Twinsburg
CHAPTER 1 New World Beginnings 33,000 BCE- 1769Peopling the AmericasMany different theoriesLand BridgeKayaks/boats, walking etc.Massive diversity by 1492 (Columbian encounter)Agriculture (some areas)= population/ civilization growth nation-statesThe European WorldCrusades opens west to goodsMuslim middlemen, expensiveMarco Polo- China1450 invention of the caravel – importance?New trade posts- slaves (Portuguese)New nation-state of SpainTime was right for Columbus- perfect conditionsOctober 12, 1492 reached Bahamas (Arawaks)Lasting effects- interdependent economic systemsInterdependenceEUROPE= markets, capital, technologyAFRICA= slave laborAMERICAS= raw materials, foodstuffWhen Worlds CollideFoodstuffs= population explosionEuropean crops/animalsSugar Revolution in CaribbeanEuropeans= disease and epidemicup to 90% death rate effect?Spanish ConquistadorsTreaty of Tordesillas- Spanish/Portuguese “claim”“God, gold, glory” (not necessarily in that order)Precious metal increase in Old World (outcome on economic system)Encomienda SystemMexican Conquest1519 Hernando Cortes left for MexicoLocal tribe unrest (Aztec tribute system)Cortes= Quetzalcoatl?TenochtitlanNoche triste (June 30, 1520)Rapid fall of Aztec empire by small group of Spaniards (why?)Assimilation/syncretismSpanish AmericaSpanish replace Aztec/Incans (Mexico, Peru) silver producingSubjugation of native populationSt. Augustine founded 1565Conversion to Christianity Pope’s Revolt 1680Chapter 2 The Planting of English America 1500-1733Henry VIII and Queen ElizabethProtestant Reformation in England= increased rivalry with SpainSea dogs (Sir Francis Drake)Defeat of Spanish Armada= birth of English naval superiorityNational identityFailed colony in Newfoundland and then Roanoke (Sir Walter Raleigh 1585)Growth of population, depressionJoint stock companiesJamestownVirginia Company of London (1606)Wanted economic profitMay 24, 1607: Jamestown settled on James River in VirginiaDisease and starvation- looking for gold1608 John Smith martial lawPocahontas“Starving Time”Lord de la Warr- harsh military regime, poor Indian relationsCultural Clash in the Chesapeake“Powhatan Confederacy” strained relations with whitesDe la Warr= Irish tactics1st Anglo-Powhatan War (1614)Strained peace= “perpetual war without peace or truce”2nd Anglo-Powhatan War (1644)- assimilation?3 D’s: Disease, Disorganization, Disposability European InfluenceShock of European arrival= cultural/ demographic changesIntroduction of horses, firearmsEpidemicsTribal competitionInland tribes forced assimilationVirginia and Tobacco1612 John Rolfe and tobaccoHuge demand- cash cropDestroyed soil, demand for labor1619: 20 African slaves1619: House of Burgesses James I revokes charted 1624= royal colonyCatholic MarylandMaryland= Catholic refugeLord BaltimoreSits on St. Mary’s on Chesapeake BayProtestant farmers surrounded by Catholic aristocracyTobacco and indentured servantsAct of Toleration 1649The West IndiesSpain relinquished some control in Caribbean- English acquires 1655Sugar= rich man’s cropBarbados Slave CodesNon-sugar growers pushed out- export slave codesColonizing CarolinaLand grant to “Lord Proprietors” by Charles IIFoodstuff for BarbadosIndian slaveryRice cultivation= slavery increaseLanded gentryReligious tolerance vs. Spanish in FloridaNorth CarolinaDissenters/religious outcastes“Squatters” independent spiritRoyal colony of North Carolina 1712Crushed native tribesGeorgiaGeorgia (1733)= bufferJames Oglethorpe- debtor’s (penal) colony$ from crown for war with SpainReform and some toleranceThe Plantation ColoniesCommonalities:Cash cropsSlaveryAristocratic land ownersLack of citiesSome religious toleranceExpanded into continent (contact with native tribes)Chapter 3 Settling the Northern Colonies1619-1700The Protestant ReformationMartin Luther- Wittenberg’s Cathedral 1517John Calvin (Calvinists)= “predestined” visible saintsHenry VIII and the Church of EnglandPuritans wanted to “purify”Pilgrims (Separatists)Left for Holland 1608 DutchificationLeft for Virginia (1620), ended up in New EnglandMayflower Compact (41 adult males- mostly non- Separatists)Deadly first winter ThanksgivingWilliam Bradford (governor)Massachusetts Bay ColonyCharles I= crackdown on Puritans (1629)= new charterGreat Migration of 1630’sJohn Winthrop (1st governor), “City Upon a Hill” mixed with economic prosperitySuffrage= 2/5 of men (Congregationalists)God’s Law, Protestant Work EthicTrouble in the Bible CommonwealthSocial harmony, no dissentersQuakers flogged, expelled, executedAnne Hutchinson and Roger Williams- banishedRhode Island “Sewer”= all welcomedChartered in 1644Puritans vs. Indians? of tribes dead before PilgrimsWampanoag= treaty (Chief Massasoit, Squanto- interpreter)More settlers= hostile relations1637 Pequot WarPan Indian alliance1675 Metacom (King Philip’s War)= last resistanceColonial IndependenceNew England Confederation 1643Semi-autonomous Restoration of Charles II= punishment for Bay ColonyDominion of New England (London imposed) Navigation LawsSir Edmund Andros Glorious Revolution“Salutary neglect” under William & MaryDutch Residue in NYNew Netherlands ≠ 1st priorityCharles II granted land to Duke of YorkControl down to CarolinasCultural holdovers (aristocratic)Quaker Pennsylvania and NeighborsNew Netherlands ≠ 1st priorityCharles II granted land to Duke of YorkControl down to CarolinasCultural holdovers (aristocratic)Chapter 4 American Life in the 17th Century1607-1692The Unhealthy ChesapeakeDisease and colonistsNeed for immigration for growthMen outnumbered women 6 to 1 in 1650Consequences?Tobacco EconomyExhausted tobacco fields high supplyIndentured servants from England“Headright System” for Virginia and Maryland100,000 servants by 1700Freedom= poverty, landlessnessBacon’s RebellionGrowing numbers of freedmen1676 Nathaniel Bacon led revolt in VirginiaKilled Indians, ran out governor, burned capitalBacon died in middleMove toward slaveryColonial Slavery10 million slaves brought over in 300 years (400,000 to North America)Rising wages in England, fear of servantsRoyal African CompanyMiddle PassageIndentured servant vs. slave statusThe New England FamilyHigher life expectancyFamily pattern differencesIntergenerational stabilityNo property rights for womenDivorce near non-existentPuritan Religious ChangesGrowth of colonies pushed outwardLessening religious zeal- “jeremiad” sermonsLack of conversionsHalf Way CovenantTraded religious purity for religious participationSalem Witch Trials1692 young girls “bewitched”19 hung, 1 crushedChanging community and ChurchSimilar trials in Europe and in New EnglandWitch hunt blind fear, scapegoatingNew England Way of LifeLess ethnically mixedIndian ideas of land use reason to seizeNeed for pastureland, natural harborsYankee Puritan ideals spread as colonists moved outwardEarly SettlersFarmers tied to the seasonsDefine roles for the sexesMost were middle class (exception indentured servants)Social hierarchyClass resentment (Bacon’s Rebellion, Protestant uprising in Maryland)Colonial Population EstimatesPopulation161035016202,30016304,600164026,600165050,400166075,1001670111,9001680151,5001690210,4001700250,9001710331,7001720466,2001730629,4001740905,60017501,170,80017601,593,60017702,148,10017802,780,400Chapter 5 Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution1700-1775Growing PopulationMassive population growth in 13 originalShifting balance of power4 major cities; 90% lived in rural areasDifferent EthnicitiesMostly English with small ethnic pockets6% of population in 1775= German7%= Scots-Irish (Paxton Boys protest)5%= French Huguenots, Welsh, Dutch, Swedes, Jews, Swiss, Scots-Highlanders20% = African slaves (African American traditions)Multicultural societyThe Structure of Colonial SocietyBeginning of 1700’s= many opportunities“Europeanization” of AmericaLimited amounts of land Allegheny barrierClass discrepancy in SouthFear of slave revoltsColonial TradeTriangular TradeManufacturing Trade imbalance= need for new marketsMolasses Act 1733 smuggling and briberyOfficial Churches2 tax supported churches (Anglican and Congregational)Anglican= Georgia, N & S Carolina, Virginia, Maryland and part of NYLess fire and brimstone Congregational= New England except RIMore religious toleranceThe Great AwakeningThe religious fervor weakeningThreat of liberal ideas (Arminians)Full membership to battle “heresies”Great Awakening of 1730’s-40’s spiritual revival with Jonathan Edwards“Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” George Whitefield- emotional theatrics“New Light” vs. “Old Light”Awakening= revitalization, undermined old clergy, created breaks in ChurchesMissionary workTrue American solidarityColonial EducationNo longer just for wealthy boysGood Christians (New England towns vs. Southern plantations)Focus less on independent thinkingUniversity of PennsylvaniaPioneer PressesToo busy/poor to read booksPamphlets, journals, leaflets, newspapersColonial grievances, European newsZenger Case 1734-35Some freedom of the pressChapter 6 The Duel for North America1608-1763France in the New WorldProblems in France= started colonization later (Huguenots)Samuel de Champlain and QuebecAllied with Hurons (enemies of Iroquois)New France= royal colonySlow growingNew FranceFocus on beaver trappingRecruit Indians into tradeAlcohol, disease and weakened religionExpanded north, west and southEmpire makers: Antoine Cadillac and Robert La SalleGeorge WashingtonOhio Valley= desired by French and BritishVirginian claim vs. French fort system (Duquesne)George Washington 1754 Fort NecessityDeportation of Acadians in Nova Scotia (coming war)Colonial DisunityAlbany Congress 1754Maintain Iroquois allianceBen Franklin= colonial home ruleGeneral BraddockGeneral Braddock (Great Britain) tried to capture Fort Duquesne 1755Used to European warfare, not guerillaBraddock killed, Indians extend warpathWilliam PittWilliam Pitt took over war effort (Great Commoner)Focus on Quebec/MontrealQuebec captured 1759, Montreal 1760Spain got Mississippi and LouisianaGB got FloridaTreaty of ParisGB= dominant world powerResults of the French and Indian WarVictory= military confidence, experience and officersArrogant British professionals vs. colonial amateursAmerican shippers traded with enemyInroads made to fix colonial disunityAmerican DestinyRemoval of French= sense of independence, new Indian policiesPontiac’s Rebellion 1763Westward expansion and permanent troopsProclamation of 1763Chapter 7 The Road to Revolution1763-1775Roots of RevolutionImmigrants= independent spiritRepublicanismRadical WhigsMercantilismMercantilism- expansion of wealth= powerColonies= raw material, guaranteed marketsBuy from GB, supply necessariesNavigation ActsLed to currency shortagePaper currency, bankruptcy lawsParliamentary veto rightPros and Cons of MercantilismNavigation Acts loosely enforcedLess competition for coloniesMonopoly on tobaccoStrong army and navyDependent and stiflingThe Stamp ActSeven Years War= empire and debtPrime Minister George GrenvilleNavigation Acts and Sugar Act 1764Quartering Act 1765The Stamp Act 1765Needed $ for new armyNecessary for protection vs. matter of principle (liberties)Trial of offenders in admiralty courtsReason for troops? No French!“no taxation without representation”Difference between legislation and taxation“virtual representation”Americans didn’t want represented in ParliamentRepeal of the Stamp ActStamp Act Congress 1765 colonial unity?Nonimportation agreements across coloniesHomespun clothes, no lamb (avoid British textiles)Colonial solidarity- common personSpinning bees, boycott petitionsSons of Liberty, Daughters of LibertyInfrastructure broke down out of fearBritish businessmen hurt economicallyProtested to Parliament to repeal! (1/2 of shipping for American trade)2 million Americans don’t have to pay for 1/3 of defense?Repealed Stamp Act but passed Declaratory ActAbsolute sovereignty (“bind” colonies)Townshend ActsCharles Townshend= Chancellor of the ExchequerTownshend Acts 1767Indirect duties (tea)Still seen as a tax$ on royal governors and judgesSuspended NY assemblysmugglingThe Boston “Massacre”1768 British troops sent to BostonMarch 5, 1770: Boston MassacreCrispus AttucksTrial John Adams defended soldiersCommittees of CorrespondenceKing George III and Prime Minister Lord NorthRepeal of Townshend Acts (except tea)Sam Adams= propaganda, rebellion“trained mob”Committees of CorrespondenceSedition?Tea PartiesBritish East India Company= monopoly on teaAmericans didn’t allow any of the tea inBoston officials refused to back down Governor HutchinsonBoston Tea PartyGB to punish MassachusettsIntolerable ActsAKA Coercive Acts 1774Boston Port ActMassachusetts Government ActQuartering ActJustice ActQuebec ActContinental CongressContinental Congress 55 delegates to Philadelphia September 5- October 24, 1774Listing grievances for kingCreated The Association- complete boycottBattles at Lexington and ConcordBritish StrengthsBigger populationnaval power/armywealth for hired soldiersLoyalists/Indians alliedBritish WeaknessesFrance on America’s side no organized leadershipAmerican brothersWhigs opposed Toriesdistance problemPoor quality of suppliesno major city to captureAmerican StrengthsLeadershipForeign aid/officersSelf-sustaining agricultureMoral advantageAmerican WeaknessesUnification? Hierarchy?No constitution until 1781Sectional disputesDepreciated paper $Deserting soldiers, lack of gunsChapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire1775-1783Second Continental CongressRecalled after Lexington and ConcordGeorge Washington to head armyEarly WarApril 1775-July 1776: fighting, but desired reconciliationBattle of TiconderogaBunker Hill (June 1775)Olive Branch PetitionGerman mercenaries hired (Hessians)Common SenseContradictory AmericansCommon Sense by Thomas Paine 1776Independence and republicAll public officesCorruption of power or vengeanceTown meetings, Committees of CorrespondencesCitizen “virtue”- attempt experiment in AmericaConservative Patriots “natural aristocracy”Hierarchy of society challenged social orderDeclaration of IndependenceRichard Henry Lee June 7, 1776Need for official documentForeign aid, British colonies aidThomas Jefferson, July 4, 1776Natural rightsOutlined tyrannyInspiration for future revolutionsPatriots and LoyalistsLoyalist (Tories), Patriots (Whigs)“win the hearts and minds”Loyalists= 16% of population, educated, wealthy, older, Anglican clergy (and congregations)Patriots= young, energetic, less to lose, aristocratic Virginians (exception), New EnglandersGeneral WashingtonBrits in NYC (35,000 vs. 18,000)Washington escaped to NYGeneral William HoweWashington crosses the DelawareSurprise attack on PrincetonBurgoyne’s InvasionSeize Hudson River Valley 1777Plan- Burgoyne, Howe and Colonel St. LegerArnold held off (Lake Champlain)Howe attacked WashingtonBattle of Saratoga 1777Blow and Counterblow6,000 French troops in 1780Benedict Arnold turned traitorBritish focus on the SouthThe Frontier1777= “Bloody Year”Divided Iroquois Confederacy Brits restrain expansionTreaty of Fort StanwixPrivateers= “sailors of fortune”YorktownInflation!Cornwallis at YorktownWashington from NY, French army and navyCornwallis surrendered 7,000 troops“The World Turned Upside Down”Treaty of ParisNew Whig PMBen Franklin, John Adams, John Jay= diplomatsFrance balancing US and SpainJay = separate deal 1783Independent country, lots of landCan’t persecute Loyalists, return land?, recapture debtsChapter 9 The Confederation and the Constitution1776-1790Pursuit for EqualityRevolution idealismprimogenitureBeginning of separation of Church and State Anglican Church reformAntislavery movement- not far enoughLack of women’s rightsfocus on “civic virtue”Republican MotherhoodEconomic ProblemsLoyalist/royal land= cheap, availableAmerican manufacturing competition with British after warSpeculation, profiteering= inflationSimilarities to hold shaking country together?Creating a ConfederationContinental Congress= no constitutional authority13 sovereign statesArticles of Confederation 1777, ratified 1781Western land dilemma= common benefit!The Articles of Confederation1st government loose link of independent states to deal with common problems1 house legislature, 1 state=1 voteNo executive, only state courts9 states for billsUnanimous ratification for amendmentsReasons?Congress couldn’t regulate tradeAsk for tax contributionNo control over states/citizens1783 Congress fled PhiladelphiaStepping stoneLand Laws2 important pieces of legislationFor Northwest TerritoryLand Ordinance of 1785Northwest Ordinance of 1787AnarchyNo money= no international creditTariffs from other states, depreciated paper moneyShays’ Rebellion 1786Wealthy property owners vs. debtor class“mobocracy” rein in disorderStates’ rights vs. strong federal government?Constitutional Convention ParticipantsInterstate commerce problems= Annapolis ConventionArticles needed revision!55 delegates meet in Philadelphia May 25, 1787 (no Rhode Island)Secrecy“Demigods”Upper class, 19 owned slaves, focus on preserving US protect property rightsProtect republican experiment, tariff enforcement, stop “mobocracy”Constitutional CompromisesVirginia Plan (large states)New Jersey Plan (small states)Great CompromiseStrong executive branchElectoral College House of Representatives if no majority3/5 CompromiseAbolish slave trade after 1807Fear of the MobDelegates had more in commonStrong money, protection of propertyStrong central government, 3 branchesFeared “the mob”Safeguards against the peopleAppointment of federal judges for lifeIndirect election of President and SenatorsProperty requirements for voting for House of RepsStill founded on republicanismFederalist vs. Anti-FederalistNo unanimous ratification necessaryAntifederalistsWealthy class stealing power, bill of rights?Federalists= power and influenceFederalist Papers (Hamilton, Jay, Madison)Federalist #10Chapter 10 Launching the New Ship of State1789-1800President WashingtonUnanimously elected 1789Strong characterCreated framework and expectationsBill of RightsRatified Constitution with promise of a bill of rightsAmendment processJames Madison feared another convention1st Congress Judiciary Act 1789John Jay= Supreme Court Chief JusticeFederalists vs. Democratic RepublicansFederalists led by Hamilton“those who own the country ought to govern it”Protect wealth and propertyMerchants, manufacturers and shippersPro BritishDemocratic Republicans led by Thomas JeffersonMiddle class, farmers, laborers, artisans and small shopkeepers“the best government is the one which governs least”States rights, strict interpretation Educated yeomen farmers- needed slaveryNewspapers stop tyranny Hamilton at TreasuryGoal= powerful nation, needed public confidenceFavorable policies for wealthyCongress to assume debtVirginia deal with capital cityCollecting $$75 million debt= “national blessing”Pay off debt with customs duties (tariffs)Created international trade and protection for American manufacturingExcise tax passed 1791 (whiskey)The Bank of the USHamilton= create Bank of the USPrivate bank, America= stockholderJefferson opposed Bank reserved for states!Literal or strict constructionHamilton= “necessary and proper” clauseLoose or broad construction, elastic clauseNorth vs. South over BankWhiskey RebellionWhiskey Rebellion 1794 in southwestern PennsylvaniaPrimary “crop” liberty polls and tarred/feathers collectorsWashington raised army actually came!Whiskey Boys disbanded before arrivedStrong federal governmentNeutrality ProclamationFranco-American Alliance= foreverDemocratic-Republicans= join France (revolutionary fervor)Washington= avoid war, we are too unsteadyNeutrality Proclamation 1793 (self-interest)Continued trading with French West IndiesJay’s TreatyJay sent to London to deal with impressment of sailors issueJay’s TreatyBrits leave NW, pay damages for seized US ships, Americans repay debtsSoutherners vs. NorthernersPinckney’s TreatyWashington’s Farewell AddressJohn AdamsFederalists vs. Democratic Republicans 1796 electionAdams with 71, Jefferson with 68= VPLeft with Washington’s cabinetXYZ AffairFrench seized US ships (angry at Jay’s Treaty)XYZ Affair-Talleyrand“millions for defense, not one cent for tribute”Undeclared war with France 1798-1800Alien and Sedition ActsAnti-French feelings (Dem Rep)Alien Laws- increased residencySedition Act- violated speech and pressFederalist Supreme Court upheldThe Virginia and Kentucky ResolutionsJeffersonians fearful of Federalist abusesJefferson and Madison wrote resolutionsCompact theoryStates can nullifyFederalists say Supreme Court has right to nullifyUsed for Southern secessionChapter 11 The Triumphs and Travails of Jeffersonian Republic1800-1812Federalists vs. AntifederalistsFederalists= Alien and Sedition ActsLack of war with FranceHamilton split with AdamsJefferson’s characterReligious attacksRevolution of 1800Jefferson with Aaron BurrSouth, West and NYTie between Burr and Jefferson! House of RepresentativesLame DuckRevolution of 1800Federalists betrayed idealsPeaceful transfer of powerMild ReformsPardons for Sedition ActReturn residency requirements to 5 yearsNo more excise taxAlbert Gallatin= reduce debt and balance budgetContinued many Hamilton programsMarbury vs. MadisonJudiciary Act 1801- midnight judgesLife time appointments!Some not delivered/repealedWilliam Marbury= justice of the peace?Chief Justice John MarshallCreated power of judicial reviewImpeachmentAttempted impeachment of associate justice Samuel ChaseOpen opposition to Jeffersonians“high crimes and misdemeanors?”Maintained independence of judiciaryBarbary PiratesJefferson reduced armyPirates of North African Barbary CoastFederalists had bought protection1801 Tripoli undeclared war with US (Tripolitan War)$60,000= peace treaty 1805Louisiana PurchaseFrance seized Louisiana Territory (Napoleon) right of deposit on MississippiJames Monroe and Robert LivingstonSold all of LouisianaNeeded money to recapture Santo DomingoYellow feverWar with Great Britain looming$15 million for 828,000 square miles; constitutional?Lewis and Clark“Valley of Democracy”Meriwether Lewis and William ClarkSacajawea guided along Missouri from St. Louis through Rockies, down Columbia to Pacific2 ? years= overland expansionAaron BurrAaron Burr dropped as VP in 2nd termConspiracy with Federalist extremists= Hamilton found outHamilton killed in duelNew scheme with James Wilkinson of Louisiana Territory1806 tried for treason no overt actionsEscaped to EuropeBritain and FranceJefferson reelected 1804= war between Britain and FranceActed as neutral merchantBritish- naval supremacy, French- land supremacy; trade disallowed6,000 Americans impressed by BritishThe Embargo ActWeak army and navy Embargo Act 1807Peaceful coercionHurt American economy moreRevived Federalist partyCongress repealed for Non-Intercourse Act March 1, 1809Trade allowed except with France and GBForeign reliance of US goods, empires to supplyUS manufacturing restartedJames MadisonJames Madison 1809Macon’s Bill #2Allowed Europe to choose allyNapoleon lifted his trade restrictions knowing Great Britain wouldn’tTecumsehWar hawks in new Congress 1811Tecumseh and brother Tenskwatawa (the Prophet)Indian Confederacy, tribal unityBrits in Canada agitating?William Henry Harrison and Battle of TippecanoeStart of War of 1812Take out Canada= Indian baseDefend republicanismClose declaration of war June 1812Partisan and sectionalNew England against war with Great BritainChapter 12 The Second War for Independence and the Upsurge of Nationalism1812-1824American StrategyLack of military, old generals= no national unity3 prong attack on Canada1813 naval battle more successful“Old Ironsides”Oliver Hazzard PerryBrits attack via Lake Champlain= Thomas MacdonoughBritish Strategy3 prong attack- Chesapeake landing, burned DCFort McHenry (Francis Scott Key)Attack on New OrleansDefender of New Orleans= Andrew Jackson= national heroTreaty of Ghent already signed!= restored honor and nationalismThe Treaty of GhentTsar Alexander I wanted a peace treaty (British ally)American envoys 1814British demands stalemateVictory on Champlain+ war weary British= compromiseTreaty of Ghent= armistice“not 1 inch of territory ceded or lost”The Hartford ConventionNew England FederalistsSeparate peace or secessionHartford Convention: list of grievancesAnnounced demands as victory of New Orleans/ Treaty of Ghent announcedSecond War for IndependenceUnimportant internationally, important in USMilitary strengthDisapproved of sectionalismIndian policyAmerican manufacturingCanadian nationalism: who controls Great Lakes?IsolationismThe American SystemBritish dumping Tariff of 1816Mostly for protectionHenry Clay and the American SystemBanking systemTariffRoads/canals networkMadison vetoed states responsibilityNew England opposedMonroe and the Era of Good FeelingsElection of 1816 end of FederalistsMonroe= old and new generations in governmentEra of Good FeelingsProblems below the surfaceSlaveryMissouri (slave state) 1819Tallmadge Amendment fear in SouthDisturb political balance (Senate divided between slave and free)House of Representatives dominated by wealthy, populous NorthMissouri CompromiseMissouri and MaineNo more slavery in Louisiana Territory north of 36° 30’Maintain peace for 15 yearsJefferson: “we have a wolf by the ears and we can neither hold him nor safely let him go.”Monroe reelected 1820John MarshallMcCullough vs. Maryland 1819Implied vs. enumerated powersFederalism Cohens vs. Virginia 1821US Supreme Court can review state supreme courtsGibbons vs. Ogden 1824Commerce clauseFletcher vs. Peck 1810 property rightsDartmouth College vs. Woodward 1819ContractsFloridaAndrew Jackson and 1st Seminole WarEntry into FloridaMonroe’s Cabinet alarmedSecretary of State John Quincy Adams and the Adams-Onis Treaty 1819$5 millionWestern boundary set at 42°The Monroe DoctrineMonroe Doctrine 1823No European interference in Western HemisphereUS wouldn’t interfere in European affairsSpheres of influenceBritish navy backing up doctrineUS worried about ourselvesNot a law, a statement used and discarded as neededChapter 13 The Rise of Mass Democracy1824-1840The Corrupt Bargain4 candidates in 1824 electionAndrew Jackson winner, but no majority House of RepsHenry Clay= Speaker of HouseJohn Quincy Adams winsHenry Clay named Secretary of State!Campaign of 1828Split in Republican partyAdams (oak) vs. Jackson (hickory)Campaign portrayals not realityMudslingingJackson= South and West (178 electoral votes); Adams= New England (83 electoral votes)The Spoils SystemSpoils System (patronage, cronyism)“to the victor goes the spoils of war”Jackson= no aristocratic bureaucracy , new blood“what has he done for the party?”Scandalous appointments; Party loyalty Tariff of AbominationsProtectionism of industry (New England, middle states)Tariff of 1828 South feared further interference“The South Carolina Exposition” by VP John C. CalhounProposed nullificationNullification CrisisTariff of 1832 still protectiveSouth Carolina (Palmetto state) adopted nullificationJackson against nullifiersHenry Clay compromise with Tariff of 1833Force BillTrail of TearsTribes treated as separate nations since Washington“civilization” and assimilation movementCherokee, Creeks, Choctaw, Chickasaw and Seminole (5 Civilized Nations)Cherokee= private property, tribal governmentGeorgia declared Cherokee council illegal seize land, jurisdictionAppealed to Supreme Court“John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it”Indian Removal Act 1830Resulted in forced migration (4,000 died)Bureau of Indian AffairsOther Indian ResistanceBlack Hawk War 1832Exchange land for land west of Mississippi RiverSecond Seminole War 1835-42Most expensive/longest until VietnamOsceolaBank WarJackson hated the BankNot bound to people, but to investorsHenry Clay and Daniel Webster’s renewal bill in 1832Use as a campaign ployBank veto= expansion of executive powerClay’s plan backfiredJackson vs. BiddleChoke Bank before 1836Remove all federal deposits, shrink current depositsBiddle called in loans (mini Panic)Boom and bust cyclesFederal $ put in “pet banks” and “wildcat banks”Specie Circular 1836 Panic of 1837WhigsOpposition to JacksonExecutive usurpation Diverse groups of oppositionFelt they were party of common manDemocrats for cronyism and corruptionPanic of 1837Land speculation, Bank War, Specie Circular, crop failuresBritish loans called inCollapse of hundreds of banksClosed factories, unemployment, less public land sold, lack of customsWhig solution vs. Divorce BillIndependent Treasury BillThe Lone Star RepublicMexican independence land grant to Stephen AustinAdventurers and crooksTexas vs. Mexico on slavery, immigration and local rightsSanta Anna raised army, jailed Austin1836 Lone Star Republic“Remember the Alamo”= rallying US cryHouston lured Anna to San Jacinta counterattackedAnna captured: 2 treatiesUS aid vs. “neutrality”Recognition of Lone Star RepublicAnnexation of Texas?Slavery issueLog Cabin and Hard Cider1840 electionInsult to Whigs log cabins and hard ciderWhigs adopted as symbolTippecanoe and Tyler Too!All about perceptionHarrison= major victory 1840Chapter 14 Forging the National Economy 1790-1860Immigration and GrowthWesterners= “rugged individualism”Population still doubling every 25 yearsGrowth of cities urban problemsImmigration explosion“land of opportunity” made possible by steamshipsThe Irish2 million- Potato famine in 1840’sCrowded in eastern cities“No Irish Need Apply”Political power- Tammany Hall machine in NYCThe Germans1 ? million- crop failure, war, autocracy in GermanyMore wealth than IrishEducation, art and musicOpposed slaveryEnclosed communities to retain culture/language NativismFear of foreigners (Irish and German Catholics) Catholic schoolsKnow Nothing PartyRestrict immigration and naturalizationDeport poor foreignersViolence and riots (1844 in Philadelphia)MechanizationBritish textile machinesModern factory system, transportation and communication (Industrial Revolution)US reluctance cheap land, lack of investments, undeveloped raw materialsBritish competitionThe Cotton GinSamuel SlaterLack of cotton= labor intensive1793 Eli Whitney invents the Cotton Gin (engine)King CottonResurrected slaveryNew England factoriesManufacturingPhases of US manufacturing tied to GBEli Whitney- interchangeable partsLimited liabilitySamuel MorseFactory SystemFactories ended master-apprentice“spindle cities”Long hours, low pay, no benefits, unsanitary conditionsUnions bannedChild laborJacksonian democracy; Commonwealth vs. Hunt 1842Factory GirlsTextile mills replaced homespunLowell, Massachusetts Factory GirlsCult of DomesticityDomestic FeminismChanges in child rearingWestern FarmersOhio, Indiana, Illinois= breadbasketJohn Deere; Cyrus McCormickChange from subsistence to large scale; businessmenTransportationLancaster Turnpike oppositionCumberland RoadSteamboat, Robert Fulton2 way navigationErie Canal (1825) DeWitt ClintonNew cities along canals and Great LakesTransportation RevolutionTransportation Revolution natural flow of commerceCanals, railroads and communication equalized; NYC= major portContinental system establish with specializing regionsMarket RevolutionMarket revolution= national network of industryWage systemDream of social mobility realitiesChapter 15 The Ferment of Reform and Culture1790-1860ReligionEnlightenment, rationalism influencesDeism, UnitarianismSecond Great AwakeningMethodists and BaptistsPeter CartwrightCharles Grandison FinneyRole of middle class womenDenominationsBurned Over DistrictAdventistsClass and region differences in AwakeningMormonsJoseph SmithBrigham Young escape persecution, Utah1846-47IrrigationImmigrationArmy vs. MormonsPolygamy and statehoodFree SchoolsUpper classes against free educationManhood suffrage (Jacksonian era)Industrial RevolutionProblems in educationHorace MannNoah Webster- Schoolmaster of the RepublicWilliam McGuffeyHigher LearningState colleges- federal land grantsUniversity of VirginiaWomen’s educationCommon viewsWomen’s colleges establishedLyceum Lecture associationsReform MovementsRole of Second Great AwakeningDebtors prison, criminal codeDorothea Dix= mentally ill reform of asylums American Peace Society 1828TemperanceAmerican Temperance FoundationTemperance vs. teetotalismMaine Law of 1851Women’s MovementSubordinate roles for womenKeepers of moralityNational Women’s Suffrage AssociationSeneca Falls Women’s Rights Convention 1848Utopia SocietiesRobert Owen 1825Brook Farm 1841Oneida Community 1848Communalistic societiesTranscendentalismGolden age of literature 1825-1850’sTranscendentalismSelf-relianceRalph Waldo EmersonHenry David ThoreauWalt WhitmanLiterary DissentersNot all focused on human goodness and progressEdgar Allan PoeNathaniel HawthorneHerman MelvilleChapter 16 The South and the Slavery Controversy 1793-1860“Cotton is King!”Cotton KingdomGulf states= quick profitsNorthern states tied to cotton production? of American exports in 1840Great BritainThe Planter ClassSouth= oligarchy1850: 1,733 families owned over 100 slavesClass division in SouthFeudal idealism or “sham society?”Gender division no desire for abolitionSouthern MakeupLand butcherySmall farmers pushed out one crop economySlave speculation= risky, could die/run awayNo manufacturingNo immigration South= WHITEThe WhitesSmall Southern minority= large slaveholders? of South= slave ownersSmaller slave owners= worked along side? of whites owned no slaves “snobocracy”“Poor white trash”Still fought to preserve slavery why?Isolated mountain whites in Appalachians“rich man’s war, poor man’s fight” Free Blacks1860: 250,000 free blacks in SouthRevolutionary War idealism, mulattoes, bought freedomPractically no rights, served as a reminder of emancipation= hated1860: 250,000 free blacks in NorthNo rights, competition, racismSlavery’s Profits4 million slaves by 1860Importation outlawed 1808, still smuggledNatural reproductionSlaves= focus of wealth use Irish for dangerous workDeep SouthPsychological effects- Uncle Tom’s CabinLife in BondageLife in slavery variedMinimal legal protection- couldn’t testifyLack of a wage incentiveIllegal to read or write“Black Belt” of the Deep SouthCultural and family tiesCombined Christian and African traditionsRebellionRebellion in small ways on a day to day basisFew armed rebellionsGabriel in 1800 VirginiaDenmark Vesey in 1822 Charleston, SCNat Turner in 1831 VirginiaCreated white fearEarly AbolitionismAbolition after RevolutionThe American Colonization SocietyRepublic of Liberia1830’s: reform movements, 2nd Great AwakeningTheodore Dwight Weld and the Lane RebelsRadical AbolitionismWilliam Lloyd GarrisonThe American Antislavery Society 1833Wendell Phillips (white- no sugar or cotton clothes), David Walker (black- militant, end to white supremacy), Sojourner Truth (black- women’s rights too), Martin Delaney (black- recolonization)Frederick Douglass- runaway slave, oratorAbolitionist political partiesSouthern ReactionSouthern antislavery movements stopped 1830’sWhite apologists and proslavery movement began to defend “peculiar institution”Good of slavery contrasted to Northern “wage slaves”Gag Resolution 1836Northern ReactionGarrison seen as a radicalBargain made in ConstitutionNorth tied to South economicallyMobs attacked abolitionistsGrowing numbers did see slavery as an evilFree SoilersChapter 17 Manifest Destiny and its Legacy 1841-1848The Lone Star RepublicProvince in rebellion?Threats to USGreat Britain wanted an independent TexasSlavery issueTexas AnnexationPresidential election 1844“Texas or Disunion”James K. Polk vs. Henry ClayPolk victory= popular mandateJoint resolution by Tyler 1845Texas= 28th stateMexican reactionOregon FeverBoundary disputesSpainGreat BritainUSOccupation of the Willamette River Valley 49°“Oregon Fever”Manifest Destiny1844: Clay vs. James K. Polk (“the dark horse)Manifest Destiny empire buildingDemocrat slogans vs. Whig slogansPolk victory (Liberty party= spoiler) mandate for Texas?Polk’s Accomplishments1. Walker Tariff of 18462. Restore an independent treasury3. Reoccupation of Oregon (compromised boundary line) northern anger4. Acquisition of CaliforniaProblems with MexicoCalifornia coveted (Manifest Destiny!)Money owed to USTexas annexationBoundary disputes between Mexico and Texas- Nueces vs. Rio GrandeJohn SlidellThe Mexican-American WarGeneral Zachary TaylorApril 25, 1846: “American blood shed on American soil”Double crossing Santa AnnaGeneral Stephen W. KearnyCaptain John C. Fremont- California Bear Flag RepublicZachary Taylor- “Old Rough and Ready”, “Hero of Buena Vista”General Winfield Scott Mexico City 1847Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo negotiated by Nicholas P. TristProblems back home with “Mexican Whigs”Pros and Cons13,000 Americans diedMexican CessionWar experience to future leaders- American military powerUS= bad image to Mexico and Latin AmericaSlavery issues enflamedWilmot ProvisoChapter 18 Renewing the Sectional Struggle1848-18541848 ElectionSpread of slavery= possible rift for both Democrats and WhigsGeneral Lewis Cass (Democrat)Popular sovereigntyGeneral Zachary Taylor (Whig)Third party- Free Soil Party (Martin Van Buren)Diverse group of supportersCalifornia Gold RushGold in 1848= hordes of peopleNeed for law and order1849 Constitution (no slavery!) avoid Territory stageNew Mexico and Utah California precedent?Angry Southerners1850= balance between North and SouthSouth= majority on SC, in cabinet, presidentOutnumbered in House, equal in SenateAfraid of a free California, New Mexico and Utah had been won with Southern help!Border dispute between Texas and NMNorth demanding a free soil DCUnderground Railroad new Fugitive Slave Law?Resentful towards abolitionist attitudesThe Compromise of 1850Southern “fire eaters” demanding secession compromise needed1850: Taylor died, Millard Fillmore= more open series of laws passed= Compromise of 1850CaliforniaNM= disputed territory for $10 million to TexasSlave trade abolished in DCPopular sovereignty for Mexican CessionStronger Fugitive Slave LawNorth= better dealOpposition to Fugitive Slave Law of 1850Nullification?South= bitter1850’s= necessary decade to cement northern UnionistsPierce and ExpansionPierce= Southern sympathizer (Jefferson Davis as Secretary of War)Look to Latin America for expansion (Manifest Destiny and slavery)Canal through Nicaragua?William WalkerClayton-Bulwer TreatyCommodore Mathew Perry “open” JapanCubaCuba= Manifest Destiny!Polk offered $100 million- refused1850-51: filibustering expeditions attempted to seize Spain reacted by seizing steamship Black WarriorOstend Manifesto= justificationNorth= angry, domestic unrestRailroadsNeed for a transcontinental railroad North or South?Gadsden PurchaseFear of a free soil NebraskaKansas-Nebraska ActStephen A. Douglas split Nebraska into 2 territoriesNebraska= west of free soil Iowa, Kansas= west of slave state MissouriPopular sovereignty with Kansas-Nebraska ActViolated Missouri Compromise of 1820!Passage= breach of faithLasting EffectsKansas-Nebraska Act= downhill slide to Civil War no more compromisingNorth= denied enforcement of Fugitive Slave ActDemocratic Party= splitCreation of Republican PartyChapter 19 Drifting Toward Disunion1854-1861Stowe and Helper1852: Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher StoweAngered by Fugitive Slave Act2nd Great AwakeningInternational popularity1857: The Impending Crisis by Hinton R. HelperEffects on non-slaveholding whitesBattle for KansasPopular sovereignty= call to actionHenry Ward Beecher and New England Emigrant Aid CompanySouth=angry Kansas-Nebraska Act meant to make Kansas slave!1855 election for territorial legislature- border ruffiansShawnee Mission vs. Topeka= who’s in charge?Bleeding Kansas1856 free soil town of Lawrence burnedJohn Brown- Osawatomie to Pottawatomie Pottawatomie Creek in May 18565 killed (proslavery?)Bleeding Kansas= civil war in Kansas!Lecompton Constitution 1857 free soilers avoided pollsBuchanan supported, Douglas= real popular sovereignty division in Democratic partyBrooks Attacks Sumner1856 Senator Charles SumnerSouth Carolina Senator Andrew ButlerCongressman Preston Brooks insultedMay 22, 1856: Brooks attacks SumnerHouse couldn’t expel Brooks, resigned and reelected!Sumner’s speech sold tens of thousandsDred Scott DecisionDred Scott= slave in Illinois and Wisconsin in 1857Sued for freedomSupreme Court ruled not a citizenChief Justice Taney to undermine free soilersSlaves= private property (5th amendment)Missouri Compromise= unconstitutional!Can’t deny slavery even with popular sovereignty!Democrats split, antislaveryites ignored decisionLincoln vs. Douglas1858 Senatorial elections in IllinoisStephen Douglas (Dem) vs. Abraham Lincoln (Rep)Douglas challenged to 7 debates (Lincoln-Douglas Debates)Freeport Doctrine- popular sovereignty vs. SC decision?Douglas= if people don’t want it, it won’t happenDouglas elected Senator (indirect election by state legislature)Lincoln became a national nameDouglas= presidential bid squashed (against Lecompton Constitution and Freeport Doctrine)Democratic party split North vs. SouthJohn BrownMoved to Virginia October 1859Plan= attack federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry+ slave revolt7 innocent people killed, 10 injuredRobert E. Lee and MarinesBrown convicted of murder and treason insane?Execution= martyred, South= angryElection of 1860Democratic Convention at CharlestonSoutherners against Douglas, walked outDemocratic Convention at BaltimoreDouglas nominated by Northern Dems.John C. Breckinridge nominated by Southern DemocratsConstitutional Union Party= moderate Democrats with John BellRepublican Convention at ChicagoSeward= too divisive, Lincoln nominatedPlatform geared toward all NorthernersSouth declared a victory for Lincoln=secessionLincoln won with 180 electoral votes, election split perfectly between N and SSecessionDecember 1860: South CarolinaWithin 6 weeks, 6 more states seceded (4 more to secede later)February 1861: Confederate States of America (CSA)Jefferson Davis: presidentLincoln stuck in lame duck time!Compromise?Crittenden Amendments (James Henry Crittenden of Kentucky)36°30’= no slavery northSouth of 36°30’= federal protection of slavery (including future territories)When statehood came, all territories could chooseLincoln rejected compromiseReasons for Secession11 Southern states secededNorth= more populous= powerFeared Republican partySick of free soilers and abolitionistsSecession would be peaceful economic ties between North and SouthSecession= opportunity, right to self-determination (linked to Revolution!)Had voluntarily entered Union, now leavingChapter 20 Girding for War: The North and South1861-1865Lincoln’s Inaugural AddressLincoln sworn into office March 4, 1861Inaugural address= impossible to divideNo geographic boundariesNational debt?Western territories?Need unity against European interferenceSouth CarolinaFort Sumter in Charleston, SCUnion to send provisions seen as aggressiveApril 12, 1861: CSA attacked Fort Sumter“Remember Fort Sumter”Volunteers for war called up 4 more states secedeBorder States5 Border States remained (slave)West Virginia seceded from VirginiaBorder states= large population and manufacturingStrategic locationLincoln suspended habeas corpus worried about border statesDivision5 Civilized Tribes in Oklahoma (Indian Territory)= ConfederacyPlains Indians= UnionCivil War= brother against brother50,000 mountain whites and 300,000 from South UnionCSA Strengths and WeaknessesSouth’s AdvantagesNorth had to invade and conquerSuperior officersAccustomed to guns and horsesSouth’s DisadvantagesLack of factoriesBreakdown of infrastructureNorth’s Strengths and WeaknessesNorth’s StrengthsManufacturing and agricultureMore wealth and railroadsUnion navy= blockade, trade with EuropeLarger population (more immigration)Border StatesNorth’s WeaknessesLack of quality officersDavis vs. LincolnProblems with Confederate ConstitutionDavis= strong central governmentnot popular with CongressFocused on civil and militaryLincoln= less problemsStable governmentUSA= prestigious; Financially okayCivil Liberties ViolationsLincoln= defy Constitution (abuses only temporary)Ordered blockadeIncreased army sizeOrdered $ to private citizenSuspended habeas corpus“supervised” voting in Border StatesSuspended newspapers and arrested editorsVolunteers and DrafteesEach state= quota for volunteers1863: Federal Conscription LawAbusesNYC Draft RiotBounty Brokers and Bounty Jumpers200,000 deserters“Cradle to grave” in CSA, slave owners exemption from serviceSouth’s Economic DestructionWar destroyed Southern economyWar destroyed Southern infrastructureDestruction for the war effortPost-Civil War= triumph of northern capitalists/industrialists, destruction of slavocracy (agrarian society)Chapter 21 The Furnace of Civil War 1861-1865Bull Run90 day war- “no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with slavery where it exists”Bull Run (Manassas Junction)Thomas “Stonewall” JacksonDefeat for UnionGeorge McClellan and the Peninsula CampaignGeorge McClellan (Army of the Potomac)Peninsula Campaign (James and York Rivers)Robert E. Lee (Army of Northern Virginia)7 Days’ Battles: June 26- July 2, 1862McClellan pushed back to the seaTotal War 6 part Union planUnion Strategy1. Blockade coasts Anaconda Plan2. Take Mississippi River (cut CSA in ?) Anaconda Plan3. Liberate slaves (undermine economy)4. Troops to Carolinas and Georgia5. Capture Richmond6. Engage enemy and force submissionAntietamSecond Battle of Bull Run (August 29-30, 1862) moved to Maryland CampaignLee vs. General John PopeThe Battle at Antietam Creek (near Sharpsburg, Maryland)- September 17, 1862 stop CSA advanceAntietam= CSA near victoryLincoln issued preliminary Emancipation ProclamationEmancipation ProclamationOfficial document released January 1, 1863Slaves “forever free” in states in rebellionBorder states and conquered CSA not affectedStrengthen moral cause13th amendmentMixed emotions in NorthSouth saw it as an attempt to start slave revoltGettysburgGeneral AE Burnside= new general of Army of the Potomac Launched attack at Fredericksburg, VirginiaReplaced by Joseph HookerChancellorsville, Virginia (May 2-4, 1863)Jackson killed by friendly fireLee moved towards PennsylvaniaGeorge G. Meade- 3 days before battle Union army of 92,000 vs. CSA army of 76,000 at Gettysburg (July 1-3, 1863)Unsuccessful Pickett’s Charge- “high water mark of the Confederacy”Gettysburg Address- November 1863Western TheaterUlysses S. GrantFebruary 1862: captured Forts Henry and DonnelsonKentucky tied to Union, opened GA and Tenn.Battle at Shiloh (April 6-7, 1862): southern TennesseeAdmiral David G. Farragut- captured New Orleans spring 1862Area between Vicksburg, Mississippi and Port Hudson, Louisiana= CSA movementGrant attacked Vicksburg surrendered July 4, 1863July 9th= fall of Port HudsonUnion control of Mississippi RiverStop demands for peace from Butternut RegionNo foreign interventionSherman’s March to the SeaGrant sent to eastern Tennessee liberate Union troops at ChattanoogaGeorgia open to invasionGrant= general in chiefGeneral William Tecumseh ShermanBurned Atlanta by November 186460,000 troops to Savannah (Dec. 22, 1864)Total War= weaken CSA moraleTurned north toward South Carolina1864 ElectionProblems within Republican partySalmon P. ChaseCongressional Committee on the Conduct of the WarExpanding presidential powerSplit within DemocratsWar Democrats vs. Peace (Copperhead) DemocratsUnion Party formedDemocrats nominated George McClellanUnion victories= favor for LincolnFarragut seized Mobile, Alabama, Sherman (Atlanta), General Sheridan destroyed Shenandoah Valley in Virginia“Bayonet votes”, voting on the frontLincoln= 212 EV vs. 21 for McClellan (popular vote closer)Defeat for Lincoln= last chance for SouthWar of AttritionGrant brought in from West to oversee Meade push forward regardless of casualtiesDestroy the enemy 1 piece at a timeOverland Campaign (push towards Richmond)Battle at Cold Harbor (Grant seen as a butcher!)Hampton Roads Peace Conference (failed)April 1865: Lee surrendered at Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia (cornered by Union)Lincoln’s AssassinationApril 14, 1865: Lincoln shot by John Wilkes Booth in Ford’s Theater died the next morningDeath= forget Lincoln’s shortcomingsSouth now had to face vindictive North (Lincoln would have protected them)Andrew Johnson now president, opposition from CongressReconstruction=struggleAftermath of the Civil War600,000 Americans KIA or by diseaseDestroyed an entire generation of young men$15 billionEnded the fight between strong federal government and states rightersInspired British democracyDestroyed slavery, North and South still splitChapter 22 The Ordeal of Reconstruction1865-1877Questions after the WarHow would the South be rebuilt?What about the new freedmen?How do we bring the South back to Union?Who was in charge of Reconstruction?Jefferson DavisSouthern devastation destroyed infrastructure“The lost cause”The Freedmen’s BureauFreedmen’s Bureau March 3, 1865Union General Oliver O. HowardIntergenerational educationCorruption of BureauPresidential ReconstructionLincoln’s 10% Plan (1863)Congress counteracted with Wade-Davis Bill (1864) pocket vetoed2 factions in Congress- Radical and Moderate RepublicansJohnson’s Reconstruction Proclamation- May 29, 1865Black CodesNovember 1865 Black Codes in MississippiWhite control subservient populationLabor force (Cotton Kingdom) contracts signed for 1 year serviceFew rightsCreated generations of sharecroppersNorth= what did we fight for?Congressional ReconstructionDecember 1865: new Southern members of Congress (ex Confederates!)Fear of Democrat take overBlack population= whole person, more power to South!February 1866: Johnson vetoed Freedmen’s Bureau extensionRepublicans in Congress= Civil Rights BillFuture Congress might undo Civil Rights Bill- needed 14th amendmentCitizenship rights to blacksReduced representation of state if black voting deniedDenied office to former Confederates who had sworn to uphold US Constitution beforeRepudiated Confederacy’s debts1866 midterm elections= veto proof RepublicansRadicals= Charles Sumner (Senate), Thaddeus Stevens (House)Saw South as conquered provincesUse federal power to revolutionizeModerates= more states rights, ensure citizen rights with little federal intrusionMilitary ReconstructionReconstruction Act March 2, 1867South= 5 military districts (martial law)Readmittance to Union= ratify 14th amendment, guarantee black voting in state constitutionsUsurped President’s power as commander in chiefEx parte Milligan caseNeeded 15th Amendment to ensure Southern complianceReturn to “Redeemer” governments (Solid South)Freedmen OrganizationLincoln and Johnson= gradual suffrageModerate Republicans unsure of 15th amendment many Northern states denied voting to blacksUnion League formedCivic education, black schools/churches, militiasUniversal manhood suffrage 14 Congressmen/ Senators between 1868-1876Angry White South“Scalawags”: white Southerners helping new regimes (Republicans) thieves“Carpetbaggers”: white Northerners who came to South for personal profitNew regimes reformed systemKKK formed in Tennessee 1866Terrorism to “put blacks/white Republicans in place”Force Acts of 1870 and 1871Johnson’s ImpeachmentToo many clashes with Congress wanted to replace him with Ben Wade of Ohio (pres. pro tempore)Tenure of Office Act 1867Fired Secretary of War Edwin StantonImpeached by House 126 to 47 Senate heard case for removalJohnson’s argument avoided removal by 1 votePrecedent?Purchase of AlaskaRussia wanted to sell Alaska 1867Secretary of State William Seward bought for $7.2 million“Seward’s Folly”Didn’t want to offend Russia, future economic opportunity?, flank GBReconstruction- Failure?Too difficult to change South socially, politically, raciallyNo clear picture of what Reconstruction should have been from beginning- piecemealBlack rights soon denied for over 100 yearsToo much desire for white dominance vs. not enough desire to force SouthChapter 23: Political Paralysis in the Gilded Age1869-1896US Grant1868 election: Grant (Republican) even without political experienceFocus on Military ReconstructionRepublicans “waved the bloody shirt”= victory for GrantFinancial CorruptionJim Fisk and Jay Gould= stock speculation to control Erie RailroadWanted to corner gold marketPaid off Grant’s brother in lawBegan buying up gold summer 1869Federal government released $4 million in gold= Black FridayPolitical CorruptionBoss William Marcy Tweed in NYC’s Tammany HallDemocratic political machineBribery, graft, cronyism and election fraudNY Times and Thomas NastNY attorney, Samuel J. TildenThe Liberal RepublicansLiberal Republican party formed 1872“Turn the Rascals Out”Horace Greeley nominated, Democrats backed Greeley too!Mudslinging campaign, forced the Republicans to pass some reformsPanic of 1873Jay Cooke and Company went bankruptCreated a domino effect unemployment, bankruptcies, banks closedNew debtor class (agrarian)= want greenbacks for inflationSoft Money vs. Hard MoneyResumption Act 1875: withdraw greenbacks and pay off in gold contractionDebtors focused on silver nowSilver mines out west, inflationary tacticDepression worsened, but US credit rating improvedRepublicans vs. DemocratsAll elections in Gilded Age close= politicians focused on keeping jobsExtreme party loyalty and high voter turnoutRepublicans= Puritan lineage, government should regulate economy and moralityMidwest, rural and small towns in New England, freedmen, GARDemocrats= immigrants, no government interferenceSouth and industrial cities (political machines)Stalwarts vs. Half BreedsDivision in Republican party in 1870’s-80’s over patronageStalwarts: trade civil service jobs for votes (Roscoe Conkling)Half Breeds: civil service reform (James G. Blaine)Hayes vs. Tilden1876 election: Republicans nominated Rutherford B. Hayes of Ohio (unknown)Democrats nominated Samuel J. Tilden of NY received 184 electoral votes (needed 185)3 Southern states contestedElectoral Count Act: electoral commission voted along party lines (Republican)Compromise of 1877Backroom deal to let Hayes have victory would give Democrats concessions if didn’t opposeRemove federal troops from South1 Southern Democrat in CabinetTranscontinental railroadIndustrialized SouthOfficial end to Reconstruction Redeemer governments in SouthCivil Rights Act 1875 last attempt to help blacksJim CrowSolidly white South= Redeemer state governmentsIntimidation of blacksShare cropping or tenant farming crop lien systemJim Crow laws, lynchingsPlessy vs. Ferguson 1896Chinese Immigrants1880: 75,000 Asians in CaliforniaGold and transcontinental railroadOutcastes, no children to help with assimilation, most menial jobsDenis KearneyChinese Exclusion Act 1882US vs. Wong Kim Ark 1898 (jus soli vs. jus sanguinis)Garfield and Arthur1880 election: James A Garfield (Half Breed) and Chester A. Arthur (Stalwart)Charles J. Guiteau shot Garfield“I am a Stalwart and now Arthur is President”Insanity plea convicted and hungChester A. Arthur= reform spoils systemPendleton Act 1883Led to marriage of politics with big businessGrover ClevelandDemocrat Grover Cleveland won 1884 electionBourbon Democrat- believed in laissez faire economics, gold standard, against imperialism and boss politicsWanted to lower the tariff to get rid of $145 million surplus (small government)Lost 1888 election to Benjamin Harrison over tariff issue ($ from business to Harrison to buy votes!)The Populists1892 The People’s Party (Populists)Adopted Omaha Platform at ConventionInflation free and unlimited coinage of silverGraduated income taxGovnt. ownership of RR, telegraph, telephoneDirect election of Senators1 term limit on presidentInitiatives and referendums (grassroots)8 hour work dayImmigration restrictionsHomestead Steel Plant (Carnegie)- workers went on strikePinkerton detectives sent in summer 189210 dead, 60 wounded, troops neededPopulists hoped to link agrarian movement to labor, but mostly seen in west and midwestSouth failed to join because of racismPanic of 1893Cleveland reelected 1892 (2 nonconsecutive terms)Panic of 1893= worst downturn of 19th centuryOverbuilding, speculation, decrease in agriculture, labor problemsLegal tender notes issued redeem for gold or silver= run on gold!Needed to repeal Sherman Silver Purchase Act- Treasury dropped below $100 million in goldNeeded to get past silverites (supported bimetallism) William Jennings BryanBy 1894, still losing too much gold down to $41 millionLoan from JP Morgan in 1895 of $65 million with a $7 million commissionSeen as a deal with the devil by silveritesChapter 24: Industry Comes of Age1865-1900Growth of Railroads35,000 miles of track in 1865 vs. 192,556 miles in 1900US government subsidiesLand grants= $ for railroad companiesRailroads brought “civilization” to the West1862= transcontinental railroadUnion Pacific Railroad= west from Omaha, Nebraska (Irish)Central Pacific Railroad= east from Sacramento, California (Chinese)“Big 4” financed2 lines met at Ogden, Utah= western growth4 other transcontinental RR by 1900Northern Pacific RailroadThe Atchison, Topeka and Santa FeThe Southern PacificThe Great NorthernCornelius Vanderbilt= replaced iron ties with steelStandardized railsWestinghouse air brakePullman Palace CarsLinking US with RR= new markets and raw materialsNew settlements along RREcological problemsTime Zones establishedGovernment InterventionCommon people devoted to free enterprisePanic of the 1870’s= farmers began protesting RR corruption (The Grange)Wabash case 1886Interstate Commerce Act 1887Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)Captains of IndustryAndrew Carnegie (Carnegie Steel)Vertical integration= cartelJohn D. Rockefeller (Standard Oil)Horizontal integration= monopolyJP Morgan (JP Morgan and Company)- financier and bankerSteel Industry“Steel is King!”= heavy industry1870’s: Cornelius Vanderbilt and his NY Central RRBy 1890’s= US producing 1/3 of world’s steelBessemer ProcessUS had all the right ingredients for steel makingAndrew Carnegie in PittsburghEliminated middlemenBy 1900= ? of US’s steel ($25 million/year)JP Morgan= deal to buy Carnegie Steel for $480 millionCreated US Steel in 1901= 1st billion dollar companyCarnegie retired to philanthropyOil Industry1859: first oil field keroseneInternal combustion engine= oil revivedJohn D. Rockefeller and Standard OilEliminate middlemen and competitionBy 1877 controlled 95% of oil refineriesForced rebates from railroads, spies in other companiesOther trusts formed- Captains of Industry or Robber Barons?The Gospel of WealthWealthy class saw wealth as helped by divine interventionAndrew Carnegie and The Gospel of Wealth 1889Most subscribed to Social DarwinismEmerging Plutocracy class divide wideningUsed Constitution to protect businessThe Sherman Anti-Trust ActFederal government needed to step in to curb monopolies1890 passed Sherman Anti-Trust ActNo combinations in restraint of tradeFailed to stop monopolies in early days- actually used against unionsWould be used in future successfullyChanging AmericaWealth and standard of living increasingImmigrants- no longer a society for “yeomen farmers”Women in “female friendly” jobs= economic and social opportunitiesDelayed marriage and children, paid lessThe Gibson Girl imageClass division= socialist/radical criticismUS= nation of wage earners- tied to economy moreLabor Movement1872: 32 national unionsNational Labor Union 18668 hour work day, arbitrationHurt by the Panic of 1870’sThe Knights of Labor 1869 took over as leader in labor movementLed by Terence V. PowderlySkilled and unskilledSafety codes, arbitration, 8 hour work dayThe Haymarket RiotMay Day strikes 1886 Chicago had socialists and anarchistsPolice killed 4 strikers rally called for at Haymarket SquarePolice about to advance on strikers when a bomb was thrown (May 4)- opened fireAnarchists arrested- 5 sentenced to death, 3 to life in prison1892 Governor John P. Altgeld Haymarket Riot hurt KnightsKnights divided between skilled and unskilled- left for AFLThe American Federation of LaborAFL 1886 led by Samuel Gompers= federation of unionsWanted closed shop agreementsSkilled labor union (craft)- 50,000 by 1900 (only 3% of workers)Faced problems between 1886-190023,000 strikes, 6,610,000 workers affected, $450 million lostSome industries accepted unions, most still focused on destroyingChapter 25: America Moves to the City1865-1900City LivingPopulation in cities tripled after war1900: NYC= 2nd largest city in worldSkyscrapers and Louis SullivanMass transit= commute all over the city and suburbsCity life comforts and culture of consumerism draw many from rural areasCity life= wasteful sanitation issuesSlums and tenement housing vs. wealthy in the bedroom communitiesNew ImmigrantsStarting 1880’s, immigration going up with 5 million people/yearOld Immigrants: easier to assimilateNew Immigrants (after 1880) from southern and eastern EuropeEthnic ghettoes, harder to assimilateEurope’s population exploding (foodstuff)European industrialization= draw for farmers- kept going to US with cheap travelLetters home, no religious persecution (pogroms)Jewish immigrants= skilled urban workers (nativists resented)Focused on keeping Old Country traditionsAssimilationNo one to help assimilate but the political machinesWashington Gladden; Christian socialistsJane Addams and Hull House= settlement house in ChicagoEase transition into USPrompted new settlement houses elsewhereSettlement houses= women’s social reform social work as a professionWomen’s work segregated by race, class, ethnicity and marital statusNativismNativist resentment toward New Immigrants (American Protective Association)High birth rate, low standard of livingCheap unskilled labor, radical ideasOften acted as scabs and were difficult to unionizeImmigration restrictions in 1882Literacy tests proposed but not adopted until 1917 (keep out New Immigrants)1886: Statue of LibertyUrban ReligionHow to adapt to urban life?Churches= wealthy patrons- focus on materialism and $New era of revivalists (Dwight Lyman Moody)Catholicism= #1 denomination in 19002 new denominations formed- Salvation Army and Christian ScientistsYMCA and YWCAPublic EducationTax supported elementary schools (patriotism, literate voters)By 1870: most states required elementary1880’s and 1890’s: tax supported high schoolsNormal schoolsParochial schoolsChautauqua Movement 1874Booker T. Washington vs. WEB DuboisBooker T. Washington head of Tuskegee Institute 1881Focused on trade- didn’t challenge white supremacyEconomic advancement= keyGeorge Washington Carver- studentWEB Dubois- Washington= Uncle Tom!Focus on equalityHelped start NAACP 1910“Talented Tenth” Libraries and NewspapersLibraries forming, including Library of Congress 1897$60 million from Carnegie all around US9,000 libraries by 1900Newspapers and linotypeSensational journalism- scandals, sex etc.Yellow journalismJoseph Pulitzer: New York WorldWilliam Randolph Hearst: New York JournalCirculation warsAssociated Press 1840’sMorality IssuesVictoria Woodhull- Woodhull and Claflin’sAnthony ComstockComstock Laws 1873Battle in society over sexuality and moralityWomen and Families in the CityFamily structure in danger at end of century in the cityDivorce rate increasing, delayed marriage, smaller familiesCharlotte Perkins Gilman- Women and PoliticsNational Women Suffrage Association 1890Taken over by Carrie Chapman Catt in 1900Women granted right to vote in Wyoming Territory 1869Black women denied from suffrage movementTemperance and Social ReformTemperance= middle class assault on working class?National Prohibition Party 1869Anti Saloon League 1893 18th amendmentAmerican Red Cross 1881- Clara BartonChapter 26: The Great West and the Agricultural Revolution1865-1896Culture on the Plains360,000 Native Americans in 1860 Cheyenne and Sioux used horses- nomadic hunters nowWhites= disease, decimate buffaloBureau of Indian Affairs Indian warsIndian Wars and MassacresCaptain Fetterman and Bighorn Mountain2nd Treaty of Fort Laramie 1868Colonel George Custer Battle at Little Bighorn 1876 vs. SiouxSitting BullNez Perce and Chief JosephSurrendered and forced onto reservation in KansasReservation system= destruction on Native American traditions and cultureRailroads, disease, extermination of the buffalo15 million at end of Civil War- near extinction by 1885Helen Hunt Jackson 2 sided argument with Native American policy- humanitarians vs. hard linersSun Dance ritual outlawed 1884Rise of the Ghost Dance started by PaiuteMassacre at Wounded Knee 1890Great Sioux Reservation being split upGhost Dance frightened BIA agents- army called inSitting Bull killed= rumors200 Sioux killed, 29 soldiers (battle?)Indian PolicyDawes Act 1887160 acresDestroyed native social structureFreed up land for railroads and white settlementIndian Reorganization Act 1934Carlisle Indian School“Kill the Indian, save the man”CowboysLonghorn cattle in Texas= hidesRailroad Long Drive to Cow TownsMeat packing dominated by trustsCowboys needHomesteaders and barbed wire= closing off open rangeCattle ranches- The Wyoming Stock Growers’ AssociationFarmersHomestead Act 1862160 acres for 5 years, small feePlains prone to droughtFraud of Homestead ActCultivation of Plains, barbed wire (Joseph F. Glidden)1870’s- push west of 100th meridian (semiarid)Dry farming; Federal irrigation systemEnd of the Frontier1890 census1893 Frederick Jackson Turner- The Significance of the Frontier in American HistoryFrontier ThesisFrontier= romantic symbol, allowed mobility, “safety valve”National parks createdOrganized FarmersWeather and natural disasters 1880’s-1890’sOver taxation as compared to wealthy easternersHad tariff for protection, Western farmers= competition in global marketAt the mercy of the trustsThe National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry 1867Social activities organize farmers for bettermentGranger LawsGreenback Labor Party 1878= 14 Congressmen, 1880= James B. WeaverPopulismFarmers’ Alliance- cooperatives1 million members by 1900Excluded African Americans, sharecroppers, tenant farmers etc.The People’s Party (Populism) formed 1890’sFree and unlimited coinage of silverFederal “sub treasury”Mary E. LeaseJames B. WeaverLabor UnrestJacob Coxey 1894 Coxey’s Army with 100 unemployed workers marching to DCWanted inflation, public works projectsAmerican Railway Union formed by Eugene V. Debs 1894Pullman Strike- cut wages, not rentRail service west of Chicago stopped2,000 soldiers sent in (disrupted postal service)13 strikers killed, 57 wounded- Debs to jail for contempt of court (no jury trial!)1896 ElectionRepublicans- William McKinley (Ohio) with Mark Hanna as campaign managerplatform: gold standard, tariff, anger at Democrats for Panic of 1893Democrats split (Cleveland hated)- nominated William Jennings Bryan (Nebraska)Cross of Gold speechPlatform: unlimited coinage of silver (16 to 1 ratio)“Gold Bugs” left Democratic party, Populists also endorsed BryanBryan= campaigner with 600 speeches in 26 statesBryan victory= fear from industrialists= $16 millionBusiness contracts contingent on McKinley victory, paid off employees, threatened pay in silver dollars if Bryan wonMcKinley= 271 EV vs. 176 (east and upper Mississippi Valley)Bryan= South and West (no labor or landless farmers)Election= turning point (end agrarian power)Chapter 27: Empire and Expansion1890-1909ImperialismAmerica wanted to expandSpurred by yellow journalism and missionariesSocial DarwinismThe Influence of Sea Power Upon History by Alfred Thayer Mahan 1890James G. Blaine and the Big Sister Policy- Pan American Conference 1889HawaiiHawaii= long been desired by US1887: naval base at Pearl HarborProblems arose with McKinley Tariff 1890 bad for US sugar companiesAnnexation! Blocked by Queen Liliuokalani and Grover ClevelandWould remain a “republic” for 5 years before annexation in 1898Cuba1895: Cuban revolt against SpainInsurrectos used scorched earthUS business!= $50 million + $100 million/year in tradeSpanish General Weyler (Butcher)Cleveland= anti-imperialist, anti-jingoistThe MaineYellow journalism- Hearst and Pulitzer1898 the Maine sent to Havana harborFebruary 15, 1898: Maine exploded in Havana harbor2 investigations= Spanish and American conclusions“Remember the Maine!”War with Spain2 demands met by Spain- Americans still called for warJingoes: “Wobbly Willie”McKinley reluctant towards war- couldn’t deny public opinionApril 11, 1898: war message sent to Congress- war declaredTeller AmendmentCivil War veterans commanding army in tropics28,000 soldiers and 2,100 officers vs. 200,000 SpanishOnly real friend= GBUS had a strong steel navy (Navy Secretary John D. Long and assistant Secretary TR)Commodore George Dewey PhilippinesPhilippinesDewey waited in Manila Bay harbor for US soldiers- possible problems with GermansEmilio AguinaldoAnnexation of Hawaii- July 7, 1898 territorial status 1900CubaSpanish navy= Admiral Cervera at SantiagoUS strategy led by General William R. ShafterRough Riders- TR17,000 man army on transports from Tampa mid JuneShafter landed at Guantanamo Bay pushed toward SantiagoJuly 1st: Battle of El Caney and San Juan HillPuerto RicoSurrender of Santiago after entire Spanish fleet destroyedMay 12th: navy attacked at Puerto Rico followed by General Nelson A. Miles June 25th Help from Puerto RicansMajor killers- malaria, typhoid, dysentery, yellow fever = evacuation of 80%End of the WarArmistice called for August 12, 1898Treaty of Paris (again!)= Cuba, Guam, Puerto RicoTechnicality over Philippines Americans unsure if they wanted it tooMissionaries and business= pay Spain $20 millionQuestions of ImperialismPhilippines= un-assimilatable Anti-Imperialist League formedExpansionists= Philippines is an opportunity White Man’s BurdenTreaty of Paris helped passed by William Jennings Bryan! (anti- imperialism)Puerto Rico- Foraker Act 1900Insular Cases- does the Constitution follow the flag?US military government in Cuba under General Leonard Wood eradicate yellow feverAbided by Teller amendment with 2 insistences Platt Amendment and Guantanamo BaySpanish-American War: 113 days, low casualties, big payout“splendid little war”Naval power proven (Mahan)Growth of jingoism, healing of North-South dividePhilippine American WarPhilippines angry over lack of independenceWarfare and guerrilla warfare led by Emilio AguinaldoReconcentration camps and tortureUS opposition from Anti-ImperialistsPhilippine CommissionOpen Door PolicyEconomic imperialism in China following Sino-Japanese WarSecretary of State John Hay’s Open Door note (policy)Boxer Rebellion 1900 international coalition to put downIndemnity to be paid by ChinaExtension of Open Door to include territorial integrity1900 ElectionRepublicans= William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt (VP)Platform: gold standard, “full dinner pail,” successful war, expansionDemocrats= William Jennings Bryan (silver and anti-imperialism)TR sapped many midwestern votes“Bryanism” could hurt prosperity= McKinley victory 292 vs. 155 EVTR and Big Stick DiplomacySeptember 6, 1901: McKinley assassinated by Leon CzolgoszTR: “that damned cowboy” big personality and popular with regular peopleBig Stick Diplomacy- “Walk softly and carry a big stick”Panama CanalSpanish-American War= renewed interest in canalThe OregonUS bought rights to canal from French (Philippe Bunau-Varilla)Colombia stood in way1904 election approaching!Panama Revolution November 3, 1903 Colombia blocked by US navyUS recognized new Panamanian “government” 3 days laterHays- Bunau-Varilla Treaty (same price, 10 mile area)US- Latin American relations ↓ (Big Brother)TR= “mandate from civilization”Canal building started 1904 (labor, landslides, sanitation issues)Finished 1914 (WWI soon)Roosevelt CorollaryDebt ridden Latin America= nervous TRRoosevelt Corollary (to the Monroe Doctrine)Regional police force (economic) and soon turned to military to intervene“Bad Neighbor Policy”US vs. JapanRacism and lack of citizenship for Japanese immigrants“the yellow peril,” segregated San Francisco schools= Japan angryGentlemen’s AgreementThe Great White Fleet 1907= 43,000 miles to show off US navyRoot-Takahira Agreement 1908 ................
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