Ecology is the study of interactions among ...



PACKET 9: Evolution

Bio.3.4 Explain the theory of evolution by natural selection as a mechanism for how species change over time.

• Bio.3.4.1 Explain how fossil, biochemical, and anatomical evidence support the theory of evolution.

• Bio.3.4.2 Explain how natural selection influences the changes in species over time.

Vocabulary

|biodiversity |acquired characteristics |

|adaptation |vestigial structures |

|natural selection |homologous structures |

|evolution |fitness |

|natural selection |survival of the fittest |

|geographic isolation |species |

Assignments: Due Dates:

| | |

|Nova Evolution Lab ………………………………………….. |__________ |

|Adaptation Poster ………………………………………… |__________ |

|Evidence for Evolution worksheet……………………………… |__________ |

|Honors Only | |

|Webquest………………………………………………………….. |__________ |

|Online Review…………………………………………………….. |__________ |

|Packet 9 Test…………………………………………………….. |__________ |

What Darwin Never Knew – Great video on Evolution

Abiogenesis vs. biogenisis

▪ ________________________________ – early theory that life came from non-life

o Ex:___________________________________________________________

▪ ________________________________ – life from preexisting life

Prior Knowledge:

▪ Miller & Urey conducted an experiment. Describe the purpose of this experiment.

▪ Explain the Endosymbiosis Theory.

Evolution of Life - the order of their suspected appearance on Earth)

The first life forms: Were they?

|Circle one of the pairs of terms below |Explanation |

|Prokaryotic or eukaryotic | |

|Autotrophic (make own food – plants) or | |

| | |

|Heterotrophic (must obtain food – animals) | |

|Aerobic (used oxygen) or | |

|Anaerobic (did not use oxygen) | |

|What chemical process occurred that allowed there to be aerobic | |

|organisms? | |

Based on the info from the table – list the order of organisms as they appeared on Earth.

• _________________________________________________________________

• _________________________________________________________________

• _________________________________________________________________

• _________________________________________________________________

Early Earth

Theories of Evolution (Lamark versus Darwin)

In its most basic terms, the theory of evolution states that species ________________ over time.

I. Lamarck – Use Disuse Hypothesis or Passing on of Acquired Characteristics

Summarize how Lamark believes the giraffe got its long neck. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

What is wrong with the inheritance of acquired traits hypothesis? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

II. Darwin – Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

______________ _______________ - Organisms with useful traits survive, reproduce, and pass those traits to their offspring.

Summarize how Darwin believes the giraffe got its long neck.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Darwin described this as ___________________________________. The term fitness in an evolutionary sense is a measure of an individual’s ability to survive and reproduce more offspring that can in turn survive and to reproduce.

Cause & Effect Model for Evolution by Natural Selection:

***** ______________ mutate ----- ______________ are selected ----- _____________ evolve***

Microevolution vs. Macroevolution

Microevolution:

▪ small genetic changes in the gene pool of a population

▪ __________________ ____________ – all the alleles in a population (look at the # of A’s vs. the # of a’s)

▪ 3 types of natural selection that causes changes in gene pool:

o ____________________ ___________________ – “it pays to be different” – individuals with traits at one end are more common than midrange forms Ex: peppered moths

o ___________________ __________________ – “it pays to be average” – eliminates individuals on both ends of the range and favors midrange individuals Ex: birth weights

o ________________________ or _______________ ________________________ – both ends of the range are favored and those in the middle are reduced. Ex: finch beaks

Changing Environments Select for Specific Genetic Phenotypes:

Before the Industrial Revolution the trunks of certain trees were a light color. The lighter peppered moths had an advantage over the darker moths. The lighter moths were more likely to ________________________________________ so there were more of them in the population. However, with the Industrial Revolution came ______________________. The trees turned dark. Now the darker moths had the advantage. Adaptations are dependent upon the environment.

Macroevolution - How new species are formed

▪ ______________________________ – changes in a species so a new species is formed

_________________________________ can lead to the formation of New Species

Sometimes organisms of the same species become physically separated. The evolution of separate species is largely due to genetic drift (chance). After a long period of time even if the two groups were to meet back up the organisms may refuse to mate. At this point they would be considered separate species. When one species becomes 2 separate species this is called __________________________.

Types of Evolution

____________________________ – changes in genetic composition of one species in response to change in another Ex: flowers & pollinators

___________________________ - the changing of organisms to fit new environments.

_______________________ - accumulation of differences between groups which can lead to the formation of new species

__________________________ - organisms that are not closely related evolve similar traits due to living in similar environments.

___________________________ - random changes in allels of a gene pool due to chance. Affects smaller populations more.

2 Models for evolution:

▪ _________________________ - gradual change over time leads to species formation

[pic]

▪ ___________________ ___________________ – evolution occurs in spurts in which there are periods of rapid change in a species followed by periods of little or no change ( usually do to major environmental changes

[pic]

Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance:

[pic]

Antibiotics used only when needed and as directed usually overwhelm the bacteria. Too much antibiotic use selects for more resistant mutants. When patients cut short the full course of drugs, the resistant strains have a chance to multiply and spread.

Evidence for Evolution:

1. Fossil Evidence - Fossils show patterns of development

_______________________________________ – fossils found deeper down in the strata (rock layers) are older than those found closer to the top.

[pic] [pic]

The fossil record shows transitional forms of organisms or how organisms have changed over time.

2. Anatomical structures

a. __________________________________ – structures that are present in an organism but reduced in size or have less important function (Ex: wings in flightless birds, hind limbs in whales)

b. ____________________________________ – structures that share a common ancestry (similar structure but different functions) Ex: human arm, bat wing, whales flipper

Molecular Evidence for Evolution

1. If species change over time then genes have also changed (DNA fingerprinting)

________________________ _______________ – a species from which 2 or more species have diverged

2. Scientists look at _________________ and ___________________. The more similar the DNA or protein sequence, between 2 different organisms, the more recently they shared a common ancestor.

3. ______________________ & ______________________ ___________ – show how organisms are related through evolution

In the cladogram on the left, the greater the evolutionary distance from humans, the greater the number of amino acid differences in the hemoglobin protein (polypeptide).

4. ______________________________ development shows common ancestry – similarities in early development show similar genes are at work

[pic]

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[pic]

Light and dark forms of the peppered moth were photographed against the lichen-covered trunk of a tree in an unpolluted area of England.

The light and dark peppered moths are now photographed against the trunk of an oak tree blackened by the polluted air of Birmingham, England.

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