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Strengths Perspective & Person-centered Theory Intervention Plan with Participant Stan CroesJuliene Duran Paez 150886University of ArubaFaculty of Arts & ScienceSocial Work & DevelopmentSocial Work Theories & Methods, ASWD-CC35-12Counseling Theories & Methods I, ASWD-CC36-12 Final Assessment, Year 2, Semester 1Assignment: Case StudyLecturer: Clementia EugeneDate: February 1st, 2018 Table of ContentsIntroduction............................................................................................................................ Page 3Application of the Strengths Perspective and Person-centered Therapy to the Case of Stan Croes…………………………………………………………………………………….…. Page 4Engagement………………………………………………………………...…......... Page 4Assessment…………………………………………………………………....……. Page 7Intervention…………………………………………………………………........… Page 8Evaluation……………………………………………………………........…........ Page 10Termination……………………………………………………………….........…. Page 11Differences and Similarities of the Historical Origins…………………………...…….…. Page 13Differences and Similarities of the Techniques……………………………………...…… Page 15 Differences and Similarities of the Multicultural Perspective………………….….......…. Page 18Differences in the Roles of the Counselor........................................................................... Page 19Differences in the Roles of the Participant………………………………………...…...… Page 20Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………............ Page 21 References………………………………………………………………………….......…. Page 22IntroductionStan Croes’s case highlights the importance of encountering difficulties in socializing at a life stage of middle adulthood (34-60 years-old), and how it could affect a person’s emotional and physical states throughout the years. In addition, Stan’s concern of socializing may have an effect on new emerging issues in which could lead him to feelings of depression or worst. Therefore, to obtain a successful outcome on the enhancement of Stan’s wellbeing, the social worker would work together in collaboration with him for further intervention. Furthermore, the intervention will consist by applying both the Strengths Perspective and the Person-centered Therapy. These theories/perspectives would guide Stan to become aware of the strengths that resides within himself (the self). The strengths perspective emerged after several critics regarding the social work practice back then. This perspective way of working focuses on the interventions and interactions of the participant involved in order to recognize his/her “strengths, abilities, resources, and accomplishments”. In addition, it states the importance of the individual itself than the concerns (Teater, 2014). Furthermore, similar to the strengths perspective context, there was a theory that emerged before it, which was called the Person-centered Therapy. This theory focused on the point of view in which social workers or counselors could understand their participants behaviors from their own perspectives and life circumstances (Corey, 2017, 10th Ed.). In this case study, I will be deliberating and discussing the following topics: application of the Strengths Perspective and Person-centered Therapy to the case of Stan Croes, the differences and similarities of the origins, the multicultural perspectives, the roles of both the participant and counselor and a short reflection/conclusion. Application of the Strengths Perspective and Person-centered Therapy to the Case of Stan CroesEngagementAccording to the Merriam-Webster online dictionary, engagement is referred when an individual has an emotional involvement or commitment to collaborate freely in a certain situation. In the social work practice, the engagement stage is when the Social worker participates, collaborates and interacts with the participant to create a safe and pleasant environment during the session. It is essential for a social worker and counselor to be empathetic and open to listen to the participant in order to build a professional relationship based on trust. During the process of guidance and assistance the social worker (or counselor) is required to have several skills for a more engaged session with the participant. Examples of these skills would be, being an active listener, empathetic, having inner strength, thinking critically, setting boundaries when its needed and the most important of all, know how to communicate positively with the participant. Communication in particular is based on how to deliver information/message from one source or individual to another through verbal and nonverbal aspects. In addition, when it comes to this the use of language becomes an important aspect in the social work and therapeutic practice. Below is an example of a dialogue that would take place in the engagement phase of the Person-Centered Therapy and the Strengths Perspective. Juliene (Social Worker): “Good morning Stan, welcome. Please have a seat. I am Juliene and I will be guiding you through this self-assessment journey. So, what is that you and I will work on today?” Stan: “Good morning Ms. Juliene. Hmm... I don’t know how to start to explain this. I a 35-year-old man who wasted most of his life. I am currently going to a junior college to pursue my degree in psychology and probably in a future would achieve a master’s degree in social work or counseling for children. I also work constructing houses and buildings in order to pay for college, I like it but it is not something I would like to do all my life. The only issue in my life that is depriving me to move on and grow is my problem to socialize with other people, especially women. I tend to get nervous and scared at the same time. Maybe this is the reason why I drink so much, to feel less overwhelmed”. Juliene (Social Worker): *Nods head* “Hmm… I see you are a very hardworking man Stan, your willingness to work to keep on with your studies in order to help and guide others is very impressive. That says a lot about your personality. This willingness of you highlights the strengths that rely within yourself, you have a bright future ahead. Believe me”.Stan: “Really? I never thought about it in that way, I never viewed the positive things that happened to me, just the bad and sad ones. But this is really nice to see that I am able to do something”.Juliene (Social Worker): “Believe it or not you are capable of everything you put your mind on. So, Stan if I understood you correctly you are having issues socializing with others and this makes you feel overwhelmed and the only way to calm this feeling is by drinking, is that correct?”.Stan: “Yes, that is correct”.Juliene (Social Worker): “Have you been all your life like this? Or is something that just started?”.Stan: “Well I always been like this, from a young age I never had the ability to socialize, maybe because I was considered the miserable black sheep of the family and I always saw how my mom criticized my dad for not being enough of a man of the family. Maybe that is way I am afraid of women in general”. Juliene (Social Worker): *nods head*. “besides your relationship with you family have you been in a relationship with a woman or like a friendship?”.Stan: “Yes… I was married once, but it did not turn out as well as I expected to be. I wasn’t enough of a man for her, we barely had sex or shared special moments with each other. After several months it was the end of it”. Juliene (Social Worker): “Do you think this had an impact on you issue socializing with women?”Stan: “I think so”.Juliene (Social Worker): “Hmm…during these situations have you ever had any support of someone?”.Stan: “Well, yes in my past I got supported by my supervisor at a youth camp that I worked. He encouraged me to follow my dreams and goals to pursue my studies and enter college, he even was my inspiration to precisely choose working with children. He was awesome!”.Juliene (Social Worker): “Great to hear that Stan! And I see you followed his advice. Did you ever try something to cope with your social issue?”.Stan: “not really, I would love to find a way to deal with it that is not drinking”.Juliene (Social Worker): “I see you acknowledged that you really have an issue however you also want to change that and grow in your social life. Would you like to try starting to talk to your classmates in order to feel a little bit less stressful, maybe you could start to socialize with the guys in your class. How about that Stan?”.Stan: “well I could try that however, I don’t guarantee you a positive outcome. However, because I want to be the best for myself and so on pass my skills and experiences to the ones that someday I will help, I will do it!”.Juliene (Social Worker): “Great Stan, that answer was enough to start off with your journey to greatness. Try your best! I’ll see you on our next meeting. Bye Stan. Assessment In the assessment stage of the social work practice, the social worker analyzes and collects information that has been already said during the participants moment of telling his/her stories. The aim of this is to gather an insight in understanding the concerns of the participant however also, to highlight the progression and prognosis of the current issue. In addition, by understanding the problems, the social worker would determine possible recommendations for further intervention with the participant.Below is an example of a dialogue that would take place in the assessment phase of the Person-Centered Therapy and the Strengths Perspective.Juliene (Social Worker): “I have to compliment you, Stan. You are truly a really inspiring man filled with potential. You are courageous (came to see me for assistance), you are a hardworking man (works as a cashier at super food), you are an intelligent student (passed first semester), you are determined (work + college) which makes you an independent Individual, even though you are going through these concerns you still try and see the positive in it. Finally, you are a very inspiring and motivated person that even though your social life isn’t that positive you are trying to see the best of it and to overcome these issues. Am I correct with what I have stated?”Stan: “Wow… I didn’t even know I had all these strengths in me. Thank you!”Juliene (Social worker): “Exactly! Nothing should be a hindrance to you. Did I state everything correctly?”Stan: “Yes that is totally correct! I will try my best to be the best sociable man ever!”.Juliene (Social Worker): “And that shall be!”Intervention The intervention stage in the social work practice is every action that has to be taken to improve a situation of concerns. This stage consists of the social worker and participant working together to develop an action plan that could guide the participant through possible goals that could contribute to the solutions of the current issues. After the action plan has been settle it is important that the social worker takes responsibility to monitor the participant in order that these actions of change are being executed properly.Below is an example of a dialogue that would take place in the intervention phase of the Person-Centered Therapy and the Strengths Perspective.Juliene (Social Worker): “Your goals are to be able to socialize with others especially women and also to pursue to achieve your college degree without any concerns. Have I stated this right Stan?”.Stan: “yes”Juliene (Social worker): “How do you propose we do that?”Stan: “I really don’t have any ideas”.Juliene (Social worker): “Okay, let’s try something, how about you start writing a journal which you only going to share with me. Try every day at school, work or at the park to greet random people, for instance say “good morning”, “good afternoon” or “hello, hope you have a nice day”. Just start of simple and journal how you felt doing that. And if you feel like going further into a conversation with someone just do it and see how it goes. Try not to do it in night clubs or loud places. How about that Stan?”.Stan: “Sure Thing, I will! After this meeting I will go and by the journal a nice one to make it more inspiring of my journey towards change, I will try till I make it”. Juliene (Social worker): “Alright, I am really happy to hear that coming from you Stan, well done! And how do think you could achieve your dream of becoming a social worker?”Stan: “I think I have been working hard for what I want to achieve in life. In this case in order to work on this I firstly, need to overcome my issue for socializing to stop the drinking that is making lose concentration in my classes. So, yes I think that has to be done!”.Juliene (Social Worker): “You are a bright man Stan, remember that always! I am very pleased and proud of you, of how you managed it and settle the actions you will take in order to be strong enough to overcome anything, wonderful Stan”.Stan: “Hehe thank you, very much”.Juliene (Social worker): “Your welcome. If you feel overwhelmed on whatever, even if it seems insignificant, just come to me. Based on your strengths I don’t see that there will be any issues”.Evaluation The evaluation stage is when the social worker takes time to see if the intervention worked. Without the evaluation stage, it is impossible to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention plan. This step helps the social worker and the participant to decide if there is need for repeating the assessment stage or that they can move forward. Below is an example of a dialogue that would take place in the evaluation phase of the Person-Centered Therapy and the Strengths Perspective.Juliene (Social Worker): “I have called you in today to see how is your journal has been going. How was it, did anything change?” (1st evaluative meeting). Stan: “A lot changed…who knew that so much could have changed based on practicing from little greetings to get the shyness and nervousness away”.Juliene (Social Worker): “Okay…so what changed Stan?”Stan: “After practicing with the greetings, I met a lady at the park. We walked through the whole park, talking and I really didn’t feel that nervous around her. This happened after two weeks of the practice. I was so amazed that I was able to do that and talk to someone especially a female human being haha! After this I my drinking craving were less and less I still go out sometimes and get a beer with my new friends”.Juliene (Social Worker): “I am delighted to hear that. Thank you for coming in today. The next meeting will be about your Academic performance”.Juliene (Social Worker): “I have called you in today to see how is college going. How are you doing so far?” (2nd evaluative meeting)Stan: “It has been going way better, I just passed my exams week and I got a sufficient grade for each exam. I guess my journey to become the best social worker is not that far!”.Juliene (Social Worker): “Great job Stan, keep on with the hard work! I know how much have worked to get where you are now, and you have been doing it for you. Have you been able to achieve your goals?”Stan: “Yes, my goals were met to the fullest”.Juliene (Social worker): “Wonderful! Is there anything else I can assist you with?”Stan: “I do not think so…I am happy”.Juliene (Social worker): “In that case, I would like to meet one final time for us to terminate this process”. Stan: “That will be fine with me”.TerminationThe termination stage in the Social Work practice/process consists of the conclusion of the social worker, the participant’s intervention process, a systematic procedure for disengaging the working relationships. This occurs when goals are reached, when the specified time for working has ended, or when the participant is no longer interested in continuing the service (NASW Social Work Dictionary, 2003). Furthermore, it is important for the social worker to address this phase of the process in a sensitive and mannered way that the participant would not feel abandoned or rejected. Below is an example of a dialogue that would take place in the Termination phase of the Person-Centered Therapy and the Strengths Perspective.Juliene (Social Worker): “I called you today so we can finalize this process. I have a document here for you to sign stating that you finished your treatment and no long need my assistance”. Stan: “Ok where should I sign?”Juliene (Social worker): “On the 2nd dotted line”.Stan: “I would like to thank you for your assistance. I was so frustrated and did not know how to control my own life”.Juliene (Social worker): “I am pleased to see you are doing great Stan. Remember, whatever you want to achieve you can. The power lies within you, your strengths. Thank you for collaborating with me. I will be waiting to hear when you become the social worker. I wish you the best of luck further. Goodbye”.Stan: “Goodbye”.Differences and Similarities in the Historical Origins of the Person-Centered Therapy and Strengths Perspective The Strengths Perspective and the Person-Centered Theory, exchange and rely on several differences and similarities when it comes to the historical origins of both theories. Firstly, the Person-Centered Theory was founded Carl Rogers (1902-1987) in the beginning of the 1940s. Rogers Person-Centered Theory model evolution had four development stages in which each one expressed an improvement in the humanistic view of practicing therapy (counseling). Rogers’s first period of development of the approach (1940s), consisted of the nondirective counseling in which “the participant rather than the therapist determined the direction and goals”. In addition, “the therapist’s main role was to guide participants clarify their feelings”. Furthermore, during this period of development Rogers challenged different therapeutic procedures causing a major provision of revolutionary alternatives in the field. He challenged for example, “advices, suggestions, directions, persuasion, teaching, diagnosis, interpretations”, and also the assumption that professionals (therapists) know better than the participants (Corey, 2017, 10th Ed.). Further into history, the second period (1950s) of development consisted of a major “shift from clarification of feelings to a focus on the participant’s lived experiences” called, the Client-Centered Therapy. During the third development period of the approach (1960s), “the attitude of the therapist, an empathic understanding of the participant’s world and the ability to communicate in a nonjudgmental attitude towards participants, along with the therapist’s genuineness were found to be the most important aspects to a successful therapy outcome”. Last but not least, the fourth period of the Person-Centered Therapy (1980s-90s) stated that the “main source of a successful psychotherapy is the participant and the therapist attention towards the participant’s frame of reference” (Corey, 2017, 10th Ed.).Secondly, as for the Strengths Perspective theory, it emerged in the 1980s after several fronts, critics and challenges from work practitioners and theorists, “such as Dennis Saleebey, Charles Rapp and Ann Weick”. They criticized the ideal of the social work profession of focusing on a problem based approach and medical model back in that era. Furthermore, participant’s problems were viewed as moral weaknesses which later on became challenged by professionals and modified as “social diagnosis”. According to Teater, “The movement towards a strengths-based practice came from two fronts. First of all, the value base of the profession of social work as geared towards respecting the dignity and worth of every human being, regardless of their current situation focusing on problems, limitations or diagnoses diminishes a person to a problem-saturated label, which is antithetical to the values of social work. Second of all, the diagnostically driven system which places the social worker in a position of power over the client, social workers determine what is wrong with the client and then determine how best to fix the client’s problems” (Teater, 2014). These fronts were the starting points of a Strengths-based approach in the social work profession, moving problem-focused ideals to focusing more on the participant’s strengths and ability to commit for change.Even though the Person-Centered Therapy and Strengths Perspective emerged in different years, by different professionals and went through different starting processes, they both rely on the same ideas. Such similarities are for example, the idea of focusing on the participants rather than the problems, emerging challenges and critics regarding forms of advices and diagnosis however, also the ideal that the professional is the one who knows the best. Lastly, the importance of participant-therapist relationship was also a major similarity in the development of both theories.Differences and Similarities in the Techniques of the Person-Centered Therapy and Strengths Perspective The Person-Centered Therapy has more than 70 years serving as a positive revolutionary therapeutic process contributing to the lives of participants involved. For the implementation of change and growth on the participants lives, Rogers contributed to the field of counseling several techniques that guided the therapeutic process into a successful outcome (Corey, 2017, 10th Ed.). Furthermore, having the ability to establish a strong connection between the therapist and participant serves a crucial aspect for a maximization of positive results. According Corey, Rogers stated that no techniques are less important to his practice of the Person-Centered Therapy, his practice consisted of being present and entering the participant’s world of perceptions and feelings in order to ease the process of growth (2017). Furthermore, a crucial process to provide progress in a participant’s life is the therapist’s presence. This aspect or skill is recognized as “being completely attentive to and immersed in the participant as well as the participant’s expressed concerns”. Besides the therapist ‘s presence, immediacy is also a valued concept (or aspect) which consists of “addressing what is going on between the participant and therapist at that particular moment” (Corey, 2017, 10th Ed.). The therapist as a professional must carry several qualities and skills such as “listening, accepting, respecting, understanding, responding honest and expressive”, and the most important, showing empathy towards the participant. In addition, empathy skills such as, encouragers, paraphrasing and summarizing, are viewed as techniques or as well skills that are used by the therapist during an intervention. Firstly, encourages are to help the participant feel comfortable during the sessions. These include head nods, open hand gestures, restatement, appropriate smiling and interpersonal warmth. Secondly, paraphrasing is a reflection of the content or reflection on the feeling and include feedback to the participant on what was just said, clarification with participant, using some of your own words and the participants words. Thirdly, summarizing is similar to paraphrasing. It is used at the beginning of a session to move on to a next topic, to clarify complex issues and to help counselor and participant to organize thinking about what is happening in the session (Corey, 2017). According to Corey, therapists of the Person-Centered Therapy does not rely on traditional assessment and diagnosis however, what really matters is how participants could guide themselves through self-assessment. “From a Person-Centered perspective, the best source of knowledge about the participant is the individual participant” (2017). The Strengths Perspective provides and identifies different techniques or elements that are implemented into practice that occur sequentially and simultaneously in the social work field. Four stages of the Strengths Perspective practice were used to assess “individuals, families and communities” (Teater, 2014). Firstly, In the struggle –the harbingers and hints of strengths, in this first phase participants come to see the social worker to elaborate on their current issues or difficulties they are going through their lives. During the participant’s elaboration of situation, the social worker would try to recognize possible strengths, abilities, successes and aspirations that would serve as a reflection for the participant. Secondly, Stimulate the discourse and narratives of resilience and strengths, through this phase the social worker guides the participant to move from a problem-focused conversation to one that is more focused on the participant’s strengths and capabilities. “This process involves the social worker assessing and identifying strengths, providing statements to clients that reflect their strengths and discussing possibilities with clients that will fit into their daily lives” (Teater, 2014). Thirdly, acting in context: the project, during this phase the social worker guides the participant to learn the language of Strengths and to recognize themselves as fully developed humans committed to reflect on their strengths and capabilities. For such goal, it is crucial to have a positive collaboration from both the participant and social worker. Last but not least, move toward normalizing and capitalizing on one’s strengths. In this last phase participants move through treatment, and their ability to recognize their strengths, the strengths of their community and their ability to use them, needs to be reinforced and normalized in order to complete the intervention (Teater, 2014).Furthermore, the Strengths Perspective also uses techniques during the intervention sessions. This approach is considered to have two aspects, first of all, the strengths assessment serves with the purpose of not denying the reality of the problem that participants are facing however, to focus on what the participant could contribute to her or his own care. Second of all, the use of language which consists of different questioning methods, is used in order to create an environment of strengths, aspirations and hopes for the participant. Such methods are the Solution-focused questions that includes” (1) Survival questions, (2) Support questions, (3) Exception questions, and (4) Possibility questions” (Teater, 2014). Both Theories rely on the ideal of improvement and growth of their participants. However, they also use their techniques to establish a learning phase to provide self-assessment by the end of the interventions. In addition, the Strengths Perspective and Person-Centered Therapy provide their participants with instruments that would help them to overcome future circumstances. As for the differences, both approaches rely on different ways and techniques that serve to guide their participants and the way the professional use them. Differences and Similarities in the Multicultural Perspective of the Person-Centered Therapy and Strengths Perspective One of the most crucial aspects of the Person-Centered Therapy was its “impact on the field of human relations with diverse cultural groups”. Rogers’s practice reached more than 30 countries, which included European countries, South America, Japan, Mexico and Australia. They were all open-minded regarding the Person-Centered concepts and “have adapted these practices to fit their cultures” (Corey, 2017, 10th Ed.). The Person-Centered philosophy is grounded on the importance of hearing and understanding the deeper messages of a participant. According to Corey, “empathy, being present, and respecting the values of participants are vital attitudes and skills in counseling culturally diverse participants” (2017). Person-Centered therapists do not base their knowledge on assumptions, because their wide range of awareness regarding diversity factors that surround their list of participants. “Counselors realize that each participants journey is unique and takes steps into customize their techniques to fit the individual” (Corey, 2017, 10th Ed.). The Strengths Perspective recognizes that strengths may be found in different cultural traditions. Professionals practicing this approach have most likely a positive view of human nature and human society. In order to establish a well cultural perspective as a social worker, it is crucial to be as open-minded as possible and to know how to establish a collaborative relationship with the participant. In addition, collaboration is an essential process “as the participant is the expert on her or his life, experiences, and culturally specific strengths and resources” (Teater 2014). Furthermore, spirituality is a major important aspect of the Strengths Perspective. This approach embraces the role of spirituality as a strength that motivates participant to achieve their desired goals. However, it also guides the participant to establish collaborative patterns with their religious communities. Having a wide range regarding spirituality may encourage participants to positively commit to change and growth (Teater, 2014). Both theories present their multicultural perspectives in a different way. The Person-Centered Therapy relies more on where (country wise) the therapy was introduced and adapted. In contrast, the Strengths Perspective elaborates more on a cultural and spiritual aspects that contributes to the development of the participant. Even though they have a difference, the Person-Centered Therapy and the Strengths Perspective are committed to same cultural ideal of respecting and collaborating with diverse groups from different cultures, sexes, ages, color and more. Differences in the Roles of the Counselor of the Person-Centered Therapy and Strengths Perspective The role of the therapists of the Person-Centered Therapy “rooted in their ways of being and attitudes, not in techniques designed to get the participant to “do something” (Corey, 2017). Therapists (or social workers) use themselves as an instrument of change by encountering participants on a person-to-person level. Through the attitudes of genuine caring, respect, empathy, support and understanding, the participant is better able to loosen their defense and move to higher level of personal functioning and will cooperate better (Corey, 2017). On the other hand, the roles of the social worker in the Strengths Perspective is to engage and establish a collaborative relation with the participant in order to develop a sense of trust to start the assessment process. The social worker is the one who guides the participants through their process of strengths identification to engage into further possibilities, competencies and resiliencies. This is an essential aspect for the participant to achieve growth and change in their lives (Teater, 2014). Differences in the Roles of the Participant of the Person-Centered Therapy and Strengths Perspective The Person-Centered Therapy, the participant must perceive that a problem exists or, at least, that they are uncomfortable enough with their current psychological adjustments to want to explore possibilities for change and growth (Corey, 2017). With the Person-Centered Therapy participants are able to explore a broader range of beliefs, feelings, experiences, behaviors and worldviews. Participants can express their emotions that they had identify as negative to merge and accept into their self-structure. Person-Centered therapy beliefs participants create their own self-growth and are active self-healers (Corey, 2017). On the other hand, by applying the Strengths Perspective the role of the participant in the practice, is to recognize and reflect on their strengths, abilities, successes and aspirations even though in the beginning they are not aware of this. However, working together in collaboration with the social worker can bring change into this lack of identification (Teater, 2014). Furthermore, participants need to learn and gain the settled instruments in order to establish a self-assessment process that they could use for future life circumstances that they may encounter as they proceed living. ConclusionBeing able to apply two different theories into one case study was a little bit challenging however, the learning outcome that I gained through the process were amazing. Both of the theories of Person-Centered therapy and Strengths Perspective were new to me in a sense that I did not present or read (deep reading) it to know what to do. The planning to complete this assignment was hard but not impossible. To get to know how the can two theories rely on each other so much but at the same time differentiate in some aspects is very interesting to gain. Furthermore, what I learned through the making of this paper was firstly, the different intervention stages that serve as map to guide the participant in this case, Stan. Secondly, having to make some literature research in order to find the differences and similarities of both the Person-Centered Therapy and the Strengths Perspective regarding their history, techniques, multicultural perspectives, role of the counselor (or social worker) and last but not least the role of the participant involved. Thirdly, I also gained that no matter how much the theories differentiate between each other the collaboration between therapist and participant is a crucial aspect to obtain successful outcomes. As a future social worker, I would like to use the Person-Centered Therapy and Strengths Perspective in my field practice in order to have a realistic overview of it and to be as trained as possible for when I start working in real life in the field.ReferencesBarker, R. L. (2003). Social Work Dictionary. NASW. Retrieved from (1996-1999). “Code of Ethics of the National Association of Social Workers”.Corey, G. (2017). Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy (10th ed.). Boston, CT: Cengage Learning. Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Words searched: “Engagement, Assessment, Intervention, Evaluation”. Retrieved from Teater, B. (2014). An Introduction to Applying Social Work Theories and Methods (2nd ed.). NewYork, NY: Open University Press. ................
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