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Narration:In this portal students may concentrate on just one topic (such as "Port Assessment") and then migrate to Capabilities and Situational Exercises, or they can move from assessment to assessment first before going more in-depth into one topic.Port Assessment Objectives:Terminal Learning Objective (TLO)After completion of this module, the student will recognize planning factors for selection of sea lines of communication (SLOC), and the considerations and impacts of each planning factor.Port Assessment Objectives:Enabling Learning Objectives (ELOs)Students will be able to recognize the:Importance of available main supply routes (MSRs) to selection of SLOCLimitations of water depth, beach gradient and vessel draftLimitations caused by tides and sea stateEffects of vessel freeze and ice conditionsMaximum lifting capability of supporting Material Handling Equipment (MHE)Limitations posed by characteristics of docks and berthsLimitations on throughput of the road networkLimitations resulting from proximity of port to the tactical assembly area (TAA)Water Terminal Selection:Terminal categorized according to physical characteristics:Physical facilityFixed - deep-draft vessels come alongside for berthing and discharge cargo directly on pier/dockUnimproved - site not specifically designed for cargo discharge; may lack water depth, materials handling equipment (MHE) and berthing spaceBare beach - lighterage is used to off-load ships at anchor, and cargo is then moved over to a beach shoreCommodity handled - types of cargo handled (equipment, ammunition, fuel)Cargo handling methods:General - cargo loaded and handled in original shipping package/configurationContainer - cargo in standardized boxes/containers (significant infrastructure required)RO/RO - ships designed to carry vehicles (preferred method of transporting vehicular equipment)Lighterage - self-propelled/towed floating craft to carry cargoNarration: Selecting the water terminal is critical to Port and Logistics Over-theShore (LOTS) Operations. Water terminal maturity will make the difference on what will comprise the Port Opening Package that will deploy to support it, and the type of Army Watercraft that will negotiate the offload. Narration: Water terminals include both seaports and inland water facilities capable of receiving deep draft vessels, and barges. Many established terminals will have a transportation infrastructure in place such as railways, highways, inland waterways, and adjacent airfields.Seaport Assessment:Seaport of embarkation (SPOE) - units prepare for shipment by strategic sealiftUnit staging/marshaling area - final en route location for preparation of unit equipment for overseas movement prior to the equipment entering the port staging area; provides space for sorting vehicles for easel loading; equipment segregated in accordance with the vessel stow planStaging area - equipment is inspected for serviceability, packing lists/load card, accuracy of dimensions and weights, proper fastening of secondary loads, and documentation of any cargo requiring special handlingSupercargo - unit personnel designated on orders to accompany, secure, and maintain unit cargo onboard shipsSeaport of debarkation (SPOD) - point at which cargo/personnel are dischargedMarshaling area - location in vicinity of reception terminal/storage site where arriving unit personnel, equipment, material and supplies are reassembled and prepared for onward movementNarration:Existing "mature" seaports that are friendly to the US are well known to Surface Deployment and Distribution Command (SDDC), and the SDDC will negotiate Host Nation contract support prior to force arrival. They will have already established a foothold at the port, and aerial assessments will be completed for non-friendly ports. For theses ports SDDC will conduct a hostile entry with a robust package heavy on Material Handling Equipment (MHE).Main Supply Routes (MSRs):MSR - route(s) designated within an area of operations upon which bulk of traffic flows in support of operationsMovement Control Center (MCC) - provides centralized movement control and regulationMovement Control Team (MCT)Movement Regulating Team (MRT)MCTs/MRTs placed at key transportation nodes/critical locations along MSR to expedite movementMSR at sea lines of communication (SLOC) allows free flow of goods and services in nonsaturated environment; rapid resupply of forcesNarration: During normal operations the port location supports a large flow of goods through its network, which is why main supply routes from the port are usually part of a mature road bed. In times of conflict the road network from the port to key staging locations are heavily regulated by Movement Control Teams to ensure military movement at the port is not impacted by civilian traffic.Water Depth, Beach Gradient, Vessel DraftIdeal beach - deep water close to shore, a firm bottom of hard-packed sand and gravel, minimum variation in tides, and a moderate to gentle (1:15 to 1:60) underwater beach gradientBeach gradient - ratio of depth to horizontal distanceSteep (more than 1:15)Moderate (1:15 to 1:30)Gentle (1:30 to 1:60)Mild (1:60 to1:120)Limitations - composition of beach, beach gradient at various tide stages, length and width of beach, depth of water close inshore, tidal range and period, and vessel draftNarration:Water depth, beach gradient and vessel draft are key issues during LOTS OperationsNarration:One needs only to look at the Japanese Occupation of the Attu and Kiska Islands in Alaska during WWII to see the impact. Because of beach gradient, a normal beach landing which should have been completed in hours took over a week to accomplish with the loss of much needed equipment.Tides:Tide - the periodic rise and fall of waterHigh tide/low tideTidal current - horizontal movement Flood current/ebb currentRange tide - time interval from one low tide to the nextAverage 12 hours and 25 minutesStage of the tide affects the width of the beach, and accordingly, the type of surf, the depth of water over sandbars and reefs, the width of exposed beach that must be traversed, and the requirements for special equipment to facilitate debarkationNarration:Tide fluctuation is also critical to beach and LOTS OperationsNarration: A good example of the impact of tidal fluctuations occurred when the Inchon landed during the Korean War, where the difference in mean low and high tides is world famous. Tides and timetables have to be considered for their impact on military operations, based on where Port Operations are conducted.Sea State (Beaufort Wind/Sea Scale):Sea state - includes the height, period and character of waves on the surface of a large body of water0 - calm (glassy), wind < 1 kt, 1/2 ft waves1 - calm (rippled), wind 1-6 kts, 1/2 to 1 ft waves2 - smooth (wavelets), wind 7-10 kts, 2 1/2 ft waves3 - slight, wind 11-16 kts, 5 ft waves4 - moderate, wind 17-21 kts, 9 ft waves5 - rough, wind 22-27 kts, 14 ft waves6 - very rough, wind 28-33 kts, 19 ft waves7 - high, wind 34-47 kts, 25 to 31 ft wavesMaximum operating sea condition - sea state 3Above sea state 2 -throughput capacity suffers greatlyConditions below sea state 1 - required for assembly/installation of causeway systemNarration:Sea state classification is depicted here on a scale of 0-7. Army Watercraft (lighterage) cannot function in support of LOTS Operations above sea state 3, so as to allow maneuverability for lesser class beach landing vessels and to prevent damage that may occur on causeway sections at higher sea states.Freeze and Ice:Affect a waterway's capacityWaterway capacity - based on turnaround time (length of time between leaving a point and returning to it)Prevent vessel operators from following intended coursesRestrict speed and maneuverability of watercraftNarration:LOTS operations in areas prone to heavy ice flow are complicated. Army planners must consider steel and ship design when contracting vessel support. In addition, channel ice may refreeze and need to be reopened for ship passage. Military vessels may have to use commercial offshore terminals for some worldwide locations.Material Handling Equipment (MHE) Support:Essential elements of information (EEI) - critical items of information/intelligence required to plan and execute an operationAdequate MHE available for loading/unloadingCoordinate with Theatre Support Command (TSC) to provide sufficient MHE at pints and times requiredNumber, location and type of MHEMHE characteristics:Type of powerLift capabilityDimensionsTrack length and gaugeMake, model and age/conditionNarration: When assessing a port, one critical element to consider is MHE support. Mature ports possess cranes and forklifts that facilitate cargo movement.Narration:The type and capacity of cranes available will determine the offload priority for vessels, as well as how robust of an MHE package a deploying Inland Cargo Transfer Company (ICTC) will bring if MHE and host nation contact support is lacking at the port.Narration:The Army inventory has a BD Crane stationed at Fort Eustis, VA for use when commercial heavy lift equipment is absent or broken. The BD Crand is deployed using an ocean-going tug.Docks and Berths:Oceangoing ships - cargo is discharged directly onto dockTugs - used to berth ships alongside pierEEI:Type (wooden, concrete), length and width, and present condition of a piers/docks located along shorelineType of location equipment that may be used to off-load cargoNumber and types of vessels that can be accommodated at one timeSafe working load level (can support 60-, 100-, and 150-ton vehicles and/or equipment)Water depth alongside and leading to the piers/docksServices available (such as water, fuel, and electricity)Available pier/dock storageSpecialized facilities available for the discharge of RO/RO vessels (such as ramps)Height of wharves above mean low water (MLW)Current use of wharvesRoad Network:Capable of supporting volume of traffic necessary to meet planned and anticipated movement requirementMain supply route (MSR)/alternate supply route (ASR)Highway regulation pan - describes MSR road networkTraffic circulation plan - map overlay/graphic representation of MSR road networkUseful capacity of port can never exceed road network capacityDifferent types of equipment may require separate routesProximity to Tactical Assembly Area (TAA):TAA - area generally out of reach of light artillery; the location where units make final preparations and rest prior to moving to the line of departureMoving from an origin location to a TAA:Intratheatre - based on transportation mode (assets available)Intertheater - strategic lift by air or sea-------------------------------------------------------------------Rail Assessment Objectives:Terminal Learning Objective (TLO)After completion of this module, the student will be familiar with key factors in the selection of rail lines of communication (RLOC) and the considerations and impacts of each planning factor.Rail Assessment Objectives:Enabling Learning Objectives (ELOs)Students will be able to:Determine the quality of the rail bedDetermine the quality of the rolling stock on the rail bedIdentify the impact of the quality of rail bed serviceIdentify the impact of railheads and services on throughput of the portIdentify how proximity to the MSR impacts planningIdentify how Host Nation support impacts port operations planningDetermine the rail gaugeDetermine the limitations of the rail gaugeNarration:The feasibility of using rail is dependent on rail line of communication security.Narration: The US Army Transportation Corps Rail Inspectors assess the practicality of using foreign rail lines. In foreign countries, available rail use may depend on badly damaged infrastructure, which would require the deployment of the Army Reserve Rail units to revitalize rail service. This would provide another viable line of communication option to strategic planners.Railway Planning involves:Determining what type of rail system is neededDetermining what type of services will be used and who will use/maintain the rail systemRailway Intelligence involves:Types of locomotiveTypes of rolling stockSignal systemTrack structureLayout of systemMethods of operationRailway Operations Planning includes:Strategic importance and selection of certain rail linesDetails shown on maps and photographs (routes, facilities, structures)General description of the rail system (its facilities and its equipment)Detailed basic characteristics of routes, facilities, equipment, structures, and operationsTypes of gauges and classification of railways in the areaPhysical features of the areaRail Bed Quality:Rail bed, ballast, and weight of the rails all affect the speed and weight of trainsUse of the railway with the most seasoned rail bed, the best ballast, and the heaviest rail relates to fewer interruptions of train operations caused by washouts and buckled railsBallast - trap rock, granite, blast furnace slag, limestone, or graded gravel laid on the ground to provide support for the trackBroken or crushed stone best for heavy tonnage and/or high speed trafficPoor ballast materials include: pit-run gravel, engine cinders, oyster shells, decomposed granite, and sandCrossties support vertical rail loads (train weight)Timber (most common), concrete, steelRolling Stock Quality:Rolling stock - all vehicles which move on a railway (locomotives/cranes, railroad/tank cars, freight cars, coaches and wagons)Army-owned locomotives equipped with multi-gauge trucksLocal (foreign) equipment generally inadequate to support transportation requirementsNarrow-gaugePoor conditionLocomotives/cars old or need repairLocomotives have low tractive (traction) effortProcurement specifications/program may be needed for narrow-gauge rail equipmentNarration:If Host Nation rail assets are borrowed, it may not be possible to estimate their quality. Therefore, when Army planners contract external rail support from a foreign country, inspectors are sent to ensure that the quality of contracted rail cars is in line with expectations, including the numbers of specialty rail cars needed to move oversized military equipment by rail.Rail Bed Service Quality:Damaged track, rail bed, and structures may cause major interruptions to rail traffic in a theater of operations and may take several days or weeks to repairCorrective action must be as decisive and as prompt as conditions permitHeavy repair and maintenance of rail bed and rail equipment require adequate shops located at or near yards and terminalWork crew and track equipment must be available for maintenance and repairs of track and rail bedsMOS-88P Railway Equipment Repairer:Responsible for supervising or performing maintenance on diesel-electric locomotives and railway carsPlay an integral role in the operation and maintenance of the Army's railway operating battalionsDuties include:Trouble shooting locomotives for malfunctionsRepairing cooling systems, fuel systems, exhaust, air brake components, lube oil systems, electrical systems and diesel engine componentsInspecting frame and running gear for breaks, cracks or worn surfacesExamining and repairing truck and wheel assemblies, safety equipment and interiors of carsNarration:If rail bed service quality in a hostile country is in need of repair, the US Army deploys Soldiers in the MOS of 88P to assist in the repair efforts.Railheads and Services:Point on a railway where loads are transferred between trains and other means of transportServices include adequate yards, terminals and shop facilitiesTerminal yards should have sufficient track for receiving trains, classifying cars, and making up trains for departureFacilities are needed to spot cars, unload them, and promptly return the empties to serviceTerminal should include an engine house; car repair tracks; fuel, lube, sanding, and water stations; and buildings to house crews of the railway battalion Proximity to MSR:Railway plan developed is integrated into overall movements plan for the theaterProximity to MSR is a factor in determining which railway to use Track routes are determined by acquisition of property, general terrain, and locations servedRailway facilities near MSR support military operations in a theaterUse of existing tracks and facilities is preferred, but new construction in theater may be necessary when considering MSRHost Nation Support:Acquisition and use (in compliance of negotiated agreements) of foreign host nation military, paramilitary or civilian support (HNS) to supplement or satisfy U.S. Army combat support (CS) and combat service support (CSS) requirements overseasRepresentatives from all organizations involved in train operations must meet and determine what set of rules will be followedAll train crews should be made familiar with the operating rules before being placed into service Which language will be used for dispatching and train crew communication also needs to be determinedCommunications must be clearly transmitted and clearly understood by all personnel involved in train operationsNarration:Host Nation support expectation should closely be evaluated. For instance, foreign rail systems may not consider a US military deployment a rail priority, and they choose instead to give their commercial clients top priority. This may have a significant impact, such as when a locomotive detaches from a US military train during the day to support another priority. This translates to no electricity, no heat, and no working latrines for several hours, with the US military train sitting on a side track.MOS-88U Railway Operations Crewman:Responsible for supervising and operating diesel-electric locomotives and related equipmentServe as a crewmember or brakeman in the makeup and movement of railway cars/trainsDuties include:Interpreting train ordersExecuting instructions received from signal towers, switches, other trains and trainmenInspecting cars at route stopsAdvising dispatchers of arrival and departure times for all passing trainsCompiling records of locations of all rolling stock Performing lubrication orders on railway cars and making minor running repairsNarration:When using foreign rail, it is required that the 88U Railway operations Crew assist in acquiring rail stock and in defining operating rules. This reserve specialty MOS also ensures communications for rail movement between foreign countries.Rail Gauge:Distance between inner sides of the two parallel rails that make up a trackStandard/international gauge is 4 ft 8.5 inGauges wider than standard are broad gauge, smaller than standard are narrow gaugeDual gauge (with 3 or 4 parallel rails) allow trains of two different gauges to share same pathTrain can travel faster if gauge is wider (center of gravity)Break of gauge occurs when two railway lines of different gauges meetNarration:Rail Gauge determines whether or not US planners can augment foreign rail with US made locomotives. It also determines the size rail cars that will be used, which in turn dictates what type vehicles may be shipped. Heavy Equipment Transport Systems cannot move by rail.---------------------------------------------Air Movement Assessment Objectives:Terminal Learning Objective (TLO)After completion of this module, the student will be familiar with planning factors for selection of air lines of communication (ALOC) and the considerations and impacts of each key planning factor.Air Movement Assessment Objectives:Enabling Learning Objectives (ELOs)Students will:Be able to determine minimum airfield requirements for strategic airlift assetsBe able to explain the importance of available ramp spaceBe able to explain the importance of support facilitiesBe able to explain the importance of airfield approachesBe able to explain the importance of force protectionBe able to explain the importance of maximum aircraft on ground (MOG)/working MOG and airfield MHEBe able to explain the importance of the condition of airstrip surfaceBe able to explain the importance of the proximity of main supply route(s) (MSR)Air Movement Planning:Key movement consideration - tactical (combat) or nontactical (administrative)Tactical - supports tactical operationNontactical - expedites movement and conserves time/energyUSTRANSCOM/Air Mobility Command (AMC) responsible for strategic airliftC-5, C-17, C-130 aircraftAutomated Air Load Planning System (AALPS) estimates number of aircraft required to move equipment and passengers and generates load plans (placement of personnel and equipment on aircraft)TC-AIMS II used to develop unit deployment list (UDL)Narration:Most units will ship their equipment and supplies via ocean vessels to the sea port of debarkation for main body moves. Airlift is usually used for advanced echelon party personnel through the aerial port of debarkation. Selected units (airborne, light forces) plan for deploying both equipment and personnel by airlift.Air Movement Planning:General guidance for air movement planning:Qualified drivers for each prime mover Disperse equipment among aircraftIndicate priority of movementLoad unit equipment/supplies into cargo vehiclesPalletize general cargo not loadedPrepare, document and certify vehicles/cargo for air movementEnsure drivers have keysLoad prime movers/trailers on same aircraftApply tag/bar code to equipment/cargoEnsure cargo certifiers are available until cargo acceptedNarration:Primary installation point of contact for airlift operations and coordinating airlift requests is the responsibility of the unit movement coordinator (UMC) - Air Movement. The UMC maintains coordination with deploying unit, Major Army Command or Army Service Component Command, and Air Mobility Command. The UMC point of contact for aircraft departure times and mission changes coordinates (along with installation transpiration office) installation support for movement to the aerial port of embarkation.463L Pallet Cargo System:Air Force standard for moving concentrated cargo Encompasses all phases of cargo loading, including material handling equipment, cargo loading platforms, restraint equipment, and in-aircraft systemsDesigned for palletizing and transporting air cargo on roller type conveyors in the terminal, restraint rails and roller conveyors in the aircraft and cargo loading/unloading vehicles463L characteristics88 inch long by 108 inch wide pallet of aluminum, with soft wood or fiberglass core and aluminum rails22 tie-down rings, 6 on each long side and 5 on each short sideWeighs 290 lbs empty, 355 lbs with netsMaximum load capacity 10,000 lbsAirfield Requirements:Classified by physical facility: fixed and unimprovedFixed - existing facilitiesUnimproved - unpaved surface/no overhead coverAM-2 matting - Navy-developed, aluminum honeycomb-core, sandwich-type airfield landing matM8A1 matting - corrugated steel airfield matAirstrip requirementsC-17 and C-130 - 3,000 feet of airstripC-5 - 10,000 feet of airstripNarration:Arrival/departure airfield control group's mission is to coordinate and control the out load and reception of units during deployment or redeployment.Airfield Requirements:Aerial port of embarkation (APOE) - transition point for units deploying by airFour distinct APOE areasMarshaling - provides location to assemble personnel, supplies, and equipment and make final preparations for air shipmentAlert holding - equipment, vehicle and passenger control area used to assemble, inspect, hold, and service aircraft loadsCall forward - location for the joint inspection for deploying unit equipment and cargo; joint responsibility of Contingency Response Group (CRG) and departure airfield control group (DACG)Loading ramp - final loading of aircraft prior to departure; controlled by CRG; unit control passes to AMCArrival/departure airfield control group (A/DACG) - takes loads and personnel to holding areas, thus clearing the airfield to ensure airfield operations and strategic airflow are not obstructed or limited due to the accumulation of cargoNarration:Airfield size and capabilities are mission dependent. Cargo Transfer Companies are best suited to perform this selection process.Ramp Space:Area of airfield for moving, parking, or servicing aircraftAdequate space should be available so as not to impede airfield operations Limited ramp space makes preordination necessaryNarration:Installation providing arrival/departure airfield control group is pre-designated by Forces Command. It is task organized, and consists of non-deploying personnel and equipment. Its primary responsibility is the control flow of troops and cargo at the airfield.Support Facilities:Corps support command (COSCOM) operates air terminals on the Corps Army airfields and:Provides support for the air movement of personnel and suppliesProvides for the efficient use of available aircraftProvides cargo transfer units load/unload aircraft, document cargo and operate cargo segregation and temporary holding facilitiesNarration:The arrival/departure airfield control group acts as the unit's primary point of contact at the airfield and coordinates logistical support for troops transitioning the airfield. It also pre-inspects aircraft loads and documents and conducts joint inspections with Air Force personnel.Airfield Approaches:Path of aircraft's flight which descends toward an airfield or runwayApproach lighting system - configuration of signal lights disposed symmetrically about the runway centerline; provides visual information on runway alignment, circling guidance, horizon references3 types of approaches: visual, non-precision instrument, precision instrumentApproach surface - area longitudinally centered and extending outward and upward from the runway (5,000 to 50,000 feet); applied to both ends of the runwayVital to protect approach and departure ends of each runwayNarration:The arrival/departure airfield control group further coordinates and controls aircraft load teams, material handling equipment, and cargo handling equipment, as required. It also is responsible for compiling and reports statistical data.Force Protection:Deploying unit commanders are responsible for antiterrorism planning for movements to APOE and int he marshaling areaArmy and Air Force commanders conduct joint coordination for mutual defenseAirfield security is the responsibility of the Air ForceArea security is the responsibility of the ArmyMaximum Aircraft on Ground (MOG) and Material Handling Equipment (MHE)Two physical airfield constraints: parking MOG and working MOGParking MOG - number of aircraft that can actually fit on the ground without impeding other activitiesWorking MOG - number of aircraft that can be working simultaneously based on MHE and maintenance/fuel capabilitiesThe main concern when handling containers is the positioning of adequate MHE at the in-transit terminals and an unstuffing capability at the destination terminalTransportation operators should acquire the required MHE from commercial or HN sources when the organic capability is insufficient to provide adequate resources for all terminalsAirstrip Condition:Airstrip/runway surface - prepared and maintained to maximize friction for wheel brakingMan-made - asphalt, concrete, mixture of bothNatural - grass, dirt, gravelRunway surface condition (RSC) - decelerometer reading that determines the braking action for pilotsCritical safety concern - take-off/landing performance of aircraftMSR Proximity:Terminals, as the nodes used for final distribution, structure the supply linesTerminal support structure designed to increase the cargo throughput capabilityAir terminals in close proximity to MSRProvides stability by managing final delivery of cargoMaintains an adequate stream of support and prompt turnaround of transportation assets-------------------------------------------Main Supply Route (MSR) Assessment Objectives:Terminal Learning Objective (TLO)After completion of this module, the student will be familiar with planning factors for the selection of main supply routes (MSRs) and the considerations and impacts of each key planning factor.MSR Assessment Objectives:Enabling Learning Objectives (ELOs)Students will:Explain the naming process for MSRsRelate the importance of determining critical points of routesExplain the evaluation process of roads and bridgesSummarize the importance of establishing checkpointsExplain the importance of establishing route control measuresExplain the importance of traffic circulation plansExplain the importance of route staffing and coordinationIdentify the importance of limiting factors of routesExplain the importance of establishing convoy support center (CSC) pointsNarration:FM 4-01.30MSR Naming Conventions:Name according to command directivesAvoid using colors (logistics statuses are reported as colors)Avoid using numbers (may conflict with existing route numbers)Narration:Main Supply routes (MSRs) are the life lines of the transportation wheel vehicle fleet. Armor track equipment moves in corridors while wheeled supporting equipment in convoy moves along MSRs. The MSRs that are ultimately selected must provide a near seamless flow for deconflict military and civilian traffic.Critical Points:Critical points - areas of interest where restrictions could slow down or stop movementFacilitiesTerminalsPortRailheadsBridgesTunnelsCongested highwaysCargo transfer pointsAlternative plans or control measures to reduce/eliminate risk of congestionMovement Regulating Teams (MRTs) respond to problemsNarration:The MSR must be durable enough to handle both outsized and oversized loads. Things to consider when selecting a route include vehicle characteristics, loads, and impact on the road net. The MSR can be either an open or closed route, and it can be a named route.Roads and Bridges:Sustained capabilities of roads and bridges are considered when assigning movements on routesAssigned as critical points that could slow or stop movementsHighway regulation and engineering planning coordinated for upgrades, maintenance, or bypasses/alternatesNarration:The MSR's internal name may change as it pertains to the specific unit's point of reference and overlays. The name should remain the same for units using the MSR as an external route.Checkpoints:Checkpoints (CPs) - segmenting MSR to facilitate highway regulation and traffic control planning/executionEasily recognizable features both on map and on routeMajor crossroadsLocations where road conditions changeMajor supply/service areasGeographic boundariesAssembly areasAllow quick dissemination of information during executionCP list - ready reference data about MSR network (CPs, link numbers, feeder routes into MSR, distances)Narration:Two distinct operating nodes are visible along an MSR. The first is the Movement Control "Check Point." This team monitors the MSR and details the flow of convoy movement and supply, and report activity to its Movement Control Battalion Headquarters. The second is the Traffic Control Point (TCP). This is an MSR security point which provides security and civilian vehicle inspection. In Iraq, these TCPs are sometimes conducted jointly or solely by the Iraqi military or security forces. For U.S. Military traffic, these civilian checkpoints have no jurisdiction.Routing:Process of coordinating or directing movements on MSRs or ASRsRouting principlesBalance - match vehicle characteristics with route characteristicsSeparate - allocate road space to ensure movements do not conflictDistribute - allocate as many routes as possible to reduce potential for congestion; enhance useful life of roads and bridges (sustained capability); and prevent deterioration of road surfaces (overuse)Prioritize - assign highest priority traffic to routes that provide minimum time-distanceRoute Control:Control measures should be based on Engineer route classificationsPlanned and anticipated traffic volumeMissionEnemyTerrain and weatherTroopsTime availableCivilian considerationsCritical pointsOpen route - minimum controlSupervised route - limited controlDispatch route - full controlReserved route - exclusive useProhibited route - closedTraffic Circulation Plan (TCP):Map overlay or graphic representation of the MSR network, published as annex to OPLAN/OPORDUsed to develop traffic control planTCP includes:MSRsCPsHighway regulation pointsRoute namesDirection of travelBoundariesPrincipal supply activitiesRestrictive route featuresCritical pointsConvoy support centersStaffing and Coordination:Recommend points where traffic control requiredRecommend locations and priorities for engineer repair and upgrade effortsLimiting factors:Factors which impeded flow of traffic along MSR include:Traffic disruptionsObstructionsSurface conditionsBridgesCivilian traffic (vehicle/pedestrian)CrossingsTunnelsAdjusting the balance of route - matching vehicle characteristics/requirements to the MSR is responsibility of Corps of EngineersWork to change MSR classifications are detailed in CP listNarration:Along MSRs there are always two engineer complements at work. First are the Division Engineer, who clear obstructions and make hasty repairs along the MSR in order to expedite combat arms movements. Theater Engineers who upgrade MSR capability are the second complement. They improve bridge classifications by strengthening bridges, and improve the road gradient to support wheeled vehicle Heavy Equipment Transport Systems.Convoy Support Center (CSC) Points:Provide food service, medical service, maintenance, crew rest facilities and other personnel and equipment support for line haul drivers, equipment, and convoys moving along MSR and ASRLocated along MSR with mission to support, enhance, and otherwise facilitate long haul convoy operationsCapabilities and capacities are tailored to meet the requirements of the situationTheater Support Command (TSC) coordinationEstablished as a critical point along MSRLocation identified in TCPMSR Check-on-Learning (COL):What are critical points?Areas of interest where route restrictions could slow down or stop movementMSR segments that allow highway regulation and traffic controlReady reference data about the MSR network Control measures based on planned and anticipated traffic volumeMSR Check-on-Learning (COL)What are checkpoints?MSR segments that allow highway regulation and traffic controlAreas of interest where route restrictions could slow down or stop movementReady reference data about the MSR networkControl measures based on planned and anticipated traffic volumeMSR Check-on-Learning (COL)What are the 4 routing principles?Balance, separation, distribution, prioritizationOpen, supervised, reserved, prohibitedDispatch, separation, reserved, distributionOpen, balance, supervision, PrioritizationMSR Check-on-Learning (COL)When establishing control measures for MSRs, what is the purpose of a supervised route?The movement control headquarters will specify the size of convoys, the type of traffic, or characteristics of vehicles that require a movement credit to use the route. Limited control is exercised. This is the least restrictive control measure. Any unit may use the route without a movement credit. Minimum control is exercised. This route will normally be designated when traffic volume is expected to exceed capacity or when the route is critical to operations and priority of use must be strictly enforced. Full control is exercised.The route is reserved for the exclusive use of a particular unit(s) or type of traffic and no other units or traffic may use the route.---------------------------------------Convoy Support Center (CSC) Location and Planning Objectives:Terminal Learning Objective (TLO)After completing this module, the student will be familiar with the levels of convoy support centers (CSCs), the planning factors for selection of CSCs, and the considerations and impacts of each primary and secondary planning factor.Convoy Support Center (CSC) Location and Planning Objectives:Enabling Learning Objectives (ELOs)Students will become familiar with:CSC level criteriaPrimary planning factors for CSCsSecondary planning factors for CSCsConvoy Support Center (CSC):Provides food service, medical service, maintenance, crew rest facilities and other personnel and equipment support for line haul drivers, equipment, and convoys moving along the MSR and ASRLocated along the MSR with the mission to support, enhance, and otherwise facilitate long haul convoy operationsCapabilities and capacities tailored to meet situation requirementsAllows units and line haul drivers to rest, eat, perform vehicle maintenance, contact unit/movement control personnel to receive operational updates, revise priorities, and execute diversions when neededGuidelines:Rest stop every two hours en routeRefuel at middle of vehicle rangeRemain overnight (RON) after 14 hour workdayFood service based on total time en route (MRE, soup, T-rations)Convoy operationsNarration:Convoy support centers (CSCs) are critical parts or elements of the transportation process. The type and location of CSCs are typically determined by the vehicles that are expected to use it. In most cases the CSCs are placed within the range limits of the supporting vehicles.CSC Level 0 Criteria:Rest stop onlyNo service or supportCSC Level 1 Criteria:Very limited servicesLatrinesWaterSecurityEmergency fuelSmall repairsCSC Level 2 Criteria:Limited support, but provides for emergency RONLatrinesWaterSecurityRefuelMaintenanceLimited recoveryParkingCSC Level 3 Criteria:Full life-support for RONs or multiple-day stopsLatrinesWaterSecurityRefuelMaintenanceRecoveryParkingShowersBedsCSC Primary Planning Factors:Parking availability/surface areaAccessibility from MSRLogistics Support Area (LSA) locationHazardous waste requirementsRefuel on the move (ROM) capacities4PT6PT8PTSite location (where and why)Time/distance of MSR determines CSC levelCSC Location:Most important planning factorTwo factors:Is CSC within fuel range of all vehicles in the convoy?Is CSC large enough to accommodate all vehicles in the convoy?CSC size determination:Number of vehicles in convoyTypes of vehicles in convoyTwo basic locations:Truck stopsRest areasNarration: The characteristics of supporting vehicles will have an impact on the location and size of he CSC. When selecting a CSC site, the range, size, loads, and the volume of vehicles that will use the site must all be considered.CSC Secondary Planning Factors:Host Nation restrictionsContract requriementsLightingHeatingEnvironmentNarration:The use of segment lengths and operational shifts are used to determine the level and placement of the CSC.CSC Check-on-Learning (COL)How many types/levels of CSCs are there?4352CSC Check-on-Learning (COL)What is the most important CSC planning factor?LocationEnvironmentHost Nation restrictionsLSACSC Check-on-Learning (COL)What determines a CSC level?Time/distance of MSRHazardous waste requirementsContract requirementsROM capabilitiesCSC Check-on-Learning (COL)Match the CSC level to its provided servicesLevel 01. Rest stop only - no servicesLevel 12. Latrines, water, security, emergency fuel, small repairsLevel 23. Latrines, water security, refuel, maintenance, limited recovery, parking emergency RONLevel 34. Latrines, water, security, refuel, maintenance, recovery, parking, showers, bed, full RON-----------------------------Surface Deployment and Distribution Command (SDDC) Operations and Contracts Objectives:Terminal Learning Objective (TLO)After completing this module, the student will be familiar with:Parent unit of SDDCAdjacent units of SDDCSubordinate units of SDDCSurface Deployment and Distribution Command (SDDC) Operations and Contracts Objectives:Enabling Learning Objectives (ELOs)Students will become familiar with parent SDDC unit United States Transportation Command (USTRANSCOM).Students will become familiar with adjacent SDDC units:Air Mobility Command (AMC)Military Sealift Command (MSC)Students will become familiar with subordinate SDDC units:Transportation Terminal Group 1Transportation Terminal Group 2Transportation Terminal Group 3Transportation Terminal Group 4Surface Deployment and Distribution Command (SDDC):U.S. Transportation Command's component command Responsible for designated continental United States land transportation as well as common-use water terminal and traffic management service to deploy, employ, sustain, and redeploy U.S. forces on a global basisProvides expertise to the JLOT commander on cargo control and documentation matter including manifest, cargo traffic messages, and stow plan informationResponsible for documenting the receipt and/or movement of cargo using the Worldwide Port System (WPS) and other theater water terminal transportation and/or logistics automated data processing (ADP) systemsIssues call forward order (movement directive) to initiate POE operations and specifies the dates on which units must arrive at the POEManages SPODSDDC Parent Unit - United States Transportation Command (USTRANSCOM)Through SDDC, USTRANSCOM provides single port manager (SPM) for all common-user seaports worldwideSPM - performs those function necessary to support the strategic flow of the deploying forces' equipment and sustainment from the APOE/SPOE and hand-off to the combatant commander in the APOD/SPODSPM - responsible for providing strategic deployment status information to the combatant commander and to manage workload of the APOD/SPOD operator based on the commander's priorities and guidanceSDDC Adjacent Unit - Air Mobility Command (AMC)Major command of the U.S. Air Force and provides common-user airlift to deploy, employ, sustain, and redeploy U.S. forces on a global basisSPM of common-use APOEs/APODs Issues air tasking order to initiate POE operationsPublishes airflow messages/schedule to call forward personnel and equipment to the APOEManages APOD SDDC Adjacent Unit - Military Sealift Command (MSC)Operating Force Command of the U.S. Navy that provides common-user and exclusive-use sealift to deploy, sustain, and redeploy U.S. forces on a global basisAdjusts and controls the total number of ships under its C2 to meet demandMSC ships deliver cargo in accordance with requirements based on cargo required delivery dates, the tactical situation, and ship capability and availabilityEstablishes Military Sealift Command Offices (MSCOs) at theater port facilitiesMSCO - responsible for coordinating the arrival and loading; or discharge and departure of ships under the OPCON of MSCSDDC Subordinate Unit - Transportation Terminal Group595th U.S. Army Transportation Terminal GroupIncrease continuity with the Warfighter, host nation authorities, and commercial carriers operating in the region and enhance SDDC responsibilities in end-to-end deployment and distribution support throughout the theaterTransportation Battalions831st840thSDDC Subordinate Unit - Transportation Terminal Group:597th U.S. Army Transportation Terminal GroupProvide end-to-end worldwide force deployment and expeditionary theater distribution support, in support of the Warfighter in the NORTHCOM and SOUTHCOM areas of responsibilityTransportation Battalions832nd (Florida/Latin America/Caribbean)833rd (Pacific Northwest/Alaska)834th841st (U.S. Northeast Coast)842nd (Gulf Coast)Transportation Companies954th956thSDDC Subordinate Unit - Transportation Terminal Group:598th U.S. Army Transportation Terminal Group (Europe) Plan and execute common-user water terminal and surface distribution operations within the area of responsibility (AOR) in order to deliver and sustain combat power required by the WarfighterAOR - Europe, Mediterranean, western parts of AfricaTransportation Battalions838th839th840thTransportation Companies950th951stSDDC Subordinate Unit - Transportation Terminal Group:599th U.S. Army Transportation Terminal Group (Pacific)Provide responsive water port operations across the entire spectrum of conflict from small-scale contingencies to a major theater war; and in peace provide uninterrupted, guaranteed, sustainment operations that enhance the quality of life and readiness of all U.S. Forces in theaterTransportation Battalions835th836th837thContractors:Contractors on the Battlefield - support deployed armed forcesBasic doctrine - FM 3-100.21 (100-21)Contractor - business entity that proves products or services for monetary compensation; life support, construction/engineering support, weapon systems support, and other technical servicesContractor support - type of support provided on battlefieldTheater support contractorsExternal support contractorsSystem contractorsManaging contractorsJoint operationsBattlefieldNarration:Contractors are found all over the battlefield during intra-/inter-theater operations, dependent on Title X restrictions. When Title X restrictions are in place during hostilities, contractors are not allowed in hostile areas, and are only in support roles adjacent to U.S. military forces at host nation friendly locations. When Title X restrictions are lifted, contractors are allowed on the battlefield.-------------------------------Vessel Capabilities Objectives - TLO:After completing this module, the student will be able to recognize the vessels and watercraft typical to port operations in both improved and unimpaired harbor environments.Vessel Capabilities Objectives - ELOs:Students will be able to select:U.S. Army vessels that typically support port or terminal operationsMilitary Sealift Command (MSC) vessels that typically support port or terminal operationsU.S. Army floating craft that typically support port or terminal operationsU.S. Navy vessels that typically support port or terminal operationsNarration:The following slides portray typical watercraft equipment and vessels that support Army Logistics Over the Shore Operations and joint operations conducted with sister services such as Joint Logistics Over the Shore Operations.Watercraft Introduction:First Army vessel - 78 TON schooner Hannah, commissioned August 24, 1775Crew - John Glover's Green Mountain Boys RegimentArmy had a fleet before Navy was establishedWatercraft Introduction:Total involvement of all participants characterizes modern warfare; rear areas are no longer secureArmy watercraft units must perform their operational mission regardless of the level of threat in the theaterCommanders and leaders must recognize the threat and know each unit's vulnerabilityANCOC Introduction to Army WatercraftWatercraft Classes:Class A Vessels: self-sustaining, self-propelled vessels designed for continuous operation, Warrant Officer commandersA-1 - operate in costal watersA-2 - fully ocean capableClass B Vessels: non self-sustaining, self-propelled vessels, NCO commandersClass C Vessels: non propelled floating equipment such as cranes and bargesC-1 - contains berthing facilities for personnelC-2 - no berthing facilitiesWatercraft Threats:Watercraft units are particularly at risk because ports and terminals are prime targets for threat forcesThreats:Air - fixed- or rotary-wing aircraft, remotely piloted vehicles (RPVs), long- or medium-range missilesWater - other surface craft, subsurface craft, mines, swimmersLand forces - individual saboteurs to large conventional forcesElectronic warfare - intercepting or jamming communications equipment, targeting transmittersNuclear, biological, and chemical (NBC) environmentU.S. Army Vessels - Logistics Support Vessel (LSV) Detachment:Mission: transport containerized, break-bulk and roll-on-roll-off (RO/RO) cargo to a beach or port, and provide intratheater movementsCharacteristicsCrew - 32 (8 Warrant Officers (WO)/24 Enlisted (ENL), 24 hours)Full load speed - 12 knots (kts)Range - 5, 500 nautical miles (nm)Length 0 272.75 feet (ft)Mean draft - 12 ftSelf-deployableCargo capacity2,000 short tons (STONs)2 M1A2 /30 M2A248 20 ft containers double stackedNarration: The LSV is a "detachment" in its own right, but it deploys and operates as a vessel.Narration:The Army's newest LSVs, 7 and 8, were issued to the USAR in Hawaii and Baltimore.U.S. Army Vessels - Heavy Watercraft Company:Mission: provide and operate landing craft to transport personnel, containers, vehicles, and outsized cargo in offshore discharge operationsDaily capabilitiesAverage 1,600 STONs break-bulk288 20 ft containersTransport 3,200 combat equipped troops2,200 sq ft for rolling and tracked vehiclesTask equipment7 Landing Crafts, Utility (LCUs) per company (10 crews)Narration:The Heavy Watercraft Company is comprised of 7 LCU 2000s. Its combined strength and capabilities are listed above. The next slide explains individual LCU capabilities. U.S. Army Vessels - Landing Craft, Utility (LCU) 2000Mission: transport containerized, break-bulk and RO/RO cargo from a ship to a beach or port, or from one port to anotherCharacteristicsCrew - 12 (2 WO/10 ENL, 24 hours)Full load speed - 10 ktsRange - 6,500 nmLength - 174 ftMean draft - 9 ftCargo capacityCargo space - 3,800 sq ft350 STONs per vessel5 M1A2, 6 M2A224 20 ft containers double stacked400 troops per vesselNo drive-through capabilityU.S. Army Vessels - Medium Watercraft CompanyMission: provide and operate landing craft to move personnel/cargo in Army terminal operations and waterborne tactical operations; augment naval craft in joint amphibious operationsDaily capabilitiesAverage 1,000 STONs240 20 ft containers or trucksTransport 2,400 combat equipped troopsTask equipment16 Landing Crafts, Mechanized (LCMs) per companyDetachment - 8 LCM-Mod 1, 1 LCM-Mod 22 bulldozersContact truckNarration:The Medium Watercraft Company is comprised of 16 LCMs. Its combined strength and capabilities are listed above. The next slide explains individual LCM capability.U.S. Army Vessels - Landing Craft, Mechanized (LCM)Mission: transport cargo, troops and vehicles between ship and shoreCharacteristicsCrew - 3 ENL, 12 hour operationsFull load speed - 9 ktsRange - 270 nmLength - 73 ftMean draft - 5 ftCargo capacityCargo space - 42.75 ft long, 14.5 ft wide60 STONs non containerized2 20 ft containersTransport 1 truck and trailer or several small vehicles that do not exceed cargo spaceU.S. Army Vessels - Floating Craft CompanyMission: provide command, control and administrative services for watercraft teams that are not organized as separate detachmentsEquipmentDry cargo bargeLiquid cargo barge60 ft Tugboat (ST 60 ft)100 STON floating crane (BD crane)128 ft Tugboat (LT 128 ft)Narration:The Floating Craft Company is comprised of a large variety of barge, tug and crane teams. Its combined strength and capabilities are listed above The following slide relates individual vessel equipment capability.U.S. Army Vessels - 128 ft Large Tugboat (LT)Mission: heavy ocean/coastal towing and berthing/un-berthing of large shipsCharacteristics:Crew - 24 ( 8 WO/16 ENL)Range - 5,000 nmLength - 128 ftMean draft - 17 ftCapabilitiesSelf-deployableBollard pull - 58 long tons (LTONs)U.S. Army Vessels - 60 ft Small Tugboat (ST)Mission: move barges and lighterage of various types within a harbor, port or LOTS anchoragePusher TugCharacteristicsCrew - 12 (2 WO/10 ENL)Range - 720 nmLength - 60 ftDraft - 6 ftCapabilitiesPerform towing operations in conditions up to sea state 3Bollard pull - 15 LTONsU.S. Army Floating Craft - Floating CranesMission: load discharge heavy lift cargo that is beyond the capacity of ship's gear100 STON Barge Derrick (BD) CraneCrew - 15 (1 WO/14 ENL)Also referred to as 89 LTON crane115 TON BD CraneCrew - 15 (2 WO/13 ENL)Length - 200 ftDraft - 7 ft, 4 inEmployed theater-wideU.S. Army Floating Craft - Causeway Company:Mission: provide beach site discharge facility for military lighterage (pier), sealift interface between RO/RO discharge facility (RRDF), and military lighterage for rapid discharge; and to move directly from ship to shore (causeway ferry) in support of fixed, degraded, and LOTS operationsCauseway pier provides a dry bridge for cargo from lighterage dirtily to the beach lighterage operationNarration:The Floating Causeway Company brings a key capability to LOTS/J-LOTS Operations when vessel draft prevents larger sealift vessels from conducting a pier side roll on / roll off or lift on / lift off operation.U.S. Army Floating Craft - Floating Causeway (FC)Mission: provide capability to transfer cargo between ships or from ship to shore CharacteristicsUnit size - 4 Commissioned Officers/0 Warrant Officers/196 EnlistedBridge up to 1,500 ft from shoreEquipment10 SLWT4 powered sections111 causeway sectionsConfigurations2 causeway piers4 causeway ferries3 RO/RO discharge facilitiesU.S. Army Floating Craft - Floating Causeway (FC) Stabbing Causeway Pier Mission: attach causeway pier to beachBeach surveyDIVE Detachment conducts survey of shore lineDetermine location of sandbars that may prevent pier from stabbing beachDetermine holding area for pier and boats off-shore until beach ready for operationsDetermine landing site for LCM-8Discharge bulldozers for preparation of beach to receive pierEstablish communications with main body awaiting to be called forward to beach siteBeach preparationDetermine location for duck pondWait for low tideEstablish security while bulldozers operateBulldozers dig 40-ft by 80-ft duck pond where pier will be stabbedOperations sets up communications from beach headU.S. Army Vessels - Module Warping Tugboat (MWT)/Side-Loadable Warping Tugboat (SLWT)Mission: key element in the causeway assembly process used to move the causeway sections and maintain the completed structureCharacteristics Length - 85 ftRectangularPilothouse located on the side2 water-jet propulsion units with swiveling headsMilitary Sealift Command (MSC) Vessels - Large, Medium-Speed Roll-On/Roll-Off (LMSR):Mission: primary movers of U.S. military equipment, expanding sealift capabilities; part of Army Pre-position Afloat Program CharacteristicsCrew - 42 civilian marinersSpeed - 24 ktsLength - 950 ftDraft - 34 ftPort/Starboard/Stern rampsCapabilitiesAverage space 350,000 sq ftCarry entire Army Task Force 50 tanks, 48 tracked vehicles, 900 wheeled vehicles)Narration:The next three slides show civilian operated Military Sealift Command vessels that support Army LOTS and Combined J-LOTS operations.Military Sealift Command (MSC) Vessels - Fast Sealift Ship (FSS)Mission: RO/RO combination ship (prior container ship) that enhances strategic sealiftCharacteristicsCrew - 42 civilian marinersSpeed 30 - ktsLength - 946 ftDraft - 36 ftCapabilitiesRamp capacity of 65 LTONsTransport 1,000 vehiclesRO/RO and LO/LOCarry up to 12 personnel/supercargoesMilitary Sealift Command (MSC) Vessels - Semi-Submersible (FLO/FLO):Mission: semi-submersible float-on/float-off (FLO/FLO) ship which carries Army watercraft comprising a "port opening package"; part of Army Pre-position Afloat ProgramCharacteristicsCrew - 21 civilian marinersSpeed - 14 ktsLength - 738-ftCapabilitiesSubmerge cargo deck to load/dischargeLift exceptionally heavy loadsU.S. Navy Vessels - Landing Craft, Air Cushioned (LCAC)Mission: high-speed, over-the-beach fully amphibious landing craft used to transport equipment, cargo and personnel from ship to shore and across the beachCharacteristicsCrew - 5 Speed - +40 ktsRange - 200 nm at 40 kts, 300 nm at 35 ktsLength - 87 ftCapabilitiesLoad capacity 60 - 75 TONs24 combat troops or 1 tankNarration:These next three slides show sister service (Navy) vessels that normally support J-LOTS operations with the Army.U.S. Navy Vessels - Landing Craft, Mechanized (LCM)Mission: transport cargo/personnel from ship-to-shoreCharacteristicsCrew - 4Speed - 12 kitsRange - 190 nmLength - 73.7 ftCapabilitiesForward cargo well and bow ramp200 combat troops or 1 tankU.S. Navy Vessels - Elevated Causeway System (ELCAS)Mission: move containerized cargo ashore in unimproved beach areaModular ELCAS(M) characteristics 8-ft by 40-ft ISO modulesElevated on piles above surf zoneLength - maximum 3,000 ft from beachMean water depth at end of pier - 20 ft 240-ft by 48-ft pierheadCapabilitiesUnload lighterage from beyond surf zone or where difficult beach gradients existRemove rolling stock and breakbulk cargo from lightersWithstand sever storm conditions - 9-ft surf, 2-ft surge, 75-kt windU.S. Navy Vessels - Sea Basing Concept:Mission: project "joint operational independence" on the oceansGives Joint Force Commander means to achieve accelerated deployment and employment times for naval power-projection capabilities and enhanced seaborne positioning of joint assetsMinimizes need to build up logistics stockpile ashore, reduces operational demand for sealift and airlift assets, and permits forward positioning of joint forces for immediate employment Sea Power 21Sea BasingSea StrikeSea ShieldVessel Capabilities Check-on-Learning (COL):How many 20-ft containers can a Medium Watercraft Company transport in a day?240288224Vessel Capabilities Check-on-Learning (COL):Which vessels are self-deployable overseas?128-ft Tugboat and LSVLCM and 100-ft TugboatLSV and LCM60-ft Tugboat and LCUVessel Capabilities Check-on-Learning (COL):What is the combat troop carrying capability of the Heavy Watercraft Company?3,2002,4001,6001,000Vessel Capabilities Check-on-Learning (COL):Which vessels are primary movers of U.S. military equipment, expanding sealift capabilities and part of Army Pre-position Afloat Program?LMSRsLCACsLCMsLCUs ................
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