Ottoman Empire - American Civil Liberties Union

Ottoman Empire

From

Intellipedia

The Ottoman Empire

Turkish Empire

1299

1553

and

Middle East and

the

the

Atlantic

Gulf

Persian

beyond Ukraine

in the

Mediterranean

In

ways

the

powerful

the

central

the

and

Europe

laying

and

Habsburgs

on land

was

It

The Ottoman

beginning

the

Empire

of the 20th

with the

theatre

was

other

40

movement

concluded

and

Sultan

years

later

former

In

Vienna

in

the

15th and

century

its

the

expelled

historical

invading

forces

in

family

1974

dynasty

the

the

the

Ottoman

acquire

19th century

In the

aftermath

powers

from

the

was

it

in

the

many

worlds most

the

through

Sea Red

Black

Sea

army invaded

to

an attempt

the

during

have

of the

conquer

on the

powers

rising

sea

of

power

as

the

non

persona

grata

Assembly of Turkey granted

Turkish

at

the

39

present

Ottoman

former

Turkish

of Independence

The new Republic

150

demise

Subsequent

at

the

an emergent

War

its

Ottoman

Empire

emerged from

Turkish

of Turkey

Dynasty

war

the

met

Middle Eastern

of the Empire

of the Empire

the

and

in the

partitioned

remnants

TRNC

center

Grand National

right to

the

at

capital

of European

World War

in

with the birth of the Republic

his

Caspian

centuries

Ottoman

in

in

Sea

hinterland

Byzantium

Sea

challenge

and

steady advance

its

again in 1683

seriously

during the

including the disputed

Anatolia

occasions

only by coalitions

victorious

states

Mediterranean

defeat

Central Powers

new

Europe with

in the

to

and

Empire was among

and

the

its

as

Rome

the

the

20th centuries

after

the

for six

eastern

1529

and

Constantinople

legacy of

the

several

repulsed

declined

of

nation-states

On

steadily

years saw

territories

force

only Eastern power

and

creation

to

finally

government collapsed

the

powers of

Ocean

siege

Europe between

Western

the

powerful

Indian

the

of old

heir to

to

The empire was

south

in the

Western worlds

and

name

Empire and

was

navy

Gulf and

Persian

Turkish

threatening

Its

Yemen

Eastern

of Gibraltar

west

Slovakia

16th and

of Southeastern

Strait

in the

as the

in the

power

its

West

in the

much

from the

Gibraltar

17th centuries the Ottoman

16th and

states

Balkans

the

of

height

of Austria and

Aliye-yi

known

also

controlled

stretching

Sudan and

north to

between

With Istanbul the Ottoman

final great

Africa

from the edge

east

in the

of interactions

center

North

the

Empire

of North Africa beyond

coast

Devlet-i

State

1922 At

to

Ottoman

17th centuries the tn-continental

Europe

Ottoman

Sublime

from

existed

4l

Turkish

Ottoman

Osm?niyeliterally The

national

which

declared

of Turkey

descendants

the

Fifty

of the

citizenship

ALL

INFOPITATION

NEREIN

DATE

IS

CONTAINED

UNCLASSIFIED

03012012

65179/DIN/BATS/STPJb1

ACLURM045498

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Contents

History

11 Origins

.2

1.3

1.4

12991453

14531683

Rise

Growth

1.3.1

Expansion

1.3.2

Revolts

and

and

apogee

Revival

14531566

15664683

16991908

Decline

1.4.lReform16991827

Modernization

1.4.2

1.5

Dissolution

Economic

18281908

19081922

History

State

3.1

House of Osman

3.1

Imperial

3.1.2

Palace

Harem

schools

3.2

The Divan Council

3.3

Imperial Government

3.4

Insignia

Society

4.1

Concept

4.2

Slavery

of Nation

Culture

Architecture

5.2

Language

5.3

Music

5.4

Cuisine

Lifestyle

6.1

The

court

6.2

The

provincial

Topkapi

capitals

Religion

7.1

Adoption

7.2

State

of Islam

and

Religion

8Law

Militry

10

References

and

further

reading

10.lNotes

ACLURM045499

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History

The

of the Ottoman

history

documentation

of thirty-nine

nations

of Ottoman

the

Empire spans more than

of the empires

Earlier

of which includes

scope

of economic

examination

other

and

the

defeats

powers

current

and

their role

primary

found

was based

wider

and

growth

eventual

empires

archives

in the

on

largely

take

territorial

in the

be

to

is

approaches

dynamics of

social

factors

centuries and

six

of the empire

historiography

victories

military

with

relations

analysis

perspective

and

dissolution

and

stagnation

decline

An

of Ottoman

examination

presented here

two periods

the

reform

the

classic

analysis

the

and

political

is

treated

between

divided

articles

era of enlargement

as the

to

be

will

viewpoint

military

in separate

referred

sometimes

period

also called

period

from

history

socioeconomic

and

of Westernization

era

Origins

The

migrations from

this

the

11th century

which had

been

in

divided

Under

1071

push

by

the

the

Anatolian

The

skirmish

allowed

it

to

of the

fringe

Seljuk

develop

Seljuk

own

with other nations

operation

After the demise

of the

internal

enabled

state

the

them

living

Sultanate

in

to

build

western

Seljuks

from

up

Anatolia

Mongol

was

territory

many

of Oguz

western

in

Turks

Anatolia

the

far

also

western

power through

whom

of

of the

11

The

border

losing

on

position

vassals

the

outsiders and

their military

Kayi became

the

in

the

The Kayi

of

Battle

its

tribe

Kayi

protection

stmcture

the

Beylik

Ottoman Beylik

Beylik

and

Empire

since

the

at

of

beginning

Turks

Seljuk

Following

as

the

Sultanate

as the

land after backing

this

The

collapsed

known

Persia during

Mediterranean

victory

Sultanate

the

at

with the Byzantine

conflict

eastern

sultanate

Seljuk

known

system offered

its

the

Turkic

in

Settling

Anatolia

historic

principalities

of the Anatolian

Ertugml received

leader

Kayi

Seljuk

13th century

century

long decline

begun

foothold in Anatolia after

creating

suzerainty

into

in the

power

11th century

what eventually became

created

them

brought

of the westward

part

10th

Armenia and

into

political

number of Turkish

among

the

during

west

movements

of Anatolia in the

the

to

preeminent

permanent

Manzikert

invasion

began

These

the

era but had

established

Asia that began

Central

Turks

the

period

Roman

Dynasty formed

ancestors of the Ottoman

arpita

co

were Christian

Khanate

of the

Mongols

Rise

12991 453

Gentile Bellini_003 .jpgthumb

makes

it

the

new Ottoman

The name Ottoman

became

While

the

the

first

other

derives

Bey when

Turkish

capital

in

leftMehmed

II

conquers

and

Constantinople

1453

from Osman

he declared

the

Arabic

Uthman

independence

Beyliks were preoccupied

son of Ertugml

of the Ottoman

with internal

conflicts

state

who

in

1299

Osman was

ACLURM045500

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able

extend the frontiers

to

He moved

Empire

as

Turkish

Ottoman

the

and

strong

May

phrase

by the medieval Turkish

young Osman was

the

This period

remain

legal

able

In

to

the

entity

he became

and

the

sultan

29 1453

Growth

Ottoman

the

new

Empire

in

period

Africa

and

political

the

marked

capital

the

II

reorganized

his military

the

100

of Turkish

The

objective

when

of both the state

structure

Constantinople

of the Byzantine

collapse

years to

dominion

only 12 years old

by capturing

prowess

defeat and

final

of the Ottoman

the

can

history

and

on

state

and

Empire

be divided

roughly

cultural

and

growth

of Constantinople

expansion

The Empire prospered

by

II

and

region

crucial

at

victory

almost

became

who was

Turkish

to

prior

into

1566

two

distinct

followed

eras

golden

era

by an era of relative

stagnation

conquest

of conquest

sultans culminating

driven

Mehmed

of

were

control

central

in the

extension

the

of Constantinople

rule

the

Ottomans needed

1459 With

in

utilized

extend over the Eastern

to

of Plocnik

of Serbian power

Europe

also

minorities

from

would

contemporary

government

ethnic

began

which

in

institutions

many

to

and

burnished

myth

12991683

Ottoman

of territorial economic

Following

end

time Mehmed

demonstrated

rule

been

of empire

contrast

religious

was

centuries-old

14531683

This period

military

during

first

This event

became

city

the

has also

rule The

in Battle

the

into

conquest

strategic

for the

fall

In

the

in

foundation

independence

Ottoman

defeat

marked

Serbia would finally

the

which

with substantial

expansion

political

courage Osman

vision

prescient

avoid military

Osman

of

effectively

Ottoman

for

military and

the

May

death

early

evident

as

death

four centuries

tried to

affairs

the

his

Ottoman government whose

formal

almost

Balkans After

eventually taken

was

city

way

Balkans

the

the

of Kosovo

Serbia

defeat

into

and

by

millet under

as the

own

after the

century

the

paved

known

his

for

of the Byzantine

edge

Osman His reputation

as Osmans Dream

conquest

of

for

bureaucracy

their

manage

Battle

inspired

creation

Ottoman

Mediterranean

the

the

to

long

shaped

Kara

after

the

as

known

story

unchanged

largely

the

states

the

saw

good

as

Bursa and

to

nickname

the

ruler

dynamic

he be

settlement towards

capital

Given

of the nation

development

admired

of Ottoman

in the rule

discipline

and

in

extending

under

the

rule

of SUleyman

innovation

1453

its

of

Ottoman Empire entered

the

borders

series

deep

into

the Magnificent

of the Turkish

Europe

of committed

and

Conquests

military and

on

the

and

long

North

effecitve

on land were

sea

the

ACLURM045501

FB1044401

Ottoman

established

navy

thanks to

economically

the

great

power The

trading

overland

of the major

control

its

as

empire

trade

state

also

flourished

between Europe and

routes

Asia

However

SUleymans

territorial

death

rise

Ottoman

sea

economy The

came under

century

also

in spite

of these difficulties

Expansion and apogee

The Ottoman

empire

as the

Over

the

the

world

and

the

expanded

529

Egypt

and

in

the

the

city

in

1521

territory

Battle

after the

the

Ottoman

giving them control

Barbarossa

command

Under

and

the

military

Sea

power

But

soil

the

the

the

and

the

Battle

Sea

exploits

Among

of Muslims

and

the

1529

reign

in

were

the

Ottoman

territories

but failed

rule

by winning

to

tributary

take the

of

principalities

from the Persians

Fleet

dominant

in

1535

Gulf

of Charles

naval force

under

conquest

from Spain

controlling

admiral Barbarossa

Suleymans

the

SUleyman

in

the

1538

of the Ottoman

navy during

dramatically

of SUleyman

Persian

the

Allied European

Jews

in

took Baghdad

to

of the Arab

After capturing

establishing

became

naval access

these

successor

European

Vienna

During

of Preveza

Mediterranean

young Safavid

Ottoman rule

the

conquests

of the

status

eastern

established

of Hungary

to

the

15121520

Selims

Moldavia

empire became

Turkish

the

of Vienna in

Siege

by defeating

Selim

other Central

his retreat

defeats

The

victories

evacuation

and

and

upon Selims

east the Ottomans

at

SUleyman

Red

laid siege

intermittently

Pasha

who commanded

impressive

Spain

and

Doria

of the Mediterranean

Pasha

the

Hungary

of Mesopotamia

Hayreddin

expansionist

until the

influence into the heart

its

Kingdom

1526 He then

in the

of Andrea

Selim

on

expanded

onset of winter forced

Empire

Sultans

Sultan Selim

of Chaldiran

Battle

frirther

of present-day

in

of the previous

structures

cemented

Europe

southern frontiers

SUleyman conquered

Walachia

Transylvania

and

1453

in

would extend

naval presence

of Mohacs

the

World damaged

of misrule by weak

80pxFirst

left

southeast Europe

in the

15201566

.jpgthumb

southeastern

in

empire

eastern

Ismail

created

Magnificent

Belgrade

power

the

empires

Shah of Persia

and

New

the

on European

defeat

of Constantinople

dominate

to

major

Ottoman

of diminishing

era

14531566

preeminent

come

period

remained

major

and

bureaucratic

protracted

empire

first

of an

naval powers

as

Asia

to

and

military

during

the

conquest

next century

from Europe

effective

First_Siege_of_Vienna_i

1529

European nations

routes

strain

of Vienna in 1683

Battle

marked the beginning

1566

in

of western

of alternate

development

the

The

gains

to

the

reign

safety

Hayreddin

included

of Tunis and

much

number

of

Algeria from

of Ottoman

lands

ACLURM045502

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