀=over，sti词根=stand，-tion名词后缀，“超出站的地方”→在理性观念之外→迷信。Superstition comes from fear, while fear in turn comes from ignorance.迷信来自恐惧，恐惧又来自无知。Science is the great antidote to the poison of enthusiasm and superstition.科学是狂热和迷信这两种毒害的最佳解药。superstition — ①someone else's religion ②a premature explanation that overstayed its time 迷信——①别人的宗教 ②逗留过久的不成熟的解释。

creationism /κρι:5ειΦΕνιζΕμ/ （神创论）←creation+ism。

elimination /ι7λιμι5νειΦΕν/ （消除）即e+limin+ation，e-(=ex-)出，limin词根“门”，-ation名词后缀，“拒之门外”→排除；动词形式为eliminate←e+limin+ate。同根词：preliminary（预备的，初步的）←pre在前+limin+ary形容词后缀。Envy is more difficult to eliminate than hate between two people.在两个人之间，忌妒比仇恨更难消除。

smallpox /5σμΧ:λπΡκσ/ （天花）即small+pox，small小，pox看作box（据说古人老外书写字母无方向性，故对称字母常可替换而词义不变），感染天花者所发的皮疹像一个个凸出皮肤表面的“小盒子”。guangxian注：天花是首个在全球范围内被人类所消灭的传染病，现天花病毒仅存在于少数科学实验室中，对于是否彻底销毁这些病毒植株曾引起极大争论，故真题原文中提到“提倡消灭所有现存的天花病毒的官方人士”。

dispute /δισ5πϕυ:τ/ （v.争论）即dis+put+e，dis-否定前缀，put看作单词“放”，e小词，有人说“放”有人说“不放”→争论。A long dispute means that both parties are wrong.持久的争论意味着双方都是错的。

Unabomber /7ϕυ:νΕ5βΧμΕ/ （邮寄炸弹的恐怖分子）是FBI(Federal Bureau of Investigation)造的新词，由university and airline bomber缩略而成，原指某位专向高级行政或科研人员邮寄炸弹的遁世大学教授，后泛指类似行为者。关于Unabomber尚需补充两点：一、今年出版的某品牌考研辅导书竟将Unabomber译作“反原子弹组织”，想必是把un理解为否定前缀，在对译者丰富想象力表示由衷倾佩的同时，考研资料之良莠不齐亦可见一斑。二、那位被称作Unabomber的早年毕业于哈佛的教授于1995年出版了著名的Unabomber's Manifesto（网上到处有原文下载），书中作者将environmentalists视为同盟，并表达了scorns science and longs for return to a pretechnological utopia的观点，于是可理解真题文章中为何人们将“环境主义者”与“反科学”联系起来。

manifesto /7μ“νι5φεστΕυ/ （n.宣言）←manifest+o，manifest（v.表明，见2000年Passage 1），o看作张大的嘴，“用嘴表明”→宣言。Manifesto of the Communist Party 《共产党宣言》。

scorn /σκΧ:ν/ （v.n.轻蔑）可看作s+corn，s象形“蛇”，corn谷，蛇因不吃谷物而对之“蔑视”。Silence is the perfect expression of scorn.沉默是轻蔑的充分表达。In the very books in which philosophers bid us scorn fame, they inscribe their names.正是在教导我们蔑视名声的书籍中，哲人们题下了自己的大名。

depletion /δι5πλι:ΦΕν/ （损耗）即de+plet+ion，de-(=away)，plet充满，-ion名词后缀，“离开充满的状态”→损耗。

ozone /5ΕυζΕυν/ （臭氧）←o+zone，o看作“洞”，zone区域，联想：由于全球变暖，“臭氧”层出现一个大洞。

epithet /5επιΩετ/ （称号，绰号）看作epi+the+t，epi-前缀=up，the定冠词，t他，“在他名字上面加个东西”→绰号。

exemplify /ι⊥5ζεμπλιφαι/ （v.举例说明）即exempl(e)+ify，exemple=example（元音替换词义不变），-ify动词后缀。

难句解析：

①Think of Galileo's 17th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake's harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Issac Newton.

▲这是一个类似祈使句的无主语句。think of后面的宾语部分比较繁杂，主要有两个宾语，主干部分其实是Think of Galileo's trial or Blake's remarks。剩下的就是关于这两个宾语的修饰限定成分。trial后面for his rebelling解释的是trial的原因，before短语解释的是trial的地点；harsh remarks后面跟的against短语解释的是remarks的内容。

△注意think of后面并列的双宾语，以及介词for，before，against等在语义上的作用。另外注意作者举的这两个例子，前者是科学正确，而后者是人文学科正确。

②Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as "The Flight from Science and Reason", held in New York City in 1995, and "Science in the Age of (Mis)information", which assembled last June near Buffalo.

▲这个句子有一个较长的介词宾语，主干句并不复杂：Defenders have voiced their concerns at meeting。后面such as所跟的成分主要是举例说明meetings，引号里的是两个meeting的名称。第一个引号后用逗号隔开的过去分词短语是修饰前面引号里的内容，指出这个会议召开的地点和时间；第二个引号后面跟了一个which引导的从句，补充说明的是第二个会议召开的时间和地点。

△先要知道voice their concerns的意思，然后就是such as后面列举的是两个会议的名称，其后各有限定成分说明会议召开的时间和地点。另外，注意the Age of (Mis)information有双关的意思，the Age of information表示“信息时代”；而the Age of Misinformation表示“充满了错误信息的时代”。

③A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.

▲理解这个句子的关键在于对that引导的宾语从句的剖析，主干句就是A survey reveals that...。宾语从句中的核心句比较简单：The tag has been attached to many groups。剩下的就是对用逗号部分隔开的最后部分进行分析：这是一个是from... to...连接的两个并列名词，每个名词后面都有一个较长的定语从句。第一个名词是authorities，第二个名词是Republicans，后面跟的都是一个who引导的定语从句，who在从句中作主语。

△先要解决整个句子的基本句型，然后是宾语从句的句型，接着把from... to...结构找出来，搞清楚其中的定语从句就可以了。在阅读中，考生不一定要关注那些细枝末节的信息，比如smallpox的意思对于本句的理解就不构成障碍，因此只要知道是一种病就可以了。

④Few would dispute that the term applied to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pretechnological utopia.

▲这个句子也有一个that引导的、较长的宾语从句。从句的核心句是：The term scorns science and longs for return。需要注意的是term后面跟了一个过去分词短语，这个分词短语的宾语部分the Unabomber跟了一个whose引导的定语从句；return这个名词后面跟的是一个介词to引导的地点（生存状态）——a pretechnological utopia。

△找出宾语从句中的主谓宾成分，明白主语后所跟的过去分词结构和定语从句的作用，就会对整个句子有了清晰的理解。

⑤The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.

▲这个句子主语和谓语成了类似插入语的成分，插在了句子中间，表明的是发表这个观点的是什么人（姓名与身份）。而该句的主要内容在于argue所跟的宾语从句。这个宾语从句中的宾语those有一个who引导的较长的定语从句，其中who是主语，question是谓语，the evidence是宾语，宾语后面跟的现在分词短语修饰的是evidence，这个现在分词supporting后面跟了三个并列宾语。

△要弄清suporting与evidence的关系：supporting引导的短语修饰evidence，规定了evidence的内容。

试题解析：

59. [C] 意为：分裂，分歧。

　　该句可译为：本世纪如果有什么变化的话，只是科学和人文学科的分歧加深了。本段第一句可以为理解该词提供线索，该句可译为：长时间以来，科学和文化的其他领域的关系一直不谐调(uneasy)。不谐调即对抗，即分歧。

　　实际上，第一段第一句和第三句是全文的主旨，所以对全文的理解也可以帮助考生理解该段第三句的意思。

　　A意为：对抗。表面看起来，这似乎与C没有多大差别，但是，考生在理解句子的意思的同时，也应该稍微注意一下该句的措辞：该句的主语是schism，谓语是deepen，只有裂痕才能“加深”，而对抗只能“加强”。

　　B意为：不满。

　　D意为：蔑视。

60. [D] 意为：（举例）说明科学和人文学科的分歧。

　　其实，不仅第二、三段是第一段第三句的展开论述，其他各段也不例外。

　　第二段指出，直到近期，科学界(the scientific community)力量壮大，没有必要理睬其批评者，但是，现在情况不同了(but no longer)。由于科学经费减少，科学家开始著书抨击“反科学”倾向；第三段指出，科学的维护者也在聚会上表达他们的担忧。这两种表现都是二者矛盾公开化、加深的表现。

　　A意为：探讨科学的威力减少的原因。

　　B意为：表示作者对科学家的同情。

　　C意为：说明科学发展的方式。

61. [A] 意为：一篇文章指责环境保护者为反科学者。

　　第六段第二句指出，但是，这当然不意味着为工业的无限制的扩展而担忧的环境保护者都是反科学者，（美国新闻与世界报道）五月刊的一篇文章似乎是想把他们归做反科学者。对该句的理解可以在第七段第一句中找到线索，该句可译为：环境保护者当然对这种批评进行了还击。如果没受到攻击，当然也没有必要还击。

　　B意为：政治家没有被贴上反科学的标签。第五段指出，1996年发表的新闻调查表明，反科学的标签也贴在许多其他人的身上，包括主张消除所存的最后的天花病毒样本(the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus)的权威机构，和主张减少基础研究经费的共和党人。这两种人——尤其是第二种人都是政治家。

　　C意为：“更开明的人士”经常给别人贴上反科学的标签。

　　D意为：给环境保护者贴上“反科学”的标签是有道理的。

62. [A] 意为：客观的。

　　作者似乎只是客观地叙述了科学和人文学科之间的分歧，而并未评价孰是孰非。

　　B意为：主观的。

　　C意为：有偏向的。

　　D意为：令人困惑的。

全文翻译：

　　科学与文化的其他方面的关系一直都很紧张。想想看，17世纪伽利略为他叛逆性的信仰而遭受天主教会的审判，还有诗人威廉·布莱克对艾萨克·牛顿的机械的世界观所发表的尖锐批判。本世纪，（自然）科学与人文科学之间的分裂更深了。

　　以前，科学界如此之强大以致可以对批评者置之不理——但现在不同了。由于科研经费减少了，科学家出了几本书来抨击“反科学”势力，其中值得注意的有弗吉尼亚大学生物学家保罗·R·格罗斯和拉特格斯大学的数学家诺曼·莱维特合著的《高级迷信》及康奈尔大学的卡尔·萨根著的《鬼怪世界》。

　　科学的捍卫者们也在一些会议上表示了他们的担忧。比如，1995年在纽约举行的“远离科学和理性”会议，以及去年6月在布法罗附近召开的“信息（迷信）时代的科学”会议。

　　显然，反科学对不同的人有不同的含义。格罗斯和莱维特主要挑那些质疑科学客观性的社会学家、哲学家和其他学者的毛病。而萨根则更关注那些相信鬼怪、上帝造物论和其他与科学世界观相左的人。

　　1996年对新闻报道的调查表明，反科学的标签也贴在了许多其他群体上，从提倡消灭所有现存的天花病毒的官方人士到倡议削减基础研究基金的共和党人。

　　将该词用在仇视现代文明的恐怖主义者身上，也不会引起多大争议，它在1995年公开发表蔑视科学、渴望回到前技术时代理想社会的声明。当然，这并不意味着，对不加控制的工业发展表示担忧的环境主义者也是反科学的，而去年5月份刊登在《美国新闻和世界报导》的一篇文章似乎有此暗示。

　　毫无疑问，环境主义者要对这些批评做出反应。作为环境研究的先驱者，斯坦福大学的保罗·埃利希认为，科学的真正的敌人是那些对支持全球变暖、臭氧层稀薄和工业增长带来的其他后果的证据提出质疑的人。

　　的确，一些观察者担心反科学这个词会失去意义。“‘反科学’这个词可以涵盖很多截然不同的东西”，哈佛大学的哲学家杰拉尔德·霍尔顿在其1993年的著作《科学和反科学》中写道：“它们惟一的共同点就是会激怒或威胁那些自以为比别人更有见识的人。”

1998 Passage 4

论坛相关讨论帖地址：

　　Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.

　　This development — and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead — has enthroned the South as America's most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation's head counting.

　　Altogether, the US population rose in the 1970s by 23.2 million people — numerically the third-largest growth ever recorded in a single decade. Even so, that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent, lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.

　　Americans have been migrating south and west in larger numbers since World War II, and the pattern still prevails.

　　Three sun-belt states — Florida, Texas and California — together had nearly 10 million more people in 1980 than a decade earlier. Among large cities, San Diego moved from 14th to 8th and San Antonio form 15th to 10th — with Cleveland and Washington DC dropping out of the top 10.

　　Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt, census officials say. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too — and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday's "baby boom" generation reached its child-bearing years.

　　Moreover, demographers see the continuing shift south and west as joined by a related but newer phenomenon: More and more, Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people, too. Some instances —

　　● Regionally, the Rocky Mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate — 37.1 percent since 1970 in a vast area with only 5 percent of the US population.

　　● Among states, Nevada and Arizona grew fastest of all: 63.5 and 53.1 percent respectively. Except for Florida and Texas, the top 10 in rate of growth is composed of Western states with 7.5 million people — about 9 per square mile.

　　The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to more bearable climates.

　　Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West. There, California added 3.7 million to its population in the 1970s, more than any other state.

　　In that decade, however, large numbers also migrated from California, mostly to other parts of the West. Often they choose — and still are choosing — somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog, crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.

　　As a result, California's growth rate dropped during the 1970s, to 18.5 percent — little more than two-thirds the 1960s' growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.

63. Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the 1980 census provided, America in 1970s ________.

　　[A] enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in history

　　[B] witnessed a southwestern shift of population

　　[C] underwent an unparalleled period of population growth

　　[D] brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since World War II

64. The census distinguished itself from previous studies on population movement in that ________.

　　[A] it stresses the climatic influence on population distribution

　　[B] it highlights the contribution of continuous waves of immigrants

　　[C] it reveals the Americans' new pursuit of spacious living

　　[D] it elaborates the delayed effects of yesterday's "baby boom"

65. We can see from the available statistics that ________.

　　[A] California was once the most thinly populated area in the whole US

　　[B] the top 10 states in growth rate of population were all located in the West

　　[C] cities with better climates benefited unanimously from migration

　　[D] Arizona ranked second of all states in its growth rate of population

66. The word "demographers" (line 1, paragraph 7) most probably means ________.

　　[A] people in favor of the trend of democracy

　　[B] advocates of migration between states

　　[C] scientists engaged in the study of population

　　[D] conservatives clinging to old patterns of life

重点词汇：

standstill /5στ“νδστιλ/ （n.停止；停顿的）←stand+still。

enthrone /ιν5ΩρΕυν/ （使登基；给予最高地位）即en+throne，en-前缀“使”，throne（宝座；王权）。

numerically /νϕυ(:)5μερικΕλι/ （在数字上）即numer+ical+ly，numer=number（b脱落），-ical形容词后缀，-ly副词后缀。

prevail /πρι5ϖειλ/ （v.取胜；盛行）←pre+vail。I believe that man will not merely endure. He will prevail.我相信人不会仅仅是忍受，他终将胜利。Culture has one great passion — the passion for sweetness and light. It has one even yet greater, the passion for making them prevail.教养有种强烈地对友善的渴望，还有一种甚至更强烈的渴望，即渴望使友善盛行。

nonstop /5νΧν5στΧπ/ （不断的；不停地）←non+stop。

demographer /δι:5μΧ⊥ρΕφΕ/ （人口统计学家）即demo+graph+er，demo词根“人”，graph词根“写”，-er表“人”；参democracy，2000年Passage 5。

overcrowdedness /7ΕυϖΕ5κραυδιδνισ/ （过于拥挤）←over+crowd+ed+ness。Ant says, nothing can beat the crowd.蚂蚁说，群体是不可战胜的。

plague /πλει⊥/ （瘟疫；灾害）谐音：怕累咯←怕“瘟疫”累及自身。Bad habits are as infectious by example as the plague itself is by contact.恶习易于由实例传播，就像瘟疫的传播借助于接触。One was never married, and that's his hell; another is, and that's his plague.一个人从未结婚，这是他的痛苦；另一个结了婚，这是他的灾难。1957年获诺贝尔文学奖的法国现代存在主义思想家加缪(Camus)的代表作之一就是长篇小说——The Plague（《鼠疫》）。

urbanization /7Ε:βΕναι5ζειΦΕν/ （都市化）即urban+iz(e)+ation，urban都市的，-ize“使……”，-ation名词后缀。

discern /δι5σΕ:ν/ （v.认出；辨别）←dis+cern。The beginning of all war may be discerned not only by the first act of hostility, but by the counsels and preparations foregoing.一切战争的开端不仅可由首次敌对行动区分，也可由事前的策划和准备识别。

distinguish /δισ5τιΝ⊥ωιΦ/ （v.区别），参extinguish，2003年Text 2；indistinguishable（a.不能区别的）←in+distinguish+able。We drink without thirst, and we make love any time, madame. Only this distinguishes us from the other animals.我们不渴而饮，随时示爱，夫人。使我们与其它动物相区别的只有这一点。Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic.任何足够先进的技术都与魔术难以区分。

unanimously /ϕυ(:)5ν“νιμΕσλι/ （无异议地）即un(i)+anim+ous+ly，uni-“一”，anim词根“生命；精神”（如animal→anim+al→动物），-ous形容词后缀，-ly副词后缀，“在精神上一致地”→无异议地。

难句解析：

①Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.

▲这是主从复合句，逗号前面是主句，是个倒装句，主干句其实是The picture is emerging from the 1988 census。倒装的原因是这个句子的主语the picture后面有一个of引导的很长的修饰成分，其中nation后面跟随的分词短语表述了nation的某种状态；逗号后面是as引导的从句表示伴随，基本结构是population growth reaches a standstill。

△认识到第一个分句的倒装构成，nation后面的分词结构是对nation的表述；再者就是要搞清楚两个分句之间并列转折的关系。

②This development — and its strong implication for US politics and economy in years ahead — has enthroned the South as America's most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation's head counting.

▲首先不看破折号之间的内容，找出这个句子的主干：This development has enthroned the South as region。再看各个部分的修饰成分：主语后面的破折号之间是对主语的补充，即this development产生的另一种暗示，注意其中介词for和in的用法；然后看region后面的状语for the first time in the history（有史以来第一次）。

△注意破折号之间的插入部分在意义上是主语的补充部分；enthrone和head counting对这个句子的理解很关键。注意head counting是census通俗的说法。

③Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too — and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday's "baby boom" generation reached its child-bearing years.

▲这是由两个分句组成的并列句，只不过第二个分句简化了一下。第一个分句很简单，主干是immigrants played a role。主语immigrants前面是其修饰成分。第二个分句是个主从复合句，主句是倒装形式，还原过来应该是Bigger crops of babies also played a role。因为前面已经提到了played a role，为了简洁，用so前导，后跟助动词did加主语就可以了；as引导了一个原因状语从句，指出这种情况发生的社会原因。

△关键是要理解破折号后面倒装句的构成与意义，这样就会明白这个句子要说明的就是影响人口增长的两个原因：immigrants和bigger crops of babies，crop在这里是“大量，大批”的意思。

④Often they choose — and still are choosing — somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog, crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.

▲我们先来分析这个单句的主干结构：They choose and are still choosing colder climates in order to escape...。注意破折号之间是谓语动词的补充，表示另一种时间状态。在climates后面跟的是such as引导的三个州名，列举的是较为寒冷的几个州；后面是一个由in order to引导的表示目的的短语，其中escape的宾语有三个：smog，crime and other plagues，of短语修饰plagues，说明plagues发生的原因。

△在时态上注意同一个谓语动词choose的两种时态，表示的两个时间概念；短语the Golden State是美国加利福尼亚州的别称。

⑤As a result, California's growth rate dropped during the 1970's, to 18.5 percent — little more than two thirds the 1960's growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.

▲这个句子的结构是由数字的比较构成。第一处在于dropped to 18.5％（下降到了18.5％），不要理解成下降了18.5％；再一个是two thirds the 1960's growth figure，指的是60年代生长率的三分之二；below后面的that代替的是growth rate，目的是与其它西部各州相比较。

△对数字的理解是这个句子的关键，注意其中比较的是70年代与60年代、加州与西部其它各州的生长率。

试题解析：

63. [B] 意为：人口向西南部迁移。

　　第二段指出，这一变化对美国未来几年(in years ahead)的政治和经济都有很大影响，同时，在人口统计史上，美国南部第一次成为人口最稠密的地区；第四段指出，自第二次世界大战以来，美国人一直有南迁和西迁的趋向，现在还是如此(and the pattern prevails)，所谓西迁，主要是指向位于西南部的加利弗尼亚州迁移（见第五、九段）；另外，本文所提到的人口增长速度较快的加利弗尼亚、亚利桑那、内华达等州都在美国西南部。

　　A意为：是历史上人口净增长最低的十年。第二段指出，70年代，美国共增长了2320万人，从增长数量上来看，该年代增长幅度居于有史以来第三高位；但这一数字仅为总人口的11.4％，除了大萧条时代以外，这是美国有史最低的。

　　C意为：是有史以来人口增长最快的十年。

　　D意为：自第二次世界大战以来的迁移趋向告一段落。参阅第四段。

64. [C] 意为：它显示了美国人寻求宽阔的生活空间的新倾向。

　　第七段指出，除了继续的南迁和西迁趋向外，人口统计学家还发现了一个相关的新现象：美国人迁移的目的不仅是寻找工作，而是越来越明显地寻找人口稀少的地区居住；第八段指出，离开拥挤的地区同时也改变了过去美国人一味逃离寒带、迁向气候温和地带(more-bearable climates)的做法；第九段也指出，1980年的统计最清楚地表明：美国人迁向最西部地区，是因为他们想寻找宽阔的生存空间(spacious living)。

　　A意为；它强调了气候对人口分布的影响。参考第八段。第六段第一句也指出，统计官员们说：并非所有的迁移都是因为想脱离寒带。

　　B意为：它强调了不断的移民热对人口增长的影响。第六段第二句指出，不断的移民热潮(nonstop waves of immigrants)也起了一定作用，另外还有出生率的增长，因为上一轮“出生高潮”(baby boom)出生的一代已经到了生育期。这里虽然提到了移民因素的影响，但作者并未强调它的作用。

　　D意为：它（详细地）说明了上一轮“出生高潮”的后期效果。

65. [D] 意为：在所有州中，亚利桑那州的人口增长率名列第二。

　　第七段第二句指出，在所有州中，内华达州和亚利桑那州人口增长最多，分别为63.5％和53.1％。

　　A意为；加利弗尼亚州曾经是美国人口最稀少的州。

　　B意为：人口增长最快的十个州全在西部。第七段第二句指出，除了佛罗里达州（位于东南部）和得克萨斯州（位于中部）以外，人口增长速度最快的前十个州都在美国西部，人口750万，每平方英里约9人。

　　C意为：气候好的城市普遍受益于人口的迁移。

66. [C] 意为：研究人口的科学家。

　　该词意为：人口统计学家。

　　A意为：支持民主运动的人。

　　B意为：主张州际迁移的人。

　　D意为：坚持旧生活模式的保守分子。

全文翻译：

　　1980年美国人口普查显示出这样一幅图像：随着东北部和中西部人口增长近乎停止，地区间的竞争越来越激烈了。

　　这一发展——以及它对今后几年美国政治和经济的强大影响——使南部在美国人口普查史上第一次成为人口最密集的地区。

　　20世纪70年代，美国人口总共增长了2320万——从数字上看，这是有纪录以来10年期人口增长的第三高峰。即使如此，人口总数也只增加了11.4％，除了大萧条时期，这是美国年度记录最低的增长率。

　　第二次世界大战以来，美国人大量向南部和西部迁移，而且这种趋势如今仍很盛行。

　　佛罗里达、得克萨斯和加利福尼亚这三个阳光充沛的地区，1980年的人口比前10年增加了近1000万。在大城市排行榜上，圣地亚哥从第14位上升到第8位，圣安东尼奥从第15位升到第10位，而克利夫兰和华盛顿特区却被挤出了前10位。

　　普查官员说，并非所有这些人口迁移都是为了离开寒冷地带。不断涌入的移民潮，还有以前“生育高峰”出生的那些孩子也已到了生育年龄，这些都发挥着作用。

　　而且，人口学家发现，向南部和向西部的不断迁移还伴随着一种相关却又较新的现象：越来越多的美国人显然不再仅仅寻找有更多工作机会的地方，也在寻找人口稀少的地方。例证如下：

　　从区域上看，洛基山脉各州上报了自1970年以来最高的人口增长率——37.1％，而以前这片广阔的土地上的人口仅占美国总人口的5％。

　　从各州情况看，内华达和亚利桑那是增长最快的两个州：其增长率分别为63.5％和53.1％。除了佛罗里达州和得克萨斯州外，处于人口增长率前10位的都是西部各州，共有750万人——每平方英里约9个人。

　　离开人口过度稠密区的做法影响了以前那种离开寒冷地带去气候宜人之地的趋势。

　　没有哪次调查比1980年美国人口普查更能突出显示美国人迁往最西部是为了找到更广阔的生存空间。正因为如此，加利福尼亚州在70年代人口增加了370万，比其他任何州都多。

　　70年代也有大量的人离开加利福尼亚，大多数去了西部其他的地方。他们常常选择——现在依然这样选择——一些气候较冷的地区，如俄勒冈、爱达荷和阿拉斯加，为的是躲开“金州”加利福尼亚）的烟雾、犯罪和其他城市化进程中的问题。

　　结果，加利福尼亚的人口增长率在70年代降到了18.5％——略高于60年代增长率的2/3，但大大低于西部其他各州。

1998 Passage 5

　　Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots. Unlike most of the world's volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth's surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate. Most of the hot spots move only slowly, and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.

　　That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute. Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them. The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth's interior. It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. Hot spots, anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question. From an analysis of the hot-spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years.

　　The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference. It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe. When a continental plate come to rest over a hot spot, the material rising from deeper layer creates a broad dome. As the dome grows, it develops deep fissures(cracks): in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean. Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability (inconstancy).

67. The author believes that ________.

　　[A] the motion of the plates corresponds to that of the earth's interior

　　[B] the geological theory about drifting plates has been proved to be true

　　[C] the hot spots and the plates move slowly in opposite directions

　　[D] the movement of hot spots proves the continents are moving apart

68. That Africa and South America were once joined can be deduced from the fact that ________.

　　[A] the two continents are still moving in opposite directions

　　[B] they have been found to share certain geological features

　　[C] the African plates has been stable for 30 million years

　　[D] over 100 hot spots are scattered all around the globe

69. The hot-spot theory may prove useful in explaining ________.

　　[A] the structure of the African plates

　　[B] the revival of dead volcanoes

　　[C] the mobility of the continents

　　[D] the formation of new oceans

70. The passage is mainly about ________.

　　[A] the features of volcanic activities

　　[B] the importance of the theory about drifting plates

　　[C] the significance of hot spots in geophysical studies

　　[D] the process of the formation of volcanoes

重点词汇：

interior /ιν5τιΕριΕ/ （内部的；内部）←inter+ior，inter“在里面”，-ior后缀。Laughter, n. — An interior convulsion, producing a distortion of the features and accompanied by inarticulate noises.笑，名词——一种体内痉挛，造成面容的变形并伴有说不出话的阵阵难听的声音。

milestone /5μαιλστΕυν/ （里程碑）←mile+stone。The invention of the wheel was a milestone in the history of the world.发明轮子是世界历史上的重大事件。

reminder /ρι5μαινδΕ/ （n.暗示）←remind提醒+er。The music at a marriage procession always reminds me of the music of soldiers marching to battle.结婚行列行进时的音乐总是使我想起士兵们投入战斗的音乐。

construct /κΕν5στρΘκτ/ （v.建设，构造）即con+struct，con-“一起”，struct词根“建造”；同义同根词：structure（v.n.构造）←struct+ure后缀。Taking to pieces is the trade of those who cannot construct.拆卸是那些不会建造的人的行为。

readily /5ρεδιλι/ （容易地；乐意地）即ready的副词形式，已经准备好的事情做起来当然是“容易地”，于是做事的人当然是非常“乐意地”。Nothing is so easy as to deceive one's self; for what we wish, that we readily believe.再没有比欺骗自己更容易的事了，因为对于希望的事，我们总是乐于相信。

opposite /5ΧπΕζιτ/ （对立的；对立面）即op+pos+ite，op-“反”（ob-在p前变形为op-），pos词根“放”，-ite后缀，“反过来放”→对立的。Almost every wise saying has an opposite one, not less wise, to balance it.几乎所有的格言都有意思相反的一句，其智慧并不逊色，以便使之平衡。The opposite of love is indifference.爱的对立物是冷漠。

instrument /5ινστρυμΕντ/ （工具，仪器，乐器）即instru(ct)+ment，instruct指导，-ment后缀，“能帮人们做事的东西”→仪器。Circumstances are the rulers of the weak, instruments of the wise.弱者受制于环境，智者利用环境。

significance /σι⊥5νιφικΕνσ/ （意义；重要性）即signify（y变形为i）表示+cance名词后缀，“表示出来的东西”→意义。形容词形式为significant，见2002年Text 3。The whole significance of life lies in the unremitting efforts to explore the unknown and increase knowledge.生活的全部意义在于不懈努力探索未知事物与增加知识。It is undesirable to try to damage the significance of all life simply for love.仅仅由于爱情就试图抹杀全部生活的意义是不可取的。

confine /κΕν5φαιν/ （v.限制）即con+fine，con-“一起”，fine词根“界限”，于是“全部有界限”→限制。参define（2002年Text 4）；finite（2000年Passage 3）等。The world owes all its onward impulses to men ill at ease. The happy man inevitably confines himself within ancient limits.世界的全部前进动力都归功于对现状不满的人们，感到愉快的人必然把自己限制在旧框架之内。

reference /5ρεφρΕνσ/ （涉及；参考）←refer参考+ence。We live in reference to past experience and not to future events, however inevitable.我们参照过去的经验而非未来的事件生活，不管那些事件如何必然发生。

propel /πρΕ5πελ/ （v.推动，驱使）即pro+pel，pro-向前，pel词根“推”。同根词：compel（v.强迫）←com+pel；repel（v.击退；抵制）←re(=back)+pel。

fissure /5φιΦΕ/ （v.裂开n.裂隙）看作f+is+sure，“裂开”的东西上面有“缝”(f)是(is)肯定(sure)的。

formation /φΧ:5μειΦΕν/ （构成）←form构成+ation名词后缀。The self is not something ready-made, but something in continuous formation through choice of action.自我并非现成之物，而是通过行为的选择不断形成的。

mutability /7μϕυ:τΕ5βιλιτι/ （易变性）即mut+ability，mut词根“交换”，-ability名词后缀表性质，“具有交换的性质”→易变性。参commute，2000年Passage 4。mutability of human affairs 人世沧桑。

难句解析：

①Unlike most of the world's volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth's surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate.

▲这是一个由两个分句组成的并列句，中间由分号隔开。前一个分句的第一个部分是一个形容词性的短语，修饰的是这个句子的主语they，在plates的后面有一个that引导的定语从句，that所替代的plates在这个从句里作主语；第二个分句用on the contrary开始，表示与前面的情况形成对比，这个句子较简单，注意这里them指的是前文所说的hot spots。

△注意两个分句的对比关系，弄清哪个特征是they(hot spots)所具有的。

②The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined.

▲这个单句的主语是the complementary coastlines and certain geological features，后面带了一个定语从句，从句中that充当的是主语；表语名词reminders跟了一个of加上where引导的名词性表示地点从句的短语。where从句中用的是过去时，表示的是过去存在的结合状态。

△找出句子的主语、谓语(are)和表语(reminders)，再看主语和表语的修饰成分。并注意reminders的意思是“值得注意的地方，具有提醒作用的地方”。

③The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of the plates with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth's interior.

▲在这个用but连接的两个并列分句中，前一个分句主语的限定成分the plates带了一个现在分词短语，起修饰作用；后一个分句中注意谓语be translated into意为“被解释为”，这里的another指的是another plates。介词whit respect to出现了两次，意思是“相对于……”。

△对介词的理解是这个句子的关键，注意motion这个词在本句中指的是相对运动。

④It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it.

▲这个简单句的主语it是个形式主语，真正的主语是后面to引导的不定式短语。这个短语中，determine后面跟的是whether... or whether...引导的选择关系的从句。注意后面whether从句中有两个分句，用and连接，其中the other指的是the other continent。

△找出该句真正的主语（不定式形式），注意两个whether从句的选择关系，以及后一个从句中两个小句所描述的相对关系。

⑤As the dome grows, it develops deep fissures(cracks): in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean.

▲这个句子是由四个小分句组成，前两个分句是一个主从复合句，其中it指的是the dome；分号后面的句子有一个状语短语in at least a few cases，逗号后面是so that引导的表示结果的从句。

△在理解这个句子时，最好是能按时间的先后排列地质变化的过程。

试题解析：

67. [B] 意为：地质学上的板块漂移说证明是正确的。

　　第二段第一句指出，对于板块漂移说目前已不存异议(beyond dispute)。例如，非洲和南美洲正在漂离，新物质不断注入二者之间的海底裂痕。

　　A意为：板块的移动与地球内部的移动是相对应的。第一段指出，地球有100多个地质学家称之为热点的互不相邻的(isolated)火山活跃区。与地球上多数火山不同的是：它们并非都处在构成地球表面的巨大漂游板块的连接处，相反，它们多深埋在板块之下(lie deep in the interior of a plate)。这些热点移动缓慢，有时，当板块从它们上面移动过去时，就会留下死火山痕迹(trails of dead volcanoes)。热点及其火山痕迹标志着板块漂移而过。可见，二者的移动并没有相应处。

　　C意为：热点和板块缓慢作反方向移动。根据第一段，二者的移动并没有相应处。参阅上文题解。

　　D意为；热点的移动证明：大陆板块正在漂离。根据第一段最后一句，热点及其火山痕迹证明板块是移动的。

68. [B] 意为：它们有某些共同的地质特征。

　　第二段指出，对于板块漂移说目前已不存异议。例如，非洲和南美洲正在漂离，新物质不断注入二者之间的海底裂痕；虽然有大洋（大西洋）相隔，二者的海岸线（形状）是互补的(complementary)，共有某些地质特征，说明它们曾经是联在一起的。

　　A意为：这两个大陆还在向相反方向移动。根据第二段最后一句，通过对热点区域的研究发现，非洲板块似乎是静止的(stationary)，至少3000万年未移动了。

　　C意为：非洲板块至少3000万年未移动了。这也许是事实，但不是非洲和南美洲曾经是一个板块的证据。

　　D意为：地球有100多个热点。这也许是事实，但这也不是非洲和南美洲曾经是一个板块的证据。

69. [D] 意为：新的海洋的形成。

　　最后一段指出，热点说的意义不限于提供了一个参照点，它看来对推动板块移动的地质物理学过程也提供了解释。当板块处于热点之上时，底层物质会将板块顶起，形成(develop)巨大的弧线(a broad dome)，弧线变高时，板块出现深深的裂痕。当有些地方裂痕迸裂后，就形成新的海洋。

　　A意为：非洲板块的结构。

　　B意为；死火山的复活。

　　C意为：大陆板块的移动性。热点只能说明板块是移动的，但板块为什么是漂移的，本文却并没有解释。

70. [C] 意为：地质物理学中热点说的意义。

　　本文提到了这种学说的几方面的意义。见上文题解。

　　A意为：火山活动的特点。

　　B意为：板块漂移说的重要性。

　　D意为：火山的形成过程。

全文翻译：

　　地球上散落分布着100多个互不相连的小火山活动区，被地质学家称为热点。和世界上大多数火山不同的是，它们并不总是在构成地球表面的巨大漂流板块之间的边界上出现；相反，许多热点处于板块较深的内部。大多数热点移动非常缓慢，有时，板块滑过这些热点便留下了死火山的痕迹。热点及其火山痕迹是板块移动的标志。

　　板块漂移这一理论现在是毋庸置疑的。例如，以非洲和南美洲为例，由于有新的物质注入二者之间的海底，两大洲距离越来越远。但互相吻合的海岸线和某些似乎跨越海洋的地质特征会使人想到这两个大陆曾经是连在一起的。携带这些大陆的板块的相对运动已经能够被详细地阐述出来，但一个板块相对另一板块的运动还不能轻易地解释为它们相对于地球内部的运动。人们不能确定两个大陆是在朝相反的方向运动，还是一个大陆停止不动而另一个从它身边漂移开去。位于地球更深层的热点提供了解决该问题的测量仪器。从热点地区的人口情况分析来看，非洲板块似乎是固定的，在过去3000万年里也没有移动过。

　　热点的重要性不仅限于它们作为参照体系的作用。现在看来，它们还对推动板块在地球表面漂移这一地球物理过程有重要影响。当大陆板块漂移到热点上方，来自地球深层的物质便形成了巨大的圆顶状隆起物。随着这个圆顶的增长，板块出现深深的裂缝。至少有几次，大陆可能会沿着其中的一些裂缝完全裂开了，因此这个热点就引发了一个新的海洋的形成。这样，正像早期的理论解释了大陆的移动性一样，热点理论或许能解释大陆板块的不稳定性。

1997 Passage 1

论坛相关讨论帖地址：

　　It was 3:45 in the morning when the vote was finally taken. After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia's Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die. The measure passed by the convincing vote of 15 to 10. Almost immediately word flashed on the Internet and was picked up, half a world away, by John Hofsess, executive director of the Right to Die Society of Canada. He sent it on via the group's on-line service, Death NET. Says Hofsess: "We posted bulletins all day long, because of course this isn't just something that happened in Australia. It's world history."

　　The full import may take a while to sink in. The NT Rights of the Terminally Ⅲ law has left physicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications. Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back. In Australia — where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part — other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia. In the US and Canada, where the right-to-die movement is gathering strength, observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling.

　　Under the new Northern Territory law, an adult patient can request death — probably by a deadly injection or pill — to put an end to suffering. The patient must be diagnosed as terminally ill by two doctors. After a "cooling off" period of seven days, the patient can sign a certificate of request. After 48 hours the wish for death can be met. For Lloyd Nickson, a 54-year-old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally Ill law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition. "I'm not afraid of dying from a spiritual point of view, but what I was afraid of was how I'd go, because I've watched people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at their masks," he says.

51. From the second paragraph we learn that ________.

　　[A] the objection to euthanasia is slow to come in other countries

　　[B] physicians and citizens share the same view on euthanasia

　　[C] changing technology is chiefly responsible for the hasty passage of the law

　　[D] it takes time to realize the significance of the law's passage

52. When the author says that observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling, he means ________.

　　[A] observers are taking a wait-and-see attitude towards the future of euthanasia

　　[B] similar bills are likely to be passed in the US, Canada and other countries

　　[C] observers are waiting to see the result of the game of dominoes

　　[D] the effect-taking process of the passed bill may finally come to a stop

53. When Lloyd Nickson dies, he will ________.

　　[A] face his death with calm characteristic of euthanasia

　　[B] experience the suffering of a lung cancer patient

　　[C] have an intense fear of terrible suffering

　　[D] undergo a cooling off period of seven days

54. The author's attitude towards euthanasia seems to be that of ________.

　　[A] opposition

　　[B] suspicion

　　[C] approval

　　[D] indifference

重点词汇：

parliamentary /7πΒ:λΕ5μεντΕρι/ （议会的，国会的）←parliament+ary。A parliament is nothing less than a big meeting of more or less idle people.议会无非是多少有些懒散的人们的一个大聚会。parliament — the longest running farce in the West End 议会——伦敦西区连续演出时间最长的闹剧。

incurably /ιν5κϕυΕρΕβλι/ （不可治地）即in+cur+ably，in-否定前缀，cur词根“治疗”，-ably可……地；形容词形式为incurable←in+cur+able。a incurably disease 不治之症。

| |[pic] |

|bulletin /5βυλιτιν/ | |

|（布告）可看作bullet+in，“留有弹| |

|痕的布告”，如图（偶用PS做的 | |

|[pic]）： | |

turn back 逆转，往回走。I know. It's all wrong. By rights, we shouldn't even be here. But we are. It's like in the great stories, Mr. Frodo. The ones that really mattered. Full of darkness and danger they were. And sometimes you didn't want to know the end because how could the end be happy? How could the world go back to the way it was when so much bad had happened? But in the end, it's only a passing thing this shadow. Even darkness must pass. A new day will come. And when the sun shines, it will shine out the clearer. Those were the stories that stayed with you that meant something. Even if you were too small to understand why. But I think, Mr. Frodo, I do understand. I know now. Folk in those stories had lots of chances of turning back, only they didn't. They kept going because they were holding on to something....我知道。这不公平。我们根本就不该来。但是我们来了。这就像我们听过的精彩故事，佛罗多。描述伟大的事迹。充满了黑暗和危险。有时候你不想知道结局。因为怎么可能有快乐的结局？发生了这么多可怕的事。这世界怎么可能回到从前？但是最后，阴影终究会过去。就连黑暗也会消失。崭新的一天将会来临。太阳也会散发更明亮的光芒。这才是让人永生难忘的有意义的感人故事。就算你太年轻不明白为什么，但是我想我明白了，佛罗多。我现在明白了。故事的主角有很多机会放弃，但是他们并没有。他们决定勇往直前，因为他们抱着一种信念。……←guangxian：看电影时对这段话印象特别深刻，于是就抄下来了。

euthanasia /7ϕυ:ΩΕ5νειζιΕ/ （安乐死）看作eu+than+asia，eu谐音“已有”，than比，asia亚洲，“安乐死在亚洲之外的地方已有了”。euthanasia — ①a way of putting old people out of their family's misery ②never having to tell your parents you're sorry 安乐死——①将老人从家庭的痛苦中解脱出来 ②绝对不必向父母道歉。

domino /5δΧμινΕυ/ （多米诺骨牌）用谐音记。

diagnose /5δαιΕ⊥νΕυζ/ （v.诊断）←diag+nose，diag看作dog（元音替换），nose鼻子，“狗鼻子”→闻（联想中医之“望闻问切”）→诊断。

certificate /σΕ5τιφικιτ/ （证书）即certif(y)+ic+ate，certify证明，-ic形容词后缀，-ate作名词后缀表“物”，于是“具证明性质的东西”→证书。I must discard riches, the certificate of slavery.我必须抛弃财富这张奴隶证书。

objection /Εβ5δςεκΦΕν/ （反对）即ob+ject+ion，ob-前缀“朝向”，ject词根“投掷”，-ion名词后缀，“向别人扔东西”→反对。同根词：reject→re(=back)+ject→扔回去→拒绝；inject→in+ject→向里扔→注入。All poets pretend to write for immortality, but he whole tribe have no objection to present pay and present praise.所有诗人都自称是为不巧的名声而写作，可这些家伙对眼前的稿酬与眼前的赞扬却全无异议。

sink in 被了解；cool off 使冷静。

难句解析：

①After six months of arguing and final 16hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia's Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die.

▲句子的主体结构是Australia's Northern Territory became the first legal authority...，其中，句首是表示时间的介词词组作状语：after six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates，后面的动词不定式to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die相当于定语从句which allows doctors to...，修饰legal authority，who引导定语从句who wish to die修饰前面的patients。

△理解句子的关键在于剔除庞杂的修饰成分，抓住句子的主干。

②Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back.

▲第一句话中，有用逗号松散地连接的两个表示对比的句子：Some have breathed... others... bitterly attacked...，其中others之后是介词词组：including churches，right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association对others进行进一步的解释。its passage中的its指代前面提到的the bill。第二句使用了被动语态，与第一句是转折关系。

△tide本意是“潮水，潮汐”的意思，这里的引申含义是“趋势，趋向”；turn the tide使形式转变，改变局面。bill这里是“法案”的意思。另外要理解some和others的对比关系。

③In Australia — where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part — other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia.

▲这个句子的主体结构是... other states are going to consider...。句首的In Australia是介词词组表示地点状语，后面where引导定语从句where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part，进一步解释Australia的具体情况。

△注意破折号中说各种因素都发挥了作用，是指对其它州考虑制定关于安乐死的法律这件事而言的。另外注意consider的用法，consider后面一般接v.-ing的形式或that引导的宾语从句。

④After a "cooling off" period of seven days, the patient can sign a certificate of request. After 48 hours the wish for death can be met.

▲两个句子都是简单句。第一句中前面是介词词组作时间状语：After a "cooling off" period of seven days。第二句使用了被动语态。

△"cooling off"这里是指“给病人充足的考虑时间以做出冷静的决定”。meet这里是“满足”的意思，可以和demand，need，requirement等和wish类似的词连用。

试题解析：

51. [D] 意为：理解该法获批准的意义尚需要时间。

　　第二段第一句是该段的主题句，该句意为：其（即这一立法的）整体含义(import)可能需要一段时间才为人彻底理解(sink in)。其实，该段的第二句是对第一句更具体的阐释，该句可译为：北部地方州（此处NT是Northern Territory的缩略形式，指澳大利亚中北部地区）晚期病人权利法的批准使医生和普通人都在思索其道义与实践方面的含义。本段下文提到了支持和反对该法的两种观点。

　　A意为：在（除澳大利亚以外的）其他国家，对安乐死的反对意见缓慢而至。这一点该段没有提到。实际上，听到该法批准后，远在美国和加拿大的人也很快作出了反应。

　　B意为：在安乐死这一问题上，医生和普通人观点相同。正像该段第三句所指出的，对于该法的批准，意见分歧很大。有些人松了口气，而有些人——包括教堂、保卫生命权益组织与澳大利亚医学会——对该法进行激烈的抨击，认为它的批准过于仓促。

　　C意为：技术（条件）的变化应对该法的仓促批准负主要责任。该段第五句意为：在澳大利亚，其他州也将考虑通过制定同样的一项法律来解决安乐死问题，而促成这一形势的是澳大利亚老化的人口、生命延续技术、正在变化的社会态度等因素。可见，这与C所表达的内容不一样。

52. [B] 意为：美国、加拿大及其他国家也可能批准类似法律。

　　第二段最后一句指出，在美国和加拿大“死之权利”运动正在集结力量，观望者正在等待多米诺骨牌开始倾倒。多米诺骨牌是一种西洋骨牌游戏；游戏中将许多长方形的骨牌竖立排列成行，碰倒第一张时，其余骨牌将依次纷纷倒下。用于比喻时，这种游戏指一系列的连锁反应，即：牵一发而动全身。这里喻指：澳大利亚的形势会波及北美等国家，引起类似的做法。

　　A意为：观察者对安乐死的未来持观望态度。根据对B的分析，观察者等待的是是否美、加等国会在对安乐死的态度方面步澳之后尘，通过类似立法，而并非是指他们对安乐死态度暖昧、莫衷一是。

　　C意为：观察者正等待看多米诺游戏的结果。这种解释未免太拘泥于字面的意思。

　　D意为：所批准的法案的影响也许会最终停止。与原文不符。

53. [A] 意为：死时表现出安乐死的平静特征。

　　这实际上是说他将采用安乐死的方式离开人世。第三段提到，住在达尔文市（位于北部地方州）的尼克森患肺癌，对他来说，允许安乐死的法案的批准意味着他可以心情平静地生活，而无需惧怕将要遭受的死亡的折磨：由死时所产生的呼吸困难所带来的痛苦折磨。他说：从思想认识上讲，我并不怕死，但是，我怕的是如何死去，因为我曾亲眼目睹过医院的病人死时由缺氧而挣扎并抓挠氧气罩的情景。从以上的分析可以看出，尼克森先生知道自己已患绝症并依法为自己选择安乐死的方式告别人世。

　　B意为：经历肺癌病人所要遭受的痛苦。不对，相反，尼克森将会平静死去。

　　C意为：对痛苦的折磨极度恐惧。

　　D意为：将经历7天的平静阶段。第三段指出，根据北部地区新通过的法律，要求安乐死的病人必须具备以下条件：1)该病人必须由两名医生诊断为晚期病人；2)平静考虑7天后，病人签署一个申请证书；3)48小时后再给病人实行安乐死。可见，这里所说的“平静”7天是让病人（及其家庭）平静、认真地考虑一下是否选择采用安乐死这一形式。

54. [C] 意为；赞同。

　　这是一篇新闻体文章，在新闻体文章中，写作者往往通过引用相关者的观点来结束讨论，并将自己的态度通过引用间接地表述出来。本文以尼克森的话结束了对安乐死的讨论，而尼克森是安乐死的支持者。另外，文章的大部分文字陈述了对安乐死法案的褒扬态度，而反对态度却一带而过。从这两方面来看，作者对安乐死持赞同态度。

　　A意为：反对。

　　B意为：怀疑。

　　D意为：不关心。

全文翻译：

　　凌晨3:45进行了最终表决。经过6个月争论和最后16个小时的国会激烈辩论，澳大利亚北部地区（澳北州）成为世界上第一个允许医生根据绝症病人个人意愿来结束其生命的合法当局。这一法案是以令人信服的15票对10票通过。几乎同时，该消息就出现在互联网上。身处地球另一端的加拿大死亡权利执行主席约翰·霍夫塞斯在收到该消息后便通过协会的在线服务“死亡之网”发了公告。他说：“我们整天都在发布公告，因为这件事的意义不在于它是在澳大利亚发生的事情，而是因为这是世界历史的一件大事。”

　　要充分理解这一法案的深刻意义可能需要一段时间。澳北州晚期病人权利法使得无论是内科医生还是普通市民都同样地力图从道义和实际意义两方面来对待这一问题。一些人如释重负，另一些人，包括教会，生命权利组织以及澳大利亚医学会成员都对这一决议及其仓促的通过进行了猛烈的抨击。但这一潮流已无法逆转。在澳大利亚，人口老龄化，延长寿命技术和公众态度的变化都发挥着各自的作用。其他州也将考虑制定类似的法律来处理安乐死问题。在美国和加拿大，死亡权利运动正在积蓄力量。观察家们正在等待多米诺骨牌产生的效应。

　　根据澳北州所通过的这项新法案，成年病人可以要求安乐死——可能是通过注射致死药剂或服用致死药片——来结束痛苦。但此前病人必须由两名医生诊断其确实已病入膏肓，然后再经过7天的冷静思考期，方可签署一份申请证明。48小时后，才可以满足其安乐死的愿望。对于居住于达尔文现年54岁的肺癌患者利奥德·尼克森来说，这个法律意味着他可以平静地生活下去而无须整天惧怕即将来临的苦难：因呼吸困难而在煎熬中痛苦地死去。“从思想上说，我并不害怕死，但我怕的是怎样死，因为我在医院看到过病人在缺氧时苦苦挣扎，用手抓他们的面罩时的情景。”他说。

1997 Passage 2

论坛相关讨论帖地址：

　　A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly, courteous, and helpful most Americans were to them. To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and should best be considered North American. There are, of course, exceptions. Small-minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.

　　For a long period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a welcome break in an otherwise dull existence. Dullness and loneliness were common problems of the families who generally lived distant from one another. Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world.

　　The harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality. Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. It reflected the harshness of daily life: if you didn't take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who would. And someday, remember, you might be in the same situation.

　　Today there are many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler. Yet, the old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US, especially in the smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails. "I was just traveling through, got talking with this American, and pretty soon he invited me home for dinner — amazing." Such observations reported by visitors to the US are not uncommon, but are not always understood properly. The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.

　　As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships. And, of course, speaking a language does not necessarily mean that someone understands social and cultural patterns. Visitors who fail to "translate" cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions. For example, when an American uses the word "friend", the cultural implications of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor's language and culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between courteous convention and individual interest. Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.

55. In the eyes of visitors from the outside world, ________.

　　[A] rude taxi drivers are rarely seen in the US

　　[B] small-minded officials deserve a serious comment

　　[C] Canadians are not so friendly as their neighbors

　　[D] most Americans are ready to offer help

56. It could be inferred from the last paragraph that ________.

　　[A] culture exercises an influence over social interrelationship

　　[B] courteous convention and individual interest are interrelated

　　[C] various virtues manifest themselves exclusively among friends

　　[D] social interrelationships equal the complex set of cultural conventions

57. Families in frontier settlements used to entertain strangers ________.

　　[A] to improve their hard life

　　[B] in view of their long-distance travel

　　[C] to add some flavor to their own daily life

　　[D] out of a charitable impulse

58. The tradition of hospitality to strangers ________.

　　[A] tends to be superficial and artificial

　　[B] is generally well kept up in the United States

　　[C] is always understood properly

　　[D] has something to do with the busy tourist trails

重点词汇：

courteous /5κΕ:τϕΕσ/ （有礼貌的）即court+eous，court看作单词“宫廷”，-eous形容词后缀，“宫廷的”→有礼貌的。

observation /7ΕβζΕ:5ϖειΦΕν/ （观察；pl.观察后的言论）←observe观察+ation。God creates by intuition; man creates by inspiration, strengthened by observation.上帝凭着直觉创造，人类凭着由观察加强的灵感创造。

deserve /δι5ζΕ:ϖ/ （v.应受，值得）与desert一起记，“沙漠是应该受到重视的”。It is better to deserve honors and not to have them than to have them and not deserve them.理应拥有荣誉而不拥有它们胜过拥有荣誉而不应拥有它们。None is of freedom or of life deserving unless he daily conquers it anew.只有每天再度战胜生活并夺取自由的人，才配享受生活或自由。

charitable /5τΦ“ριτΕβλ/ （仁慈的）即charit(y)+able，charity仁慈，-able形容词后缀。A bone to the dog is not charity. Charity is the bone shared with the dog, when you are just as hungry as the dog.给狗一根骨头算不上仁慈，仁慈是在你跟狗一样饥饿时与狗分享的骨头。charity — ①giving someone the washing machine it wasn't worth having mended ②the only thing that can persuade us to get rid of old clothes and shoes 慈善——①将已经不值得修理的洗衣机送给别人 ②唯一能够说服我们清除破旧衣鞋的理由。

assumption /Ε5σΘμπΦΕν/ （假定；承担；呈现）是assume的名词形式；参consumption，2002年Text 3。assumption — the mother of screw-up 臆断——把事情弄糟的根源。

interrelationship /5ιντΕ(:)ρι5λειΦΕνΦιπ/ （相互关系）即inter+relation+ship，inter-相互，relation关系，-ship抽象名词后缀。

encounter /ιν5καυντΕ/ （v.n.遭遇）即en+counter，en-使，counter对面，“使面对面”→遭遇。If we encountered a man of rare intellect, we should ask him what books he read.若遇到才智非凡的人，就应该问他读的是哪些书。

individual /7ινδι5ϖιδϕυΕλ/ （个别的；个体）即in+divid+ual，in-否定前缀，divid词根“分”，-ual后缀，“不可再分的”→个别的。同根词：divide（v.分配；除）；subdivide→sub在下+divide→“在下面分”→再分。The worth of a state, in the long run, is the worth of the individuals composing it.归根结底，国家的价值就是组成它的个人的价值。In science, the total absorption of the individual event in the generalization is the goal; on the other hand, the humanities are concerned rather with providing for the special meaning of the individual event within an appropriate general system.自然科学以在归纳中全部吸收个别情况为目标，人文科学则更关心在适当的一般性体系之内提供个别情况的特殊意义。individual — a multitude of one million divided by one million 个人——一百万除一百万所得的人数。

exclusively /ικ5σκλυ:σιϖλι/ （专有地；排外地）是exclude（v.除外）的副词形式。Freedom is always and exclusively freedom for the one who thinks differently.对于独立思考的人，自由永远是也只能是自由。

entertain /7εντΕ5τειν/ （v.招待；使快乐）即enter+tain，enter-(=inter)，tain词根“容纳”，于是“使容纳进来”→招待→使快乐；名词形式为entertainment←entertain+ment。同根词：contain→con+tain→“一起容纳”→容纳。Some women seem to be able to entertain everybody but their husband.有些女人似乎能够使任何人愉快，自己的丈夫除外。There are days when any electrical appliance in the house, including the vacuum cleaner, seems to offer more entertainment than the TV set.有时候房间里的任何电器，包括吸尘器，似乎都能比电视机提供更多的娱乐。

难句解析：

①There are, of course, exceptions. Small-minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.

▲第一个句子使用了there be句型，其中of course是插入语。第二句是主语+系动词+表语结构。第三句话中使用了so... that结构：其中made so frequently是过去分词作定语，修饰前面的observation。

△第一句中的of course作插入语，用逗号与句子的其它部分分开，在开始阅读的时候可以不看。注意第二句话中使用了双重否定表示肯定：hardly unknown等于pretty well-known。另外注意so... that结构的用法：太……以至于。另外observation这里的意思是“因观察而得出的意见”。另外it deserves comment中的it指代前面的observation。

②Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world.

▲句子的主干结构是Strangers and travelers were... and brought...。

△注意diversion在这里的含义是“解闷，取乐的事情，消遣，娱乐”，而不是“转移，转向”的意思。

③Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement.

▲这是一个简单句。traveling alone是现在分词作定语修饰前面的someone，if hungry, injured, or ill...实际上是简略的if引导的状语从句，相当于if (he is) hungry, injured, or ill，这里作插入成分。另外have sth.+动词不定式，这一结构中的动词不定式通常是相当于定语部分，修饰前面的sth.，这里就是：没有可以投靠（to turn to/动词不定式）的地方（nowhere/sth.）。

△注意turn to这里的引申含义是“投靠，求助于，求教于”的意思。

④It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers.

▲句子的主干结构是It was not a matter of choice... or merely a charitable impulse...，是主语+系动词+表语的结构。表语由并列的两部分组成，由or来连接。

△on the part of相当于前面的for，意思是“在……方面，对……而言”。

⑤The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.

▲这个句子的主干结构是The casual friendliness should be interpreted neither as A nor B, but as C，使用了被动语态。其中neither... nor...结构后用的是同样词性的成分：形容词superficial和artificial。

△注意neither... nor... but结构的使用：既不是……也不是……而是……，重点在but之后。as the/a result of：作为……的结果，由于……而……。

⑥As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships.

▲句子的主干结构是... cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies... interrelationships。

△注意as在这里是一个代词，表示“这一情况，这一事实”。可以参考以下的例句来理解as的用法：The night had turned cold, as is usual around here.夜晚变得很冷，在这一带经常如此。

试题解析：

55. [D] 意为：大部分美国人乐于助人。

　　文章第一句指出，去过美国的人所带回的印象总是(consistently)：大多数美国人表现为友好、礼貌、乐于助人。本文从历史及文化的角度探讨了产生这一现象的原因。

　　A意为：粗鲁的出租车司机在美国罕见。

　　B意为：心胸狭窄的官员值得严肃的一提（或：应受严肃的批评）。

　　C意为：加拿大人不如其邻国（当主要指美国）人民友好。

　　注意：[A]、[B]、[C]表达的观点都不是第一段中所提到的访美者的观点，第一段的第二、三、四句表达的是本文作者的观点。在作者看来，公平地讲，许多到过加拿大的人对加拿大人也有同感，因此可以说：这是一种北美现象——北美人大都友好、礼貌、乐于助人。同时，在他看来，这种情况也有例外：心胸狭隘的官员、粗鲁的侍者、无礼的出租车司机也不乏其人，但总的来看这并不构成主流。

56. [A] 意为：文化影响社会关系。

　　最后一段的第一句是全段的主题，该句可译为：像其他发达国家一样，在美国，人际关系的背后是一系列复杂的文化符号、信念和习俗。换言之，美国的文化决定了美国人的行为。

　　B意为：礼貌的习惯与个人兴趣互相影响。最后一段第五句可译为：仅靠在公共汽车上瞬时相遇来区别礼貌是出自于文化习惯还是个人的兴趣是不够的。根据本段的主旨和全文的主旨，这句话应该理解为：判断一个人表现出的礼貌行为究竟仅产生于其个人素质还是产生于文化的熏陶，仅看其个别的、偶然的行为是不行的。换言之，如果他随时随地表现为礼让，或者，如果生活在某一区域或国家的人都表现为礼让，那末，你才能判定礼貌行为不是一种个人现象，而是一种社会文化现象。

　　C意为：各种美德仅表现在朋友关系中。这一点文章最后一段没提到。最后一段所举的“朋友”一词的例子旨在说明：在不同文化中，“相同”的概念未必有同一内涵或外延。

　　D意为：社会关系等于一系列复杂的文化习俗。根据该段第一句，二者是决定与被决定关系，并非等同关系。见上文分析。

57. [C] 意为；为自己的日常生活增添情趣。

　　第二段指出，在美国历史的很长一段时期（即所谓“拓荒”时代），对许多地区来说，一个旅行者的到来是很受欢迎的，因为它可以对平时单调的生活起一个调节(break)作用。离群索居的家庭共同的问题是日常生活的单调与寂寞，陌生人或旅行者的到来可以使他们暂时摆脱这种生活状况，另外．他们也可以因此获得外界信息。

　　A意为：改善艰苦的生活。根据上文分析可见，陌生人受欢迎的原因主要是因为他们所带来的精神效应，而非物质生活效应。第三段提到，拓荒地区(frontier)的残酷现实也是形成美国人礼貌传统的原因。一个孤独的旅游者有问题自然求助于路边最近的居住点，这对旅游者来说不是一个选择问题（即：他别无选择），对就近的定居者来说，提供必要的帮助也不仅仅是出于怜悯(charitable impulse)。这反映的是日常生活的严酷现实：如果定居者不接收并帮助他，就没有别人了，另外，有一天定居者本人也可能处于同一境地。

　　B意为：考虑到他们所做的长途跋涉。

　　D意为：出于怜悯。见上文分析。

58. [B] 意为：在美国得以广泛的保持。

　　第二、三段探索了形成美国人友善好客传统的原因之后，第四段指出，虽然现在有许多专门的机构帮助旅行者，但是，友善好客的旧传统在美国仍根探蒂固，这突出表现在远离旅游热线的一些小城市中。本段最后一句指出，许多美国人随意表现出的友善不应该被看作是表面或虚假的应酬，而应该看作是一种历史文化现象。另外，文章最后一段指出，友善好客是倍受美国人珍视的美德，他们同样希望邻国人和其他外国人也表现出这一美德。

　　A意为：经常是表面上的、虚假的。见上文分析。

　　C意为：总是能被正确理解。相反，第四段指出，许多外国人对美国人的一些友好表示感到不可思议(amazing)，这反映了他们对美国历史文化传统的不理解。参阅第四段第三、四、五句。

　　D意为：与一些旅游热线有关。不对，见上文分析。

全文翻译：

　　去美国访问的人经常带回报告说，大多数美国人对他们友善、好客、乐于助人。公正的说，人们对加拿大人也有这样的评论，因而，应当认为这是北美普遍的现象。当然也有例外。在美国，心胸狭隘的官员，举止粗鲁的招待和毫无礼貌的出租车司机也并非罕见。尽管有不如意的地方，但因为人们常常得出美国人好客的观察意见，因而也就值得议论一番了。

　　过去很长一段时间，在美国很多地方，旅行者的到来因暂时打破原本的单调生活而受人欢迎。无聊、孤独是居住相对遥远的家庭的普遍问题。陌生人和旅行者很受欢迎，他们带来了娱乐消遣，还带来了外面世界的消息。

　　开拓者的严酷生活现实也促成了这一好客的传统。单独旅行时，如果挨饿、受伤或生病，通常只能向最近的小屋或村落求助。对旅行者来说，这不是一个选择的问题；而对当地居民来说，这也并非是行善的一时冲动。它反映了日常生活的严酷：如果你不收留他，那他便无处求助了。请记住，有一天你也可能处于相同的境遇。

　　如今，有了很多的慈善组织专门帮助疲惫的旅行者。不过，热情接待陌生人的传统在美国仍然很盛行，尤其是在远离旅游热线的小城镇。“我只是路过，和这个美国人聊了聊。很快，他就请我到他家吃饭——这真令人惊奇。”来美国的旅客谈论此类事件很普遍，但并非总能得到正确理解。很多美国人不经意表现的友好不应被看做是表面或虚假的应酬，而应该看成是文化传统的历史发展结果。

　　同任何发达国家一样，一系列复杂的文化特征，信念和习俗构成了美国所有社会交往的基础。当然，会讲一种语言并不意味着就理解该语言的社会和文化模式。不能正确“诠释”文化含义的旅行者往往得出错误的结论。例如，美国人所说的“朋友”一词，其文化含义可能与旅行者语言和文化中的“朋友”大相径庭。要想正确区分礼貌是出于文化习俗还是个人兴趣，单凭一次公共汽车上的偶遇是不够的。不过，友好是很多美国人推崇的美德，同时希望邻居和陌生人也能如此。

1997 Passage 3

论坛相关讨论帖地址：

　　Technically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a drug. Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts. They don't realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also drugs. This is why the more neutral term substance is now used by many physicians and psychologists. The phrase "substance abuse" is often used instead of "drug abuse" to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.

　　We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses? First of all, most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions. Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.

　　Drugs (substances) that affect the central nervous system and alter perception, mood, and behavior are known as psychoactive substances. Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens. Stimulants initially speed up or activate the central nervous system, whereas depressants slow it down. Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception, distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including producing hallucinations. These are the substances often called psychedelic (from the Greek word meaning "mind-manifestation") because they seemed to radically alter one's state of consciousness.

59. "Substances abuse" (line 4, paragraph 1) is preferable to "drug abuse" in that ________.

　　[A] substances can alter our bodily or mental functioning if illegally used

　　[B] "drug abuse" is only related to a limited number of drugtakers

　　[C] alcohol and tobacco are as fatal as heroin and cocaine

　　[D] many substances other than heroin or cocaine can also be poisonous

60. The word "pervasive" (line 1, paragraph 2) might mean ________.

　　[A] widespread

　　[B] overwhelming

　　[C] piercing

　　[D] fashionable

61. Physical dependence on certain substances results from ________.

　　[A] uncontrolled consumption of them over long periods of time

　　[B] exclusive use of them for social purposes

　　[C] quantitative application of them to the treatment of diseases

　　[D] careless employment of them for unpleasant symptoms

62. From the last paragraph we can infer that ________.

　　[A] stimulants function positively on the mind

　　[B] hallucinogens are in themselves harmful to health

　　[C] depressants are the worst type of psychoactive substances

　　[D] the three types of psychoactive substances are commonly used in groups

重点词汇：

substance /5σΘβστΕνσ/ （物质；实质；财产）←sub在下面+st(=stand)+ance名词后缀；参substantial，2003年Text 3。Man can survive only when he has the substance; man can live only when he has ideal.人有了物质才能生存，有了理想才能生活。

addict /Ε5δικτ/ （使成瘾；成瘾者）即ad+dict，ad-加强前缀，dict词根“说”（参contradictory，2001年Passage 3），“欲罢不能地说某事”→成瘾。名词形式为addiction /Ε5δικΦΕν/ （成瘾）←ad+dict+ion。Every form of addiction is bad, no matter whether the narcotic be alcohol or morphine or idealism.任何形式的瘾都是不好的，无论上瘾的是酒精、吗啡还是唯心主义。

psychologist /σαι5κΧλΕδςιστ/ （心理学家）←psycholog(y)+ist，psychology心理学（见2001年Passage 1），-ist后缀表“人”。psychologist — a man who, when a beautiful girl walks into room, watches other men's reactions 心理学家——当一个漂亮女孩走进房间时，那个观察其他人反应的人。

cocaine /κΕ5κειν/ （可卡因）即coca+ine，coca古柯（一种药用植物），-ine医药化学名词后缀“生物碱”，故cocaine也译作“古柯碱”。另一种植物cocoa（可可）与coca音形近似，勿混。cocaine — God's way of saying you're making too much money 可卡因——上帝的一种说法，意思是“你赚的钱太多了”。

pervasive /πΕ:5ϖεισιϖ/ （普遍的）是pervade（v.遍及）的形容词形式，pervade即per+vade，per-(=through)，vade词根“走”（约等于wade，因v与w形近可替换），“到处都走遍的”→遍及的。同根词：invade→in+vade→“未经允许走进来”→入侵；形容词形式为invasive（侵略的）。

sociable /5σΕυΦΕβλ/ （社交的）←soci社会+able形容词后缀。

negative /5νε⊥Ετιϖ/ （否定的，消极的）←neg否定前缀+ative形容词后缀；参neglect（忽略），1999年Passage 5。Eternity is a negative idea clothed with a positive name.永恒是一个冠以肯定名称的否定概念。

poisoning /5πΧιζνιΝ/ （n.中毒；毒害）←poison+ing，poison（v.n.毒害n.毒药），-ing后缀；poisonous /5πΧιζνΕσ/ （有毒的）←poison+ous形容词后缀。Suspicion is the poison of friendship.怀疑是毒害友谊的毒药。When your soul experiences thirst, it needs water to quench it, no matter the water is poisonous or not.心灵感到干渴时需要水来止渴，无论这水是否有毒。What's your poison?想喝点什么酒？←此为固定用法。

distortion /δισ5τΧ:ΦΕν/ （扭曲；曲解）即dis+tort+ion，dis-“分离”，tort词根“扭曲”，-ion名词后缀，“使扭曲以离开原来状态”→曲解；动词为distort←dis+tort。同根词：torture（v.n.拷问；折磨）←tort+ure后缀，“使身体扭曲的一种行为”。Get your facts first, and then you can distort them as you please.首先要掌握事实，然后你可以随意歪曲它们。

tolerance /5τΧλΕρΕνσ/ （宽容）←toler+ance；参tolerant（宽容的），2000年Passage 4。The only tolerance in the world, the only tolerance that earns the name, is that toward intolerance.世间唯一的宽容，唯一名副其实的宽容，是对不宽容的宽容。tolerance — ①something wonderful that enables the rich to declare that there is no disgrace in being poor ②the ability to love people when they don't deserve it ③the positive and cordial effort to understand another's beliefs, practices, and habits without sharing or accepting them ④another name of indifference 宽容——①使富人可以宣称贫穷并不是耻辱的一种很奇妙的东西 ②爱那些不值得爱的人的本领 ③积极、真诚地理解别人的信仰、行为和习惯，虽然并不同意或接受它们 ④冷漠的另一个名称。

symptom /5σιμπτΕμ/ （症状）可看作sym+ptom，sym-共同，ptom谐音“怕疼”，共同(sym)的症状(symptom)是怕疼(ptom)。The first symptom of true love in a man is timidity, in a girl it is boldness.真正的爱情的首要征候，在男子是胆怯，在女子是大胆。

psychoactive /7σαικΕυ5“κτιϖ/ （药物等对心理起作用的）即psycho+active，psycho词根“心理”（参psychology，2001年Passage 1），active“起作用的”。

stimulant /5στιμϕυλΕντ/ （刺激物；兴奋剂）←stimul刺激+ant物；源自stimulate（刺激；激励）←stimul+ate动词后缀。I lived in solitude in the country and noticed how the monotony of a quiet life stimulates the creative mind.我独居乡间，注意到平静生活的单调是如何地激发着创造力。

depressant /δι5πρεσΕντ/ （抑制剂；镇静剂）←depress+ant物。参depression，2003年Text 4。Some actors think they are elevating the stage when they're merely depressing the audience.当一些演员不过是在败坏观众情绪的时候，他们还以为自己在提高着戏剧艺术。

hallucinogen /ηΕλυ:5σινΕδςΕν/ （致幻剂）看作hallucin+o+gen，hallucin谐音“喝露性”，-o-连接字母，-gen后缀“致……之物”（参hydroelectric，1998年Passage 1），“喝下去会使人露出本性的东西”；hallucination /ηΕλυ:σι5νειΦΕν/ （幻觉）←hallucin+ation。

psychedelic /7σαικι5δελικ/ （致幻的；致幻剂）看作psyche+del+ic，psyche=psycho精神（e与o都可视为连接字母），del即DOC命令“删除”，-ic后缀，“能把精神删除的”→致幻的→致幻剂。

难句解析：

①The phrase "substance abuse" is often used instead of "drug abuse" to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.

▲句子的主干是句子的前半部分The phrase "substance abuse" is often used... to make clear...，to make clear that...是动词不定式作状语，表示目的。that后面接的是宾语从句作动词make clear的宾语。

△注意make+sht.+adj.：make sth. clear，这里因为sth.是一个that引导的从句，所以放在了形容词clear的后面。另外注意as... as的用法。

②We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances(drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves.

▲句子的主干就是We live in a society...，后面which引导定语从句in which the medicinal and social use of substances(drugs) is pervasive，修饰society。冒号后面的部分是并列关系的名词词组，用来举例说明前面提出的观点，开始可以略去不看。

△注意冒号后面列举的前三个名词词组中的动词不定式都相当于定语成分，修饰前面的中心名词，表示其功效。

③Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.

▲句子的主干结构是Dependence is marked first by..., and then by...，其逗号隔开的成分是with+n.+过去分词：with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect作状语，用来进一步解释药物依赖的第一种表现。when the substance is discontinued是表示时间的状语从句。

△注意and连接两个by开始的介词词组是并列关系，这样就能抓住句子的主干了。另外注意名词在这里的特殊意义：dependence指“对药物的依赖”，withdrawal的意思是“停止用药”。

④Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens.

▲这是一个简单句。句子的主干部分是Psychoactive substances are... grouped according to...，使用了被动语态。其中whether引导宾语从句whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens作介词according to的宾语。

△group这里用作动词，是“分类”的意思。

试题解析：

59. [D] 意为：除海洛因或可卡因外，许多其他物质也是有害的。

　　第一段最后一句指出，许多医生(physician)和心理学家常使用“物质滥用”而不是“药物滥用“这一概念，他们想以此说明：滥用像烟酒这样的物质与滥用海洛因和可卡因一样有害。

　　A意为：如果非法使用，物质可能改变我们身体或大脑的功能。第一段第一句对“药物”这一概念下了一个定义：从专业角度来讲，除食品以外，任何改变我们的身体或大脑功能的物质都是“药物”。但是，正如第二句所指出的，许多人错误地认为“药物”这一概念仅指某种医药或嗜毒者用的非法化学药品。

　　B意为：“药物滥用”仅限指一少部分人的吸毒行为。

　　C意为：烟酒同海洛因和可卡因一样致命。这里，fatal（致命的）一词太夸张了，与原文中所说的“有害”(harmfully)相去甚远。

60. [A] 该词意为：普通的，广泛的。

　　事实上，由第二段第一句的冒号后部分所表达的内容，我们可以推断出该词的意思。该句可译为：在我们生活的社会里，医用或社交用物质（药物）广泛存在，如：用阿斯匹林制止头痛，用酒交际，早晨用咖啡振作一下精神，抽支烟定定神（或：松弛一下）。

　　B意为：压倒一切的，占主流的。

　　C意为：尖锐的，尖的。

　　D意为：时髦的，流行的。

61. [A] 意为：长时间无节制地嗜用它们。

　　根据第二段第四、五句，频繁使用(repeated use)某种物质（药物）会使身体对之上瘾或形成依赖。依赖起先表现为耐药量(tolerance)的增加：要达到满足，需要的剂量越来越多；停止服用后，一些不舒服的反应就会出现。可见，用药量和用药时间是造成药物依赖的两个重要因素。

　　B意为：仅将它们用于社交目的。文章第二段第一句确实提到了像酒这样的“物质”可以用于社交目的，但这不等于说只有用于社交目的的“物质”才可以使人上瘾。

　　C意为：将它们大量地用来治病。量大仅是可能产生药物依赖的原因之一，而频繁使用也是形成药物依赖的重要条件。

　　D意为：粗心使用它们而产生不良症状。

62. [B] 意为：幻觉剂本身就危害健康。

　　根据第三段第四、五句，幻觉剂主要影响人的感知觉，以各种方式（包括产生幻觉）将它扭曲、改变。它们被称作“引起幻觉的药物”，因为它们似乎从根本上改变了人的意识状态。

　　A意为：兴奋剂对心智有积极影响。第三段前三句指出，影响中枢神经系统、改变感知觉和行为的药物属于对神经起显著作用的(psychoactive)物质，它们通常分为兴奋剂、抑制剂或幻觉剂。兴奋剂具有开始加快或激活中枢神经的作用，而抑制剂则具有减缓作用。但是，无论是哪种作用，其影响都是有害的。参阅第一段最后一句。

　　C意为：抑制剂是对神经起显著作用的物质中最坏的一种。第三段提到了三钟影响人的意识与行为的物质（见上文），但并未指出哪种效果最坏。

　　D意为：三种对神经起显著作用的物质经常被一起使用。这一点第三段也未提到。

全文翻译：

　　从专业角度说，除食品外，任何能改变我们生理和心理机能的物质都是药物。很多人错误地认为“药物”这个词仅仅指某些药品或是吸毒者服用的违禁化学品。他们没有意识到诸如酒精、烟草这些我们熟悉的物质也是药物。这也是现在许多内科医生和心理学家使用“物质”这个更加中性的词的原因。他们常用“物质滥用”而不用“药物滥用”来清楚表明滥用酒精、烟草这样的物质如同滥用海洛因和可卡因一样有害。

　　我们生活在一个物质（药物）在医疗和社交方面的使用都很广泛的社会里：用来缓解头痛的阿斯匹林，用来应酬的酒，早晨用来提神的咖啡，还有定神用的香烟。使用这些物质得到了社会认可，且显然具有积极的作用，但什么时候就变成滥用了呢？首先，大多数物质的过量使用都会产生负面影响，如中毒或严重的感知错乱。反复使用一种物质可以导致成瘾或对该物质的依赖。依赖的最初表现是不断增长的耐药量，要产生预期的效果需要的药剂量越来越大，而一旦中断使用就会出现难受的停药症状。

　　影响中枢神经系统、改变感知觉和行为的药物（物质）属于对神经起显著作用的物质，它们通常分为兴奋剂、镇静剂和幻觉剂。兴奋剂主要起到加速或激活中枢神经系统的作用，而镇静剂则相反：减缓它的活动。幻觉剂主要影响人的感知，通过多种方式对感知加以扭曲或改变，其中包括产生幻觉。这些物质常被认为能“引起幻觉”（psychedelic一词源于希腊语，意为“心灵显现”），因为它们似乎能改变人的意识状态。

1997 Passage 4

论坛相关讨论帖地址：

　　No company likes to be told it is contributing to the moral decline of a nation. "Is this what you intended to accomplish with your careers?" Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week. "You have sold your souls, but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well?" At Time Warner, however, such questions are simply the latest manifestation of the soul-searching that has involved the company ever since the company was born in 1990. It's a self-examination that has, at various times, involved issues of responsibility, creative freedom and the corporate bottom line.

　　At the core of this debate is chairman Gerald Levin, 56, who took over for the late Steve Ross in 1992. On the financial front, Levin is under pressure to raise the stock price and reduce the company's mountainous debt, which will increase to $ 17.3 billion after two new cable deals close. He has promised to sell off some of the property and restructure the company, but investors are waiting impatiently.

　　The flap over rap is not making life any easier for him. Levin has consistently defended the company's rap music on the grounds of expression. In 1992, when Time Warner was under fire for releasing Ice-T's violent rap song Cop Killer, Levin described rap as lawful expression of street culture, which deserves an outlet. "The test of any democratic society," he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column, "lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be. We won't retreat in the face of any threats."

　　Levin would not comment on the debate last week, but there were signs that the chairman was backing off his hard-line stand, at least to some extent. During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month's stockholders' meeting. Levin asserted that "music is not the cause of society's ills" and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students. But he talked as well about the "balanced struggle" between creative freedom and social responsibility, and he announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music.

　　The 15-member Time Warner board is generally supportive of Levin and his corporate strategy. But insiders say several of them have shown their concerns in this matter. "Some of us have known for many, many years that the freedoms under the First Amendment are not totally unlimited," says Luce. "I think it is perhaps the case that some people associated with the company have only recently come to realize this."

63. Senator Robert Dole criticized Time Warner for ________.

　　[A] its raising of the corporate stock price

　　[B] its self-examination of soul

　　[C] its neglect of social responsibility

　　[D] its emphasis on creative freedom

64. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?

　　[A] Luce is a spokesman of Time Warner.

　　[B] Gerald Levin is liable to compromise.

　　[C] Time Warner is united as one in the face of the debate.

　　[D] Steve Ross is no longer alive.

65. In face of the recent attacks on the company, the chairman ________.

　　[A] stuck to a strong stand to defend freedom of expression

　　[B] softened his tone and adopted some new policy

　　[C] changed his attitude and yielded to objection

　　[D] received more support from the 15-member board

66. The best title for this passage could be ________.

　　[A] A Company under Fire

　　[B] A Debate on Moral Decline

　　[C] A Lawful Outlet of Street Culture

　　[D] A Form of Creative Freedom

重点词汇：

corrupt /κΕ5ρΘπτ/ （腐败的v.贿赂）即cor+rupt，cor-一起，rupt词根“打破”，“全部被糖衣炮弹打破了”。同根词：bankrupt→bank银行+rupt→破产的；interrupt→inter+rupt→打断。Heaven is above all yet: there sits a judge that no king can corrupt.苍天高于所有的人：那里坐着一位法官，任何国王都无法贿赂。

responsibility /ρισ7πΧνσΕ5βιλιτι/ （责任；职责）是responsible（见2001年Passage 2）的名词形式。A democracy in which everybody had an equal responsibility in everything would be oppressive for the conscientious and licentious for the rest.所有的人对所有的事都负有同等义务的民主，对勤恳负责的人是重负，对其余的人是放纵。responsibility — the price every man must pay for freedom 责任——每个人都必须为自由而付出的代价。

property /5πρΧπΕτι/ （财产；性质）←proper固有的+ty名词后缀；参proper，1998年Passage 1。Property has its duties as well as its rights.财产既有权力也有义务。Regrets are the natural property of grey hairs.懊悔是老年人的天性。

impatiently /ιμ5πειΦΕντλι/ （不耐烦地）即im+patient+ly，im-否定前缀，patient耐心的，-ly副词后缀；去ly即为形容词impatient。The ear tends to be lazy, craves the familiar and is shocked by the unexpected; the eye, on the other hand, tends to be impatient, craves the novel and is bored by repetition.耳朵往往偷懒，渴望熟悉的东西，为意料之外的事情而震惊；眼睛则偏于急躁，渴望新奇的东西，由于重复而生厌。

latitude /5λ“τιτϕυ:δ/ （纬度；言行的自由度）即lati+tude，lati-(=lateral)，-tude名词后缀。Nothing makes the earth seem so spacious as to have friends at a distance; they make latitudes and longitudes.没有什么比得上有朋在远方更使地球显得如此巨大，他们构成了纬度和经度。

irritate /5λ“τιτϕυ:δ/ （v.激怒），名词形式为irritation，与irrigation（1998年Passage 1）一字母之差。An epigram is a half-truth so stated as to irritate the person who believes the other half.警句是一半的真理，只讲一半以便激怒相信另一半的人。

compromise /5κΧμπρΕμαιζ/ （v.n.妥协；折中）即com+promise，com-一起，promise答应，“对别人的要求全部答应”→妥协；“对各方的要求一起答应”→折中。There is no place for compromise in war.战争中没有妥协的余地。All life is essentially the contributions that come form compromise.整个人生基本上是妥协的结果。compromise — ①the art of dividing a cake so that everybody believes he or she got the biggest piece ②simply changing the question to fit the answer ③the most honest way to dissatisfy both parties 折中——①一种分蛋糕的艺术，使每个人都相信自己得到了最大的一块 ②简单地改变一下问题，使之适合于答案 ③使双方都不满意的最可靠办法。

难句解析：

①"Is this what you intended to accomplish with your careers?" Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week. "You have sold your souls, but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well?"

▲这是一个有直接引语的复杂句。首先抓住核心句Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week，其前后是直接引语。这个直接引语的前半部分是一个一般疑问句，后面由两个转折关系的句子构成，由连词but连接。第一个分句是一个简单句，but后面的句子是一个一般疑问句。由情态动词must引导，包括由and这个连词连接的两个并列部分，corrupt our nation和threaten our children as well。在后面threaten out children as well这部分的主语you被省略了。

△关键要理解but后面的一般疑问句，这里并不是表示疑问，而是反问、诘问的意思。当并列复合句的第二个子句的主语与第一个子句的主语相同时，第二个子句的主语可以省略。as well这里是“in addition，also，too，也”的意思，经常用于句尾。

②It's a self-examination that has, at various times, involved issues of responsibility, creative freedom and the corporate bottom line.

▲这是一个有定语从句的复杂句。阅读时首先注意主干为It is a self-examination...，that后面引导的是限定性定语从句，修饰self-examination，定语从句的宾语是一个of词组，其核心是issues，在介词of后面是三个并列的短语，都是用来修饰和限定issues的。这三个短语因为是并列的关系，所以只在最后一个短语前面使用并列连词and。at various times是插入语，将动词的两部分分开了。

△这句话的核心在于self-examination，后面的部分都是用于修饰这个词，要正确理解其意思是“自我反省，自我检讨”。而corporate bottom line所指的是一个公司所能做出的事情或者所能容忍的新闻工作者自由发挥的最大限度。

③The flap over rap is not making life any easier for him. Levin has consistently defended the company's rap music on the grounds of expression.

▲第一个句子是一个简单句。flap over rap是句子的主语，is making是谓语，使用了结构：make+n.+adj.。第二个句子也是一个简单句。

△第一句中的重点是掌握to make life easier这个表述方法，其它部分都是辅助这个短语的。另外，对于flap一词的理解也至关重要，在这里它的意思是“焦虑，兴奋状态”的意思。第二句中的主干是defend somebody on the grounds of something（为某种理由或手段为某人辩护）。expression这里的意思是the quality of singing or playing a musical instrument with feeling，即“表达方式、腔调”，尤指“雄辩的语调，富有表情的唱腔”。注意consistently是“一贯地，一向地”的意思，不要与constantly混淆。

④"The test of any democratic society," he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column, "lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be..."

▲这里直接引语被分成两部分，一部分在主句前，另一部分放在主句之后。在这个例子里面，直接引语是主句的宾语。直接引语的主干是The test... lies not in... but in..., however...，这是一个用副词however连接的并列复合句。

△阅读时可以先不看直接引语，可以在分别搞清楚主句和作为宾语从句的直接引语的意思后再把主句和直接引语放在一起理解，这样就比较容易了。另一方面，要理解however引导的句子的意思，在这里可以把其理解为“不管，不论”，在这种用法中，however一般后面接形容词。

⑤During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month's stockholders' meeting, Levin asserted that "music is not the cause of society's ills" and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students.

▲句子的主干是Levin asserted that... that even cited...。During... stockholder's meeting这一部分是表示时间的状语从句。music is not the cause of society's ills是直接引语，作为动词asserted的宾语。his son是动词cited的宾语，后面的a teacher in the Bronx, New York是宾语his son的同位语，最后面的who uses rap to communicate with students是修饰his son的定语从句。

△这个句子比较长，但是只要抓住... Levin asserted that... and even cited...这样的句子主干，就能明晰Levin的主要观点，其它部分的理解也就水到渠成了。

⑥"I think it is perhaps the case that some people associated with the company have only recently come to realize this."

▲I think...是这句话的主干，后面的部分是这句话的宾语从句。在宾语从句当中that引导一个同位语从句，说明case的具体情况是some people associated with the company have only recently come to realize this。associated with相当于简略的定语从句，修饰前面的people。

△重点是要理解that引导的是同位语从句，后面的部分说明case的具体情况。名词fact，dream，idea，notion，proposal和news等等都常常被同位语从句所修饰。

试题解析：

63. [C] 意为：它对社会责任的忽视。

　　第一段指出，没有哪个公司喜欢别人说它导致了全国道德败坏，多尔参议员所指责时代华纳公司的正是这一点。他说：难道这就是你们的经营目标吗，你们出卖了自己的灵魂，难道你们也想毁了国家、危及我们的孩子吗？另从第三、四段来看，这里多尔所指责的正是该公司用它的音乐作品带来的社会影响，多尔认为这些音乐作品对社会和青少年有不良影响。

　　A意为：它将公司股价提高。从多尔所说的话来看，他关心的不是该公司的经济状况。

　　B意为：它对灵魂的自我检验。第一段第三句指出，对时代沃纳公司来说，多尔所质疑的问题只不过是公司自创立以来一直所进行的自我反省的最新表述，在公司发展的不同阶段，这一自我反省涉及（社会）责任、创作自由、公司利润(bottom line)。换言之，在公司的发展过程中，社会责任、创作自由、公司能否赚钱这三者之间的矛盾一直困扰着公司。根据公司董事长列文的话（见第三段），公司把创作自由放在了发展的首位。这造成了它对作品的社会影响的忽视，所以，后来列文改变态度以后，承认应该在创作自由和社会责任上寻找一个平衡点（见第四段）。可见，多尔参议员所指责的正是公司的所作所为带来的不良社会影响，这样他就击中了要害。

　　D意为：它对创作自由的强调。见上文分析。

64. [D] 回答这一问题主要涉及对第二段第一句中late的理解。

　　除其他意思外，该词有“前”，“已故的”等意思。一般来讲，该词加在人名或称呼前时译作“已故的”、如：the late Mr. Green已故格林先生，her late husband她的前夫（已故），若加在头衔前，则要据情况而译，如：the late president前总统（也可能已故，也可能仅指刚刚卸职）。第二段第一句可译为：处于争议中心的是董事长杰拉德·列文，他在1992年前董事长史蒂夫·罗斯去世后继任，今年56岁。

　　A意为：路斯是时代沃纳公司的发言人。在最后一段第二句，路斯仅被称作insider（内部人士，知情人士），他说：我们有些人多年来一直知道（宪法）第一修正案中所规定的自由并非是无限制的自由，我想可能公司的某些人最近才意识到这一点。他的话说明了公司领导内部对处理创作自由和社会影响这一对矛盾上的不同看法、也暗含着对公司一贯政策（过于强调创作自由）的批评。可见，他并非公司指派的发言人，而仅代表自己。

　　B意为：列文倾向于妥协。根据第三段中列文所说的话，他是一个持强硬立场的人。他说：检验任何民主社会的标准不是看它如何严厉地控制（思想的）表达，而是看它是否给人以最大限度的思想和表达思想的自由。我们不会屈服于任何威胁。但是，在这次的争议中，虽然列文也在为公司发行的音乐作品争辩，但他也做出了某些程度的让步（参阅第四段第一句）。由此可见，列文并非是个易于妥协的人。

　　C意为：在这场争议中．时代沃纳公司团结一致。不对，例如上文所提到的路斯的观点。

65. [B] 意为：态度有所缓和，采取了某种新政策。

　　第四段指出，列文对上周的争议拒绝评价，但有迹象表明他正在放弃自己的强硬立场——至少在某种程度上可以这样说。在上月讨论摇滚乐歌词的董事会上，列文强调音乐并不引起社会丑恶现象，他甚至举了他儿子的例子。但是，他同时也谈到了创作自由与社会责任保持平衡的问题，他表示，公司将为音乐的发行和标识（labeling指：标识作品或产品的应用对象，如：是否适应于青少年使用等）制定标准。可见，列文在做出妥协姿态的同时，也采取了实际的行动。

　　A意为：坚持强硬立场保护思想表达自由。

　　C意为：改变其态度并向反对派屈服。与B表达的内容相比，C表达的内容语气太强。因为，正如第四段第一句所说的，列文仅做出了某种程度的让步(to some extent)。

　　D意为：获得了董事会15位成员更多的支持。虽然董事会一直支持列文及其公司经营战略，但在这次的争议中，意见出现了分歧。参阅第64题题解。

66. [A] 意为：遭到责难的公司。

　　从以上的分析可以看出，本文主要是评述了时代华纳公司因发行新音乐专辑而受到的责难及其反应。

　　B意为：一场关于道德败坏的争论。这个题目太宽泛。更何况，时代华纳公司所被指责的主要是它对社会责任的忽视，而并非它所发行的作品所带来的实际社会影响。

　　C意为：街头文化的合法表达（途径）。

　　D意为：一种表现创作自由的形式。

全文翻译：

　　没有一家公司乐意听到别人说自己引起了社会的道德败坏。参议员罗伯特·多尔上星期质问时代华纳公司高级人员时说：“难道这就是你们要成就的事业吗？你们已经出卖了自己的灵魂，难道你们还非要腐化我们的国家，威胁我们的孩子不成？”不过，对于成立于1990年的时代华纳公司而言，这样的质问仅仅只是公司自我反思的最新表白，是在不同时期涉及责任、创作自由和公司底线问题的自我反省。

　　于1992年接替已故董事长斯蒂夫·罗斯的56岁的现任董事长杰拉德·莱文是争论的焦点人物。财政方面，他承受着抬高股价，减少公司巨额债务的压力。在两笔新的有线电视交易谈妥后，债务将达到173亿美元。他也答应出售部分财产并重组公司，但现在投资者们仍在焦急地等待着。

　　人们对说唱音乐的焦虑并没使他的日子变得好过。莱文一向以它是一种富于表现力的演唱方式为理由来捍卫公司的说唱音乐。1992年公司因出品Ice-T乐队狂暴的说唱歌曲《警察杀手》后备受谴责时，莱文说这是街头文化的合法表达方式，它应该有自己的宣泄途径。他在《华尔街日报》一篇专栏文章中写道：“任何一个民主社会的检验不在于它能多有效地控制各种情感的表达，而在于是否给予了人们思考和表达的最广泛的自由，尽管有时这种结果会引起争论和愤怒。我们不会在任何威胁面前退却。”

　　莱文不愿对上周的辩论做出评论，但有迹象表明这位董事长的强硬立场起码在一定程度上有所缓和。在上个月的股东会议上，大家就摇滚乐的歌词进行了讨论。莱文宣称“音乐不是社会问题的病因”，他甚至还以自己为例。他的儿子是纽约州布朗克斯的一个教师，用说唱乐的表达方式与学生进行交流。但他也谈到了创作自由和社会责任之间要“保持平衡”的问题。他还宣布公司将致力于为一些人们可能会反感的音乐制定发行和标识的标准。

　　总的来说，时代华纳公司的15位董事是支持莱文和公司的经营策略的。但内部人士透露其中几位对此事表示担忧。“我们中的一些人多年来就知道宪法第一修正案所说的自由并非毫无限制，”鲁斯说，“我想与公司有关系的一些人可能是最近才意识到这一点。”

1997 Passage 5

论坛相关讨论帖地址：

　　Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as "steering the economy to a soft landing" or "a touch on the brakes", makes it sound like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth. The link between interest rates and inflation is uncertain. And there are long, variable lags before policy changes have any effect on the economy. Hence the analogy that likens the conduct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen, a cracked rearview mirror and a faulty steering wheel.

　　Given all these disadvantages, central bankers seem to have had much to boast about of late. Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July. This is a long way below the double-digit rates which many countries experienced in the 1970s and early 1980s.

　　It is also less than most forecasters had predicted. In late 1994 the panel of economists which The Economist polls each month said that America's inflation rate would average 3.5% in 1995. In fact, it fell to 2.6% in August, and is expected to average only about 3% for the year as a whole. In Britain and Japan inflation is running half a percentage point below the rate predicted at the end of last year. This is no flash in the pan; over the past couple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America.

　　Economists have been particularly surprised by favourable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America's, have little productive slack. America's capacity utilisation, for example, hit historically high levels earlier this year, and its jobless rate (5.6% in August) has fallen below most estimates of the natural rate of unemployment — the rate below which inflation has taken off in the past.

　　Why has inflation proved so mild? The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a little defective. Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have upended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation.

67. From the passage we learn that ________.

　　[A] there is a definite relationship between inflation and interest rates

　　[B] economy will always follow certain models

　　[C] the economic situation is better than expected

　　[D] economists had foreseen the present economic situation

68. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?

　　[A] Making monetary policies is comparable to driving a car.

　　[B] An extremely low jobless rate will lead to inflation.

　　[C] A high unemployment rate will result from inflation.

　　[D] Interest rates have an immediate effect on the economy.

69. The sentence "This is no flash in the pan" (line 4, paragraph 3) means that ________.

　　[A] the low inflation rate will last for some time

　　[B] the inflation rate will soon rise

　　[C] the inflation will disappear quickly

　　[D] there is no inflation at present

70. The passage shows that the author is ________ the present situation.

　　[A] critical of

　　[B] puzzled by

　　[C] disappointed at

　　[D] amazed at

重点词汇：

monetary /5μΘνιτΕρι/ （金融的，货币的）←monet+ary，monet=money，-ary形容词后缀。

precise /πρι5σαισ/ （精确的）即pre+cise，pre-在前，cise(=cide)词根“切”，于是“在前面切”→知道切多少的→精确的。参suicide（自杀），2002年Text 4。He knew the precise psychological moment when to say nothing.他知道那个心理上的精确瞬间，那时什么都不该说。

liken /5λαικΕν/ （把……比作）←like+(e)n动词后缀。

windscreen /5ωινδσκρι:ν/ （挡风玻璃）←wind+screen。windscreen wipers — the eyelashes of rain 汽车风档上的刮水器——雨的睫毛。

poll /πΕυλ/ （v.n.投票；民意测验）原指“人头”(head)，“根据人头统计选票”。poll表“人头”可这样记：p=b（因为对称字母可替换），o=a（因为元音字母可替换），故poll=ball，人的头像“球”。Do you ever get the feeling that the only reason we have elections is to find out if the polls were right?你有没有过这种感觉，即我们举行选举的唯一理由就是弄清民意测验是否准确？

slack /σλ“κ/ （v.n.a.松散；萧条）。In marriage, a man becomes slack and selfish, and undergoes a fatty degeneration of his moral being.婚后男人变得懒散自私，经历着道德生命的脂肪变性。

thrilling /5ΩριλιΝ/ （激动的；颤抖的）←thrill+ing，thrill（使激动；令人激动的事），-ing形容词后缀。Everybody who plays an instrument, even a little, understands music in a difficult way from somebody who has never felt the thrill of making music himself.每个演奏乐器的人，哪怕只会一点点，理解音乐的方式都与从未感受过自己奏出音乐的激动的人不同。

unfortunately /Θν5φΧ:τϕυνΕτλι/ （不幸地）即un+fortun(e)+ate+ly，un-否定前缀，fortune（幸运）见2003年Text 3，-ate后缀，-ly后缀。反义词为fortunately（幸运地）←fortun(e)+ate+ly。去ly即为二者的形容词形式：unfortunate（不幸的）←un+fortun(e)+ate；fortunate（幸运的）←fortun(e)+ate。Time is a great teacher, but unfortunately it kills all its pupils.时间是了不起的教师，但不幸的是，它杀死所有的学生。Fortunately psychoanalysis is not the only way to resolve inner conflict. Life still remains a very effective therapist.幸运的是，心理分析并非消除内心冲突的唯一方法，生活依然是十分有效的治疗专家。Do not speak of your happiness to one less fortunate than yourself.不要向不如你幸运的人讲述你的幸福。If you are too fortunate, you will not know yourself. If you are too unfortunate, nobody will know you.若过于幸运，就不会认识自己；若过于不幸，就没人会认识你。

upend /Θπ5ενδ/ （v.颠倒；打倒）←up+end。

难句解析：

①Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as "steering the economy to a soft landing" of "a touch on the brakes", makes it sound like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth.

▲在第一个句子中，其主干为Much of the language..., makes it sound like...。used to describe monetary policy是用于修饰language的定语，后面的such as "steering the economy to a soft landing" of "a touch on the brakes"是对前面的language进行进一步说明。第二个句子是一个简单句。

△如上所述的句子主干被确定之后，句子就不难理解了。为了简化这个句子以便于理解，可以先把such as引导的部分忽略不看，那样整个句子就比较好掌握了。注意make it sound like a precise science当中it指代前面提到的monetary policy。

②Hence the analogy that likens the conduct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen, a cracked rearview mirror and a faulty steering wheel.

▲这句话承接前面陈述的原因。hence后面只是一个名词词组，中心词是the analogy，后面that引导定语从句修饰前面的analogy。with a blackened windscreen, a cracked rearview and a faulty steering wheel是介词词组修饰前面的名词car。注意此句没有谓语动词，只是一个名词性的短语。

△理解这句话的关键在于hence的用法。hence的意思是“for this reason，因此，所以”，主要用于书面语，是副词，可以连接一个完整的句子，也可以只跟一个名词。例如：Baby found a pot of paint, hence all the marks on the wall。另外liken A to B意思是“把A与B相比，把A比作B”。

③This is no flash in the pan; over the past couple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America.

▲这是一个并列句，前后用分号隔开两个子句，是递进关系。第一句话中，no可以用not a代替。后面一个句子中inflation是主语，使用了被动语态的现在完成时态。lower是表语，than expected和in Britain and America，以及前面的over the past couple of years都是介词短语作状语。

△首先应该注意到那个分号，可以把分号前后分别作为一个简单句单独对待。另外在后面一个句子中，应该抓住inflation has been... lower...这个基本结构（被动语态，现在完成时态）。flash in the pan是习语，意思是a sudden success that will not be repeated，接近汉语中的“昙花一现”。

④Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America's, have little productive slack.

▲这是一个主从复合句，连词since连接了两个句子。主句的主干是Economists have been... surprised by...。原因状语从句的主干是conventional measures suggest that...，代词that引导了宾语从句作为suggest的宾语。在这个宾语从句中，and especially America's相当于especially America's economy，是前面主语both economies的同位语，用于强调美国经济。

△这里应该首先注意到since这个连词，然后分别理解两个句子，再把它们放在一起，这个句子的意思就迎刃而解了。另外注意suggest不是“建议”的意思，而应该是“显示，指示”。

⑤The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a little defective. Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have upended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation.

▲在第一个句子里面，主干是... explanation is... a little defective。这是一个主语+系动词+表语结构。副词unfortunately是插入语，作状语。第二个句子的主干并不复杂：... economists argue that...，代词that后面是宾语从句。这个宾语从句的基本结构为structural changes... have upended... models...，其中structural changes是主语，have upended是现在完成时态的谓语，models是宾语。这个宾语models后面是一个that引导的限定性定语从句，修饰models。

△第一个句子相对比较简单。第二个句子看着很长，但是只要明确了句子的主干，就很容易把整个句子看明白。可以先甩掉宾语从句中的那个定语从句(that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation)，这样这个句子结构就显得简单多了。然后再接这个定语从句，整句的意思就浮出水面了。另外注意upend一词由动词短语end up衍生而来，意为“结束，推翻”。

试题解析：

67. [C] 意为：经济形势比预想的好。

　　第三段指出，它（指：平均通货膨胀率）也比多数预测者预测的低。《经济学家》杂志每月调查的经济学家小组称：1995年美国平均通货膨胀率会达3.5％左右，但是，8月份它实际降至2.6％，全年也不过3％左右；在英国和日本，平均通货膨胀率比上年底预测的低0.5个百分点（或：半个百分点）。而且，在过去几年里一直是如此(this is no flash in the pan)：在英美两国，平均通货膨胀率一直比预测的要低。

　　A意为：通货膨胀与利率有直接关系。第一段第二句明确指出：利率与通货膨胀间的关系是不确定的。

　　B意为：经济（的运行）总是遵循某些模式（或：规律）。第一段指出，“使经济软着陆”“使经济刹车”，人们经常使用这样的词来形容货币政策的作用，听起来它似乎是一门严谨的学问。事实远非如此（Nothing could be further from the truth.它根本就不是一门严谨精确的学问）。下文从持续低的通货膨胀率的意外的形势来说明了经济运行难以预测。

　　D意为：经济学家们预测到了目前的经济形势。相反，正如第四段第一句所指出的，经济学家对目前有利的通货膨胀率始料未及。另请参阅上文分析。

68. [B] 意为：极低的失业率会导向通货膨胀。

　　第四段指出，从传统的（衡量）标准来看，英美两国（特别是美国）的经济生产并没有滑坡(productive slack)，例如：美国的设备（能力）利用率(capacity utilisation)今年初达到历史最高水平，其失业率已低于多数正常失业率所允许的数字——过去认为：失业率低于正常失业率时通货膨胀率就开始上升(take off)。

　　A意为：制定货币政策如同开车。根据第一段第四、五句，在政策的变化对经济起实际作用之前，会有很长而难以确定的(variable)时间差（lag意为：滞后性）。所以，许多人把货币政策实施过程比作驾驶一辆遮住挡风玻璃、后视镜已断裂、方向盘有毛病的汽车。换言之，他们认为，货币政策的制定和实施有很大程度的不可预测性或盲目性。可见，A表达的意思不确切。

　　C意为：通货膨胀导致高失业率。注意，在这里，inflation一词前没有修饰词，际上，过低的失业率会导致通货膨胀率的上升。参阅上文分析。

　　D意为：利率对经济有直接而迅速的影响。参阅上文分析。

69. [A] a flash in the pan意为：昙花一现，偶然出现的情况。

　　参阅第67题题解。

　　[B]、[C]、[D]均不对。

70. [D] 意为：对……感到惊奇，认为……不可思议。

　　本文主要评述了目前良好的经济形势，它是由持续低的通货膨胀率造成的，是始料未及的。作者强调了目前形势的始料不及的一面（尤其是第二、三、四段的描述）。

　　A意为：批评。

　　B意为：因……感到困惑（不解）。

　　C意为：对……感到失望。

全文翻译：

　　很多用来描述货币政策的词，如“引导经济软着陆”，“触动经济刹车”，听起来像是一门精确的科学。事实远非如此。利率和通货膨胀之间的关系难以确定。在政策改变对经济产生影响前会有一段较长时间且变化不定的后滞期。因此，才会有人将货币政策的指导比做是驾驶一辆带有黑色挡风玻璃、后视镜破碎及方向盘失灵的汽车。

　　尽管有这么多不利因素，中央银行家们似乎对近来的形势有了不少值得夸耀的东西。西方七大工业国去年的平均通货膨胀率降至仅2.3％，接近30年来的最低水平。今年7月略微升高到2.5％。这远远低于许多国家在70年代和80年代早期经历的两位数的膨胀率。

　　这也低于许多预测者预测的数字。1994年底，每月接受《经济学家》意见调查的一组经济学家指出，美国在1995年的平均通货膨胀率将达到3.5％。实际上，8月份就降到了2.6％。而且有望达到全年平均仅为3％。去年年底，英国和日本的通货膨胀率实际上比预测的要低半个百分点。这不是昙花一现。在过去几年里，英国和美国的通货膨胀率始终低于预测水平。

　　经济学家对英美两国有利的通胀率感到特别诧异，因为传统的计量方法表明两国经济，特别是美国经济几乎没有生产萧条的时候。比如，美国的生产力利用率在今年前段时间达到了历史最高水平，失业率（8月份为5.6％）已降到低于对自然失业率的大多数估测——过去，当比率低于自然失业率时，通货膨胀率早已迅速上升。

　　为何通货膨胀如此的和缓？可惜的是，这最令人震惊的解释有一点缺陷。一些经济学家认为，世界经济结构强有力的变化已经推翻了那个以经济增长和通货膨胀的历史上相互关联为基础的旧的经济模式。

1996 Passage 1

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　　Tight-lipped elders used to say, "It's not what you want in this world, but what you get."

　　Psychology teaches that you do get what you want if you know what you want and want the right things.

　　You can make a mental blueprint of a desire as you would make a blueprint of a house, and each of us is continually making these blueprints in the general routine of everyday living. If we intend to have friends to dinner, we plan the menu, make a shopping list, decide which food to cook first, and such planning is an essential for any type of meal to be served.

　　Likewise, if you want to find a job, take a sheet of paper, and write a brief account of yourself. In making a blueprint for a job, begin with yourself, for when you know exactly what you have to offer, you can intelligently plan where to sell your services.

　　This account of yourself is actually a sketch of your working life and should include education, experience and references. Such an account is valuable. It can be referred to in filling out standard application blanks and is extremely helpful in personal interviews. While talking to you, your could-be employer is deciding whether your education, your experience, and other qualifications will pay him to employ you and your "wares" and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner.

　　When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and desires, you have something tangible to sell. Then you are ready to hunt for a job. Get all the possible information about your could-be job. Make inquiries as to the details regarding the job and the firm. Keep your eyes and ears open, and use your own judgement. Spend a certain amount of time each day seeking the employment you wish for, and keep in mind: Securing a job is your job now.

51. What do the elders mean when they say, "It's not what you want in this world, but what you get"?

　　[A] You'll certainly get what you want.

　　[B] It's no use dreaming.

　　[C] You should be dissatisfied with what you have.

　　[D] It's essential to set a goal for yourself.

52. A blueprint made before inviting a friend to dinner is used in this passage as ________.

　　[A] an illustration of how to write an application for a job

　　[B] an indication how to secure a good job

　　[C] a guideline for job description

　　[D] a principle for job evaluation

53. According to the passage, one must write an account of himself before starting to find a job because ________.

　　[A] that is the first step to please the employer

　　[B] that is the requirement of the employer

　　[C] it enables him to know when to sell his services

　　[D] it forces him to become clearly aware of himself

54. When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and desires, you have something ________.

　　[A] definite to offer

　　[B] imaginary to provide

　　[C] practical to supply

　　[D] desirable to present

重点词汇：

tight-lipped（沉默寡言的）。

blueprint /5βλυ:7πριντ/ （蓝图）←blue+print。

intelligently /ιν5τελιδςΕντλι/ （聪明地，明智地）即intel+lig+ent+ly，intel-“在……之间”（=inter-，因后接l，故r变形为l），lig词根“选择”=lect，-ent形容词后缀，-ly副词后缀，故“具有从中挑选出所需之物的能力”→聪明地。Philosophy is a study that lets us be unhappy more intelligently.哲学是让我们更聪明地不快乐的一门学问。The computer is not intelligent at all, but very stupid indeed, and that, in fact, is one of its great values — its blind stupidity.计算机一点都不聪明，反而实在非常愚蠢，实际上，这才是它的非凡价值之一——它的盲目的愚蠢。

tangible /5τ“νδςΕβλ/ （确实的；有形的）即tang+ible，tang拼音“糖”→方糖→方糖是方的→方糖是“有形的”。tangible assets 有形资产；tangible results 确实的成就。

secure /σι5κϕυΕ/ （安全的v.获得；防卫）即se+cure，se-前缀“离”（参separate，2001年Passage 1），cure=care，“不需要照料的”→已经“获得”“防卫”的→安全的。Freedom of opinion can only exist when the government thinks itself secure.言论自由只有在政府认为自己安全时才能存在。He that publishes a book runs a very great hazard, since nothing can be more impossible than to compose one that may secure the approbation of every reader.出版一本书的人冒着极大的危险，因为创作一部可能受到所有读者欢迎的作品是最不可能的事。That government is not best which best secures more life and property — there is a more valuable thing — manhood.最完善地保护更多的生命财产的政治不是最好的政治——还有更重要的东西——人的地位。

illustration /7ιλΕσ5τρειΦΕν/ （例证；图解）看作ill+ust+rat+ion，ill生病的，ust=est形容词最高级，rat老鼠，-ion名词后缀，用病入膏肓的老鼠作“图解”。如图：

[pic]

What is character but the determination of incident? What is incident but the illustration of character?除了事件的规定，人物还是什么？除了人物的说明，事件还是什么？

imaginary /ι5μ“δςινΕρι/ （想象的；虚构的）←imagin(e)想象+ary形容词后缀。We do not content ourselves with the life we have in ourselves and in our own being; we desire to live an imaginary life in the mind of others, and for this purpose we endeavour to shine.我们不满足于为我们自身、为自己的存在而拥有的人生，我们想过一种存在于别人心目中的虚构的生活，为了这个目的而极力出人头地。

难句解析：

①Tight-lipped elders used to say, "It's not what you want in this world, but what you get."

▲此句的主要结构是elders used to say+直接引语。直接引语中是主系表的结构，其中表语中用了not... but的结构。

△not... but（不是……而是）结构是理解这个句子的重点。在not... but结构中，说话者所要强调的重点在but之后。注意在理解tight-lipped这一短语时要有一定的联想能力，从字面上理解，它的意思应该是“嘴唇紧绷的”，而此处结合上下文应该理解为“出言谨慎的”。

②You can make a mental blueprint of a desire as you would make a blueprint of a house, and each of us is continually making these blueprints in the general routine of everyday living.

▲这句话是and连接的两个并列句。在第一个分句中，as是连词，引导比较状语从句，把a mental blueprint of a desire和a blueprint of a house相比较。第二个分句的主体结构是each of us is... making blueprints...。第二个分句中的is continually making的用法：一般进行时在这里用来表示经常发生的事情。这样的结构常用来表达经常发生的令人不快、令人讨厌的事情。副词always，forever，constantly和continually都经常用于这样的结构中。在此处，它表示一个经常重复的动作。

③While talking to you, your could-be employer is deciding whether your education, your experience, and other qualifications will pay him to employ you and your "wares" and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner.

▲这句话是由and连接的两个并列句组成的。第一个分句的主干结构是：employer is deciding whether...；第二句的主干结构是：your "wares" and abilities must be displayed...。第一个分句中while引导了一个伴随动作talking，其实是一个简略了的时间状语从句：while (he is) talking to you；decide后面接了一个whether引导的宾语从句：whether your education, your experience, and other qualifications will pay him to employ you。

△首先要分清两个分句的关系和各自的起始位置。另外要注意副词orderly和reasonably都是修饰形容词connected的。另外因为文章作者认为找工作是在推销自己，所以这里用了“wares”来表示应聘者的资格、能力。could be表示“有可能的，潜在的”。

④When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and desires, you have something tangible to sell.

▲when引导时间状语从句，主句是you have something tangible to sell。

△首先要注意形容词修饰不定代词something，nothing，anything，somebody，anywhere等的时候，形容词需后置，例如：Anything important?另外，have+名词+动词不定式，这一结构中的动词不定式相当于定语从句，这里是修饰something的。

试题解析：

51. [B] 这句话应理解为：It's not what you want in this world that matters, but what you get (that matters).译成汉语为：重要的不是你在这个世界上需要什么，（重要的）而是你得到什么。

　　文章第二段进一步说明了这句话后半句的含义（同时，这也是全文旨在说明的问题）：只要你知道自己所需要的是什么，并且只要要求合理，你就能得到它。可见，只是梦想是不够的。只有明确自己的所需，你才能制定具体的计划去获得它，理想才能最终转化为现实。

　　A意为：你肯定能得到自己想要的东西。

　　C意为：你不应满足于自己已有的东西。

　　D意为：为自己确立一个目标是极为必要的。确立目标固然重要，但是，如果不制定具体计划实现目标，目标也仅是空想而已。

52. [A] 意为：用以说明怎样写工作申请。

　　illustration意为：实例，说明。为了更充分地说明第四段所阐明的道理，文章在第三段举了几方面例子。正像盖房子要设计图纸一样，你也可以在头脑中为自己的愿望绘制一幅蓝图(blueprint)。实际上，在日常生活中，我们不断为自己的行动策划。例如：如果想请朋友吃饭，我们首先要开列一个菜单，决定买什么东西，还要决定先炒什么莱，等等。这种计划对请客成功与否至关重要。第四段指出，如果你想找份工作，应该取一张纸，简要地描述一下自己。因为，只有当你明确地知道自己的特长（what you have to offer可直译为：你可以提供的东西）后，才能为自己的工作选择做出理智的决断。第四段与第二段相照应，陈述了全文的中心，从该段第一个词likewise来看，第二段中所举的例子仅用以说明第二、四段说明的道理。

　　B意为：说明怎样获得一份好工作。原文强调的是如何为申请工作策划，根据自己的条件得到自己所需的工作。另外，本文并没有谈到工作的“好”与坏。

　　C意为：工作介绍指导。

　　D意为：工作评估原则。

53. [D] 意为：这使之明确地认识自己。

　　文章最后一段第一句指出，在精心准备出一份自己的能力和愿望的“蓝图”以后（即：在仔细地描述了自己的能力和愿望之后），你就明确了自己能“出卖”的东西（tangible意为：能触摸到的，具体的），只有在这个时候，你才做好了找工作的准备。

　　另请参考第52题题解。

　　A意为：这是取悦于雇主的第一步

　　B意为：这是雇主的要求。

　　C意为：这使之明确何时去找工作。

54. [A] definite意为：明确的，具体的；区别于：不清楚的，不定的。

　　参阅第53题题解。

　　B不对。imaginary意为：想像的，虚构的。

　　C不对。practical意为：（切合）实际的；区别于：不实际的，理想的。

　　D不对。desirable意为：令人满意的，称心的。

　　可见，从本文的上下文来看，[A]最为确切。

全文翻译：

　　沉默寡言的老人们曾经说：“重要的不是在这个世界上你想要什么，而是你得到了什么。”

　　心理学教导人们，如果你知道你想要什么，并且想要的又是合适的东西，你就能得到它。

　　你可以在头脑里勾画出一幅欲望的蓝图，就像你可以设计房屋的蓝图一样。而我们每个人在日常生活中都在不停地画着这样的欲望蓝图。比方我们想请朋友吃晚餐，我们就会筹划菜谱、写购物单、决定先煮什么菜等，这样的筹划对于举行任何形式的宴请都是必不可少的。

　　同样，如果你想找一份工作，那就拿一张纸，写一份简历吧。为找工作做筹划，从你自己开始，因为只有当你确切知道你可以提供什么服务，你才可能明智地筹划到哪儿去兜售你的服务。

　　你的简历实际上是对你的职业生涯的简单描述，它包括教育、经验和证明人。这个描述是很有价值的，在填写标准的申请表格时它可提供参考，在面试时更是起极大的作用。在与你谈话时，你未来的雇主将根据你的教育、你的经验和你其他的资历来确定雇用你是否值得，因此你必须把你的“商品”和能力以有序而合理连贯的方式陈列出来。

　　当你为自己的能力和欲望仔细地筹划了一幅蓝图后，你就有实在的东西可以兜售了。那时你就准备去找工作，先搜集有关你想找的工作的所有信息，对工作和公司的详情进行调查，留心看与听，使用你的判断能力。每天花一定的时间寻找你想要的工作，请记住：找工作就是你现在的工作。

1996 Passage 2

论坛相关讨论帖地址：

　　With the start of BBC World Service Television, millions of viewers in Asia and America can now watch the Corporation's news coverage, as well as listen to it.

　　And of course in Britain listeners and viewers can tune in to two BBC television channels, five BBC national radio services and dozens of local radio station. They are brought sport, comedy, drama, music, news and current affairs, education, religion, parliamentary coverage, children's programmes and films for an annual licence fee of ￡83 per household.

　　It is a remarkable record, stretching back over 70 years — yet the BBC's future is now in doubt. The Corporation will survive as a publicly-funded broadcasting organisation, at least for the time being, but its role, its size and its programmes are now the subject of a nation-wide debate in Britain.

　　The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC — including ordinary listeners and viewers — to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping. The reason for its inquiry is that the BBC's royal charter runs out in 1996 and it must decide whether to keep the organisation as it is, or to make changes.

　　Defenders of the Corporation — of whom there are many — are fond of quoting the American slogan. "If it ain't broke, don't fix it." The BBC "ain't broke", they say, by which they mean it is not broken (as distinct from the word "broke", meaning having no money), so why bother to change it?

　　Yet the BBC will have to change, because the broadcasting world around it is changing. The commercial TV channels — ITV and Channel 4 — were required by the Thatcher Government's Broadcasting Act to become more commercial, competing with each other for advertisers, and cutting costs and jobs. But it is the arrival of new satellite channels — funded partly by advertising and partly by viewers' subscriptions — which will bring about the biggest changes in the long term.

55. The world famous BBC now faces ________.

　　[A] the problem of new coverage

　　[B] an uncertain prospect

　　[C] inquiries by the general public

　　[D] shrinkage of audience

56. In the passage, which of the following about the BBC is not mentioned as the key issue?

　　[A] Extension of its TV service to Far East.

　　[B] Programmes as the subject of a nation-wide debate.

　　[C] Potentials for further international co-operations.

　　[D] Its existence as a broadcasting organisation.

57. The BBC's "royal charter" (line 3, paragraph 4) stands for ________.

　　[A] the financial support from the royal family

　　[B] the privileges granted by the Queen

　　[C] a contract with the Queen

　　[D] a unique relationship with the royal family

58. The foremost reason why the BBC has to readjust itself is no other than ________.

　　[A] the emergence of commercial TV channels

　　[B] the enforcement of Broadcasting Act by the government

　　[C] the urgent necessity to reduce costs and jobs

　　[D] the challenge of new satellite channels

重点词汇：

coverage /5κΘϖΕριδς/ （覆盖范围；新闻报导）←cover+age名词后缀。

stretch /στρετΦ/ （一段时间或路程v.n.伸展）与sketch（v.速写；略图；梗概）一起记。Babies do not want to hear about babies, they like to be told of giants and castles, and that which can stretch and stimulate their little minds.幼童不愿听关于幼童的故事，他们喜欢给他们讲巨人和城堡，那可以扩张和刺激他们小小的心灵。

slogan /5σλΕυ⊥Εν/ （标语，口号）看作s+log+an，s形的圆木(log)上刻着一条(an)标语(slogan)。My slogan is "Four hours for work, four hours for study, eight hours for sleep, and eight hours for play."我的口号是“四小时工作，四小时学习，八小时睡眠，八小时游戏”。

难句解析：

①They are brought sport, comedy, drama, music, news and current affairs, education, religion, parliamentary coverage, children's programmes and films for an annual licence fee of ￡83 per household.

▲句子的主干结构是They are brought... for an annual license fee...，其中谓语部分使用了被动语态。实际结构是bring后接双宾语：bring sb. sth.，在这句话中，直接宾语很长，是一系列名词的罗列，前面的名词用逗号连接，最后两个并列成分用and连接。

△重点要注意they指代前面提到的listeners and viewers，这里使用了bring sb. sth.这一结构的被动式：sb. was brought sth.。介词for在这里相当于at the price of。另外news and current affairs中的and是连接news和current affairs的，而这个词组作为一个整体与其它的名词music，education等并列。

②The Corporation will survive as a publicly-funded broadcasting organization, at least for the time being, but its role, its size and its programmes are now the subject of a nation-wide debate in Britain.

▲句子的结构是but连接了两个转折关系的句子。其中at least for the time being前后用逗号与句子其它部分分开，是插入语。前一句子的主干结构是The Corporation will survive as...，后一句子的主干结构是its role, its size and its programs are now the subject...。

△The Corporation指代前面提到的BBC=British Broadcast Corporation。另外注意as的用法，这里它用作介词，是“作为……”的意思。publicly-funded由公众提供资金的；nation-wide全国范围内的。

③The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC — including ordinary listeners and viewers — to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping.

▲这个句子的主干结构是：The debate was launched by the Government，使用了被动语态。后面which引导定语从句which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC...修饰government，定语从句中不定式to say后面是两个并列的宾语从句，一个由what引导，一个由whether引导，两部分用and连接，副词even表示进一步强调。另外两个破折号之间的部分属于插入成分，是用来进一步定义anyone的。anyone后面的with介词词组也是用来修饰anyone的。

△重点是要弄清楚后面定语从句，两个宾语从句，还有插入成分之间的层次关系。另外要注意be worth doing的用法，这一结构本身就可以表达被动含义，因而the Corporation was worth keeping就是“英国广播公司值得被保留”的意思。

④The BBC "ain't broke", they say, by which they mean it is not broken (as distinct from the word "broke", meaning having no money), so why bother to change it?

▲这句话是so连接的两个因果关系的句子。they say是插入语。which引导定语从句修饰前面引号中的部分“ain't broke”。

△注意which指代的是前面引号中的部分；而且注意区别broke和broken在这里的不同意思。why do sth.这里是个反问句，是不太正式的用法。注意在此处，作者修正了前面美国俚语“ain't broke”中broke一词的用法错误，指出其应该被写为broken。

⑤But it is the arrival of new satellite channels — funded partly by advertising and partly by viewers' subscriptions — which will bring about the biggest changes in the long term.

▲首先这个句子使用了强调结构：it is... which，which指代前面的channels。破折号中间部分的插入成分相当于定语，(which are) funded partly by advertising and partly by viewers' subscriptions修饰channels。其中and连接两个partly by。

△注意bring about在句中的含义是“引起，导致，产生”。

试题解析：

55. [B] 意为：前景不定。

　　第三段指出，英国广播公司(BBC)已有70多年的光辉历程，然而，目前其前景不明(in doubt)。虽然（至少就目前而言）作为一个公办广播机构，广播公司将继续存在下去，但是，其作用、规模、节目成为目前英国举国上下争论的话题。第四段指出，这场争论是由政府发起的。政府要求普通听众和观众评论广播公司的优缺点——甚至于值不值得把它办下去(was worth keeping)。最后一段指出，广播公司也的确面临着新的挑战，它只有改变自己才能适应新的形势。本题在文章中没有准确的对应处，但是从整个文章来看，BBC公司面临着比较严重的危机，全文也是围绕着他的改革做文章，而且由文章最后一段可以看出，BBC的前景并不明朗，有相当多的竞争对手在虎视耽耽，因此联系到了B选项。

　　A意为：新闻报道（的范围）问题。文章中只是说BBC公司的改革问题，而新闻报道只能顶多算是其中的一个问题，更何况文章基本没有强调这个问题，因此该选项属于缩小范围类干扰项。

　　C意为：公众的质询。公众并未主动对广播公司的发展前景及状况评头论足，而是政府要求他们这样做的。由第四段开头可以看出，是政府作出了邀请。

　　D意为：观（听）众的减少。这个虽然也是直接原因之一，但是也犯了以偏概全的毛病，不应该只是强调观众的减少，而是其他的主观上的问题，如契约的到期之类的问题都是BBC要面临的问题。在选择这种问题时，一定要选择覆盖面最广的。

56. [C] 意为：进一步进行国际合作的潜力。

　　最后一段指出，由于广播领域(broadcasting world)正在发生变化，英国广播公司也应改变自己，以适应新形势。撤切尔政府制定的广播法要求电视频道进一步商业化、搞广告竞争并削减开支与劳务。新电视频道的开播将带来长远的巨变。可见，这里并未提到国际合作问题。能够和这个选项联系得上的就是文章的最后一段了。但是由最后一段可以看出，文章只是说了希望让BBC之类的电视台能够商业化，并未提到国际合作的问题。因此C得选。

　　A意为：将电视广播扩展到远东地区。第一段指出，随着英国广播公司国际电视节目的开播，数百万亚洲和美洲人不仅可以听到它的广播，还可以观看到它的电视新闻报道(news coverage)。文章最后一段还提到了卫星频道将会给广播公司带来最大的变化。

　　B意为：电视节目成为举国上下谈论的话题。此选项定位到了原文第三段中的最后一句but its role, its size and its programmes are now the subject of a nation-wide debate in Britain.意思是：但它的作用、规模和节目却成了全英国争论的话题。

　　D意为：它作为广播机构的存在。其在原文的位置同B选项，就是前一句，已经能表明BBC的性质了。

　　另请参阅第55题题解。

57. [C] 可直译为：与女王签的契约。

　　众所周知，英国是君主立宪国家，国王代表国家。因此，与女王签约就等于说该公司是国家办的广播公司(a publicly-funded broadcasting station)，而不是私营的。charter意为：契约，特许证。原句可译为：质询的原因是：广播公司的皇家契约1996年将要到期，因此必须决定广播公司是保持原样还是要改革。这道题有些考察考生对于英国背景的了解，如果你知道 BBC曾经拥有过皇室特权的话，这道题就好做了。而且这道题重在对charter的理解。

　　A意为：皇族的财政支持。皇族指国王的家庭，与国家是两码事。这个很有迷惑性，但是由charter这个单词不能看出财政方面的东西，如果你选了这个选项，说明你犯了主观主义错误。确实，如果靠推理的话确实应该是有财政支持的，而且就我所知，确实英国政府对BBC有大量的财政支持。但是，关键是，文章没有提到...所以千万不能选。

　　B意为：女王准予的一系列特权。这也是个很强的干扰项，如果你把charter理解成特许之类的意思，那么选这个选项也是可以理解的。但是，请注意，charter是个名词，且为单数，如果理解成一系列就不对了。所以应该找单数项。可能你会说charter如果也表示复数怎么办？但是它只能表示单数。而且是特许证，并不是给予一系列的特权，两者之间是有区别的。

　　D意为：与皇族的特殊关系。的确是有关系，但是不能体现出特殊这个修饰词出来。女王与BBC有契约，并不说明女王与BBC有特殊关系。所谓特殊关系，大家自己理解吧....更何况，原文只是说女王，并没有说皇族。

58. [D] 意为：新电视频道的挑战。

　　该题提问部分意为：英国广播公司不得不自行调整的最主要原因恰恰是……。文章最后一句指出：从长远的观点来看，新电视频道的开播将无疑会带来最大的变化（注意：本句是强调句）。另请参阅第56题题解。

　　A意为：商业性电视频道的出现。同样是在最后一段，就是中间那句，提到了商业频道的问题。但是同D选项的解释，可以看出这个用语：从长远角度看...最大变化.....因此显然后者要更适合这个问题。

　　B意为：政府广播法的实施。政府广播法的实施。也是在最后一段，有这么一句：were required by the Thatcher Government's Broadcasting Act to become more commercial。但是原因同上面的A选项，这不是最佳选项。

　　C意为：降低成本和劳务的紧迫性。这个说法也是在最后一段的competing with each other for advertisers, and cutting costs and jobs中提到的，但是这只是解决问题的一种方法，而不是真正的原因。

　　[A]、[B]、[C]虽然都提到了，但都不是作为主要原因而提的。

全文翻译：

　　随着BBC（英国广播公司）全世界电视节目的开播，亚洲和美洲的数以百万计的人不仅可以听到广播，也能看到它的电视新闻报道了。当然，英国听众和观众可以收到两个BBC电视频道，五个BBC全国广播电台和几十个地方电台，每户每年交83英镑的收视费便可收看体育、喜剧、戏剧、音乐、新闻时事、教育、宗教、议会报道、儿童节目及电影。

　　延续七十多年，BBC可谓历程辉煌，然而现在，BBC的未来却令人疑虑。至少目前，它仍可以公办广播机构的身份生存下去，但它的作用、规模和节目却成了全英国争论的话题。

　　英国政府发起了这场争论，它邀请每一位对BBC有看法的人——包括普通的听众和观众——对公司好坏进行评说，甚至可以评说他们是否认为公司值得办下去。这样做的原因是BBC所持的皇家特许证于1996年到期，政府必须决定让公司维持原状还是进行变革。

　　公司的捍卫者——他们中有很多人——喜欢引用美国的广告口号：“如果没坏，就不要修。”他们说英国广播公司“没有破产”，他们的意思是说它没有垮掉（broken和单词broke是有区别的，broke的意思是没有钱），那为什么还要自找麻烦去改变它呢？

　　然而BBC将不得不进行变革，因为周围的广播世界正发生变化。商业电视频道——ITV和第四频道——应撒切尔政府广播法案的要求进行商业化，彼此竞争广告业务，降低成本，裁减员工。但从长远来看会引起最大变化的是新的卫星频道的出现，它们的部分资金来自广告收入，部分来自用户收视费。

1996 Passage 3

论坛相关讨论帖地址：

　　In the last half of the nineteenth century "capital" and "labour" were enlarging and perfecting their rival organisations on modern lines. Many an old firm was replaced by a limited liability company with a bureaucracy of salaried managers. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. It was moreover a step away from individual initiative, towards collectivism and municipal and state-owned business. The railway companies, though still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders, were very unlike old family business. At the same time the great municipalities went into business to supply lighting, trams and other services to the taxpayers.

　　The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had important consequences. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. All through the nineteenth century, America, Africa, India, Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital, and British shareholders were thus enriched by the world's movement towards industrialisation. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large "comfortable" classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to the management. On the other hand "shareholding" meant leisure and freedom which was used by many of the later Victorians for the highest purpose of a great civilization.

　　The "shareholders" as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labour was not good. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away. Indeed the mere size of operations and the numbers of workmen involved rendered such personal relations impossible. Fortunately, however, the increasing power and organisation of the trade unions, at least in all skilled trades, enabled the workmen to meet on equal terms the managers of the companies who employed them. The cruel discipline of the strike and lockout taught the two parties to respect each other's strength and understand the value of fair negotiation.

59. It's true of the old family firms that ________.

　　[A] they were spoiled by the younger generations

　　[B] they failed for lack of individual initiative

　　[C] they lacked efficiency compared with modern companies

　　[D] they could supply adequate services to the taxpayers

60. The growth of limited liability companies resulted in ________.

　　[A] the separation of capital from management

　　[B] the ownership of capital by managers

　　[C] the emergence of capital and labour as two classes

　　[D] the participation of shareholders in municipal business

61. According to the passage, all of the following are true except that ________.

　　[A] the shareholders were unaware of the needs of the workers

　　[B] the old firm owners had a better understanding of their workers

　　[C] the limited liability companies were too large to run smoothly

　　[D] the trade unions seemed to play a positive role

62. The author is most critical of ________.

　　[A] family firm owners

　　[B] landowners

　　[C] managers

　　[D] shareholders

重点词汇：

bureaucracy /βϕυΕ5ρΧκρΕσι/ （官僚主义；官僚机构；官僚）即bureau+cracy，bureau（署，局，司，处），cracy词根“统治”；参democracy，2000年Passage 5。Bureaucracy is a giant mechanism operated by pygmies.官僚政治是一种由侏儒操纵的庞大机构。bureaucracy — ①a continuing congregation of people who must act more or less as one ②the only form of human organization that can manage to pass a hot potato through a small crack ③the art of making the possible impossible 官僚主义——①一群人不断聚集在一起，因为他们多少必须像一个人那样行事 ②唯一一种能够通过小裂缝传递土豆的人类组织形式 ③变可能为不可能的艺术。

spoil /σπΧιλ/ （v.损害；溺爱）看作sp+oil，sp即缩写“专家”，oil石油，“专家溺爱石油”。We drink one another's healthes and spoil our own.我们为彼此的健康干杯而损害自身的健康。When you "spoil" a child you are practically saying, "I know you aren't capable of being civilized and considerate and contributing and I won't expect it of you."“宠”孩子的时候，你实际上是在说：“我知道要你有教养、为人着想和奉献都是做不到的，我也不指望你做到。”

collectivism /κΕ5λεκτιϖιζΕμ/ （集体主义）←collect+iv(e)后缀+ism后缀表“主义”。

municipal /μϕυ(:)5νισιπΕλ/ （市的；市立的）与principal（首要的；负责人；本金）一起记；municipality /μϕυ:7νισι5π“λιτι/ （自治市；市政当局）←municipal+ity名词后缀。Our principal writers have nearly all been fortunate in escaping regular education.我们的大作家们几乎都幸运地躲过了正规教育。←注意例句是principal而不是municipal。

taxpayer /5τ“κσ7πειΕ/ （纳税人）←tax+payer。taxpayer — someone who works for the federal government but doesn't have to take a civil service examination 纳税人——为联邦政府工作，却不必参加文职雇员考试的人。

detach /δι5τ“τΦ/ （v.分开）即de+tach，de-前缀“离开”，tach词根“连接”。同根词为attach（v.缚上；使依附）←at(=to)+tach。Every scene, even the commonest, is wonderful, if only one can detach oneself, casting off all memory of use and custom and beholding it as if for the first times.生活中的每个情景，甚至最普通的一幕，都是奇妙的——只要一个人能够离开自我，抛弃对习惯的全部记忆，就像第一次一样观察。

dividend /5διϖιδενδ/ （股息；红利；被除数）即divid(e)+end，divide分开，-end后缀表物，“从整体中分出的一部分”→红利。dividends — hush money to shareholders 股息——给股东的封口钱。

patriarchal /7πειτρι5Β:κΕλ/ （家长的）即patri+arch+al，patri词根“父”，arch词根“统治”，-al形容词后缀。另可记patriot（爱国者）←patri+ot后缀表人。

render /5ρενδΕ/ （v.使得；提供）。Nothing in the world renders a man indispensable save love.世上唯有爱能够使一个人变得不可缺少。The service we render to others is really the rent we pay for our room on this earth.我们向别人提供的服务实在是为自己在这个世界上的住所付出的租金。

discipline /5δισιπλιν/ （纪律；学科v.训练）即dis+cipl+ine，dis-(=apart)，cipl(=cip)词根“抓”（前文已多次述及），-ine后缀，“培养抓出东西的能力”→纪律或训练。Freedom is a way of life which requires authority, discipline, and government of its own kind.自由是一种生活方式，它需要权威、纪律，以及具有自由本身性质的统治。discipline — ①remembering what you want ②the bridge between goals and accomplishment ③the refining fire by which talent becomes ability 磨练——①记住你需要什么 ②目标与成就之间的桥梁 ③使天赋变成能力的冶炼炉火。

lockout /5λΧκαυτ/ 指雇主为促使与工人达成协议而强制性关闭工厂。

negotiation /νι7⊥ΕυΦι5ειΦΕν/ （谈判）谐音“你狗献爱心”←“谈判”的目的是让你的狗献爱心；动词形式为negotiate。Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate.永远不要在谈判时忘记惧怕，而要永远不惧怕谈判。

难句解析：

①The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders.

▲句子的主干结构是The change met... requirements... and prevented the decline...。其中by engaging a large professional element是介词词组作状语，说明met the technical requirements of the new age的方式。decline in efficiency后面的that引导定语从句修饰前面的decline in efficiency。

△此句的阅读关键在于抓住句子的主干，即主要谓语动词，这样就能把握句子的基本结构，从而明白句子的主要意思。engage在这里的意思是“使卷入，涉及”。

②Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.

▲这个句子的主干结构是... manipulation... increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class...。其中an element是class的同位语，representing irresponsible wealth是现在分词作定语修饰前面的element，detached from则是过去分词作后置定语，相当于是省略了which is的定语从句。and连接两个detached from，都修饰前面的wealth。

△理解an element是a class的同位语是理解此句的关键。只要分清句子的主语、谓语动词的中心词，就能够抓住句子的主要意思。在速度的时候，也可以先抓住主句而略过an element后面的部分不看。另外句中一些短语的意思也会影响到对整句的理解，如：detach from与……相分离；irresponsible wealth不负责任的财富，在本句中指的是股东们虽然拥有大量财富，但并不参与公司的运作，不承担任何经营管理的责任。

③Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large "comfortable" classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to the management.

▲这个句子的主干结构是Towns... sprang up to house... classes，后面两个who引导两个定语从句修饰前面的classes。except在这里是介词，它后面的that指代relation。drawing和attending是并列关系，作介词of的宾语。动词不定式to dictate their orders to the management是表示目的的状语。

△理解这句的关键是两个who引导的定语从句都是修饰classes的，而且except后面的that指代的是relation。

④The "shareholders" as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labour was not good.

▲这个句子是and连接的两个并列句。第一个句子的主干结构是The "shareholders" had no knowledge...。在第一个句子中，employed作定语修饰前面的workmen，相当于省略了who were (employed by)...。which引导定语从句in which he held shares修饰前面的company。第二句的主干结构是his influence... was not good，是常见的主语+系动词+表语结构。

△第一分句中要认清employed by和后面which引导的从句都是修饰什么成分的。另外，在阅读本句中，指代关系也非常重要，要看清代词he和his都是指代前面的shareholders。

⑤The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away.

▲首先这个句子是but连接的两个转折关系的句子。第一个句子的主干结构是The... manager... was in more direct relation with...。第一个句子中acting for是现在分词作定语，修饰manager。第二个句子的主干结构是he had seldom that... knowledge of the workmen...。第二个句子中which引导定语从句which the employer had often had...修饰前面的familiar personal knowledge，passing away是现在分词作定语修饰前面的family business。under the more patriarchal system of the old family business是介词词组作状语，修饰谓语had often had。

△理解本句的重点在于对第二个分句的理解。he指代前面的the paid manager，which引导的定语从句是修饰that familiar personal knowledge的，而不是修饰workmen的，因为在这个of词组that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen当中中词词是knowledge，而且其中的that一词是用来强调familiar personal knowledge，在朗读的时候应该重读。另外现在分词词组now passing away是修饰前面的the old family business的。把这些修饰关系弄清楚，就能够把握句子的层次结构了。

试题解析：

59. [C] 本题提问部分意为：事实上，老家族公司……。选择项[C]意为：与现代公司相比，它们缺乏效率。

第一段第二、三句指出，许多老公司被拥有各级拿薪水的经理的有限（责任）公司所取代。这一变化通过一大批专业人员的使用适应了新时代技术的要求、防止了效率的下降。而效率的下降使许多家族公司破产，因为第二、三代继承人已不像公司的创立者那样精力充沛。

A意为：它们被后代毁了。[A]不对主要有两个原因，其一，原文指出：是效率的下降毁了家庭公司，而效率的下降可能是主观原因造成的，也可能是客观原因造成的；其二，根据原文，效率的下降通常(so commonly)在第二、三代毁了家庭公司，so commonly一词的使用说明还有没破产的家庭公司。

B意为：它们因缺乏个人的独创精神而破产。从以上的分析可见，破产的原因是缺乏效率。

D意为：它们能为纳税人提供足够的服务项目。

60. [A] 意为：资本与管理的分离，

第二段指出，有限公司及市营买卖的发展引起了重大变化。对资本与企业的如此大规模的非个人操纵大大地增加了作为一个阶级的持股人的数量及其地位的重要性。国民生活中这一现象的出现代表了与土地及土地所有者相分离的不由个人负责的财富的出现，而且这也意味着（不由个人负责的财富）几乎在同等程度上与由个人负责的商业管理的分离。在整个19世纪，美洲、非洲、印度、澳大利亚及欧洲的部分国家的发展靠的是英国的资本，因此，在世界走向工业化的过程中英国的股东们大发其财。从以上的论述可以看出，作者认为：有限公司的发展引起了资本与经营的分离，投资者（股东）并不实际参加经营，而是坐吃红利(dividends)或有时参加些间接管理；而真正的管理者未必再是公司的拥有者。这一点从第三段的论述也同样可以看出。

B意为：经理对资本的所有权。

C意为：劳资两个阶级的出现。劳资两个阶级早在资本主义的形成时期就已经存在了。

D意为：股东对市办买卖的参与。

61. [C] 意为：有限公司太大以至于运转艰难。本文并未提到这一点。

A意为：股东不了解工人的需要。这一点在第三段第一句说得很清楚。该句可译为：这样的“股东”根本就不了解自己持股的公司里的工人们的生活、思想和需要，因此．他们对劳资双方的关系有不良影响。

B意为：老公司的老板更了解自己的工人。第三段第二、三句指出，公司的拿薪水的执行经理与工人和他们的需要有更直接的关系。但是，与现在正在消失的世袭制的旧家族企业的老板相比，即使是他也很少有过去那种对工人的熟悉程度。的确，仅经营的规模和雇用工人的数量两方面就使得这种个人关系的建立成为不可能的事。

C意为：工会似乎起一个正面作用。第三段第三、四句指出，然而，值得庆幸的是，至少在所有技术行业，工会与日俱增的力量使得工人们可以同他们的雇主平起平坐。罢工与封厂的严酷惩罚使双方学会了互相尊重，明白了公平协商的价值。可见，在这方面，工会起到了保护工人的积极作用。

62. [D] 提问中is critical of意为：对……持批评态度。

第二段第四句将股东阶层称为“饱食终日”(comfortable)者，他们与别人的关系仅限于抽取红利，他们偶尔也参加一次股东会，对企业的管理指手画脚(dictate their orders)。第三段指出，他们不了解工人，不关心工人。这里使用的显然是一种批评的语气。

全文翻译：

19世纪后半叶，“资方”和“劳方”按现代方式不断扩大和完善各自相对立的组织。许多旧式公司被责任有限公司所取代，由领薪经理构成其管理机构。这种变革通过聘用大量专业人员来适应新时代的技术要求，并防止了效率的降低，而在过去这种低效率使得许多旧式家族企业在精力充沛的创业者之后的第二、三代手中破产倒闭。而且这也是公司摆脱个体创造，走向集体化和市营、国营迈出的一步。铁路公司，虽然仍是为股东谋利的私有企业，但还是与旧家族企业大不相同了。与此同时，大城市也开始涉足实业界，为纳税人提供照明、电车及其他服务。

有限责任公司及市政企业的发展导致了重大后果。对资本与企业的如此大规模的非个人操纵大大地增加了作为一个阶级的持股人的数量及其地位的重要性。他们在国民生活中代表着非责任性的财富，与土地及土地所有者责任相分离，几乎也同样与企业的责任经营相分离。整个19世纪，美洲、非洲、印度、澳洲及欧洲的部分地区都靠英国的资本发展起来，而英国股东则因世界性的工业化而大发其财。像伯恩茅斯和伊斯特本这样的城市的兴起是为了给大批“舒适”阶层提供居住场所，这些人靠自己的丰厚收入而不工作，除了领取红利，偶尔参加股东会议向管理人员发号施令外，他们与外界没有联系。另一方面“持股”就意味着悠闲和自由，维多利亚后期许多人视之为伟大文明的最高目标。

这种股东不了解他们所持股的公司里工人们的生活、思想和需求。他们对劳资关系也不会产生积极的影响。领取报酬后代表公司经营的经理与工人和工人的需求形成更加直接的关系，但甚至他也很少像正在被淘汰的旧式家族企业的家长制中的雇主那样对工人有着亲近的、个人化的了解。的确，单说公司的经营规模和所用的工人数量就使建立这种个人关系不可能了。然而，幸运的是，工会的势力和组织在日益壮大，至少在各技术行业是这样，这就使工人与雇用他们的公司经理们地位平等了。罢工和封厂的严酷惩罚使双方学会了互相尊重对方的力量，理解公正谈判的价值。

1996 Passage 4

论坛相关讨论帖地址：

　　What accounts for the great outburst of major inventions in early America — breakthroughs such as the telegraph, the steamboat and the weaving machine?

　　Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country's excellent elementary schools; a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal, "spatial" thinking about things technological.

　　Why mention the elementary schools? Because thanks to these schools our early mechanics, especially in the New England and Middle Atlantic states, were generally literate and at home in arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry.

　　Acute foreign observers related American adaptiveness and inventiveness to this educational advantage. As a member of a British commission visiting here in 1853 reported, "With a mind prepared by thorough school discipline, the American boy develops rapidly into the skilled workman."

　　A further stimulus to invention came from the "premium" system, which preceded our patent system and for years ran parallel with it. This approach, originated abroad, offered inventors medals, cash prizes and other incentives.

　　In the United States, multitudes of premiums for new devices were awarded at country fairs and at the industrial fairs in major cities. Americans flocked to these fairs to admire the new machines and thus to renew their faith in the beneficence of technological advance.

　　Given this optimistic approach to technological innovation, the American worker took readily to that special kind of nonverbal thinking required in mechanical technology. As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out, "A technologist thinks about objects that cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal process.... The designer and the inventor... are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist."

　　This nonverbal "spatial" thinking can be just as creative as painting and writing. Robert Fulton once wrote, "The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc, like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea."

　　When all these shaping forces — schools, open attitudes, the premium system, a genius for spatial thinking — interacted with one another on the rich US mainland, they produced that American characteristic emulation. Today that word implies mere imitation. But in earlier times it meant a friendly but competitive striving for fame and excellence.

63. According to the author, the great outburst of major inventions in early America was in a large part due to ________.

　　[A] elementary schools

　　[B] enthusiastic workers

　　[C] the attractive premium system

　　[D] a special way of thinking

64. It is implied that adaptiveness and inventiveness of the early American mechanics ________.

　　[A] benefited a lot from their mathematical knowledge

　　[B] shed light on disciplined school management

　　[C] was brought about by privileged home training

　　[D] owed a lot to the technological development

65. A technologist can be compared to an artist because ________.

　　[A] they are both winners of awards

　　[B] they are both experts in spatial thinking

　　[C] they both abandon verbal description

　　[D] they both use various instruments

66. The best title for this passage might be ________.

　　[A] Inventive Mind

　　[B] Effective Schooling

　　[C] Ways of Thinking

　　[D] Outpouring of Inventions

重点词汇：

breakthrough /5βρεικ5Ωρυ:/ （n.突破）←break+through。

premium /5πριμϕΕμ/ （奖金）看作pre+mi+um，pre-在前，mi拼音“米”即money，-um后缀表物，“在前面放着的钱”→奖金。

nonverbal /5νΧν5ϖΕ:βΕλ/ （不用语言的）即non+verb+al，non-否定前缀，verb词根“言语”，-al形容词后缀。Gestures are a nonverbal means of expression.打手势是一种非言语的表达方式。

spatial /5σπειΦΕλ/ （空间的）即spacial←spac(e)+ial。

trigonometry /τρι⊥Ε5νΧμιτρι/ （三角学）即tri+gon+o+metry，tri-前缀“三”，-gon后缀“…角形”，-o-连接字母，-metry后缀表“测量学”。

stimulus /5στιμϕυλΕσ/ （n.刺激；刺激物）←stimul刺激+us名词后缀。参stimulant（刺激物；兴奋剂），1997年Passage 3。

incentive /ιν5σεντιϖ/ （动机；鼓励a.激励的）←in+cent+ive，in-前缀，cent单词“分币”引申为“钱”，-tive后缀，“用钱去激励”。incentive — the possibility of getting more money than you can earn 奖励——得到比你挣的钱更多的可能性。

beneficence /βι5νεφισΕνσ/ （恩惠）←benefic+ence，benefic看作benefit，-ence名词后缀。

emulation /7εμϕυ5λειΦΕν/ （竞争；仿效）看作emul(e)+ation，emule即BT出现前极受欢迎的一种P2P下载软件，-ation名词后缀，各种P2P软件为“竞争”而相互“效仿”。

难句解析：

①Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country's excellent elementary schools; a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal, "spatial" thinking about things technological.

▲句首是介词词组among the many shaping factors作状语，谓语动词would single out后面用分号隔开的各个部分都是名词性的词组，这些词组都是single out的宾语。a labor force that welcomed the new technology中that引导定语从句，修饰前面的labor force。最后的形容词technological是后置定语，修饰前面的things。

△single out后面列举的各种因素都属于shaping factors，但是是作者认为比较重要的因素，其中要注意在最后一个因素前面加的修饰词组above all用来强调American genius for nonverbal, "spatial" thinking about things technological其实是要比其它因素更重要的，在阅读中一定要注意这一点。

②Acute foreign observers related American adaptiveness and inventiveness to this educational advantage.

▲这句话是比较容易理解的简单句。句子主干结构是observers related A to B。

△关键是理解relate... to的用法：把……和……联系起来。

③A further stimulus to invention came from the "premium" system, which preceded our patent system and for years ran parallel with it.

▲这是一个主从复合句，句子的主干结构是... stimulus came from...，其中逗号后的which引导了一个非限定性定语从句，修饰前面的"premium" system。句末的it指代前面的patent system。定语从句中，and连接了两个并列的谓语动词：preceded和ran。

△关键要明白，定语从句中which指代前面的"premium" system，是谓语动词preceded和ran的动作发出者。parallel：平行的，这里ran parallel with意思是两种制度都在运作。

④Americans flocked to these fairs to admire the new machines and thus to renew their faith in the beneficence of technological advance.

▲句子的主干结构是Americans flocked to these fairs...，后面的动词不定式to admire and thus to renew都是表明flocked的目的的，作状语。

△句子的结构比较简单，关键是理解几个动词的层次关系：... flocked to admire... and renew...。thus是副词，“因而”的意思。另外，renew their faith应该理解为“进一步加深其信仰”。

⑤As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out, "A technologist thinks about objects that cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal process.... The designer and the inventor... are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist."

▲句子的主体部分是直接引语部分。直接引语中有两个句子。第一个句子中是分号连接的两个并列句。第一个分句的主体结构是A technologist thinks about objects...，其中that引导了定语从句：that cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions，修饰前面的objects。第二个分句中使用了被动语态，主语they指代前面的objects。第二个句子中，that引导定语that as yet do not exist修饰前面的devices。

△注意reduce... to的用法：reduce to这里的意思是“简化为，归纳为”；另外应该注意as yet的用法：as yet的意思是“指导此时，指导目前为止”，用在否定句和疑问句当中。

⑥Robert Fulton once wrote, "The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc., like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea."

▲句子的结构是Robert Fulton wrote+直接引语。直接引语中，句子的主干部分是The mechanic should sit down...。like在这里是连词，意思是“in the same way as，如同，同样”，这里是构成比较。like a poet后面省略了和前面句子一样的谓语部分：should sit down。considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts是现在分词作状语，表示伴随动作，其中them指代前面的letters。后面的which引导定语从句in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea修饰前面的exhibition。

△理解这个句子的关键是理解like作为连词的用法。而且要明白which指代的是exhibition而不是thoughts，因为of词组an exhibition of his thoughts中的中心词是exhibition。

试题解析：

63. [D] 在作者看来，美国早期出现的发明创造热是由几个因素共同促成的，但是，在这些因素中，美国人在思考技术问题时所表现出的非语言的（指：无法用语言表达的）“空间”思维能力起了最大的作用。参阅第二段，持别注意本段中above all的使用。在文章最后三段，作者又对这种持殊的思维方式进行了进一步的、重点的说明。

　　A意为：小学。

　　B意为：充满热情的工人们。

　　C意为：吸引人的奖励制度。

　　[A]、[B]、[C]所谈的内容都是促成美国早期的发明创造热的因素，但都不是主要因素。

64. [A]

　　第三段指出，由于这些学校的存在，我们的技工们基本上都识文断字、熟知算术及某些几何学与三角学知识。可见，早期美国技工的适应能力与创造能力在很大程度上得益于数学知识。第四段对此进行了进一步说明。

　　B意为：解释了学校管理的严格性。

　　C意为：产生于优越的家庭训练。

　　D意为：在很大程度上归功于技术的发展。

65. [B]

　　第八段指出，这种非语言的“空间”思维在创造力方面可以与绘画和写作相比。正如Fulton所指出的：“正像诗人坐在字母中一样，技工应该坐在杠杆、螺钉、楔子、轮子等中间，把它们看作自己思想的展现。在这个展现过程中，每一个新的排列方式都传达一种新的思路。”可见，进行形象的空间思维是这两种人的共同特征。

　　A意为：他们都是获奖者。

　　C意为：他们都放弃了语言的描述。善于进行非语言的空间思维不等于说放弃语言的表达。

　　D意为：他们都使用各式各样的工具。

66. [A] 意为：创造精神。

　　文章第一、二段是自问自答，提出了本文旨在论证的问题；第三、四段指出了教育的影响；第五、六段指出了奖励制度带来的鼓励的影响；第七、八段探讨了早期美国人特有的思维方式所起的决定性作用。最后一段是全文的总结。可见，本文主要探讨了早期美国人的创造热情及其根源。

　　B意为：有效的教育。

　　C意为：思维方式。

　　D意为：发明热。

　　可见，[B]、[C]、[D]都太抽象而且片面。

全文翻译：

　　在早期美国，像电报、汽船和织布机这样重大的发明突破纷涌而出，这是什么原因呢？

　　在诸多形成因素中，我想特别指出这个国家优异的小学教育；欢迎新技术的劳动大军；对发明者进行奖励的做法；尤其是美国人在处理技术性事物所具有的非语言的空间思维才能。

　　为什么要提小学教育？正是因为有了这些学校，我们的早期技工才普遍能读会写，并精通算术及部分几何和三角，这种情况在新英格兰和大西洋中部各州尤为可见。

　　目光敏锐的外国观察家把美国人的适应能力和创新能力与这种教育优势联系起来。正如1853年访美的一个英国访问团成员所报道的那样，“由于有了学校彻底训练过的头脑，美国孩子迅速地成为技术熟练的工人。”

　　推动发明的另一刺激因素来自“奖赏”制度，它产生于我们的专利制度之前，且多年来与后者一同实施。这种做法来自国外，为发明者颁发奖章、奖金和其他奖励。

　　在美国，大量奖励新发明的奖品在乡村集市和大城市的工业博览会上颁发。美国人纷纷涌向这些集市和博览会去欣赏新机械，因而更加坚信技术进步会造福人类。

　　有了这种对技术革新的乐观态度，美国工人很快便习惯了机械技术需要的那种特别的非语言的思维方式。正如尤金·弗格森曾指出的：“技术人员思考那些不能被简化成功用明确的语言进行描述的物体；这些物体在他的头脑中以视觉性的、非语言性的方式被处理加工……设计者和发明者……能把那些尚不存在的机械在头脑中组装和操作。”

　　这种非语言的空间思维方式与绘画和写作一样具有创意。罗伯特·法欧曾写道：“技术人员坐在杠杆、螺钉、楔子、轮子等中间，如同一位诗人处在词汇之中，应该把它们看做是自己思想的一种表达，每一个新的组合都能传达一个新的意念。”

　　当所有这些成因——学校、开放的态度、奖赏制度及空间思维天赋在美国大陆上相互作用时，便造就了美国人的特点——竞争。今天这个词仅表示“模仿”（取其仿效之意），而在早期美国，它却意味着为名誉和优秀而进行友好、竞争的拼搏。

1996 Passage 5

论坛相关讨论帖地址：

　　Rumor has it that more than 20 books on creationism/evolution are in the publisher's pipelines. A few have already appeared. The goal of all will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life. Cosmology, geology, and biology have provided a consistent, unified, and constantly improving account of what happened. "Scientific" creationism, which is being pushed by some for "equal time" in the classrooms whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are given, is based on religion, not science. Virtually all scientists and the majority of non-fundamentalist religious leaders have come to regard "scientific" creationism as bad science and bad religion.

　　The first four chapters of Kitcher's book give a very brief introduction to evolution. At appropriate places, he introduces the criticisms of the creationists and provides answers. In the last three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating. He describes their programmes and tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise. When their basic motivation is religious, one might have expected more Christian behavior.

　　Kitcher is philosopher, and this may account, in part, for the clarity and effectiveness of his arguments. The non-specialist will be able to obtain at least a notion of the sorts of data and argument that support evolutionary theory. The final chapter on the creationists will be extremely clear to all. On the dust jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says: "This book stands for reason itself." And so it does — and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.

67. "Creationism" in the passage refers to ________.

　　[A] evolution in its true sense as to the origin of the universe

　　[B] a notion of the creation of religion

　　[C] the scientific explanation of the earth formation

　　[D] the deceptive theory about the origin of the universe

68. Kitcher's book is intended to ________.

　　[A] recommend the views of the evolutionists

　　[B] expose the true features of creationists

　　[C] curse bitterly at this opponents

　　[D] launch a surprise attack on creationists

69. From the passage we can infer that ________.

　　[A] reasoning has played a decisive role in the debate

　　[B] creationists do not base their argument on reasoning

　　[C] evolutionary theory is too difficult for non-specialists

　　[D] creationism is supported by scientific findings

70. This passage appears to be a digest of ________.

　　[A] a book review

　　[B] a scientific paper

　　[C] a magazine feature

　　[D] a newspaper editorial

重点词汇：

pipeline /5παιπ7λαιν/ （管道；流水线）←pipe+line。

cosmology /κΧζ5μΧλΕδςι/ （宇宙学）即cosmo+logy，cosmo即cosmos“宇宙”，-logy后缀表学科。

non-fundamentalist（非原教旨主义者）←non-否定前缀+fundamentalist（原教旨主义者）。fundamentalist — anyone who takes the Word of God too seriously 原教旨主义者——任何对上帝的话太认真的人。

motivation /7μΕυτι5ϖειΦΕν/ （动机）←motiv(e)+ation。motivation — the art of getting people to do what you want them to do because they want to do it 动机——使人们因为自己想做而做你想让他们做的事情的能力。

dust jacket 精装书的护封。

digest ϖ./δαι5δςεστ/ ν./ 5δαιδςεστ/ （v.消化n.摘要）。当初指责中国《读者文摘》（即现在的《读者》）刊名侵权的美国著名杂志叫Read’s Digest。To eat is human, to digest, divine.能吃的是人，能消化的是神。

难句解析：

①The goal of all will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life.

▲句子的主干结构是The goal... will be to try to explain...，其中explain后面接的是双宾语：explain to sb. sth.，这里sth.是that引导的宾语从句：there are not...。

△all指代上文提到的书籍，要注意origin和evolution是并列的，而universe和life是并列的。而confused和unenlightened也是并列的。

②"Scientific" creationism, which is being pushed by some for "equal time" in the classrooms whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are given, is based on religion, not science.

▲句子的主体结构是... creationism is based... on religion, not science。其中which引导了一个非限定性定语从句which is being pushed by some for "equal time" in the classroom...修饰creationism，在这一定语从句中，whenever引导了一个时间状语从句：whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are given。

△首先要理解非限定性定语从句的用法，另外，在阅读中可以先跳过非限定性定语从句，只看句子的主干。

③In the last three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating. He describes their programs and tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise.

▲第一句话的主体结构是... he takes off... and gives...，第二句是and连接的两个并列句。在第二个分句中，前面插入了一个介词词组：for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists。其中unfamiliar相当于省略了who are的定语从句，修饰those。

△第一句话中，作者把写书比喻成拳击，因而要抨击神造说/特创论的时候，用了takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating这样的句子。第二句中，关键要弄清楚，their programs and tactics，their deception and distortion中的两个their指代的都是creationists，而不是指那些对神造论者的处事方式不熟悉的人。

④On the dust jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says: "This book stands for reason itself." And so it does — and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.

▲第一句话中是主语+谓语动词+直接引语。第二句表示对第一句中的观点的赞同，破折号后作进一步解释；其中隐含一个if引导的状语从句表示虚拟语气。在正式的文体中，倒装可以用来代替if引导的表示假设的状语从句。were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate相当于if reason were the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate。

△注意so it does的用法：so+主语+助动词，表示对前面表述的观点的赞同，注意这一结构与so+助动词+主语结构的区别。后者表示“也”的意思，只用在肯定句当中。另外应注意破折号后解释部分中的条件句里时态的运用：if条件状语从句中使用过去时were，主句中用过去将来时would do，是作出与现在事实相反的假设。

试题解析：

67. [D] 意为：关于宇宙起源的虚假理论。

　　在本文中，作者将“造物主义理论”（或“创世主义理论”）与进化论对立而论，指出前者的基础是宗教而不是科学，而且，几乎所有的科学家和大部分非原教旨主义宗教领袖都越来越将所谓“科学的”造物主义理论看做既不是好科学也不是好的宗教。Kitcher的书对造物主义理论进行了深刻的批判。参阅第一段。

　　A意为：有关宇宙起源的真正意义上的进化论。

　　B意为：宗教创立的思想。

　　C意为：地球形成的科学解释。

68. [B] 意为：揭露了造物主义理论的真实面目。

　　第二段指出，他利用合适的机会(at appropriate places)对造物主义理论进行了批判。在最后三章，他摘掉了手套，将造物主义者狠狠地揍了一顿。他描述了他们的纲领及（骗人）手段，对那些不了解他们的把戏的人来说，（Kitcher所揭露出的）他们的欺骗程度和歪曲程度会令人感到吃惊和厌恶。考虑到他们的基本动机是宗教的，人们也许期望在他们身上看到更多的基督徒行为（但他们欺骗人民、歪曲事实）。

　　A意为：推崇进化论的观点。Kitcher的确推崇进化论，但从书的章节安排来看，本书更着重于对造物主义的批判。

　　C意为：狠狠地咒骂了他的对手。

　　D意为：对造物主义者发起了突然袭击。

69. [B] 意为：造物主义的论点不是建立在推理之上的。

　　参阅第67题题解。文章最后一句指出，它的确代表了理性本身，如果理性是造物主义理论与进化论之争的惟一裁判者，问题就容易解决了。本句是一个虚拟条件句，等于说：all would be well if reason were the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.

　　A意为：在这场争论中，推理起了决定性作用。注意：reason（理性）与reasoning（推理）意思不同。

　　C意为：对专家以外的人来说，进化论太难。第三段第二句指出，不是专家至少也能了解一下支持进化论的数据的性质及其论点。

　　D意为：科学发现支持了造物主义理论。

70. [A]

　　本文是一个书评摘要。这从第二、三段就可以一目了然。

　　B意为：科学论文。

　　C意为：杂志特写。

　　D意为：报纸社论。

全文翻译：

　　有传言说，有20多本关于创世纪论与进化论之争的书即将出版，有几本已经面世了。所有这些书的目的是试图告诉那些迷糊而且常常是还不开通的芸芸众生：就宇宙和生命的起源与发展问题而言，不可能存在两种都成立的科学理论。对于所发生的一切，宇宙学、地质学、生物学已经提供了一贯的、统一的并且是在不断完善的解释。而“科学”创世纪论——当课堂上讲授进化论时，有些人就想争抢“相同的课时”来解释它——是基于宗教，而非科学的。实际上，所有科学家和大多数非原教旨主义宗教领袖们都已将“科学”创世纪论看做是拙劣的科学和拙劣的宗教。

　　金切尔这本书的前四章简单地介绍了进化论。作者在合适的地方引入了对创世纪论者的批评并提供了后者的回答。在书的后三章，他毫不客气地对创世纪论者进行了猛烈抨击。他揭露了这些人的纲领和手段，对那些不了解创世纪论者惯用手法的人来说，其欺骗和歪曲事实的程度会让他们感到气愤和吃惊。由于他们的基本动机是宗教，人们原本还期待他们会做出更具基督精神的作为。

　　金切尔是位哲学家，这也许能部分说明他的立论为何明确而有说服力。非专业人士起码可以了解支持进化论的各种数据和观点。关于创世纪论者的最后一章对每个人来说都阐述得极为清楚。这部优秀作品的护封上引用了斯蒂芬·杰·古尔德的一句话，“本书赌注是理性”。的确如此——如果理性是创世纪论和进化论之争的惟一裁判，一切问题就已解决了。

1995 Passage 1

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　　Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living. By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labour, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, the price of your television licence would need to be doubled, and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 per cent more.

　　And perhaps most important of all, advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the products and services you buy. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements. He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising. He will not do so for long, for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once. If you see an article consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it, and that it represents good value.

　　Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of.

　　There is one more point I feel I ought to touch on. Recently I heard a well-known television personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was drawing excessively fine distinctions. Of course advertising seeks to persuade.

　　If its message were confined merely to information — and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive — advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. But perhaps that is what the well-known television personality wants.

51. By the first sentence of the passage the author means that ________.

　　[A] he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising

　　[B] everybody knows well that advertising is money consuming

　　[C] advertising costs money like everything else

　　[D] it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising

52. In the passage, which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of advertising?

　　[A] Securing greater fame.

　　[B] Providing more jobs.

　　[C] Enhancing living standards.

　　[D] Reducing newspaper cost.

53. The author deems that the well-known TV personality is ________.

　　[A] very precise in passing his judgement on advertising

　　[B] interested in nothing but the buyers' attention

　　[C] correct in telling the difference between persuasion and information

　　[D] obviously partial in his views on advertising

54. In the author's opinion, ________.

　　[A] advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by providing information

　　[B] advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over

　　[C] there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer

　　[D] the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advertisement

重点词汇：

know of 知道。I don't know him, but I know of him.我不认识他，但听说过他。

live up to 做到；不辜负。

subtly /5σΘτλι/ （精细地；微妙地），形容词形式为subtle。Men always want to be a women's first love; women have a more subtle instinct; what they like is to be a man's last romance.男人总想成为女人的第一个恋人，女人则具有更微妙的本能，她希望成为男人追求的最后一个对象。

难句解析：

①Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of.

▲本句的主干非常简单，就是Money is money。重点在于要看清修饰两个money的定语，特别是后面一个修饰语中的as well as。

△理解本句的海王星在于了解as well as不是“也”的意思，其中的well就是一个副词表示“好”，修饰过去分词spent，而后面的any指代的是any money。

②It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices.

▲本句的主干是It serves... to assist... distribution...，而thereby后面是两个由and连接起来的分词短语作补语，里面又有一个make+it+adj.+to do sth.的结构。

△本句的阅读重点在于理解这几个动词之间的逻辑关系。

③Apart from the fact that twenty-seven acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements.

▲本句的主干是no regular advertiser dare promote a product，前面是一个apart from引导的介词结构，介词宾语the fact后面又有一个同位语从句。在主句中，a product后面是一个定语从句hat fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements。

△注意文中acts指的是“法案”，而live up to表示“实现，兑现”的意思。另外apart from在这里是我们通常所说的“加法”的“除去”。

④If you see an article consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it, and that it represents good value.

▲本句是一个条件句，主句的结构比较复杂，注意I know是一个非常短的定语从句，修饰proof，而后面的两个that引导的是两个同位语从句，修饰the surest proof，前面的那个同位语从句中又有一个宾语从句。

△看清本句的基本结构是阅读的重点。同时注意作者对广告抱完全肯定的态度。

⑤If its message were confined merely to information — and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive — advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention.

▲本句的主句是一个if引导的虚拟语气If its message were confined merely to information, advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention。两个破折号中间的部分是一个补充说明成分。

△看清本句的基本结构是阅读的重点。注意作者使用了虚拟语气，显示了作者认为广告中只出现告知性信息的不可能性。

试题解析：

51. [D] 这句话可直译为：将钱花在广告上是我所知道的好的花钱方式之一。意为：将钱花在广告上好或很值(worthwhile)。

　　该句的非比较级形式为：Money spent on advertising is money spent well.在该句中，any指任何一种好的花钱方式(any money spent well)；know of意为：知道，所了解到的。其实，该句所陈述的内容不仅是第一段的主题思想，也是全文旨在说明的问题。在第一段的其他部分，作者就列举了合理的广告带来的诸多方面的益处。

　　A意为：他对广告的价格了如指掌。这显然不对。

　　B意为：众人皆知做广告很费钱(money consuming)，即：做广告很贵。

　　C意为：像做其他事一样，做广告要花钱。

52. [A] secure在此意为：取得，获得。A意为：获得更大知名度。这是原文所未提到的。

　　原文第一段历数了广告所带来的诸多益处。它直接有助于产品以合理价格迅速销出(distribution)，在稳定国内市场(home market)的同时，使产品能以有竞争力(competitive)的价格出口进入国际市场；它给人以新的消费观，从而大大地提高人们的生活标准；它增加了市场需求(demand)，扩大了劳动力(labour)市场，有效地扩大了就业。它使许多公共事业的服务价格低廉，因为，这些服务都可以利用登广告所嫌的钱补贴其经营费用，这使得它们可以降低价格。

　　B与原文内容相符。

　　C意为：提高生活标准。与原文内容相符。

　　D与原文内容相符。

53. [D] 在这一题的提问部分，deem意为：认为。选择项D中partial意为：片面的，不公平的。

　　文章第四段和第五段讨论了一个反对广告的著名电视工作者(television personality)的看法。他反对广告的理由是：广告是劝诱性的(persuade)，而不是客观地提供信息(inform)，但是，作者认为：作这种区别有些过于细微了(excessively fine)，广告当然要劝诱人们。即使在很小的方面，也很难做到只局限于(confine... to)客观地提供信息，而且，那样的话，广告就失去了吸引力，没人会注意它。由此可见，在作者看来，广告的这两方面很难严格地区别开来，二者是有机地结合在一起的，不能顾此失彼。

　　A意为：准确地表达了他对广告的评价。这里，pass意为：表述，表达，提出。

　　B意为：只关心消费者的注意力。这里，nothing but意为：只有，除……之外都不。

　　C意为：区分劝诱与信息提供是有道理的。这里，tell the difference意为：区分，区别。

54. [C] 意为：广告劝诱消费者无可指责。

　　作者认为，毫无疑问，广告会劝诱消费者。它不仅是这样，而且应该是这样，否则，广告便失去了吸引力而没人看了。参阅第53题题解。

　　A是不对的。正如第三段所指出的，广告给社会(community)带来的物质利益(material benefit)比其他形式都大。

　　B意为：广告应给人以新的（消费）观念，而不在于说服人。这里，win over意为：说服，争取；rather than意为：而不是。可见，所表达的内容与原文中作者表达的观点相反。

　　D意为：消费者不关心广告所提供的信息。这与作者的观点也不同，作者仅是说：广告不能仅局限于提供客观信息，否则，就无法吸引消费者。参阅第53题题解。

全文翻译：

　　花在广告上的钱和我所知花在任何别处的钱一样值得。它直接有助于商品以合理的价格销售，由此建立稳固的国内市场，并使商品能以富有竞争力的价格出口。它吸引人们对新观念的注意，极大地提高生活标准。广告有助于增加市场需求，从而确保对劳动力需求的增加，因此是遏制失业的一个有效方法。它降低了多种服务费用，没有广告，每天看的报纸价格会上涨四倍，电视收视费会翻番，公共汽车或地铁票也得提高20％以上。

　　也许最重要的是，广告为你购买的商品或服务提高了合理的价值方面的保证。除了国会制定的二十七项法案对广告词加以约束之外，没有哪个专职广告商胆敢推销与广告承诺不符的产品。他们或许能通过误导性的广告暂时愚弄一些人，但时间不会太长，因为庆幸的是，公众有良好的意识，他们不会一而再地去购买劣质商品。如果你看到一种商品不断地打广告，我认为这是最可靠的证明，即此商品一定与其宣传名副其实，一定体现良好的价值。

　　广告给社会带来的物质利益比任何我所能想到的方式都多。我觉得有一点还得谈一谈。最近我听到一位著名电视人宣称他反对广告，因为广告意在劝诱而非提供信息。他把两者区分得过于细微，因为广告不可避免地要劝说消费者。

　　如果广告的内容仅仅限于提供信息（虽说这不是不可能做到的，但它本身也是很难做的，因为哪怕是挑衬衫颜色这样的细节也带有几分劝诱性），那会令人生厌，以致没人再去理会。但也许这就是那位著名电视人所希望看到的。

1995 Passage 2

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　　There are two basic ways to see growth: one as a product, the other as a process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language — all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts.

　　By contrast, the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine, since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way. The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles. In this process, the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept.

　　In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness to take risks, to confront the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may "fail" at first. How we see ourselves as we try a new way of being is essential to our ability to grow. Do we perceive ourselves as quick and curious? If so, then we tend to take more chances and to be more open to unfamiliar experiences. Do we think we're shy and indecisive? Then our sense of timidity can cause us to hesitate, to move slowly, and not to take a step until we know the ground is safe. Do we think we're slow to adapt to change or that we're not smart enough to cope with a new challenge? Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all.

　　These feelings of insecurity and self-doubt are both unavoidable and necessary if we are to change and grow. If we do not confront and overcome these internal fears and doubts, if we protect ourselves too much, then we cease to grow. We become trapped inside a shell of our own making.

55. A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth when ________.

　　[A] he has given up his smoking habit

　　[B] he has made great efforts in his work

　　[C] he is keen on learning anything new

　　[D] he has tried to determine where he is on his journey

56. In the author's eyes, one who views personal growth as a process would ________.

　　[A] succeed in climbing up the social ladder

　　[B] judge his ability to grow from his own achievements

　　[C] face difficulties and take up challenges

　　[D] aim high and reach his goal each time

57. When the author says "a new way of being" (line 2, paragraph 3) he is referring to ________.

　　[A] a new approach to experiencing the world

　　[B] a new way of taking risks

　　[C] a new method of perceiving ourselves

　　[D] a new system of adaptation to change

58. For personal growth, the author advocates all of the following EXCEPT ________.

　　[A] curiosity about more chances

　　[B] promptness in self-adaptation

　　[C] open-mindedness to new experiences

　　[D] avoidance of internal fears and doubts

重点词汇：

external /εκσ5τΕ:νλ/ （外部的），反义词为internal（内部的）。Everybody acts not only under external compulsion but also in accordance with inner necessity.每个人的行动都不仅处于外部的推动，也同样依据内在的需要。

signpost /5σαινπΕυστ/ （路标）←sign+post。

landmark /5λ“νδμΒ:κ/ （界标）←land+mark。

obstacle /5ΧβστΕκλ/ （障碍）即ob+st+acle，ob-前缀“阻碍”，st词根=stand，-acle后缀表物，“站在那里阻碍的东西”→障碍。Victory is not the end but a phase to the end. It is no more than the removal of obstacles.胜利不是目的而是达到目的的一个阶段。它不过是对障碍的消除。Some minds seem almost to create themselves, springing up under every disadvantage and working their solitary but irresistible way through a thousand obstacles.有些人仿佛自己创造自己——在每次逆境中崛起，穿过重重阻碍，孤独但义无反顾地开辟自己的道路。obstacles — things a person sees when they take their mind off their goal 障碍——当一个人的大脑脱离自己的目标时所看到的东西。

curiosity /7κϕυΕρι5Χσιτι/ （好奇心；古玩）即curios+ity，curios(=curious)好奇的，-ity名词后缀，“引起好奇的东西”→古玩。参curiously，2001年Passage 5。Curiosity is a scholar's virtue.好奇心是学者的美德。There are two sorts of curiosity — the momentary and the permanent. The momentary is concerned with the odd appearance on the surface of things. The permanent is attracted by the amazing and consecutive life that flows on beneath the surface of things.有两种好奇心——一种是短暂的，一种是永久的。短暂的好奇心关注事物表面的奇异外观；永久的好奇心被事物表面之下流动着的令人惊讶并连续的生命所吸引。curiosity — ①the key to creativity ②a willing, a proud, an eager confession of ignorance ③the first step to betrayal 好奇心——①打开创造力的钥匙 ②心甘情愿地、自豪地、急切地承认自己的无知 ③背叛的第一步。

难句解析：

①The workers who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language — all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for there efforts.

▲本句破折号前面是三个并列的名词词组，其核心词是the workers，the student和the foreigner，它们后面都有一个定语从句，而破折号后面的部分是一个简单的主系表结构。

△注意破折号前面的只是一些例子，在看不懂的情况下可以跳过，当然如果能够精确理解它们的意思对理解作者把成长视为一种过程也有帮助。

②The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles.

▲本句主干结构就是not... but，注意but后面的成分较复杂，有四个并列的成分attitudes，feelings，caution，courage，在它们的后面有一个时间状语从句。

△注意抓not... but结构中but后面的部分，这里是阅读的重点。

③In this process, the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept.

▲可以用分号把句子一分为二，后面一半的表语比较复杂，有三个new的东西：new ways，new ideas，new challenges。

△在此句和此句的上下文中，字面意思的理解可能不成问题，但考生应该真正理解作者在这里把人生的成长视为一种过程而不是一个简单的结果这一事实。

④In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness to take risks, to confront the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may "fail" at first.

▲本句开始的两个不定式是目的状语，主句结构是people need to have a willingness to do sth.，后面又是三个并列的不定式。

△在读到这一句时我们就应该对此文作者的文风有一个大致把握，本文的作者比较喜欢使用排比结构来使其论述显得更加强有力。

⑤If we do not confront and overcome these internal fears and doubts, if we protect ourselves too much, then we cease to grow. We become trapped inside a shell of our own making.

▲第一个句子以两个if引导的条件从句开始，核心在then的后面，后面的句子中注意become后面的过去分词作表语。

△开始也是排比，比较容易理解，后半句里有一个比喻，shell指的是“自我封闭”，大家理解起来也没有什么问题。

试题解析：

55. [A]

　　第一段指出，人们对成长有两种基本看法：有人将之视为结果(product)，有人将之视为一个过程(process)。一般来讲，人倾向于将个人的成长（或发展）看作是一个易于识别和测量的外在的结果，如：工人晋职，学生成绩(grades)好，学会一门外语。这都是他们做出努力(efforts)之后所取得的可衡量的结果。[A]表达的内容原文虽未提到，但我们可以做一个简单的类推。一旦形成习惯，戒烟是很不易的，是需要决心与毅力的，正像一个学生要取得好成绩必须做出努力一样。

　　B意为：他对工作尽了巨大的心力。但是，这里却未提到尽心尽力后带来什么样的结果，也许是徒劳无益呢？

　　C意为：他热衷于学习新东西。be keen on意为：热衷于，想要。与[B]一样，这里也未提及结果：他是否学会新东西？

　　D意为：他想看看（或确立一下）自己在发展的道路(journey)上走到哪儿了。这更没道理了。

56. [C] 意为：面对困难，接受挑战。

　　在第二段，作者指出，将发展看作是一个过程的人关心的不是结果，他们更多地是注重人面对新的体验(experiences)与不期而至的障碍时所表现出的态度与感受：是谨慎还是表示出勇气。发展永无止境，对外部世界的体验不止一种，总是有新的思路需要检验，新的挑战(challenges)去接受。另请参阅第三段第一句。

　　A意为：成功地爬上了社会阶梯（即：成功地进入社会上层）。这是一个结果，而不是一个过程，因此，是不正确的，而且，原文并未提到这一点。

　　B意为：从他自己的成就来判断其发展（潜）力。这显然是从结果的角度来看待人的发展。

　　D意为：确立高的（发展）目标(aim high)，而且每次都实现自己的目标。原文并未提及“目标”的确立，而且该选择项的后半部分(reach his goal each time)显然又是在谈结果。

57. [A]

　　在该句中，being在此意为：生存，存在，第三段第二句指出，当我们用新的方式生存（或体验世界）时，我们对自己的看法对我们能否发展至关重要。下文举了几个例子来阐述这一观点。如果我们认为自己行动敏捷，喜欢刨根问底，在实际的行动上，我们就会倾向于冒险(take more chances)，更欢迎(be more open to)新的体验。如果我们自认为天生怯懦并优柔寡断，我们就会遇事犹豫不前，行动迟缓，只有感到安全可靠时才会挪动一步。如果我们自认为适应变化很慢或不够精明，无法对付新的挑战，那么，我们很可能做事被动或干脆不做。可见，我们的态度决定了我们的生活方式。

　　A意为：体验世界（即：生活）的新方式（或方法）。

　　B意为：新的冒险(take risk)方法。这有些片面。

　　C意为：认识自我的新方法。这是指态度方面，而不是指实际行为方面。

　　D意为：适应变化的新方法(system)。这也失之片面。

58. [D]

　　意为：避免内心的恐惧感与（自我）怀疑。

　　在最后一段，作者指出，不安全感与自我怀疑不仅是无法避免的(unavoidable)，而且是必要的，否则，我们就无法变化、发展。关键是要敢于面对(confront)并克服这种心理，如果我们一味地求安全，就不会有所长进，就等于是作茧自缚(We become trapped inside a shell of our own making)。

　　A意为：对更多的冒险（指：做新的事情）持好奇态度。即：总希望尝试新的事情。

　　B意为：自我调节快。即：适应新事物快。

　　C意为：对新的体验持欢迎态度。

　　对选择项[A]、[C]、[D]的理解请参阅第57题题解。

全文翻译：

　　人们对成长有两种基本看法：一是将其视作结果；一是将其视为过程。人们通常把个人成长看做是易于识别和测量的外在结果。工人得到升迁，学生成绩提高，外国人学会了一门新的语言——这些都可表明人们付出努力之后，取得了可衡量的成绩。

　　相比之下，对成长过程的测定就难多了，因为从定义上讲，它是一次旅行，不是沿途上的某个路标或界标。成长过程不是道路本身，而是当遭遇新的情况或未曾预料的坎坷时所持的态度和情感，是慎重行事还是勇往直前。在这个过程中，旅行永远不会真的结束；总会有新的方法去体验世界，新的思想去尝试，新的挑战去面对。

　　要想成长，要想探索新的道路，人们就得乐于冒险，乐于面对未知世界，并敢于接受初次尝试便失败的可能性。我们在尝试新的生存方式时如何看待自己对我们能力的培养是至关重要的。自以为行动敏捷而又好奇吗？如果这样，我们就会去抓住更多机会，更加勇于面对陌生的体验。自以为害羞而优柔寡断吗？那么这种恐惧感便会使我们犹豫不决，行动迟缓，而且在确保安全无虞后才前进一步。自以为适应变化的速度很慢，不够精明，无法应付新挑战吗？那么我们就可能采取消极姿态，或根本不去尝试。

　　如果我们要变化、要成长，那么这种不安全感、自我怀疑则是不可避免的，而且也是必要的。如果我们不能去正视并克服这些内在的恐惧和疑虑，如果我们过于自我保护，那么我们就会停止成长，陷进自己营造的壳里面。

1995 Passage 3

论坛相关讨论帖地址：

　　In such a changing, complex society formerly simple solutions to informational needs become complicated. Many of life's problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve. Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are questions facing many people today.

　　In addition to this, there is the growing mobility of people since World War Ⅱ. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. The almost unconscious flow of information about the simplest aspects of living can be cut off. Thus, things once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended family must be consciously learned.

　　Adding to social changes today is an enormous stockpile of information. The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time-consuming, and sometimes even overwhelming.

　　Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before. Computer technology makes it possible to store vast amounts of data in machine-readable files, and to program computers to locate specific information. Telecommunications developments enable the sending of messages via television, radio, and very shortly, electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of messages. Satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence. Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can the settled without the participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site. Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage and delivery of information, thus making more information available to more people.

　　In this world of change and complexity, the need for information is of greatest importance . Those people who have accurate, reliable up-to-date information to solve the day-to-day problems, the critical problems of their business, social and family life, will survive and succeed. "Knowledge is power" may well be the truest saying and access to information may be the most critical requirement of all people.

59. The word "it" (line 3, paragraph 2) most probably refers to ________.

　　[A] the lack of stable communities

　　[B] the breakdown of informal information channels

　　[C] the increased mobility of families

　　[D] the growing number of people moving from place to place

60. The main problem people may encounter today arises from the fact that ________.

　　[A] they have to learn new things consciously

　　[B] they lack the confidence of securing reliable and trustworthy information

　　[C] they have difficulty obtaining the needed information readily

　　[D] they can hardly carry out casual communications with an extended family

61. From the passage we can infer that ________.

　　[A] electronic mail will soon play a dominant role in transmitting messages

　　[B] it will become more difficult for people to keep secrets in an information era

　　[C] people will spend less time holding meetings or conferences

　　[D] events will be reported on the spot mainly through satellites

62. We can learn from the last paragraph that ________.

　　[A] it is necessary to obtain as much knowledge as possible

　　[B] people should make the best use of the information accessible

　　[C] we should realize the importance of accumulating information

　　[D] it is of vital importance to acquire needed information efficiently

重点词汇：

subconsciously /σΘβ5κΧνΦΕσλι/ （下意识地）←sub下+conscious有意识的+ly。

stockpile /5στΧκπαιλ/ （v.n.积蓄，贮存）←stock存储+pile堆积。

expertise /7εκσπΕ5τι:ζ/ （专门知识）←expert专家+ise后缀，“专家所掌握的东西”。

participant /πΒ:5τισιπΕντ/ （参与者）即parti+cip+ant，parti(=part)，cip(=cap)抓，-ant后缀表人，“抓取部分东西的人”→参与分享的人→参与者。参participation（参加；分享），2001年Passage 1。

facilitate /φΕ5σιλιτειτ/ （使便利）即fac+il(e)+itate，fac=fic词根“做”（参artificial←art+i+fic+ial，2002年Text 2），-ile后缀“易于……的”，-itate动词后缀，“使易于做的”→使便利。名词形式为facility（熟练）；facilities（设施；便利条件）。It would facilitate matters if you were more co-operative.如果你再合作一点的话，事情就变得更容易了。It is not helps, but obstacles, not facilities, but difficulties, that make men.成就人的不是帮助而是障碍，不是便利而是困难。

breakdown /5βρεικδαυν/ （n.崩溃；故障）←break+down。a nervous breakdown 神经衰弱。

dominant /5δΧμινΕντ/ （支配的，占优势的）←domin+ant，domin词根“支配”，-ant后缀。参predominance（优势），2000年Passage 1。

难句解析：

①Many of life's problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve.

▲本句的主干是Many life's problems... are beyond the capability...。problems后面是一个由which引导的定语从句，而capability后面也是修饰成分。

△首先要理解be beyond the capability的意思。在考研的阅读中beyond引导的各种短语层出不穷，这里的意思是“在……的能力之外”。另外，extended family是指“扩展型家庭，几代同堂或者是包含各种亲戚关系的家庭”。

②Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are questions facing many people today.

▲本句的主语由两个并列的结构Where to turn for expert information和how to determine which expert advice to accept构成，表语是questions，后面的facing many people today修饰questions。

△首先要注意断句，再看清复杂的主语就能够理解本句的意思，另外注意turn for相当于ask for。

③As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.

▲本句较难，首先应该看到主句就是the informal flow of information is cut off，前面的部分是一个as引导的伴随/原因从句，而在主句后面的只是一个名词性的词组，其核心词是the confidence，前面的with it是个介词结构修饰the confidence，后面的that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable只不过是the confidence的同位语，为了方便理解，我们也可以在句末的地方加一个“is gone”，这样就可以把主句后面的部分理解为一个句子：the confidence is gone。

△首先要看清句子结构，另外注意and with it the confidence中的it指代的是整个主句the informal flow of information is cut off。

④Thus, things once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended family must be consciously learned.

▲本句的主干就是things... must be consciously learned。things后面有一个定语从句。

△看清句子结构，并且注意subconsciously与consciously之间的对比。

⑤The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time-consuming, and sometimes even overwhelming.

▲本句由两个并列的子句构成，之间以and连接。前面的有一个more... than...的结构，而后面的主干是the task is complicated, time-consuming, and sometimes even overwhelming。主语task后面的介词of的宾语比较长。

△看清句子结构，可以把它一分为二，同时注意最后的三个形容词有一定的递进意味。另外注意that one piece of information中的that用来强调one piece of information。

⑥Telecommunications developments enable the sending of messages via television, radio, and very shortly, electronic mails to bombard people with multitudes of messages.

▲本句的主语是telecommunications developments，谓语是enable，主要应该看清enable的宾语是两个并列成分：the sending of messages via television，radio和very shortly, electronic mails to bombard people with multitudes of messages。

△本句的阅读重点在断句，一定不能把television，radio，electronic mails看成是介词via的三个并列宾语。如果这样理解，那么后面的题目是做不对的。另外，虽然bombard一词超纲，我们通过其基本词形与bomb类似也能猜出其意思。

⑦Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site.

▲本句由两个结构相仿的子句用and连接而成，它们的结构都是sth. can be done。后面的部分有一个介词without结构，比较复杂。

△注意看清句子结构，里面一些词汇如expertise（专家知识），teleconferencing（远程会议）等，我们都可以用构词法把其意思推出来。

⑧"Knowledge is power" may well be the truest saying and access to information may be the most critical requirement of all people.

▲本句由两个结构相仿的子句用and连接而成，前面一个的主语是个从句Knowledge is power，后面的主语是access to information。

△注意看清句子结构，同时注意断句。

试题解析：

59. [B]

　　第二段指出，第二次世界大战以后，人口的流动性(mobility)变大，一个家庭离开了自己原来的居住区，离开了多年的朋友，不再住在大家庭里（extended family指：三世或四世同堂的家庭），这样，对这个家庭来说，日常的(informal)信息交流没有了(is cut off)。随着日常的信息交流渠道的消失(the breakdown of informal information channels)，人们的信心也没有了：他们过去相信需要时总能得到可信可靠的信息。

　　A意为：社会缺乏稳定。

　　C意为：家庭增加了流动性。

　　D意为：越来越多的人流动不定。

　　可见，[A]、[C]、[D]表达的内容近似，因此，都不对。而且，如果它们中任何一个正确，那么，原文句中the confidence就要从肯定方面理解，即：人口的流动性使人们更有信心……，这显然与原文第二段表达的内容是相矛盾的。

60. [C]

　　意为：他们对所需的信息不能唾手可得。

　　readily在此不是“有准备地”之意，而是“随时随地”之意。原文第二段指出，随着社会的流动性，人们间的日常的信息交流不存在了。过去一些生活的最基本方面(the simplest aspects)的信息交流几乎是不自觉（或无意识）地(unconscious)进行的，但是现在却不行了，过去下意识地(subconsciously)——随处随时地——可以通过大家庭内部的日常(casual)交流所了解到的(learn)信息现在必须有意识地去了解（或获得）。第二段指出，除了社会的变化以外，现代社会信息的积累量(stockpile)大增，这使得寻找相关信息的过程变得更繁琐，更花时间(time-consuming)，有时也很迫切。第三段的最后一句在总结全段时也指出：技术使更多的人可以利用更多的信息。这里强调的是信息量，并非信息随时随处可得。

　　A意为：他们不得不有意识地去了解新事物。这不是一个“问题”，甚至不是主要(main)问题，这仅是指他们了解信息的方式。

　　B意为：现在他们缺乏获得可靠信息的信心。原文只是说：随着日常交流的缺乏，过去唾手可得的可靠信息不得不经过其他途径（如：技术手段）去获得了。可见，[B]表达的内容与原文表达的内容并不相符。

　　D意为：他们几乎不能同大家庭进行日常交流了。如果这是一个问题的话，这也绝对不是主要问题。而且，这句话说得不够严谨，太绝对化。

　　考虑这个题时请考生参阅第59题题解。

61. [A]

　　第四段第三句指出，随着电信事业的发展，通过电视、无线电并将在不久的将来(very shortly)通过电子邮件的方式所传递的信息数以千计地送到人们手上。该句中，bombard一词原义为“轰炸”、“连珠炮式地落向”，这里用于比喻量大。multitudes of也指“大量的”。

　　A意为：电子邮件(electronic mail)不久将成为传递信息的主要(dominant)手段。

　　B意为：在信息时代(era)，保守秘密愈难。信息传递媒介的增加与保守秘密没有直接关系，而且，文中任何地方都未暗示这一点。

　　C意为：开会时间会减少（也可以理解为：开会次数会减少）。第四段第五句指出，（远距离）电话会议可以使人相互交流（专门）知识(expertise)，解决问题无需再采用将各地的人聚在一起的会议形式。可见，这里只是说会议开得更方便，并未说开短会或少开会。

　　D意为：事件报道将主要采用卫星直播形式。原文第四句指出，卫星的使用扩大了现场(at the instance of occurrence)直播事件的力度。

62. [D]

　　在最后一段作者指出，当今世界是一个多变、复杂的世界，信息对人至关重要(of greastest importance)。人们要学会利用准确、可靠、最新的(up-to-date)信息来解决的日常(day-to-day)问题以及他们工作和社会交往、家庭生活中的重大(critical)问题，只有这样的人才能生存、才能成功。“知识就是力量”这样的说法再正确不过了，学会掌握信息(access to information)是对所有人的一个最重要要求。D意为：有效地掌握所需信息至关重要。

　　A意为：应尽量多地获取信息。这里只强调了信息的量，却未强调信息的质（如：准确、可靠、最新）。实际上，正因为信息的量增大了，才需要人们学会找出所需的信息，这才是这一段所主要说明的。

　　B意为：人们应充分利用可得到的(accessible)信息。正如我们在分析本题时所一再指出的，本段所强调的是善于获得信息的重要性（如，在本段三句话中，作者使用了如下措词：the need for information〈第一句主句〉，who have accurate, reliable up-to-date information, access to information〈第三句后半句主语〉）。

　　C意为：我们应该意识到积累信息的重要性。这也不对，参阅本题对选择项[A]的分析。

全文翻译：

　　在这样一个不断变化的复杂社会里，以前简单地获取信息的方法变得复杂了。许多请教家人、朋友或同事便能解决的生活问题，现在却超出了大家庭的能力范围。去哪儿寻找专家信息，如何确定接受哪条专家建议成了当今许多人面临的问题。

　　除此之外，二战以来，人口流动性日益增大。随着家庭远离稳定的社区、多年的朋友。大家庭的种种关系，非正式的信息交流被切断了。同时在需要时就能得到可靠可信的信息的信心也随之丧失了。关于生活最基本的方方面面的信息的无意识交流也被切断。因此，曾经在大家庭内部通过日常交流就可下意识学到的东西，现在却要有意识地去学。

　　除了当今的社会变化之外，还有信息量巨大的问题。今天，个人可获得的信息比任何时代的人都多，而要找到一条与自己问题相关的信息既复杂又耗时，有时甚至相当困难。

　　伴随着信息量不断增长的是技术的发展，这些技术使得人们能够比过去以更快的速度往更多的地方储存和发送更多的信息，这在以前是不可能的。计算机技术使人们可以把大量的数据储存到机读文件里，还能通过计算机编程找到某一信息。电信技术的发展使人们可能通过电视、无线电传送信息，不久之后，通过电子邮件发送的大量信息，将对人们实施信息轰炸。人造卫星拓展了通讯能力，可以对事件进行现场报道。通过远程会议，专家知识能在全世界范围内被分享，有争议的问题也能被解决，同时人们也不必放下工作、别离家人，大老远去开会了。技术的发展促进了信息分享、信息存储和信息传递，这就使更多的人得到更多

的信息。

　　在这个多变而又复杂的世界里，对信息的要求最为重要。那些拥有准确、可信、最新信息并用来解决日常问题、工作中的重要问题以及社会和家庭问题的人就能生存下去并取得成功。“知识就是力量”是再正确不过了，获取信息也许是所有人最迫切的要求。

1995 Passage 4

论坛相关讨论帖地址：

　　Personality is to a large extent inherent — A-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring. But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children.

　　One place where children soak up A characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools adopt the "win at all costs" moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B-type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides, the first marathon runner, dropped dead seconds after saying: "Rejoice, we conquer!"

　　By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.

　　Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A youngsters change into B's. The world needs types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a child's personality to his possible future employment. It is top management.

　　If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A- type stock. B's are important and should be encouraged.

63. According to the passage, A-type individuals are usually ________.

　　[A] impatient

　　[B] considerate

　　[C] aggressive

　　[D] agreeable

64. The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schools because ________.

　　[A] the pressure is too great on the students

　　[B] some students are bound to fail

　　[C] failure rates are too high

　　[D] the results of examinations are doubtful

65. The selection of medical professionals is currently based on ________.

　　[A] candidates' sensitivity

　　[B] academic achievements

　　[C] competitive spirit

　　[D] surer values

66. From the passage we can draw the conclusion that ________.

　　[A] the personality of a child is well established at birth

　　[B] family influence dominates the shaping of one's characteristics

　　[C] the development of one's personality is due to multiple factors

　　[D] B-type characteristics can find no place in a competitive society

重点词汇：

inherent /ιν5ηιΕρΕντ/ （固有的；天生的）即in+her(e)+ent，in-在里面，here词根“黏着”=stick，-ent形容词后缀，“黏着在里面的”→固有的。同根词：adhere（v.黏附；坚持）←ad(=to)+here；coherent（黏着的）←co(=together)+her(e)+ent。I am not in the least disturbed when people regard my legs intently. I know they are doing so in pursuance of their inherent artistic instinct.当人们目不转睛地盯着我的双腿时，我丝毫不觉得不安。我明白他们这样做是出于天生的艺术直觉。←这是一位舞蹈家MM说的。

profound /πρΕ5φαυνδ/ （深刻的；渊博的）即pro+found，pro-向前，found词根“基底”（如foundation→found+ation→基础），“向前直探到底的”→渊博的。The opposite of a correct statement is a false statement. But the opposite of a profound truth may well be another profound truth.一种正确说法的对立物是一种错误的说法。一种深刻的真理的对立物则很可能是另一种深刻的真理。

soak up 吸收。

marathon /5μ“ρΕΩΕν/ （马拉松）用谐音记。这种全长421954米的长跑比赛，是对运动员体力与意志力的考验。

rejoice /ρι5δςΧισ/ （使欣喜）即re+joice，re-反复，joice=joy，“使反复高兴”→使欣喜。Why is it that we rejoice at a birth and grieve at a funeral? Is it because we are not the person concerned?为什么我们在有人出生时高兴，在有人入葬时悲伤？是否由于自己不是当事者？

disproportionate /7δισπρΕ5πΧ:ΦΕνιτ/ （不成比例的）即dis+proportion+ate，dis-否定前缀，proportion比例，-ate此处为形容词后缀。Literature happens to be the only occupation in which wages are not given in proportion to the goodness of the work done.文学碰巧是唯一的这么一种职业，其报酬与所做工作的优异不成比例。

preoccupation /πρι(:)7Χκϕυ5πειΦΕν/ （全神贯注）即pre+occup(y)+ation，pre-在前，occupy占据，-ation名词后缀，“在别的事物前占据注意力”→全神贯注。

consideration /κΕνσιδΕ5ρειΦΕν/ （考虑；体谅；需考虑的事）←consider考虑+ation；considerate /κΕν5σιδΕριτ/ （考虑周到的；体谅的）←consider+ate。Labor is the superior of capital, and deserves much the higher consideration.劳动高于资本，理应得到多得多的报酬。A child that lives with sharing learns to be considerate.同意分享的孩子知道为人着想。

难句解析：

①But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children.

▲本句的主干是... the environment must also have a profound effect。后面的since引导一个原因状语从句，而这个从句又是一个if引导的条件主从复合句。

△注意profound的词义为“意义深远的”。另外要看到最后一个逗号后面的it所指代的是competition。

②One place where children soak up A characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution.

▲本句的主干是One place... is school，这个简单句的主语和谓语都有一个定语从句修饰，前面的是限定性的，而后面的是非限定性的，并且在其里面还有一个插入成分by its very nature。

△可以先抓主干，然后再分析那两个定语从句，另外注意soak up的意思是“吸收，摄取”，其实即使我们不是很清楚这个词组的意思，只要我们抓住soak的基本意思“浸泡，浸湿，浸透”，词组的意思也能猜出来。

③The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B-type fellows.

▲本句的主干是The current passion... produces a two-layer system，passion后面的介词for的宾语比较复杂，是一个make sb. do sth.的结构，而主句的宾语a two-layer system后面有一个非限定性的定语从句。

△可以先抓主干，然后再分析其它成分，另外在理解的时候也要有一定的想象力，比如compete against the clock不能从字面上理解为“和钟表竞争”，而应该理解成“与时间竞争/和时间赛跑”。

④The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.

▲本句由两个子句构成，中间有一个but表示意思的转折。

△要正确理解本句，重点在于抓住单词的正确意思。questionable可疑的，值得疑问的；而后面的knowledge如果理解成“知识”那么这句话就怎么也看不懂了，在这里它的意思应该是“知道，知晓”，因此in the knowledge of应被理解为“在了解……的情况下”。

⑤Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy.

▲本句的主干是... selection... could be made less by... and more by...。两个逗号隔开的是对于caring professions的进一步具体说明。

△注意在阅读的时候抓住less... and more...的结构，同时注意more后面的可能要更加重要一些。

试题解析：

63. [C]

　　意为：攻击性的，好斗的。

　　文章第一、二、三段都提到：A型性格的人在竞争的环境中成长，形成了他们的性格特征。第二段第三句直接用competitive（争强好胜的，爱竞争的）一词描述A型性格的人。

　　A意为：缺乏耐心的、不耐心的。这也许是他们有时候所表现出的性格特征，但不是他们的一般性性格特征。

　　B意为：体贴人的，为人着想的。这与事实形成鲜明的对比。

　　D意为：和蔼的，易相处的，使人愉快的。

64. [B] 意为：有些学生肯定不及格。

　　be bound to意为：肯定、注定。问题中be opposed意为“反对”。第三段指出，学校中最糟糕的竞争方式（by far用于强调最高级形式）是极力强调考试（disproportionate意为：不相称的，过分的），很少有学校让学生集中精力做自己善于做的事情。通过考试来竞争有无益处(merits)是个值得探讨的问题(questionable)，但是，明知道自己会失败还去竞争的做法肯定（对人的心理，如：自信心、自我认识等）是有害的。

　　A意为：给学生造成的压力过大。

　　C意为：不及格率过高。

　　[A]、[C]文中都末提到。

　　D意为：考试成绩（或结果）值得怀疑。

　　这与原文表达的内容不一样，原文并非是说考试成绩是否真正反映学生的真实水平或能力值得怀疑，而是说考试这种形式作为—个教学环节是否合适值得进一步探讨。

65. [B]

　　原文最后一段指出，如果学校不过多地注重于(preoccupation... with)学习结果，就可以花更多的时间教些更有价值的东西。选择护理方面的人——尤其是医疗护理人员——也许应该看他们是否心细、是否有同情心，而不应看他们化学成绩如何。只从A型性格的人中选择医生的做法是不可取的，B型性格的人也是社会所需要的，应该受到相应的鼓励。在这段里．作者对现在人的培养及选择标准进行了批评。B意为：学习成绩（或学术成就）。问题中currently意为：目前，当前。

　　A意为：申请者的敏感程度。指：他是否对他人的行为敏感，即是否细心。

　　C意为：竞争精神。原文是说根据成绩，即：看重的是结果。

　　D意为：更可靠的价值。即：更可靠或可依赖或有价值（对社会有用）的东西。

66. [C]

　　文章第一段指出，个性在很大程度上是先天形成的(inherent)，但是，环境对它也有深刻影响，环境包括社会、学校与家庭。本文主要谈论了学校教育对学生的性格形成的影响。C意为：个性的发展受多种(multiple)因素的影响。

　　A意为：儿童的个性在出生时早已确立。

　　B意为：家庭对儿童性格特征的形成起主导作用。

　　[A]、[B]两个选择项都不正确，因为，这两种说法都是片面的、极端的。儿童的个性发展受多种因素的影响。

　　D意为：在高度竞争的社会中，B型性格的人是不需要的（或是找不到位置的）。这正是作者想要驳斥的观点。作者指出：世界需要各种性格的人。另请参阅第65题题解。

全文翻译：

　　性格在很大程度上是先天形成的——A型性格的父母会有A型性格的子女。但环境也一定对其有深刻的影响，因为如果竞争对父母来说很重要的话，那它也可能成为孩子生活中的一个重要因素。

　　让孩子吸收A型性格的一个地方是学校。学校，就其本质而言，是高度竞争的机构。很多学校采用“不惜一切代价获取成功”的道德标准并通过炫耀成绩来估量孩子们是否成功。目前热衷于让孩子与同学竞争或与时间赛跑造成了一种双重体制，在这种体制中，竞争性的A型学生在某些方面似乎比B型的学生要好。过分地热衷于获胜会产生危险的后果：记住，第一位跑马拉松的费迪皮迪兹在说完“欢呼吧，我们赢了”之后几秒便倒地而死。

　　学校里最糟糕的竞争形式就是不恰当的强调考试。很少有学校允许学生集中精力做他们能做好的事。以考试竞争这种做法的好处本身有点值得怀疑，而明知有人考试会通不过的情况下还要进行竞争，则肯定是有害的。

　　显然，要将所有A型孩子变成B型孩子既不现实也不可取。这个世界需要各种性格的人，一个重要职责是使孩子的性格适合将来可能从事的工作。这才是最好的管理理念。

　　如果学校对学业的强调减少一些，也许就有更多的时间教孩子更重要的价值观念。也许对护理职业——特别是医疗护理人员——的选择应少注重化学成绩而多关注他们是否敏感、是否有同情心。只从A型性格的人员中挑选医生的确是个错误。B型性格的人非常重要，应该受到鼓励。

1995 Passage 5

论坛相关讨论帖地址：

　　That experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering. Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory. Constant practice has such as effect on memory as to lead to skilful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words. So-called intelligent behaviour demands memory, remembering being a primary requirement for reasoning. The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory. Typically, the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences.

　　Practice (or review) tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material. Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten; and the adaptive consequences may not seem obvious. Yet, dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can be seen to be adaptive. In this sense, the ability to forget can be interpreted to have survived through a process of natural selection in animals. Indeed, when one's memory of an emotionally painful experience lead to serious anxiety, forgetting may produce relief. Nevertheless, an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection.

　　In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects, it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade. Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time, since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out, providing clues for inferring duration. Without forgetting, adaptive ability would suffer, for example, learned behaviour that might have been correct a decade ago may no longer be. Cases are recorded of people who (by ordinary standards) forgot so little that their everyday activities were full of confusion. This forgetting seems to serve that survival of the individual and the species.

　　Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting. In this view, continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage (input) and forgetting (output). Indeed, there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned. Such data offers gross support of contemporary models of memory that assume an input-output balance.

67. From the evolutionary point of view, ________.

　　[A] forgetting for lack of practice tends to be obviously inadaptive

　　[B] if a person gets very forgetful all of a sudden he must be very adaptive

　　[C] the gradual process of forgetting is an indication of an individual's adaptability

　　[D] sudden forgetting may bring about adaptive consequences

68. According to the passage, if a person never forgets, ________.

　　[A] he would survive best

　　[B] he would have a lot of trouble

　　[C] his ability to learn would be enhanced

　　[D] the evolution of memory would stop

69. From the last paragraph we know that ________.

　　[A] forgetfulness is a response to learning

　　[B] the memory storage system is an exactly balanced input-output system

　　[C] memory is a compensation for forgetting

　　[D] the capacity of a memory storage system is limited because forgetting occurs

70. In this article, the author tries to interpret the function of ________.

　　[A] remembering

　　[B] forgetting

　　[C] adapting

　　[D] experiencing

重点词汇：

subsequent /5σΘβσικωΕντ/ （随后的）←sub+sequ+ent，sub-在下，sequ(=follow)词根“跟随”，-ent形容词后缀。Be sure not to tell a first falsehood, and you needn't fear being detected in any subsequent ones.千万别说第一个谎话，这样就不用害怕在随后的谎话中被人发现。

duration /δϕυΕ5ρειΦΕν/ （持久；持续时间）即dur+ation，dur词根“持续”，-ation名词后缀。同根词：durable（持久的）←dur+able可……的；endurance（持久力；忍耐力）←en使……+dur+ance。It is not the strength but the duration of great sentiment that makes great men.造就伟人的不是力量，而是伟大情操的持久。

contemporary /κΕν5τεμπΕρΕρι/ （当代的；同时代的；同时代的人）←con+tempor+ary，con-一起，tempor看作temper（性情），-ary后缀，“性情相同的（人）就是同时代的（人）”。Most contemporary books give the impression of having been manufactured in a day, out of books read the day before.大部分当代书籍给人的印象，是花一天工夫用前一天读过的书加工而成的。I don't go along with all this talk of a generation gap. We're all contemporaries. There's only a difference in memories, that's all.我对代沟这种说法完全不能苟同。我们都是同时代的人，只是记忆有所不同，仅此而已。

难句解析：

①That experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering.

▲本句的主语是个从句That experiences influence subsequent behaviour，而后面是一个简单的系表结构is evidence，只不过evidence后面的修饰成分较多，里面的两个形容词obvious和remarkable之间还用了but nevertheless来表达一种转折关系。

△注意在阅读的时候先要抓住主干结构，特别是主语从句。在表语的部分要能够一眼认出其核心结构是evidence of activity。

②Constant practice has such as effect on memory as to lead to skilful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words.

▲本句的主干很简单，就是Constant practice has... effect on memory，主要的结构是such as... as...，在后一个as的后面有一个不定式，而这个不定式有三个并列的宾语to skilful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words，注意这里的三个to都是介词，和动词lead构成词组。

△注意先抓主干结构，另外要注意such as... as...是一种举例子的形式。

③Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten; and the adaptive consequences may not seem obvious.

▲本句可一分为二，在分号处分开，前面的分句中over a period of no practice是个时间状语，主语是个从句what has been learned，谓语是tends to be forgotten，后面的结构非常简单。

△理解本句以及下面几句的功夫不在文字上，而是要求同学们对于进化论的假设和其与记忆的关系有一个明确的认识。在这里我们要知道，作者认为遗忘是一种生物在进化中适应外界残酷现实的适应性行为，因为只有忘掉了过去的不愉快经历，一个生命才有可能活得更加生机勃勃。而这样的观点的一种必然推论就是迅速遗忘要优于慢速遗忘，因为忘得越快就越能适应外部世界。那么在这里作者就指出用进化论适应性的观点来解释遗忘有局限性。

④Nevertheless, an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection.

▲本句的主语是an evolutionary interpretation，谓语might make，而宾语的部分比较复杂，有一个形式宾语it，在真正的作宾语的不定式中还有一个从句how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection。

△注意理清句子结构，意思的理解请参看上句△部分。

⑤In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects, it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade.

▲本句的主干是it is helpful to do sth.，真正的主语是to consider这个不定式，当然它里面还包含了一个带条件从句的宾语从句。逗号前面的是一个状语。

△注意在阅读的时候先要抓住主干结构，同时看清主句中的it是一个形式主语，指代的是后面的不定式结构。而前面的一个its应该是指memory。

⑥Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting.

▲本句的主干是Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system，在这里assume是一个及物动词。宾语a memory storage system后面有一个of引导的介词词组和定语从句来修饰它。

△注意一些词的意思，capacity在这里应被理解为“容量”，而非“能力”；flexibility是“灵活性”而非“弹性”。

试题解析：

67. [D]

　　意为：突然失去记忆力会导致生存适应问题。

　　文章第一段指出，人生许多问题的解决依赖于我们对过去经历过的事情的记忆。第二段第二、三句指出，如果我们不及时复习或练习已学过的东西的话，过一段时间，我们可能忘记它，这种情况所造成的适应性(adaptive)后果也许不太明显。然而，突然失去记忆力却会对适应带来明显后果。举个例子来说，假如你一觉醒来，发觉自己失去了一切记亿，那样会发生什么呢？

　　A意为：由于缺乏练习所造成的遗忘很明显不利于生存适应。这与第二段第二句的意思相反。

　　B意为：如果一个人突然(all of a sudden)变得健忘，他肯定是非常适应生活的。这与第二段第三句表达的内容相反。

　　C意为：逐渐的遗忘过程证明了人的（较强的）适应能力。第二段第四句指出，遗忘可以被看作动物中自然选择(natural selection)过程中遗留给人的一种能力。第三段最后一句指出，遗忘（指逐渐的遗忘）似乎对每个个体或整个物种来说有其生存价值。可见，逐渐的遗忘过程是人在物种间的生存竞争过程中形成的，它是人们适应外部世界的结果。C则将人的适应能力看作是逐渐遗忘过程的结果，这显然颠倒了逻辑关系。

68. [B]

　　第三段第三、四句指出，没有遗忘过程，人就无法适应。例如，十年前正确的做法现在未必合适，所以应忘记它。对遗忘很少的人的调查也表明：他们的日常活动缺乏头绪。

　　A意为：他适于生存。这与事实相反。

　　C意为：他学习的能力会得到加强。这也与事实相反，事实是：所学的东西在大脑中会无头绪可寻。

　　D意为：记忆力的进化就会停止。

69. [A]

　　意为：遗忘是对学习的一种反应。

　　文章最后一段指出，对记忆力也可以做另一种解释：记忆的储存系统总储量有限，遗忘使这一系统具有了灵活性。这种看法认为：在学习或存储（输入）与遗忘（输出）之间有一个不断调整过程。事实上，有证据表明：遗忘率与学习的东西的量直接相关，这对现代记忆模式——输入——输出保持平衡——提供了证据。

　　B意为：记忆储存系统是一个输入输出完全平衡的系统。根据原文，确有一种理论认为或推测(assume)记忆储存系统是一个输入输出平衡的系统，但也仅是假设而已，另外，exactly一字用得欠妥，太绝对化。

　　C意为：记忆力是对遗忘的一个补偿。严格地来讲，forgetting与remembering都是memory的一个组成部分，是一个部分与整体间的关系，不能对照而言。

　　D意为：记忆的储存系统总储量有限，这是由遗忘造成的。原文只是说遗忘使记忆储存系统更具适应力，不是说它造成了记亿储存系统的有限性。

70. [B]

　　本文主要谈的是遗忘过程的作用(function)，它是人生存适应机制的一个很重要的过程，这是文章的第二、三、四段所旨在说明的，对照而言，第一段所谈的内容(remembering)只不过是这个讨论的引子。

　　A意为：记忆，记住。

　　C意为：适应。

　　D意为：体验。

全文翻译：

　　过去的经历会影响日后的行为，这就表明存在着一种明显但却非凡的脑力活动——记忆。如果没有大家称之为记忆的功能，学习便不能发生。反复练习对记忆有很大影响，可以使人们熟练地演奏钢琴、背诵诗歌、乃至总结和理解这些词句。用于解决问题或是辨别出有问题存在的所谓的智力行为需要记忆，记忆能力是推理的一个基本需求。解决任何问题，甚至是识别问题存在的能力都取决于记忆。最典型的是，决定过街也要凭借许多对以前经历的记忆。

　　实践（或称复习）就是建立并保持对某一任务或所学材料的记忆。有一段时间不实践，学到的东西往往就会忘记（渐进性地遗忘）；其适应性结果也就显得不太明显。然而戏剧性地突然遗忘的例子也可被看做具有适应性。从这个意义上说，遗忘能力可解释为动物在自然选择的过程中幸存下来的能力。的确，如果记住一段痛苦的情感经历会导致严重的焦虑，那么遗忘倒可以使人得到解脱。然而，进化论的解释可能会使人难以理解普遍的渐进遗忘过程是如何在自然选择中幸存下来的。

　　在考虑记忆的进化及其所有可能的方面时，思考一下如果记忆不会消失会产生什么结果是很有用处的。显然，遗忘有助于时间的定位，因为旧的记忆淡忘，新的记忆往往就突出，从而为推算持续的时间提供线索。没有遗忘，适应会受影响，例如，已学会的行为十年前可能是正确的，现在则不然了。有记录表明，有些人（按一般标准）忘的太少，以致日常生活常混乱不堪。因此遗忘似乎有助于个体及物种的存活。

　　另一种思路则假定人的记忆存储系统储量有限，这个系统专门通过遗忘提供适应的灵活性。根据这个观点，在学习或记忆储存（输入）和遗忘（输出）之间要不断进行调整。的确，表明个人的遗忘速度与学习东西的多少有直接的关系。这些数据为假定输入——输出持衡的当代记忆模式提供了明确的证据。

1994 Passage 1

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　　The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. Private businessmen, striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.

　　An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers. In the American economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers. If the products is in short supply relative to the demand, the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. Thus, price is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system.

　　The important factor in a private-enterprise economy is that individuals are allowed to own productive resources (private property), and they are permitted to hire labor, gain control over natural resources, and produce goods and services for sale at a profit. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.

51. In line 8, paragraph 1, "the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes" means ________.

　　[A] Americans are never satisfied with their incomes

　　[B] Americans tend to overstate their incomes

　　[C] Americans want to have their incomes increased

　　[D] Americans want to increase the purchasing power of their incomes

52. The first two sentences in the second paragraph tell us that ________.

　　[A] producers can satisfy the consumers by mechanized production

　　[B] consumers can express their demands through producers

　　[C] producers decide the prices of products

　　[D] supply and demand regulate prices

53. According to the passage, a private-enterprise economy is characterized by ________.

　　[A] private property and rights concerned

　　[B] manpower and natural resources control

　　[C] ownership of productive resources

　　[D] free contracts and prices

54. The passage is mainly about ________.

　　[A] how American goods are produced

　　[B] how American consumers buy their goods

　　[C] how American economic system works

　　[D] how American businessmen make their profits

重点词汇：

market-oriented（以市场为导向的）←market市场+orient定位+ed形容词后缀。

permit /πΕ(:)5μιτ/ （v.许可；许可证）即per+mit，per-(=through)，mit词根“传送”，故“允许传送过去”→许可。同根词：admit（v.让……进入；承认）←ad(=to)+mit；emit（v.散发，发射）←e(=ex)+mit；transmit（v.传播；传导）←trans(=through)+mit。Liberty is the right to do whatever the laws permit.自由就是做法律允许的任何事的权利。

embrace /ιμ5βρεισ/ （v.拥抱；包含）即em+brace，em-(=in)，brace词根“手臂”，故“使在手臂里”→拥抱→引申为“包含”。brace作单词意为“v.支撑n.支柱”←谐音“不累死”，因为累死就支撑不住了。Created by life, in definite circumstances, to act on definite things, how can it embrace life, of which it is merely an emanation or aspect?由生命创造，处于一定情况下，作用于一定事物，它（←指科学）只是生命的一种释放或一个方面，怎么能包括生命？

coupled with 与……相结合；bid up 哄抬物价；gain control over 获得对……的控制。

难句解析：

①The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.

▲这是一个有定语从句和宾语从句的复杂句。首先要抓住的核心句为The American economic system is organized around a... economy，economy前面的定语在开始阅读时可以不看。在economy后面是一个以in which引导的定语从句in which consumers largely determine，而这个从句中又有一个宾语从句what shall be produced。在定语从句中又有一个by引导的分词结构spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most作状语，说明消费者是如何决定应生产何种产品，而这个方式状语中又有一个定语从句that they want most。

△通过分析结构我们知道此句的所有意思都是围绕核心句的表语economy展开的，因此在阅读中应分层次，逐层理解对这一核心词的陈述，分清主次，全面理解。

②Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.

▲首先要抓住句首的thus，看到这个词，就应想到此句是前面叙述引出的结论。再看句子结构，跳过状语in the American economic system，先抓住这是一个强调结构It is... that，因此所强调的部分是理解的重点，而它由三个平行成分组成，分别为the demand of individual consumers，the desire of businessmen to maximize profits和the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes，中间用coupled with和and连接。而在that后面的部分有两个并列宾语从句what shall be produced和how resources are used to produce it接在动词determine的后面。

△首先要抓住强调句型，并重点理解所强调的内容，其次要理解句中最后一个it所指代的对象是what shall be produced。

③An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers.

▲此句的结构与第一句类似，只是表语的定语从句更加复杂。

△此句在理解中的难点是定语从句by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers，为了方便理解，我们可以将此句and后的部分由被动句改为主动句：by which consumer demands can be expressed and producers can respond to consumer demands，这样就可以避免对responded to by producers的不理解。

④If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product.

▲这是一个有条件状语从句的主从句，从句由if引导，主体结构为... producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost...，其中producing more of a commodity是一个分词短语作主语，而主句以this为主语，里面包含一个定语从句which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product。

△此句在理解中的难点是句中代词的指代关系，其中第一个its所指的是commodity，而主句的主语this所指的是整个条件状语从句。主句中的定语从句也并不是修饰某一个特定的词，而是指整个主句表达to increase the supply offered by seller-producers。

⑤In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.

▲此句的主句结构为the concept embraces not only... but also...。主要的难点在其宾语部分，是一个not only... but also...连接的并列结构，而后面有一个长的补足语including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual。

△此句的难点为如何理解复杂宾语，注意在开始的时候先应抓主句，可以先不理会逗号后面的补足语部分，然后再分析including后面的成分，同时要记住这一部分是修饰certain rights的。

试题解析：

51. [D] 该选择项意为：美国人想增加其收入的购买力。

　　文章第1段最后一句是从生产者与消费者两方的愿望对照来说的，而且，该段第1句也首先陈述了该文所要谈的内容。

　　[A]、[C]的意思是：美国人想增加其收入。这与本文的主旨不相符合，因为，工资关系反映的是劳资双方的关系而不是生产者与消费者的关系。

　　[B]中“overstate”意为“夸大、夸张”，这个选择项的语义与文章的内容不相干。

　　在做这一题时，将“maximize”一词的意思置入文章的上下文中考查极其重要。

52. [D] 文章第2段第1、2句所表达的内容是该段的主题：价格（的波动）是供求关系（生产者与消费者的关系）的反映。该段的最后一句也重述总结了这一主题。

　　[A]中“mechanized”意为“机械化的”，而原文中“mechanism”意为“机制”。

　　[B]原文第2段第1句中“by which”意指“by means of this mechanism”，即：通过这一机制反映出来；该句中的“by producers”则只与“responded to”有关，即：生产者对消费者的需要作出反应。

　　[C]所表达的内容不正确，因为原句明确指出：价格为供求关系所调节。

53. [A] 该项意为：私人财产（的拥有）及相应的权利。

　　原文第3段的两句反复从这两方面总结了美国资本主义私有制经济制度的特征。

　　[B]意为：劳动力及自然资源的控制。与原文相差甚远。

　　[C]只表达了美国经济制度特征的一方面，因此，失之片面。

　　[D]只强调了权力这一方面，因此，也是片面的。

54. [C] 意为：美国经济的特征及其运行(work)。

　　这是该文所主要阐明的内容，这一主旨在文章的第1段第1、2句与第3段说得很明确。

　　[A]、[B]、[D]文章的主旨不是产品的生产过程，也不是消费者如何购物，更不是商人如何赚钱。

全文翻译：

　　从根本上说，美国经济体制是围绕私有企业、在以市场为导向的经济基础上建立起来的。在这种体制下需要生产什么在很大程度上是消费者通过到市场花钱购买他们最需要的商品和服务来决定的。为了获取利润，私有企业主在与他人竞争中生产这些产品，提供这些服务。在竞争的压力下追求利润的动机以及如何运作在很大程度上决定生产商品和提供服务的方式。因此，在美国经济体制中，消费者个人的需求，加上商人获取最大利润的追求及消费者想最大限度提高购买力的愿望三者共同决定应该生产什么和如何利用资源来生产这些产品。

　　市场型经济中的一个重要因素是反映消费者需求以及生产者对消费者需求作出反应的机制。在美国经济中，这一机制是由价格体制体现的，价格随消费者的相对需求与生产者的供应情况而上下浮动。如果供不应求，价格就上升，有些消费者就会被排挤出市场。另一方面，某种产品大量生产导致成本下降，产销者提供的产品就会增加，这就会使价格下跌，那么，更多的消费者就购买该产品。因此，价格是美国经济体制中的调节机制。

　　私有企业经济的一个重要因素是允许个人拥有生产资料（私有财产），允许他们雇用劳动力，控制自然资源，通过生产产品、提供服务来获取利润。在美国经济中，私有财产的概念不仅包括生产资料的所有权，也包括一定的权利，比如，产品价格的决定权或与其他私有个体的自由签约权。

1994 Passage 2

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　　One hundred and thirteen million Americans have at least one bank-issued credit card. They give their owners automatic credit in stores, restaurants, and hotels, at home, across the country, and even abroad, and they make many banking services available as well. More and more of these credit cards can be read automatically, making it possible to withdraw or deposit money in scattered locations, whether or not the local branch bank is open. For many of us, the "cashless society" is not on the horizon — it's already here.

　　While computers offer these conveniences to consumers, they have many advantages for sellers too. Electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up sales. They can keep a wide range of records, including who sold what, when, and to whom. This information allows businessmen to keep track of their list of goods by showing which items are being sold and how fast they are moving. Decisions to reorder or return goods to suppliers can then be made. At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employees are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns. Computers are relied on by manufacturers for similar reasons. Computer-analyzed marketing reports can help to decide which products to emphasize now, which to develop for the future, and which to drop. Computers keep track of goods in stock, of raw materials on hand, and even of the production process itself.

　　Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.

55. According to the passage, the credit card enables its owner to ________.

　　[A] withdraw as much money from the bank as he wishes

　　[B] obtain more convenient services than other people do

　　[C] enjoy greater trust from the storekeeper

　　[D] cash money wherever he wishes to

56. From the last sentence of the first paragraph we learn that ________.

　　[A] in the future all the Americans will use credit cards

　　[B] credit cards are mainly used in the United State today

　　[C] nowadays many Americans do not pay in cash

　　[D] it is now more convenient to use credit cards than before

57. The phrase "ring up sales" (line 2, paragraph 2) most probably means "________".

　　[A] make an order of goods

　　[B] record sales on a cash register

　　[C] call the sales manager

　　[D] keep track of the goods in stock

58. What is this passage mainly about?

　　[A] Approaches to the commercial use of computers.

　　[B] Conveniences brought about by computers in business.

　　[C] Significance of automation in commercial enterprises.

　　[D] Advantages of credit cards in business.

重点词汇：

deposit /δι5πΧζιτ/ （v.n.存放；储蓄；沉淀）即de+pos+it，de-向下，pos词根“放”，it后缀，“放下它”。The mark of the historic is the nonchalance with which it picks up an individual and deposits him in a trend, like a house playfully moved in a tornado.历史性事件的标志是冷漠，它拈起一个人置于某种趋势中，使之像龙卷风里的房子那样儿戏般地翻滚。

horizon /ηΕ5ραιζν/ （地平线；眼界）。The horizon of life is broadened chiefly by the enlargement of the heart.生活的地平线主要由心胸的扩大而拓展。We all live under the same sky, but we don't all have the same horizon.我们都生活在同一个天空下，但我们并不都拥有同样的地平线。

convenience /κΕν5ϖι:νϕΕνσ/ （便利）即con+veni+ence，con-一起，veni词根“来”，-ence名词后缀，“需要的东西都一起提供”→便利；convenient /κΕν5ϖι:νϕΕντ/ （便利的）←con+veni+ent形容词后缀。What a convenient and delightful world is this world of books.书籍的世界是多么便利而令人愉快啊！It is convenient that there be gods, and, as it is convenient, let us believe that there are.有上帝是方便的，既然如此，我们就相信有上帝吧。

processor /5πρΕυσεσΕ/ （制造者；处理器）←process处理+or；microprocessor（微处理器）←micro+processor。

难句解析：

①They give their owners automatic credit in stores, restaurants, and hotels, at home, across the country, and even abroad and they make many banking services available as well.

▲此句是由and连接的两个并列句，其中第一个句子结构较复杂，有一个复杂的地点状语in stores, restaurants, and hotels, at home, across the country, and even abroad，在阅读时在此处可以适当地加快速度。

△此句在理解中的难点是短语give somebody credit，此处credit应理解为“信用额度”，在英文中credit card意味着持卡人可以有一定的透支额度。

②Electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up sales. They can keep a wide range of records, including who sold what, when, and to whom.

▲这两个短句虽然简单，但是由于其中包含有几个短语，如do much more than...，ring up，electronic cash registers等，因此在阅读中也存在一定的障碍，在我们不知道一个短语的确切意思的情况下，通过上下文来定位其大致意思就显得非常重要。

△electronic cash registers意为“电子收银并记录”；do much more than的意思是“做的不只是”；ring up的意思可以从第一个短句的结构中推出，第一个短句的结构为A can do much more than simply B，我们知道A和B之间只存在程度上的差异，而本质相同，因此ring up应该与electronic cash registers意思相同或相近，应为“收款，记录”的意思。

③At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employers are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns.

▲在第一个句子中包含有两个并列宾语从句which hours are busiest and which employers are the most efficient，而在逗号后面的是一个分词结构，用来修饰主句。

△第一个句子中最后一个词accordingly和第二个句子中的preferred是理解的重点。accordingly意为“相应地”，而preferred是一个形容词，不是prefer的过去分词，意为“有优先权的，优先的”。

④Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.

▲本句中的主语有一个非常长的修饰成分from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors，在阅读的时候，如果我们注意到它只是在逗号之间的补充说明成分，我们就可以先跳过去抓句子的主干成分。

试题解析：

55. [B] 文章的第1段利用一系列的实例说明了信用卡(credit card)给其使用者带来的诸多方便，第2段第1句前半句总结概括了第1段的主题。

　　[A]原文指出，信用卡的持有者可以不受地域和时间的限制存取钱，但这并不意味着愿取多少就取多少。

　　[C]意为：（与不持有信用卡的人相比）享受更多的信誉，这是不符合事实的，事实上，无论是持信用卡还是持现金，顾客在购物时都享有同等的信誉。

　　[D]意为：想在哪个地方兑换现金都可以。这也说得有些空泛，如：由一个银行发放的信用卡未必适用于另一个银行及其分行。

56. [C] 原文第1段第4句指出：对许多美国人来说，“无现金社会”已经来到，而不是将要来到(on the horizon)。

　　[A]原句未指出是否所有美国人将都会使用信用卡。

　　[B]这一选择显然是不正确的，信用卡的使用并非主要限于美国。

　　[D]本文并未指出以前信用卡的使用不方便，因此，我们也无法作出任何比较。原句也没这方面的含意。

57. [B] “register”意为：记数器，记录器。原句中ring up意为：将……记录在记数器内，sales意为：销售额。同一段后文指出：除了记录销售额以外，计算机在商业上还有更广泛的用途，而记录销售额是电子收款机最基本的功能。

　　[A]、[C]都不正确。

　　[D]意为：跟踪记录现存货物。

58. [B] 本文的主旨陈述在最后一段，电子收款机与信用卡使用都是计算机在商业上应用的实例，本文旨在指出计算机的应用给使用者带来的诸多方便。

　　[A]本文不再去说明计算机如何在商业上使用而主要谈论计算机在商业上的应用所带来的结果。

　　[C]意为：商业自动化的意义。本文的着眼点不在“意义”上，而更重在说明计算机的应用给生产者与消费者带来的诸多方便。

　　[D]文章的第1段列举了信用卡的使用给消费者带来的好处，但这并不是文章的主旨，作者仅仅是想通过信用卡这一例子来说明计算机的应用给消费者带来的诸多方便这一主旨。

全文翻译：

　　1.3亿美国人的手中至少持有一家银行发行的信用卡。信用卡持有者可在商店、饭店、宾馆，在当地、外地甚至国外赊购货物，同时信用卡还可以使他们得到银行提供的许多服务。越来越多的信用卡可以自动读取，于是持卡人就可以在不同地方存取，不管本地支行是否营业。对于我们很多人来说，“无现钞的社会”不是即将来临，而是已经到来。

　　计算机为消费者提供诸多方便的同时，也给商家带来很多优势。电子收银机能做的远不止记录销售额，它们可进行各种各样的记录，包括谁卖了什么，何时卖的，卖给谁了。这些信息通过显示销售商品的种类和销售速度，使商家能够跟踪和记录它们的商品清单，然后做出决定是再定货还是把商品退给供应商。同时这些计算机记录哪些时间段是高峰，哪些员工最有效率，进而就能对人员分配进行相应的调整。此外，他们还确定理想的顾客群进行促销活动。基于同样的原因，生产商们也依赖计算机。计算机分析的营销报告能有助于决定目前应重点生产哪些商品，将来开发哪些产品，哪些应停止生产。计算机跟踪库存商品，现有原材料甚至生产过程本身。

　　许多其他商业企业，从剧院到杂志社，从燃气电器公司到牛奶加工厂都通过计算机的使用给消费者提供更好、效率更高的服务。

1994 Passage 3

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　　Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age. For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences.

　　Although we focus on the needs of exceptional children, we find ourselves describing their environment as well. While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself. Both the family and the society in which exceptional children live are often the key to their growth and development. And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society's understanding — the knowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation.

　　Education in any society is a mirror of that society. In that mirror we can see the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values of the culture itself. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.

　　"All men are created equal." We've heard it many times, but it still has important meaning for education in a democratic society. Although the phrase was used by this country's founders to denote equality before the law, it has also been interpreted to mean equality of opportunity. That concept implies educational opportunity for all children — the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great. Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of all children — disabled or not — to an appropriate education, and have ordered that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that education. In response, schools are modifying their programs, adapting instruction to children who are exceptional, to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs.

59. In paragrah 2, the author cites the example of the leading actor on the stage to show that ________.

　　[A] the growth of exceptional children has much to do with their family and the society

　　[B] exceptional children are more influenced by their families than normal children are

　　[C] exceptional children are the key interest of the family and society

　　[D] the needs of the society weigh much heavier than the needs of the exceptional children

60. The reason that the exceptional children receive so much concern in education is that ________.

　　[A] they are expected to be leaders of the society

　　[B] they might become a burden of the society

　　[C] they should fully develop their potentials

　　[D] disabled children deserve special consideration

61. This passage mainly deals with ________.

　　[A] the differences of children in their learning capabilities

　　[B] the definition of exceptional children in modern society

　　[C] the special educational programs for exceptional children

　　[D] the necessity of adapting education to exceptional children

62. From this passage we learn that the educational concern for exceptional children ________.

　　[A] is now enjoying legal support

　　[B] disagrees with the tradition of the country

　　[C] was clearly stated by the country's founders

　　[D] will exert great influence over court decisions

重点词汇：

denote /δι5νΕυτ/ （v.表示）即de+note，de-向下，note记录，“记录下来”→表示。Wisdom denotes the pursuing of the best and by the best means.“明智”指的是以最好的方法追求最好的结果。

难句解析：

①Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age. For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences.

▲第一个短句结构很简单，第二句中For these children to develop to their full adult potential是一个表示目的的状语，也可以看成是一个从主句their education must be adapted to those differences后面提前了的介词结构。

△第一个短句中exceptional一词我们从文章后面的叙述中可以知道它不是我们一般理解的“杰出的，出类拔萃的”，而应指“反常的，有缺陷的”，其实此处的exceptional是一种“身有残疾”的委婉表达法；significant应理解为“重要的，关键的”，而第二句的develop to their full adult potential的develop是一个不及物动词，意为“发展，养成”，而potential是一个名词，意为“潜能”；be adapted to的意思是“被调整，适应”。

②While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself.

▲此句由一个while引导的让步状语从句the leading actor on the stage captures our attention和一个主句构成。

△要理解本句，重点是看到它是一个类比，把残疾儿童比喻为舞台上的主要角色，而他们的家庭和社会环境被比喻为配角和戏剧的布景。在考研的阅读理解中，当我们碰到作者使用各种比喻和类比时，最重要的一点就是要弄清其用比喻来说明的对象。

③And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society's understanding — the knowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation.

▲这是一个强调结构，强调的是in the public schools，后面find的宾语expression of society's understanding又有一个补语，而其中又包含一个定语从句。

△本句理解的重点是短语the full expression of society's understanding。注意此处understanding不单纯是“理解”的意思，应该是指“理智，知性”，如果在开始阅读时对understanding一词的理解不够深刻，也可以从破折号后面的补充成分入手理解其深刻含义。

④The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.

▲此句结构比较复杂，上来先应该抓住其主干结构The great interest... indicates the strong feeling...。而主语the great interest后面有一个修饰成分in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades，在宾语the strong feeling后面有一个同位语从句that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities。

△要理解本句，重点在理清句子结构，并注意whatever their special conditions是用来修饰all citizens的。

⑤That concept implies educational opportunity for all children — the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great.

▲此句的主句是That concept implies educational opportunity for all children，而破折号后面的是对educational opportunity for all children这一事物的进一步说明，其中包含有一个whether引导的从句，其中省略了should，可以被视为一种虚拟语气。

△此句的阅读重点在于抓住围绕educational opportunity所展开的几层意思，从the right再到更进一层的capacity。

⑥In response, schools are modifying their programs, adapting instruction to children who are exceptional, to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs.

▲此句的主句是schools are modifying their programs，后面是一个分词短语作状语，而在这个状语中又有两个定语从句who are exceptional和who cannot profit substantially from regular programs来修饰children。

△注意词组adapting instruction to children（使授课能够适应儿童），另外substantially是“真正地”的意思。

试题解析：

59. [A] 该选择项中“have much to do with”意为：与……有很大的关系，与……紧密相关。

　　文章中第2段第2句所举的这个例子旨在说明其他演员及场景对主演的重要作用，这个例子又用来说明本段第1句与第3句阐明的道理。

　　[B]的意思文章未提及。

　　[C]与作者所呼吁的应该去做的事相反。

　　[D]该选择项中“weigh much heavier than”意为：比……分量重得多，比……重要得多。由此可见该选择项的内容与文章的内容丝毫不相关。

60. [C] 该项意为：其潜能应得到充分的发展。

　　参阅文章第3段第3句，社会对特殊儿童接受普通教育的关注表明他们的主张：任何公民都应该得到使其潜能充分发展的机会。这也是整篇文章的主旨：教育应该有利于特殊儿童的成长（参阅第1段第2句以及第4段第3、5句）。

　　[A]与本文所主张的让特殊儿童平等受普通教育的思想格格不入，另外，从上下文来看，该文中所说的exceptional children是指残疾儿童（disabled/retarded children）。

　　[B]这与原文所传达的思想相违背。

　　[D]原文强调的是特殊儿童应得到平等受教育的机会以利于其能力的充分发展，而这个选择项强调对残疾儿童应区别对待，这与原文是不吻合的。

61. [D] 由对第60题的分析可以看出，本文主要在于说明改革目前的教育方式使之更有利于特殊儿童的成长的重要性（或必要性）。

　　[A]本文未列举儿童在学习能力方面存在哪些差别。

　　[B]本文也未对什么样的儿童称为特殊儿童进行界定。

　　[C]本文主要谈的是使目前的教育更适合特殊儿童的发展的重要性，但并没主张为他们设立一套特殊的教学计划，更没谈具体设立什么教学计划或项目。

62. [A] 参阅原文第4段第4句。句中confirm意为：认可，批准，使……有效。

　　[B]该选择项中disagree with意为：与……不一致。

　　从文章第4段第1、23句来看，该项表达的内容与事实相反。

　　[C]文章第4段第3句指出，国家的创始者们的人人平等这一思想也包含了儿童平等受教育的权利，但这并不意味着他们业已明确地表达了(clearly stated)对特殊儿童的教育的关怀。

　　[D]儿童平等受教育的权利已获得法律上的认可，法庭裁决也必须依法行事，因此，该项所表达的内容（将会对法庭的裁决起很大影响）是不正确的。

全文翻译：

　　特殊儿童与其他同龄的正常孩子相比有一些重要的不同之处。对于这些孩子来说，要使他们到成年时全部的潜力能得到开发，那么他们所受的教育就必须适应那些差异。

　　尽管我们关注的焦点是特殊儿童的需要，但我们发现自己也在描述他们的生活环境。当舞台上的主角吸引了我们的注意力后，我们也能意识到配角及剧目本身场景的重要性。特殊儿童所处的家庭及社会环境常常是他们成长和发展的关键。正是在公立学校里我们感受到了社会知性的充分体现——传授给下一代的知识、希望和恐惧。

　　任何社会的教育都是反映该社会的一面镜子。在这面镜子里，我们可以看到力量、弱点、希望、偏见及文化本身的核心价值。过去30年间公共教育所表现出的对特殊儿童的巨大关注表明了存在于我们社会中的那种强烈的感受，即所有公民，不论情况特殊与否，都应该得到全面发展其能力的机会。

　　“人人生来平等”这句话我们已听过无数次，但它对民主社会的教育仍然有着极其重要的寓意。尽管这句话被国家缔造者们用来预示法律面前人人平等，它也被解释为机会面前人人平等。这一概念暗示了所有儿童都有接受教育的机会——即每个儿童，不管其本身的能力大小与否，都有权利在学习上最大限度地得到帮助。最近的法庭裁决已再次确定了所有儿童——不论残疾与否——都有接受相适应的教育的权利，并已命令公立学校采取必要的措施来提供这种教育。作为回应，学校也在调整课程安排，使授课能够适应特殊儿童，适应那些不能从常规课程中真正获益的儿童的需要。

1994 Passage 4

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　　"I have great confidence that by the end of the decade we'll know in vast detail how cancer cells arise," says microbiologist Robert Weinberg, an expert on cancer. "But," he cautions, "some people may have the idea that once one understands the causes, the cure will rapidly follow. Consider Pasteur. He discovered the causes of many kinds of infections, but it was fifty or sixty years before cures were available."

　　This year, 50 percent of the 910000 people who suffer from cancer will survive at least five years. In the year 2000, the National Cancer Institute estimates, that figure will be 75 percent. For some skin cancers, the five-year survival rate is as high as 90 percent. But other survival statistics are still discouraging — 13 percent for lung cancer, and 2 percent for cancer of the pancreas.

　　With as many as 120 varieties in existence, discovering how cancer works is not easy. The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s, when they discovered that oncogenes, which are cancer-causing genes, are inactive in normal cells. Anything from cosmic rays to radiation to diet may activate a dormant oncogene, but how remains unknown. If several oncogenes are driven into action, the cell, unable to turn them off, becomes cancerous.

　　The exact mechanisms involved are still mysterious, but the likelihood that many cancers are initiated at the level of genes suggests that we will never prevent all cancers. "Changes are a normal part of the evolutionary process," says oncologist William Hayward. Environmental factors can never be totally eliminated; as Hayward points out, "We can't prepare a medicine against cosmic rays."

　　The prospects for cure, though still distant, are brighter.

　　"First, we need to understand how the normal cell controls itself. Second, we have to determine whether there are a limited number of genes in cells which are always responsible for at least part of the trouble. If we can understand how cancer works, we can counteract its action."

63. The example of Pasteur in the passage is used to ________.

　　[A] predict that the secret of cancer will be disclosed in a decade

　　[B] indicate that the prospects for curing cancer are bright

　　[C] prove that cancer will be cured in fifty to sixty years

　　[D] warn that there is still a long way to go before cancer can be conquered

64. The author implies that by the year 2000, ________.

　　[A] there will be a drastic rise in the five-year survival rate of skin-cancer patients

　　[B] 90 percent of the skin-cancer patients today will still be living

　　[C] the survival statistics will be fairly even among patients with various cancers

　　[D] there won't be a drastic increase of survival rate of all cancer patients

65. Oncogenes are cancer-causing genes ________.

　　[A] that are always in operation in a healthy person

　　[B] which remain unharmful so long as they are not activated

　　[C] that can be driven out of normal cells

　　[D] which normal cell can't turn off

66. The word "dormant' in the third paragraph most probably means ________.

　　[A] dead

　　[B] ever-present

　　[C] inactive

　　[D] potential

重点词汇：

infection /ιν5φεκΦΕν/ （传染；感染）即in+fect+ion，in-在内，fect词根“做”，-ion名词后缀，“在里面起作用”→感染；动词形式为infect←in+fect。参effective（有效的），2002年Text 1。Grief, like pleasure, infects the atmosphere. A first glance into any home is enough to tell you whether love or despair reigns there.忧伤与快乐一样，感染着气氛。无论哪一家，只要看上一眼，就足以得知主宰那里的是爱还是绝望。

pancreas /5π“νκριΕσ/ （胰腺）看作pan+cr+eas，pan盘，cr看作crack，eas看作复数形式(es)，“许多盘破裂的胰腺”。

oncogene /5ΧνκΕ7δςι:ν/ （致癌基因）←onco+gene，onco词根“肿瘤”，gene基因。

dormant /5δΧ:μΕντ/ （静止的；休眠的）即dorm+ant，dorm词根“睡觉”，-ant形容词后缀，“像睡觉那样的”→休眠的。同根词：dormitory→dorm+itory后缀表“地方”→睡觉的地方→（集体）宿舍。

oncologist /ΧΝ5κΧλΕδςιστ/ （肿瘤学家）←onco+logist，onco词根“肿瘤”，-logist后缀“……学家”。

counteract /7καυντΕ5ρ“κτ/ （v.抵抗；消除）即counter+act，counter-前缀“反”（如counter-clockwise逆时针方向），act行动，故“反着行动”→抵抗。The doctor gave him some medicine to counteract the effect of the poison.医生给他一些药解毒。

ever-present 经常存在的。

难句解析：

①"But", he cautions, "some people may have the idea that once one understands the causes, the cure will rapidly follow. Consider Pasteur, he discovered the causes of many kinds of infections, but it was fifty or sixty years before cures were available."

▲此句是一个直接引语，注意引语中有两个句子，前面的句子有一个复杂的同位语从句that once one understands the causes, the cure will rapidly follow修饰the idea，而后面提到了一个例子，句中有一个but，它后面的it指代前面整句话。

△注意引语中两个句子之间的关系，后者是用来驳斥前面一句中那些人的错误想法的，作者在这里举的是一个反例。

②The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s, when they discovered that oncogenes, which are cancer-causing genes, are inactive in normal cells.

▲此句主句是The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s，后面有一个when引导的定语从句修饰the early 1970s，而在这个定语从句中还有一个宾语从句，在宾语从句中又有一个非限定性定语从句which are cancer-causing genes修饰oncogenes。

△注意此句中有超纲词oncogenes，但是我们可以从后面修饰它的定语从句推出其确切含义，这也是常用到的阅读方法之一，即可以用定语从句来反推所修饰词的意思。

③The exact mechanisms involved are still mysterious, but the likelihood that many cancers are initiated at the level of genes suggests that we will never prevent all cancers.

▲此句是用but连接的复合句，注意前面的involved表示“相关的”，而后面的半句的主干是the likelihood suggests that...，里面又包含有一个同位语从句和宾语从句。

△注意看清句子结构，而后面的likelihood表示“可能性”。

④Environmental factors can never be totally eliminated; as Hayward points out, "We can't prepare a medicine against cosmic rays."

▲此句用分号隔开，前面是一个简单的被动语态，而后面是一个直接引语。

△如果我们了解分号的用法，就知道它经常用来连接两个意思相仿或相对的句子。而在这里，分号后面的部分就是进一步说明前面的意思，那么我们也就知道cosmic rays是environmental factors的一个个例。

试题解析：

63. [D] 该项意为：提醒人们彻底战胜癌症的道路还很长。

　　本文第1段中所举的巴斯特的例子在于否定本段第2句提到的某些人的观点：一旦找到病因，治疗方法会立刻找到(rapidly follow)，而在于说明第4句中所阐明的道理。

　　[A]原文第1段第1句引用了Weinberg的话，他认为人们在近十年内会对癌症的病因有很大的了解，但这并不意味着会彻底揭开(disclose)癌症的秘密。另外，这也不是举巴斯特的例子所要说明的问题。

　　[B]意为：指出治愈癌症的前景是非常乐观的。本文作者相信这一点，但这并不是举巴斯特这个例子所要说明的观点。

　　[C]在巴斯特找到传染病病因五六十年之后，才找到治疗方法，但这并不意味着五六十年以后也肯定会找到治愈癌症的方法。

64. [D] 意为：各种癌症患者的平均存活率不会有大幅度的增加。

　　文章第二段用数据说明了能够继续生活五年以上的病人的数量的比例，这一比例增加是可喜的，但能完全从病魔中生存下来的人仍然不会有大幅度的增加。

　　[A]文章只提到了目前可以存活五年的皮肤癌病人的比例是90％（注意文章原句用的是一般现在时），但未提到2000年将会怎样。

　　[B]由对[A]项的分析可以看出，考生无法了解2000年有多大比例的癌症病人还健在。

　　[C]本题中“fairly even”意为“基本不变”。对这项所表达的内容也无法证实。在解释[D]项时，我们曾指出各种癌症患者的平均存活率不会有大幅度的增加，但这并不意味着根本没有增加。

65. [B] “activate”在此意为“激活，使活动起来”。

　　文章第3段第4句指出：如果几个致癌基因(oncogene)被激活，细胞又无法抵御它们的侵害的话，细胞就会发生癌变。

　　[A]参阅文章第3段第2句。该项表达的内容与事实相反。

　　[C]文章第3段指出，致癌基因存在于健康细胞(normal cells)中。

　　[D]原文第3段第4句“unable to turn them off”只表达了一个假设，相比之下，[D]表达的是一个事实。

66. [C] “dormant”意为“潜伏的”，与第3段第2句中“inactive”一词是同义。

　　[A]“dead”的意思不对。

　　[B]“ever-present”意为“无时无处不在”也不对。

　　[D]“potential”意为“潜在的”，与同一句中“activate”(make... active)的意思不搭配。

全文翻译：

　　“我有极大的信心相信到这个十年期结束时我们将会详尽地知晓癌细胞的生成原因，”微生物学家罗伯特·温伯格，一位癌症专家如此说道，“但是，”他又告诫说，“有些人认为一旦人们弄清了病因，治疗方法很快就会跟上。其实不然，想想法国细菌学家巴斯德，他发现了许多传染病的成因，但治疗方法却在五六十年后才问世。”

　　今年，91万癌症患者中有一半将至少再活5年。国家癌症研究所估计，到2000年存活率将升至75％。现在对于一些皮肤癌来说，5年期存活率高达90％，但其他类型癌症的存活数据却仍令人沮丧——肺癌13％，胰腺癌2％。

　　癌症现有种类多达120多种，发现其规律实属不易。研究人员在70年代早期取得了很大进展，他们发现导致癌症的癌基因在正常细胞里是不活跃的。从宇宙射线、辐射到日常饮食，任何东西都可能激活一个处于静止状态下的致癌基因，但如何激活尚不为人知。如果若干癌基因被激活，细胞无力排除也就演变成了癌细胞。

　　导致癌变的确切机制仍是个谜，但许多癌症始于基因这一可能性表明我们将永远不能预防所有癌症。“变化是进化过程中的一个正常部分，”肿瘤专家威廉·海沃德说道。环境因素永远无法完全消除，正如海沃德所指出的那样：“我们无法准备出一种抗宇宙射线的药。”

　　治癌前景尽管遥远，但已越来越明朗。

　　“首先，我们需要了解正常细胞如何控制自己。其次，我们必须查明细胞中是否有一定数量的基因对至少部分麻烦总是负有责任。如果我们能弄清癌症的活动规律，我们就能采取相应的措施。”

1994 Passage 5

论坛相关讨论帖地址：

　　Discoveries in science and technology are thought by "untaught minds" to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents. Sir Alexander Fleming did not, as legend would have it, look at the mold on a piece of cheese and get the idea for penicillin there and then. He experimented with antibacterial substances for nine years before he made his discovery. Inventions and innovations almost always come out of laborious trial and error. Innovation is like soccer; even the best players miss the goal and have their shots blocked much more frequently than they score.

　　The point is that the players who score most are the ones who take the most shots at the goal — and so it goes with innovation in any field of activity. The prime difference between innovators and others is one of approach. Everybody gets ideas, but innovators work consciously on theirs, and they follow them through until they prove practicable or otherwise. What ordinary people see as fanciful abstractions, professional innovators see as solid possibilities.

　　"Creative thinking may mean simply the realization that there's no particular virtue in doing things the way they have always been done," wrote Rudolph Flesch, a language authority. This accounts for our reaction to seemingly simple innovations like plastic garbage bags and suitcases on wheels that make life more convenient: "How come nobody thought of that before?"

　　The creative approach begins with the proposition that nothing is as it appears. Innovators will not accept that there is only one way to do anything. Faced with getting from A to B, the average person will automatically set out on the best-known and apparently simplest route. The innovator will search for alternate courses, which may prove easier in the long run and are bound to be more interesting and challenging even if they lead to dead ends.

　　Highly creative individuals really do march to a different drummer.

67. What does the author probably mean by "untaught mind" in the first paragraph?

　　[A] A person ignorant of the hard work involved in experimentation.

　　[B] A citizen of a society that restricts personal creativity.

　　[C] A person who has had no education.

　　[D] An individual who often comes up with new ideas by accident.

68. According to the author, what distinguishes innovators from non-innovators?

　　[A] The variety of ideas they have.

　　[B] The intelligence they possess.

　　[C] The way they deal with problems.

　　[D] The way they present their findings.

69. The author quotes Rudolph Flesch in Paragraph 3 because ________.

　　[A] Rudolph Flesch is the best-known expert in the study of human creativity

　　[B] the quotation strengthens the assertion that creative individuals look for new ways of doing things

　　[C] the reader is familiar with Rudolph Flesch's point of view

　　[D] the quotation adds a new idea to the information previously presented

70. The phrase "march to a different drummer" (the last line of the passage) suggests that highly creative individuals are ________.

　　[A] diligent in pursuing their goals

　　[B] reluctant to follow common ways of doing things

　　[C] devoted to the progress of science

　　[D] concerned about the advance of society

重点词汇：

mold /μΕυλδ/ 霉菌。

penicillin /7πενι5σιλιν/ （青霉素）音译：盘尼西林。

antibacterial /5“ντιβ“κ5τιΕριΕλ/ （抗菌的；抗菌药）即anti+bacteria+(a)l，anti-前缀“抗”，bacteria细菌，-al后缀。

innovator /5ινΕυϖειτΕ/ （创新者）即in+nov+at(e)+or，in-加强前缀，nov词根=new（元音字母替换，形近字母替换），-ate动词后缀，-or后缀表“人”，故“使事物更新的人”→创新者。同根词：novel（小说；新奇的）←nov+el后缀。

diligent /5διλιδςΕντ/ （勤奋的）即di+lig+ent，di-前缀“分离”，lig词根“选择”，-ent形容词后缀，联想：许多黑白两色的芝麻混杂在一起，能把它们“选择”“分离”出来的人，是非常“勤奋的”。同根词：intelligently（聪明地，明智地），见1996年Passage 1。

reluctant /ρι5λΘκτΕντ/ （不愿的，勉强的）即re+luct+ant，re-看作“反复”，luct可看作词根lect“选择”，-ant形容词后缀，人们都不愿反反复复地作选择，所以“反复选择”→不愿的。Suggestion systems can work — don't be reluctant to use them.建议制度是有效的——不要不愿使用它们。

devote /δι5ϖΕυτ/ （v.奉献，致力于）即de+vote，de拼音“得”，vote单词“选票”，那些希望“得选票”的人都声称自己将“献身于”某项事业。Only to devote oneself to the society can find the significance of the actually short and risky life.人生实际上是短暂而有风险的，只有献身于社会，才能找到其意义。

难句解析：

①Discoveries in science and technology are thought by "untaught minds" to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents.

▲本句的主干是Discoveries are thought by... to do sth. or as sth.。在句中by "untaught minds"后面有两个并列的用or连接起来的结构作为被认为的对象。

△要理解本句，就首先要知道"untaught minds"的是指那些“对科学实验的艰辛过程不了解的人”；而blinding flashes指“眩目的一瞬”，其实意思相当于汉语中的“灵光一闪”。

②Sir Alexander Fleming did not, as legend would have it, look at the mold on a piece of cheese and get the idea for penicillin there and then.

▲本句的主干是Sir Alexander Fleming did not... look at and get the idea...。中间两个逗号隔开的部分是一个插入成分，并不影响阅读。

△要理解本句，就要对科学史有一定的了解，弗莱明爵士发明了青霉素penicillin；而there and then表示“当时当地”，用来强调人们传说的活灵活现。

③Innovation is like soccer; even the best players miss the goal and have their shots blocked much more frequently than they score.

▲本句的主干是由分号隔开的两个分句，后半句比较复杂，主语是the best players有两个并列的谓语miss和have their shot blocked，后面有一个比较结构。

△复习分号的用法，就知道后半句是补充说明前半句的。

④The point is that the players who score most are the ones who take the most shots at the goal — and so it goes with innovation in any field of activity.

▲本句由两个并列句构成，前面的一个的表语比较复杂，里面还有两个定语从句，分别修饰表语从句的主语和表语。破折号后面的结构较简单。

△理解so it goes的意思是理解本句的重点，它表示“同样的道理，同理，……也一样”。注意在本句和上一句中作者都把发明创造比喻为踢足球，而把发明家比喻为足球运动员。

⑤"Creative thinking may mean simply the realization that there is no particular virtue in doing things the way they have always been done," wrote Rudolph Flesch, a language authority.

▲本句是一个直接引语，在引语中主干是Creative thinking may mean simply the realization...，后面是一个同位语从句修饰the realization，而在从句从又有一个定语从句修饰状语the way。

△注意virtue表示“美德，道理”的意思，而the way前面可以被视为少了一个介词in。

⑥This accounts for our reaction to seemingly simple innovations like plastic garbage bags and suitcases on wheels that make life more convenient: "How come nobody thought of that before?"

▲本句的主干非常简单，就是This accounts for our reaction。最后的引语是our reaction的同位语，而reaction后面介词to的宾语比较繁杂，核心词是simple innovations，后面有两个例子，还有一个定语从句来修饰核心词。

△在阅读中，一定要抓住本句的主干，其实看不懂plastic garbage bags and suitcases on wheels都不会对把握文章的整体意思产生什么影响，另外知道account for的意思也很重要。

试题解析：

67. [A] 根据原文第1段，“untaught minds”本文应该指那些不了解发明与革新的艰辛的人。

　　[B]、[D]则明显不对。

　　[C]“untaught”一词有“未受过教育的”这个意思，但从本文第1段来看，这里并非指未受过教育的人，不了解发明创造的艰辛的人未必没有受过教育。

68. [C] 这是文章主要要说明的问题。

　　文章第2段第2句指出：有创造力的人与他人的最大区别在于他们对待事物的方法不同，此句中“one”指“difference”。文章最后一段以结论的形式再次说明了这一主旨。

　　[A]意为：有创造力的人所拥有的各种各样的思想。如上文解释[C]项时所指出的，本文重点要说明的是：在对待事物的方法上，有创造力的人与常人不同，这与他们所持有的思想的多少没有关系。

　　[B]如上所分析，二者的主要区别不在于智力上的不同。

　　[D]意为：善于发明创造的人表述自己的发现的方式与人不同。这也是不对的。

69. [B] 作者引用Flesch的话当然是为了支持自己的观点：有创造力的人经常探索做事的新方法。

　　文章第3段Flesch指出：创造性思维往往只起源于一种认识：做事情的传统的方法未必是最好的。

　　[A]、[C]所表达的内容也许是正确的，但并不是文章引用Flesch的目的。

　　[D]Flesch的话所表达的思想与作者的看法是相吻合的，并没有添加新的思想。

　　像举例一样，引用其他人的观点（正面引述也好反面引述也好）都是为了说明文章的主旨或主题，否则，引述便显得没必要了，引用其他人的发现或数据也是如此。从这一点也可以看出把握文章的主旨、主题与思路对正确选择答案的重要性。

70. [B] 文章中“march to different drummer”是一个比喻。“drummer”意为“鼓手”，“to”意为“伴着”，整个词组的意思为：伴着一个不同的鼓手所敲出的节奏行进，即：不随波逐流，与其他人走的道路或所持的思路不同。这是对文章主旨的一个形象总结。

　　[A]强调的是毅力，而不是方法方面。

　　[C]、[D]强调的是责任心，而不是方法方面。

全文翻译：

　　科学技术上的发明创造被“不知内情者”看做灵感的眩目闪现或戏剧性事件的结果。亚历山大·弗莱明爵士可不是像传说中的那样，看了一眼奶酪上的霉就立刻想到了青霉素的发明。他是对抗菌物质进行了长达9年的实验才有了这项发明的。发明及创新几乎都是艰苦的试验和失败的产物。创新就像踢足球，即使是最出色的球员也会痛失进球机会，其射门被挡出的机会大大多于进球的机会。

　　问题在于得分最多者正是那些射门次数最多的球员，而任何领域的创新活动都是如此。创新者与普通人的主要区别在于处理问题的方法不同。每一个人都有想法，但创新者会自觉地钻研他的想法，并不懈努力直到证明想法切实可行或不可行。普通人视为凭空想像的抽象概念在职业创新者眼里却具有坚实的可能性。

　　“创造性思维也许只不过意味着能够意识到按老办法办事没什么特别可取之处。”语言权威人士鲁道夫·弗莱契写到。这解释了我们看到像塑料垃圾袋和带轮箱包之类令生活更便利但看似简单的发明时的反应：“怎么过去就没有人想到这办法呢？”

　　创造性方法始于“一切不可貌相”的主张。创新者不会接受办事只有一种方法的论调。面对从A到B的挑战，普通人会自动踏上一条最为人熟悉、显然最简单的路径。创新者则会探寻另外不同的道路，而这样的道路将（guangxian注：may宜译为“可能”）会最终被证实更简单、也一定更有趣、更富挑战性，即使它们通向绝境。

　　极富创造性的人的确是伴着不同鼓手打出的鼓点前进的。（←原书此句

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