Name: Period: Part 2 (ANSWERS) Genetics 1) - Weebly
Name:______________________Period:____
AIMS Review Packet ¨C Part 2 (ANSWERS)
Genetics
1) What is genetics?
The science of heredity and of the mechanisms by which traits are passed from parents to offspring.
2) Who is considered to be the ¡°father¡± of genetics?
Gregor Mendel
3) What is an allele?
Variation of a gene
4) Define homozygous and heterozygous.
Homozygous: an individual that has identical alleles for a trait. (AA or aa)
Hetereozygous: an individual that has two different alleles for a trait (Aa)
5) Identify the following genotypes as homozygous recessive (HR), homozygous dominant (HD),
or heterozygous (HE):
HH
Tt
Jj
rr
Ss
MM
HH: homozygous dominant
Tt: heterozygous
Jj: heterozygous
6) Define genotype and phenotype. Give an example of each.
Genotype: the entire genetic make-up of an organism
Phenotype: the physical appearance of an organism (because of genotype)
7) What is the difference between a dominant trait and a recessive trait?
If the dominant trait is present it will be expressed in the organism¡¯s phenotype. The recessive trait only
shows in the phenotype if it is homozygous for the recessive trait.
8) Can a heterozygous individual show the phenotype of the recessive trait? Explain.
No, Only if the organism is homozygous recessive. Otherwise the dominant trait will mask the recessive.
9) Explain the uses of a karyotype.
Used to diagnose CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMAILTIES (EXAMPLE: Down syndrome)
Also can find out the sex of the person.
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Name:______________________Period:____
10) If Sally has dimples and is heterozygous, what can you conclude about dimples?
Dimples is the dominant trait.
11) Everyone in Squidward¡¯s family has blue skin, which is the dominant trait. Squidward is heterozygous for his blue
skin. His wife has green skin.
B
b
a. Create a Punnett square to show the possible genotypes of their children.
b. What are the possible genotypes? _______Bb , bb______
c. What are the possible phenotypes? ____green skin, blue skin__
b
Bb
bb
d. What are the chances of a child with blue skin? ____50%____
e. What are the chances of a child with green skin? ______50%______
f.
Phenotypic ratio: ____1:1 or 2:2___________
b
Bb
bb
g. Genotypic ratio: _____0:1:1 or 0:2:2___(¡°0¡± for BB genotype)___
12) What is Incomplete dominance? Give an example
When both alleles are present there is a blending of the phenotype.
Example: rr=White flower : RR=Red flowers : Rr=pink flowers
13) What is Co dominance? Give an example.
When both traits are expressed at the same time. Dog with black and white spots or Barred Rock Chicken
14) Sex linked genes tend to be carried on what sex chromosome?
X chromosome
15) What sex chromosomes does a male carry? Female?
Males: XY Females: XX
16) If S= striped and s= solid, what are the phenotypes for each of the following:
a) Ss, Striped
b) SS, Striped
c) ss, Solid
17) If brown hair is dominant (B) to blonde hair (b), and two parents have a brown hair child, what are the possible
genotypes of each parent? BB or Bb
t
t
18) If the gene for tall plants was incompletely dominant over the gene for short plants,
what are the possible genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring when a tall plant is
crossed with a short plant? Complete the cross.
T
Tt
Tt
T = tall t= short
TT = tall height
Tt = medium height
tt = short height
For TT x tt the offspring will all be medium height.
T
Tt
Tt
2
Name:______________________Period:____
19) In horses the coat color is controlled by co-dominant alleles. The alleles for a red coat or white coat are both
expressed in a heterozygote. Horses that have a both a red and white coat are said to have a roan coat (both red
and white hairs). Horses that have neither of the dominant alleles have a blonde coat. Cross two individuals with
roan coats. Calculate the phenotypic (PR) and genotypic ratios (GR).
R
r
Rr x Rr
RR : Rr : rr
PR 1 : 2 : 1
R
RR
Rr
r
Rr
rr
GR 1 : 2 : 1
X
20) The gene for baldness is carried on the x-chromosome. What are the chances that a
bald man and a carrier (heterozygous) woman would have a bald boy? A bald girl?
Show the cross.
c
Bald Girl = 25% Chance
X
c
Bald Man Genotype = X Y
c
Carrier Woman Genotype = XX
c
c
X
c c
X X
X X
XY
X Y
Bald Boy = 25% Chance
Y
c
21) Draw a pedigree and find the genotypes for the following situation tracking the instance of the recessive trait blonde
hair: A blonde man marries a brown haired woman. They have two daughters who both have brown hair and a son
with blonde hair. Their son has a son of his own with brown hair.
Male =
Female =
?Brown Hair?
?Blond Hair?
Photosynthesis/Cellular Respiration
22) What is an autotroph? Give examples
Organism that creates its own energy ¡°auto¡±matically ; ex) plants
23) What is a heterotroph? Give examples
Organism that needs to eat to gain energy ; ex) animals
24) How are autotrophs and heterotroph linked?
Both important part of the food chains/webs; both rely on each other for reactants and products of photo/CR
25) Why is chlorophyll green?
Chlorophyll absorbs all wavelengths of light EXCEPT green
26) What is photosynthesis?
A process in which plants capture the suns energy to convert to ¡°food¡±
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Name:______________________Period:____
27) What is the equation for photosynthesis? Label the reactants and products.
CO2 + H2O + Energy
??C6H12O6 + O2
Products =C6H12O6 + O2 (glucose and oxygen)
Reactants = CO2 + H2O + Energy (carbon dioxide, water, energy from the sun)
28) Where does photosynthesis occur?
Within Chloroplasts
29) Where does the light reaction occur? What goes into this reaction? What comes out?
Thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts; water and carbon dioxide; oxygen and ATP / NADPH
30) Where does the dark reaction (Calvin cycle) occur? What goes into this reaction? What comes out?
Stroma of the chloroplasts ; Carbon dioxide, glucose
31) Which pigment is directly involved with photosynthesis? (The primary pigment)
Chlorophyll
32) Why are carotenoids and chlorophyll b (alternatives to chlorophyll a) important to photosynthesis?
They absorb different wavelengths of light than chlorophyll ¡°a¡± to maximize sunlight energy intake. Like, for
example, when the sun rises lower in the sky in the fall and winter.
33) What three factors affect the rate of photosynthesis?
Temperature, carbon dioxide levels, amount of energy from sun
34) Does photosynthesis occur in the roots, leaves or stems?
Leaves!
35) Why does photosynthesis not occur in the other two places?
Lack of chlorophyll
36) What is an aerobic pathway? Give an example.
Pathway taken by cells to create energy if oxygen is present
37) When does aerobic respiration occur?
All the time ; when oxygen is available
38) What is an anaerobic pathway? Give 2 examples.
Pathway taken by cells when oxygen is absent ; lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation
39) What type of cellular respiration does yeast undergo?
Fermentation
40) What is cellular respiration?
A process in which mitochondria use oxygen and glucose to make ATP (energy) for the cells.
41) Which is the equation for cellular respiration? Label the reactants and products.
C6H12O6 + O2 ??CO2 + H2O + Energy
Products: CO2 + H2O + Energy (carbon dioxide, water, ATP)
Reactants: C6H12O6 + O2 (Glucose and oxygen)
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Name:______________________Period:____
42) Where does aerobic respiration occur in a eukaryotic cell? In a prokaryotic cell?
Eukaryotic cell = mitochondria
Prokaryotic cell = cytoplasm (since prokaryotes don¡¯t have mitochondria)
43) Why do cells need energy?
To perform most cellular functions (protein
synthesis; active transport, etc)
44) How much ATP can be produced from a complete
breakdown on one glucose molecule? Include all the
steps.
38 ATP
45) How does the amount of energy produced in cellular
respiration compare with energy produced during
fermentation?
Fermentation simply keeps glycolysis going, so
therefore making 2 ATP every cycle.
46) Glucose is broken down during glycolysis to form
what? What else is formed?
Pyruvic acid ; NADH ??will most likely NOT be
on AIMS
47) Why are photosynthesis and cellular respiration reciprocal parts of a cycle? (How are they linked to each other?)
The products of PHOTO become the reactants in CR and visa versa
48) Describe what is happening in graph 1. Explain why?
As light intensity increases, rate of photosynthesis increase ; the more photon exposed to, the more ATP and
NADPH can be made ? therefore leading to more glucose in the dark reactions
49) Describe what is happening in graph 2. Explain why?
As temperature increases, so does the rate of photosynthesis¡. To a point! After about 25 o Celsius,
temperature has a negative effect on the rate of photosynthesis.
Ecology
50) List the levels of organization for populations from smallest to largest for Ecology. Understand the differences.
Organism (one individual) ??Population (more than one of the same species) ???
Community (one species population and all the other living populations in the area) ???
Ecosystem (All the living and non-living things that interact) ??Biosphere (where life is found on the earth)
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