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Chapter Eleven: Motivation & Emotion Learning Objectives1. Define motivation. Discuss the types of behaviors that motivation may help to explain. (See introductory section.)2. Define motive and intervening variables, and explain the latter’s role in understanding motivation. (See "Concepts and Theories of Motivation.")3. Describe the sources of motivation. (See "Sources of Motivation.")4. Define instinct. Discuss how instinct theory explains behavior. Explain why instinct theory failed. Describe the evolutionary approach and its views of mate selection, highlighting the support and criticisms of this view. (See "Instinct Theory and Its Descendants.")5. Define homeostasis, need, drive, and drive reduction theory. Explain what behaviors drive theory cannot account for. (See "Drive Reduction Theory"; see also "Optimal Arousal Theory.")6. Define arousal. Describe the optimal arousal theory of motivation. Discuss the role of an optimal level of arousal in motivation and the impact of more or less than an optimal level of arousal on performance. (See "Optimal Arousal Theory.")7. Define incentive theory. Describe incentive theory’s attempt to explain behavior and distinguish wanting from liking. (See "Incentive Theory.")8. Define hunger and satiety. List the nutrients and hormones that the brain monitors in the bloodstream as it regulates hunger and eating. Explain the role of the ventromedial nucleus, lateral hypothalamus, and paraventricular nucleus in hunger and eating. Define set point. (See "Hunger and Eating.")9. Specify the role of flavor and learning in the regulation of eating. Define appetite. Describe the mechanisms controlling specific hungers. Give examples of the effects of a food culture. (See "Flavor, Cultural Learning, and Food Selection.")10. Define obesity, anorexia nervosa, and bulimia nervosa. Describe the behaviors, causes, health dangers, and treatments associated with each of these eating disorders. (See "Eating Disorders.")11. Describe the survey of human sexual behavior and discuss its findings. Describe the sexual response cycle. Name the three prominent sex hormones. Explain their organizational and activational effects. (See "The Biology of Sex.")12. Discuss the social and cultural influences on sexual motivation. Define heterosexual, homosexual, and bisexual orientation. Describe the evidence on the extent to which genes may determine sexual orientation. Define sexual dysfunction and give examples. (See "Social and Cultural Factors in Sexuality"; see also "Sexual Orientation"; see also "Thinking Critically: What Shapes Sexual Orientation?"; see also "Sexual Dysfunctions.")13. Define need achievement. Describe the characteristics of achievement motivation and the factors that can affect its development. (See "Need for Achievement.")14. Describe the extrinsic and intrinsic factors that affect job satisfaction and dissatisfaction. Give an example of a job that has been designed to increase satisfaction and motivation. (See "Achievement and Success in the Workplace.")15. Discuss the relation between achievement and subjective well-being. (See "Achievement and Subjective Well-Being.")16. Describe Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Give examples of each kind of need. Explain how the existence, relatedness, growth (ERG) theory addresses some of the problems with Maslow’s theory. (See "Relations and Conflicts Among Motives.")17. Describe the four types of motivational conflicts, and explain the relationships between motivation and stress. (See "Linkages: Conflicting Motives and Stress.")18. Discuss the opponent-process theory of motivation. Give an example of the kinds of behavior it explains. (See "Opponent Processes, Motivation, and Emotion.")19. Describe the defining characteristics of the subjective experience of emotion. (See "Defining Characteristics.")20. Describe the role of the brain in emotion and facial expressions. Describe how the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems are involved in emotional experience, including the fight-or-flight syndrome. (See "The Biology of Emotion.")21. Discuss James’s peripheral theory of emotion. Give an example of how an emotion would occur according to this theory. (See "James’s Peripheral Theory.")22. Discuss the research that evaluates James’s theory. Describe the facial feedback hypothesis. Discuss the assumptions on which a lie detector test is based. (See "Evaluating James’s Theory"; see also "Lie Detection.")23. Describe Cannon’s central theory of emotion and discuss how this theory has been updated following new research findings. (See "Cannon’s Central Theory.")24. Describe the Schachter-Singer theory as a modification of James’s peripheral theory of emotion. Define attribution and give an example. (See "Cognitive Theories.")25. Discuss the research stimulated by the Schachter-Singer theory, including excitation transfer and Lazarus’s cognitive appraisal theory. (See "Cognitive Theories.")26. Compare and contrast the key elements of the theories of emotion. (See "In Review: Theories of Emotion.")27. Discuss the role of facial movements in expressing human emotion. Describe Darwin’s theory of innate basic facial expressions. Discuss the research that supports this theory. (See "Communicating Emotion"; see also "Innate Expressions of Emotion.")28. Describe the social and cultural factors involved in communicating emotion. Describe the role and sources of learning in human emotional expression. Define emotion culture and social referencing. (See "Social and Cultural Influences on Emotional Expression.")Chapter Eleven Terms:MotivationMotiveInstinct TheoryInstinctHomeostasisDrive Reduction TheoryNeedDriveArousalOptimal Arousal TheoryIncentive TheoryHungerSatietyObesityAnorexia NervosaBulimia NervosaSexual Response CycleSex HormonesEstrogenProgestinAndrogen HeterosexualHomosexualBisexualSexual DysfunctionNeed AchievementSubjective Well-BeingEmotionAttributionExcitation Transfer ................
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