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Ch. 16—“TOWARD A NEW HEAVEN AND A NEW EARTH: THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION AND THE EMERGENCE OF MODERN SCIENCE” Study Guide

1. To what extent was the Scientific Revolution a continuation of old modes of thinking, knowledge, and perspectives?

2. What was the relationship between scientists and the Church?

3. What do we mean by the Newtonian world-machine? How did Newton arrive at this concept? What are the broader social, political, and cultural implications of viewing the entire universe as a machine?

4. What did Vesalius and Harvey contribute to a scientific view of medicine? Be specific and give examples.

5. How did women contribute to the beginnings of modern science? How did male scientists view women and female scientists?

6. What was rationalism? Why is Descartes considered the founder of "modern rationalism"?

7. Compare the methods used by Bacon and Descartes. Would Pascal agree with the methods and interests of these men? Why or why not?

8. How was the new scientific knowledge spread in the 16th century?

9. Why were 16th-century European intellectuals so intent on developing methods of study for entire bodies and specific fields of human knowledge? What did it mean then to become a methodical (or systematic) thinker or researcher?

10. What was "new" and what was not new about the 16th century's "New Heaven and a New Earth"? Be specific and give examples.

11. Does Newton deserve to be considered the most significant figure from the Scientific Revolution? Why or why not?

|1. "God's handiwork" | |3. alchemy |4. Ptolemaic universe |

| | | | |

| |2. "natural philosophers" | | |

|5. Aristotle |6. geocentric universe |7. Empyrean Heaven |8. epicycles |

|9. Scientific Revolution |10. On the Revolutions of the |11. heliocentric universe |12. universal law of gravitation |

| |Heavenly Spheres | | |

|13. Johannes Kepler |14. 3 laws of planetary motion |15. Galileo Galilei |16. The Starry Messenger |

|17. hermetic magic |18. the Inquisition |19. Isaac Newton |20. Principia |

|21. "spyglass" |22. Galen |23. Galenic hypotheses |24. Nicolaus Copernicus |

|25. Newton's "world-machine" |26. Cavendish's Grounds of Natural |27. On the Fabric of the Human |28. On the Motion of the Heart and |

| |Philosophy |Body |Blood |

|29. William Harvey |30. Robert Boyle |31. Antoine Lavoisier |32. Margaret Cavendish |

|33. Andreas Vesalius |34. Maria Winkelmann |35. Cartesian dualism |36. René Descartes |

|37. Discourse on Method |38. "I think therefore I am" |39. rationalism |40. Scientific Method |

|41. Pensées |42. empiricism |43. Francis Bacon |44. science and society |

|45. Blaise Pascal |46. Francis Bacon's inductive method |47. English Royal Society |48. French Royal Academy of |

| | | |Sciences |

|49. science and religion |50. Cavendish's Observations upon Experimental Philosophy | | |

1. Describe the Scientific Revolution of the 16th century?

2. What was a possible influence or cause of the Scientific Revolution?

3. Which ancient authorities were relied on by medieval scholars?

4. According to Leonardo da Vinci, what subject was the key to understanding the nature of things?

5. What is Hermeticism?

6. What was the general conception of the universe before Copernicus?

7. Who were major contributors in the revolution in cosmology during the Scientific Revolution?

8. What was the other name for the Ptolemaic conception of the universe?

9. Why did Copernicus prefer the heliocentric model?

10. What was the title of Copernicus's major book?

11. What was the immediate reaction to the theories of Copernicus?

12. What existed at the center of the heliocentric conception of the universe?

13. How did Kepler build upon the foundation established by Copernicus?

14. Who (like other medieval scholastic philosophers), argued that the truths of Christianity could be proved by reason alone?

15. What was the significance of Kepler's work?

16. What did Galileo write?

17. Who was the first European to make systematic observations of the heavens by telescope?

18. Why was Galileo convicted of heresy in 1633?

19. Why did the Church attack Galileo's exposition on the Copernican system?

20. What actions did the Catholic Church pursue concerning Galileo and his ideas?

21. Who solved the problem of explaining the motion of the universe?

22. Describe Isaac Newton's scientific discoveries.

23. What was Newton's contribution to astronomy?

24. What did Newtown explain in his major work, Principia?

25. What was Newton's major work?

26. Which 2nd century Greek physician provided the major teachings for late medieval medicine?

27. Who is associated with major changes in 16th and 17th-century scientific research and medicine?

28. What was On the Fabric of the Human Body?

29. What ideas did William Harvey's On the Motion of the Heart and Blood refute?

30. Who was the scientist whose work led to the law: the volume of a gas varies with the pressure exerted upon it”, “matter is composed of atoms” (chemical elements)?

31. What was Antoine Lavoisier's scientific accomplishment?

32. What was the role of women in the Scientific Revolution?

33. What was the effect of the Scientific Revolution on the argument about the nature of women?

34. What belief did Margaret Cavendish attack?

35. Who was Maria Winkelmann?

36. What did Benedict Spinoza believe about women?

37. Describe the philosophy of René Descartes?

38. What was the name of Descartes' book that expounded his theories about the universe?

39. How could the world be understood according to Descartes?

40. What was the foundation of Francis Bacon's methodology?

41. What was the relationship between organized religions and science in the 16th century?

42. Who synthesized Bacon's empiricism and Descartes's rationalism?

43. Who was not willing to readily accept the developments during the Scientific Revolution?

44. What did Pascal do in his work Pensées?

45. What did Blaise Pascal argue about humans?

46. How did the French Academy differ from the English Royal Society?

47. What statement best describes the royal and princely patronage of science during the 16th century?

49. Why did science become an integral part of Western culture in the 18th century?

50. What was the main impact of the Scientific Revolution on Western Civilization?

51. Who provided the foundation for modern understanding of the circulation of blood?

52. Who provided the foundation for the scientific method?

TRUE/FALSE

1. The Scientific Revolution was not a revolution that explosively changed and rapidly overthrew traditional authority, but its results were truly revolutionary. p. 358

2. Johannes Kepler agreed with Copernicus that the earth was at the center of the universe. p. 360

3. Isaac Newton devoted himself to the occult and to alchemy in particular. p. 361-364

4. The Catholic Church did not denounce and condemn the theories of Copernicus until the works of Galileo appeared over seventy-five years later. p. 361

5. Galen wrote a careful study about the human body and organs. p. 365

6. Because of the scientific successes and accomplishments of such women as Margaret Cavendish and Maria Winkelmann, most male scientists agreed, though reluctantly, that females had the same intellectual abilities as males. p. 366-367

8. In his search for a new rational mathematical system, Descartes began with doubt, doubting everything including his own existence. p. 368-369

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