UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA THESIS OR DISSERTATION …



ANALYZING BURIED REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES SUBJECTED TO GROUND SHOCK FROM UNDERGROUND LOCALIZED EXPLOSIONS

By

NICHOLAS HENRIQUEZ

A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL

OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT

OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF

MASTER OF SCIENCE

UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA

2009

© 2009 Nicholas Henriquez

To 1504

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I thank my chair and advisor Dr. Theodor Krauthammer for first introducing me to the study of protective structures, as well as for his guidance with this report. I would also like to thank Dr. Serdar Astarlioglu for all of his assistance with the creation of program and suggestions for improvement.

I need to especially thank my family and friends for all of their support.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

page

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 4

LIST OF TABLES 7

LIST OF FIGURES 8

LIST OF OBJECTS 9

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 10

INTRODUCTION 12

1.1 Problem Statement 12

1.2 Objective and Scope 13

1.3 Research Significance 13

Saving Your Work 14

Copying Text into the Template now this heading is going to be too long to fit on a single line now the line will wrap to the second line 14

Styles 15

Tutorials 15

BACKGROUND AND LITERATURE REVIEW 17

2.1 Introduction 17

2.2 Single Degree of Freedom Systems 17

2.3 Flexure in Reinforced Concrete Walls 19

2.4 Direct Shear 26

2.5 Use of the Newmark-Beta Method for Integration 29

2.6 Underground Blasts 30

2.7 Elastic Wave Behavior 32

Headings 33

First-Level Subheadings Are Centered and in Title Case 33

FORMATTING PRIORITIES FOR YOUR THESIS OR DISSERTATION 35

Copyright: The Two Considerations 35

Reference System 36

Web References Need Each of These Elements 36

Minimum Requirements for Other Sources 37

Table of Contents 37

Table, Figure, and Equation Format 37

Table Formatting 38

Figure Format 39

Equation Format 40

USING THE FORMATTING TEMPLATE 41

What Is a Style? 41

How Do You Apply a Style? 41

Why Use Our Styles? 42

CREATING AND UPDATING THE TABLE OF CONTENTS, LIST OF TABLES, AND LIST OF FIGURES 44

ARTICLES AS PART OF THESIS OR DISSERTATION 50

Acceptable Usage 50

Unacceptable Usage 51

ELECTRONIC THESIS OR DISSERTATION (ETD) 52

Format 52

Files and Links or Bookmarks 52

Table of Contents 52

Lists of Tables, Figures, Objects 53

Figures, Tables, Objects in the Text 53

File Name 53

Copyright 54

Submitting the ETD 54

Acceptable ETD Formats 54

HOW TO COPY AND PASTE INFORMATION FROM OTHER FILES 56

Styles 56

Landscape Page Template 56

ANOTHER CHAPTER TITLE 58

Subheading 58

Another Subheading 58

LIST OF REFERENCES 59

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH 61

LIST OF TABLES

Table page

Table 1-1. List of styles included in Version 9.2 of the MS Word Formatting Template for UF Theses & Dissertations 16

Table 5-1. List of sections contained in the template 39

Table 7-1. Acceptable ETD formats 45

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure page

Figure 2-1. SDOF system 18

Figure 2-2. Load-deflection diagram for an RC slab (Park and Gamble 2000) 20

Figure 2-3. Assumed yield line and strip geometry (Park and Gamble 2000) 21

Figure 2-4. Deflections and plastic hinges of a restrained strip (Park and Gamble 2000) 22

Figure 2-5. Full slab thickness between plastic hinges (Park and Gamble 2000) 23

Figure 2-6. Action of tension membrane forces (Park and Gamble 2000) 25

Figure 2-7. Load-deflection model for a slab (Krauthammer et al. 1986) 26

Figure 2-8. Empirical model for shear stress-slip relationship (Krauthammer et al. 1986) 27

Figure 2-9. Shear resistance envelope and reversal loads (Krauthammer et al. 1986) 28

Figure 2-10. Ground shock coupling factor as a function of scaled depth (ESL-TR-87-57) 32

Figure 5-1. Century Tower taken in 1999 from Jim Albury’s office window 45

Figure 5-2. Series of University of Florida landmarks. A) taken from the base of Century Tower looking upward at 3:00 PM, B) taken from the northwest corner of the Music Building, C) taken from the CSE atrium at 9:00 PM and D) the University Auditorium. (Note: the caption in the list of figures does not include the sub-part descriptions). 46

Figure 5-3. Example of a figure with sub-parts. A) Eating one battery. B) Eating five batteries. When writing your thesis or dissertation becomes a stressful ordeal, sometimes humor can help lighten the mood. Please do not try this at home. (Source: . Last accessed December, 2003). 46

Figure 5-4. How styles appear in the table of contents. By applying the preprogrammed formatting styles to your chapter titles and subheadings, they will be updated to the table of contents with the appropriate page number with just a click of the mouse. 47

Figure 5-5. How styles are used to format your text. By applying the preprogrammed formatting styles to your chapter titles and subheadings, they will be automatically formatted such that their spacing and justification are in compliance with the Editorial Office guidelines. 48

LIST OF OBJECTS

Object page

2-1 Sample sound file of Stewie Griffin saying “Victory is Mine!” 17

2-1 The readme.doc file as a PDF document 17

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Word to be defined Write the definition here. Do not put any hard carriage returns in the definition and it will wrap like this automatically. When you are done with the definition, hit one return and the appropriate space for the next definition will be inserted

Next word And the list continues

Another word Remember to use a tab between the abbreviations and the definitions

NOTE: a list of abbreviations is not required or even recommended in most cases. The best procedure is to define the term/symbol/acronym/etc. the first time it is used in the body of the text. Some fields do use these lists routinely and for them we include the format but generally they are not necessary.

Abstract of Dissertation Presented to the Graduate School

of the University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science

ANALYZING BURIED REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES SUBJECTED TO

GROUND SHOCK FROM UNDERGROUND LOCALIZED EXPLOSIONS

By

Nicholas Henriquez

August 2009

Chair: Theodor Krauthammer

Cochair: Serdar Astarlioglu

Major: Civil Engineering

Close-in localized HE detonations pose an increasing risk to buried RC box-type structures. This study investigated the relationships between the HE charge and its distance from an RC box wall, the existing soil layers and their properties, the direct-induced ground shock transmitted through soil layers, the load distribution on the structural wall, and the structural behavior. Previous experimental studies were examined and their results were compared with those obtained from the computer code Dynamic Structural Analysis Suite (DSAS) that was modified to handle such complicated conditions. The box structure was represented in DSAS by addressing the wall slab as a single degree of freedom system, while the effects of adjacent structural components were incorporated into the resistance function for the wall. The spatial dynamic pressure distribution on the wall was processed to derive an equivalent uniformly-distributed dynamic pressure on the wall to be used for the fully nonlinear structural analyses.

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Problem Statement

Having a military structure located underground achieves more than just concealment. Burying a structure allows the builders to make use of the ground’s natural damping to absorb and dissipate the blast wave energy from a munitions explosion. Most commonly, these buried structures take the form of a box, built using reinforced concrete.

These types of concrete structures are common for defense against conventional and nuclear weapons. Should a buried box fail, it could result in the loss of human lives. Also, munitions and other supplies may be stored in these sorts of facilities, the loss of which might lead to a supply shortage.

Analytical methods and computer programs, which are meant to examine the effects of buried explosions on buried-box structures, exist, but each have their drawbacks. More complex programs, which use finite element methods and hundreds or thousands of nodes, take a long time to run. These programs may even include the modeling of the soil using finite elements, assuming a uniform soil type. Since actual soil will not be uniform, the results that these programs give for the transmission of the blast wave may or may not be more accurate than simply using empirical equations, and the amount of time and memory required to track of all the soil nodes can be excessive.

A method to analyze the effects of a buried blast on a buried box quickly but accurately would be ideal for use during a preliminary design phase, since it would save time. Use of a Single Degree of Freedom (SDOF) model would aid in achieving this goal, since such a model can be calculated quickly.

1.2 Objective and Scope

The objective of this work is to develop a single degree of freedom computational approach to quickly and accurately analyze the dynamic response of a buried reinforced concrete structure to a buried explosive’s blast loads, using a complex resistance function and including different modes of response. Doing so will aid in the proper selection of concrete and concrete thickness in the structure’s walls, reinforcing to use, and/or soil backfill for the structure’s location during its design, to protect it against common or predicted explosions. The loads on the structure, its deflection, and its flexural and direct shear modes will be analyzed over the course of the explosion event.

This study is limited to an explosive which is buried and whose most severe loads would occur near the center of one of the box’s sides. It will not look at the effects of a blast on the corners or roof of a box. The load on the wall will be approximated as a uniformly distributed load. The side walls of the box structure will be treated as vertical slabs with axial and lateral forces caused by the effects of the blast. The use of up to three layers of soil will be allowed, with the box located in either of the two upper layers or spanning across both. The proposed methods will be compared with real test data for accuracy.

1.3 Research Significance

This work can yield a simple, accurate procedure to dynamically analyze a buried reinforced concrete box structure subject to an underground blast loading. More specifically, this method would create a time history of both the loads on the wall, and a time history of the deflection (or failure) at a number of points on the wall, using a single degree of freedom computational model. If the reinforced concrete slab were to fail, it would be due to either flexure or direct shear, so both will be calculated.

This proposed method will use an SDOF approach, with accurate resistance models, and a simplified data input. This will allow for dynamics calculations to be completed quickly, while still giving accurate results for the displacement or failure of the structure’s side walls.

Saving Your Work

When you are working in the template and you select “save,” your work is saved to the same location and file you started with. When you select “save as” you are given the option to change the location or file type, or both. Always save your work in at least two places other than the hard drive of your main working computer. A flash drive is a good back-up medium. E-mailing a copy of your document to a Yahoo, gmail or some other e-mail service is also a great way to protect against catastrophic loss.

Copying Text into the Template now this heading is going to be too long to fit on a single line now the line will wrap to the second line

If you have already written part or all or your thesis/dissertation, and would like to transfer it into the template, then here are some guidelines you should follow. The first recommendation is that you copy each section into its respective section. Another helpful point is that you want to have your show/hide button turned on. The show/hide button is located on the standard toolbar, and looks like: ¶. The reason you want this button turned on is so that you don’t inadvertently delete the section breaks. The section breaks control page numbering, footnote numbering and margin information, and must be preserved in the document for everything to work properly. If you accidentally erase or change any of the section breaks in your document, please refer to our tutorial on section breaks at . Next, copy and paste your work into the appropriate section (without deleting the section breaks). Once you have pasted your work into the section, you will need to apply the appropriate formatting styles. These styles were created specifically for our template.

Styles

We have created 16 styles in our template to help you with the formatting of your document. Many of our styles will correctly format the text that is placed within that style. It is important that you correctly use our styles, because these not only help with formatting, but they also are used to generate your table of contents and list of tables and figures. When you've applied our styles to your chapter titles, subheadings, and table/figure captions, those items will appear in the table of contents, list of tables and list of figures with the click of a mouse. This can save a significant amount of time in creating your final document.

When you cut and paste your own text into the template, you MUST apply our styles to ALL of the text. This ensures that your formatting is accurate. A list of styles and what they do can be found on the last page of this chapter.

Tutorials

On our website (.), we have tutorials for some of the common formatting concerns. Our tutorials page is located at .

On this site, we have tutorials for fixing page numbering, section breaks, landscaped pages, and removing/inserting chapters and appendices. We also have tutorials on converting your document to PDF format, a list of critical dates, and other useful information. We recommend that you attempt to resolve any difficulties that might arise by first referring to our tutorial page, and if you are still having any difficulties, to contact us either through email (etd@grove.ufl.edu) or by phone (352-392-4357).

In conclusion, we’d like to thank you for taking the time to read this read me file. Please let the ETD Technical Coordinator know that you read this read me file by sending him e-mail at etd@grove.ufl.edu .

Table 1-1. List of styles included in Version 9.2 of the MS Word Formatting Template for UF Theses & Dissertations

|Styles |Apply to |What you must do after the style is applied|

|00 One Inch Spacer |This style is applied to the first line of any |Nothing |

| |Chapter or Section | |

|01 CHAPTER TITLE |Chapter and section titles |Capitalize all letters. |

|02 First-Level Subheading (BOLD) |First-level subheadings |Capitalize first letters of all principal |

| | |words |

|03 Second-Level Subheading (BOLD) |Second-level subheadings |Capitalize first letters of all principal |

| | |words |

|04 Third-Level Subheading (BOLD) |Third-level subheadings |Capitalize the first letter of first word |

| | |and all proper nouns |

|05 Body Text |Paragraphs |Nothing |

|06 Body Text - No Indent |Paragraphs where indenting is not permitted |Nothing |

|07 Block Text-Block Quote |Quotes |Nothing |

|08 Bulleted List – Short |Used for bulleted lists where none of the lines |Insert a single blank line after the last |

| |wrap |list entry |

|09 Bulleted List – Long |Used for bulleted lists where one or more of the |Nothing |

| |lines wrap | |

|10 Caption Figure |Figure captions |Nothing |

|11 Caption Table |Table captions |Nothing |

|12 Caption Objects |Object captions |Nothing |

|13 Reference by Author Hanging Indent |Can be used for reference lists that are not |Nothing |

| |numbered | |

|14 Reference Author Block style |Un-numbered without hanging indent |Nothing |

|15 Reference by Number |Numbered reference list |Nothing |

Chapter 2

BACKGROUND AND LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

Burying a structure provides a measure of protection against blasts, especially air blasts which would have to travel through the air and then into the ground. However, a blast which originates in the ground usually exerts a greater load on the structure, as it is transmitted through the soil rather than through air. An adequate thickness of concrete and reinforcing steel is necessary for protection.

During the design phase of a reinforced concrete box, the possible threats are usually known or assumed. These threats can then be simplified to a design load for the boxes. With this information, the chosen box design can be evaluated by analyzing the relevant structural response modes.

This study is focused upon buried boxes whose outer side walls are loaded by buried explosives. Section 2.2 of this review will discuss the use of a single degree of freedom system. In Sections 2.3 and 2.4, the two most likely structural response modes, flexure and direct shear, are discussed. A review of blast loading and the specifics of underground blasts are presented in Section 2.5. Reflection and transmission of elastic waves are discussed in Section 2.6.

2.2 Single Degree of Freedom Systems

For both simplicity and speed of calculations, it is advantageous to analyze a wall of the buried-box structure as a single degree of freedom (SDOF) system. This type of system would be an approximation of reality, since in a real system there are a nearly infinite number of degrees of freedom. An SDOF system involves motion in only one direction, which would correspond to the wall’s movement in this case. The simplest SDOF system (involving damping) would correspond to the diagram shown in Figure 2-1 of a simple spring, mass, and damper system.

[pic]

Figure 2-1. SDOF system

Here there is only one mass, spring, and damper, and this mass is acted upon by a forcing function. The degree of freedom is the horizontal displacement, x. F(t) is the forcing function, c the damping, and k the stiffness. Often, it is possible to combine all the existing masses, springs, and dampers into this kind of simple case. By converting a more complicated system into an SDOF system, calculations can be greatly simplified. To be useful, the displacement term needs to correspond to the portion of the element being analyzed that deflects the most, such as the midpoint on a simple beam, or, as in this case, the center portion of a slab.

The motion of a simple SDOF system (with damping) is defined by the following forcing function:

[pic] (2-1)

where the first derivative of the displacement term x is velocity and the second derivative is acceleration. In this case, the forcing function would be created by the pressure wave in the ground. m, c, and k, are the mass, damping, and stiffness of the SDOF system, respectively. These terms are actually the SDOF equivalents of the real values, and a conversion is required to calculate them. In other words, the mass term is not necessarily simply the total mass of the slab, etc. The equivalent mass of the system can be calculated using the following equation (Biggs 1964):

[pic] (2-2)

Another way to look at it is that the equivalent mass can be found by multiplying the original, total mass, by a mass factor:

[pic] (2-3)

In the same manor, the equivalent loading function and load factor can be found with the following equations:

[pic] (2-4)

[pic] (2-5)

There are tables of values, found in Biggs (1964), for structural elements with different support conditions, and are at elastic, plastic, or elastoplastic states.

2.3 Flexure in Reinforced Concrete Walls

For the purpose of analysis, it is possible to treat the side walls of the buried box as laterally-restrained reinforced concrete slabs. These slabs have two likely failure modes. The first, flexure, is discussed in this section. The second, direct shear, is discussed in the next section.

Due to the composition and support conditions of a reinforced concrete slab, when a uniform load is applied, the slab wants to rotate about all of its supports. This results in the 45 degree yield pattern, which can be seen in Figure 2-3. This kind of reinforced concrete slab also has a nonlinear load-deflection diagram.

The load and deflection diagram for the central portion of a reinforced concrete slab, restrained laterally, is shown in Figure 2-2.

[pic]

Figure 2-2. Load-deflection diagram for an RC slab (Park and Gamble 2000)

The yield line pattern, which is further discussed below, develops between points A and B. According to Johansen’s yield line theory, the slab should have yielded when it first reached a load equal to the load at point C. However, the slab experiences an enhanced strength at B due to compressive membrane forces, caused by the lateral restraint. Normally, the cracked concrete in certain portions of the slab would not contribute to its strength. However, because the slab is laterally restrained, these cracked sections, which would like to expand, are forced back together into a compressive membrane, which increases the slabs’ ultimate strength. After peaking at point B, if load is still applied, there is a reduction in the compression membrane forces until point C is reached. As point C is encountered, the compressive membrane forces in the concrete become tensile membrane forces, meaning the tensile load near the slab’s center is carried by the steel reinforcing, strengthened slightly by the concrete pieces still bonded to it. The slab can then carry an increasing load while continuing to deflect, until failure occurs at point D. Depending on the amount of steel reinforcing, it is possible that this failure load may even be above the load at point B.

For rectangular slabs with reinforcing in both directions, the yield line pattern can be assumed as shown in Figure 2-3.

[pic]

Figure 2-3. Assumed yield line and strip geometry (Park and Gamble 2000)

Park and Gamble (2000) demonstrate that assuming 45 degree corner lines for a slab with fully restrained edges will result in a theoretical ultimate load having no more than a 3% error. Along with other assumptions, this allows for the use of a plastic theory for load-deflection behavior of a uniformly loaded rectangular slab with all edges restrained at and after ultimate load. The slab has to be able to be divided into even strips in both the x- and y-direction, which only contain reinforcing steel in those same directions. The strips’ yield sections occur at right angles to the strips’ directions, and the yield sections have no torsional moment. The steel in these sections has yielded, and the compression concrete has reached its strength. The tension strength of the concrete is ignored. Between the yield sections, the strip remains straight. All the strips in the x-direction should be the same in regards to the area of bottom steel they contain, the sum of the elastic, creep, and shrinkage axial strains they contain, and the outward lateral displacement that occurs at their boundaries. The same must be true of the y-direction strips, though the x- and y-direction values do not need to be equal to one another. There should be adequate and evenly spread top steel in both directions, which will allow for the 45 degree yield lines. Lastly, the slab will reach its ultimate load when the central deflection is one half of the slab thickness.

Each of the strips can be analyzed as a beam with proper boundary conditions, using the plastic deformation explained in Park and Gamble (2000). The boundary conditions restrain rotation and vertical translation; however, minimal horizontal translation is allowed. In order for there to be a rotation at the end of the beams, plastic hinges must be formed. This is illustrated in Figure 2-4.

[pic]

Figure 2-4. Deflections and plastic hinges of a restrained strip (Park and Gamble 2000)

The original length of the beam is l, and the lateral movement is t. The central deflection is Δ, and the length between the center and end plastic hinges is βl.

It is this lateral movement t that allows for the formation of the compression membrane forces. The locations of the plastic hinges are symmetric about the beam's center. The segments between the plastic hinges are assumed to be straight. For there to be a plastic hinge, the steel will have had to have yielded, and the concrete will have had to have reached its maximum strength.

Physical reality differs from this simplified diagram due to the slab’s depth. This can be seen in Figure 2-5. Although the beam portions are assumed to remain straight, it can be seen that this causes problem geometrically, as portions of the slab overlap with other segments and with the support.

[pic]

Figure 2-5. Full slab thickness between plastic hinges (Park and Gamble 2000)

From the geometry and force equilibrium in Figure 2-5, the following equations can be developed:

[pic] (2-6)

[pic] (2-7)

Where c’ and c are the neutral axis depths for sections 1 and 2, respectively, h is the slab thickness, C’c and Cc are the concrete compressive forces, C’s and Cs are the steel compressive forces, and T’ and T are the steel tensile forces.

The compressive forces of the concrete can be calculated as

[pic] (2-8)

Where f’c is the concrete’s cylinder strength and [pic] is the ratio of the depth of the ACI stress block to the depth of the neutral-axis.

The load-central deflection relationship can then be determined from the following equation from Park and Gamble (2000), which is derived using virtual work principles and the moments caused by the previous forces:

[pic]

[pic]

[pic]

[pic]

[pic]

[pic]

[pic] (2-9)

where:

[pic] (2-10)

And

[pic] (2-11)

In these equations, I is the moment of inertia in the x or y direction, d is the depth to the tension steel layer, w is the distributed load on the strip and l is the strip length.

As mentioned above, upon reaching point C of the load-deflection diagram, the cracks in the concrete have reached all the way through its entire depth, and the compressive membrane forces are gone. Tensile membrane forces then develop. How these forces act is shown in Figure 2-6. An equation was derived (Park and Gamble 2000) to calculate the relationship between load and deflection in this section of tensile membrane forces.

[pic] (2-12)

[pic]

Figure 2-6. Action of tension membrane forces (Park and Gamble 2000)

These previously discussed equations require there to be plastic deformations, and, therefore, large deflections. Consequently, the relationships in the early portion of the load and deflection diagrams are not addressed. A model for this segment was proposed by Krauthammer et al. (1986). Between points A and B, a quadratic function is fit. Straight lines are then used to model the portions between both point B and C and points C and D. A drawing of this model is shown in Figure 2-7. This model uses the previously mentioned idea from Park and Gamble (2000) that the maximum load is reached at a deflection equal to half the slab thickness, as well as an idea that the compressive membrane forces end at a deflection equal to the complete slab thickness. The accuracy of this model was verified through comparisons with experimental data.

[pic]

Figure 2-7. Load-deflection model for a slab (Krauthammer et al. 1986)

2.4 Direct Shear

When the concrete-box structure fails in direct shear, it does so very quickly. It does not have time to develop a significant flexural response. For this reason, the direct-shear response can be uncoupled from flexural response in calculations. (Krauthammer et al. 1986)

In a direct shear event, the failure occurs through an excessive slipping along the slab's supports. A large section of the central portion of the slab may still be largely intact, but it has been broken away from the supports. If the slab survives these first few milliseconds of loading, however, it has been determined that possible failure in the flexural mode will dominate. Direct shear failure is not of big concern in many normal structural fields, but when dealing with blast loads, it is very important, since direct shear is caused by very high loads applied very rapidly.

An empirical model is used to determine the walls’ response to direct shear. An earlier model developed by Hawkins (1972) was enhanced in Krauthammer et al. (1986) to take into account compression and rate effects. This was done by increasing the original model by a factor of 1.4. This is shown in Figure 2-8.

[pic]

Figure 2-8. Empirical model for shear stress-slip relationship (Krauthammer et al. 1986)

The highest shear strength of the wall occurs at B’ and exists through C’. Failure due to direct shear occurs at E’, where the maximum displacement is reached. The values of these important graph points come from the following equations:

[pic] (2-12)

[pic] (2-12)

[pic] (2-12)

[pic] (2-12)

[pic] (2-12)

where [pic] is the ratio of total reinforcement area to the area of the plane which it crosses and db is the bar diameter.

For cases where unloading or reverse loading before failure occurs, another empirical stress-slip graph was created to determine the possible plastic deformations. This is shown in Figure 2-9.

[pic]

Figure 2-9. Shear resistance envelope and reversal loads (Krauthammer et al. 1986)

2.5 Use of the Newmark-Beta Method for Integration

When solving even simplified equations of motion, finding the closed-form solution can be a very difficult and lengthy process. The use of a numerical evaluation method can be employed to more easily calculate the dynamic response.

The Newmark-Beta method (Newmark et al. 1962) has been chosen for use in direct integration of the equations of motion in both the flexure and direct shear cases. The method is summarized below.

1) The equation to be used in this case is (2-1), the motion of an SDOF system: [pic]

2) The values of [pic],[pic], and [pic] are known at the initial time, [pic]. The values of [pic]should be known at every time, [pic].

3) Let [pic], where [pic] is the time step.

4) A value of [pic] must be assumed.

5) Compute the values [pic] (2-13)

and [pic] (2-14)

[pic]

6) In this case, a value of 1/6 was used for [pic], which corresponds to a parabolic variation.

7) By inputting these new values into the original equation of motion, (2-1), compute a new value for [pic].

8) Repeat steps 5 and 7 with the new values of [pic] until a convergent value is reached.

9) Repeat the process for the next time step.

10) The method starts at time [pic], the time when the load is first applied. The system is initially at rest, so [pic] and [pic].

2.6 Underground Blasts

A blast taking place below the ground surface behaves differently than a blast in the open air. In an explosive event occurring in the open air, the explosion pushes air away, creating a vacuum. Once the pressure is gone, air flows back into this vacuum, creating a negative pressure phase. This does not occur in soils. Instead, the blast's pushing of the soil creates a crater, which may eventually be filled by soil due to gravity effects, and there is no negative pressure phase. An underground explosion usually generates a greater stress and has a longer duration than if that same explosion were to occur in air (ESL-TR-87-57). Therefore, its impulse will be much greater.

When detonation occurs, at areas close to the blast, the intense pressure wave caused by expanding gasses creates stress waves in the soil and crushes air voids present in the soil, creating a crater or cavity. These gasses are very hot to begin with, and cool off as this new expanding soil cavity is being formed. As the gasses cool, their volume decreases, resulting in relief or unloading waves, not unlike the negative pressures in an air blast. Since the soil these relief waves are traveling through has already been densified by the initial stress waves, they travel faster than the initial waves did, and eventually overtake them. In doing so, they attenuate the intensity of the shock front. To account for this in calculations, an attenuation coefficient is included, although it is a very rough estimation. Soils where this attenuation occurs more quickly have a low relative density or a large percentage of air voids. Conversely, soils with a high relative density or a low percentage of air voids will attenuate the ground shock much more slowly. Saturation in soils can also affect the shock transmission. Water can fill air voids and increase a soil's density. In cohesive soils, as saturation approaches 100 percent, the peak pressure and stress transmissions begin to behave like they would in water. In saturated granular soils with low relative densities, it is possible for the pressure wave to collapse the soil skeleton, liquefying the sand. These types of granular soils are not recommended for use in the construction of buried facilities (ESL-TR-87-57).

Since a pressure wave expands spherically after an explosion, the severity of the pressure decreases by a factor of three as it expands. Therefore, the pressure at any point is proportional to a ratio of the range of this point to the cube root of the charge weight. This is known as the scaled distance, and the validity of its use in buried explosives has been proven using 35 years of explosion data.

Using this scaled distance and above mentioned attenuation coefficient, an equation was created for the calculation of the peak free field pressure in the soil at a given distance from the explosion.

[pic] (2-15)

Here, P0 is the peak free field pressure (psi), c the seismic velocity of the soil (ft/s), ρ0 is the soil density (lb/ft3), R is the range (ft), W is the charge weight (equivalent weight in lbs of C4), and n is the attenuation coefficient (unitless). f (unitless) is known as the coupling factor and is further explained below.

After the arrival of the pressure wave, the pressure at any given time can be calculated from the following equations:

[pic] (2-16)

[pic] (2-17)

[pic] (2-18)

Here, ta is the arrival time (seconds).

The relevant duration of the blast load recommended for use of these equations is approximately four times the arrival time.

Rather than having an instantaneously rise to the peak pressure at its arrival time, the use of a linear rise is recommended. The duration of this recommended linear rise is one tenth of the arrival time.

The coupling factor, f, reflects how much of the blast’s energy has been coupled into the soil, as opposed to being lost out into the air, etc. at the ground’s surface. This value can be interpreted off of the graph in Figure 2-10.

[pic]

Figure 2-10. Ground shock coupling factor as a function of scaled depth (ESL-TR-87-57)

2.7 Elastic Wave Behavior

Every page that contains any paragraph text must be a full page with the exception of the last page of a chapter. You may place a page that contains only a figure or figures, table or tables, or a combination of tables and figures with any amount of white space at any place in the manuscript you choose as long as it contains no paragraph text.

If the figures and tables are to be placed in the body of the text they should be placed as close to their first mention as possible. However, this is the least stringent of the requirements. At no time should a page containing paragraph text have more than a 1" margin without a widow/orphan consideration other than the last page of a chapter.

Since maintaining this text-flow through the editing/revision process is extremely time consuming, and the benefit of placing figures and tables close to their first mention is less beneficial in electronic form than in the hard copy alternative, the logical grouping of figures and tables in a cohesive unit at the end of each chapter is recommended.

We do understand text flow and figure placement is often a contentious position, usually placing the graduate student squarely between faculty that insist on the figures being placed in the text and the Editorial Office text-flow requirements. If at all possible put tables and figures at the end of the appropriate chapter. Do not insert them into the text of the chapter, unless you can do so without leaving gaps at the bottom of text pages.

Headings

A chapter title is an example of a major division heading. All formatting rules for appendices are the same as for chapters, except that some appendix material may be single-spaced.

ALL MAJOR DIVISION HEADINGS* ARE UPPERCASE AND NOT BOLD

Subheadings: all subheadings and paragraph headings are bold

First-Level Subheadings Are Centered and in Title Case

Second-Level Subheadings Are Flush-Left and in Title Case

Third-level subheadings are flush-left and in sentence case

Paragraph subheadings: indented and in sentence case. Paragraph headings end with a period or colon. Start the text on the same line as the paragraph heading. (Paragraph headings can also be used in bulleted lists.)

CHAPTER 3

FORMATTING PRIORITIES FOR YOUR THESIS OR DISSERTATION

When writing your manuscript, keep these priorities in mind:

1. Copyright: the two consideration

2. Reference system (format and agreement of text and reference list)

3. Table of contents (format, logic, organization, pertinence, and agreement with text)

4. Continuous text flow

5. Tables, figures, and equations (format, list, and mention)

6. Consistency and acceptable style

Copyright: The Two Considerations

How to avoid infringing on someone else’s copyright (“materials that we might expect to see accompanied by a permission letter if they appear in a manuscript”)

• Long quotations from pre-existing materials that extend for more than one and one-half single-spaced pages.

• Reproduced publications. Examples include copies of standard survey instruments or questionnaires and journal articles. This applies even if you are the author of the original work, as the original publisher may have acquired copyright.

• Unpublished materials. Extensive reference to unpublished works raises a variety of issues about copyright and about privacy and access to collections.

• Poetry and Music Lyrics. Fair use for highly creative works is relatively limited. Lengthy excerpts will raise critical questions. Some publishers require permission for all quotations from poems.

• Dialogue from a play, screenplay, broadcast, or novel. While fair use is relatively narrow for creative and fictional works, it should allow brief quotations in the context of scholarly critiques.

• Music. Excerpts in your dissertation should be brief and should be closely tied to your research objectives.

• Graphic or pictorial works. The material should be closely related to your research objectives, tied to critical analysis, and not supersede the market for the original.

• Computer Software. Dissertations embodied in new media, such as on a website or on CD-ROM, may incorporate reader programs or other application software to make the new work accessible or useful. Reproducing such programs to accompany your dissertation will almost invariably require permission. Consult any license agreement that may apply to the programs, and prepare to seek permission from the copyright owner. "Shareware" is also not necessarily freely available for copying. Shareware is a protected work made available under generous or lenient licensing terms; read the license carefully before integrating the program into your dissertation.

• Sources located on the Internet. Easy availability does not change copyright status. Materials on the Web are protected by copyright just as if they appeared in a book or on tape.[1]

How to protect your own copyright (“Copyright privileges now vest immediately upon creating your work, without the requirement of notice or registration. However, you should still include a copyright notice on your dissertation.”) Example:

©2007 Your Name

Reference System

A thesis or dissertation should have a literature review. Then, among the reputable publications in your field, choose one journal whose reference system you like. Photocopy an article from that journal; then use it as a style model for your entire reference list, and for citing references in the body of your thesis or dissertation. Include a copy of that journal article with your first submission, so UF Graduate School Editorial Office staff members can easily show you any aspects of the formatting you may have overlooked. If your thesis or dissertation is not formatted according to this reference system, the Editorial Office will not accept your first submission.

Web References Need Each of These Elements

Author

Copyright year

Article title

Journal name, volume number, and page number(or publisher, city, and state)

URL address ()

Date last accessed (e.g., Feb 2007)•

Minimum Requirements for Other Sources

• Book chapter: start with the author(s) of the chapter.

• Book: give the publisher, city, and state.

• Journal article: give the journal name, volume, and page numbers.

• Meeting proceedings: include the city, state, and dates of the meeting. Proceedings publication info needs to be complete, including volume or year or season; and page number or abstract number.

• If it is not a book, an article, or published proceedings, it probably is not retrievable. For a citation to be included in the list of references, a reader must be able to go the library and retrieve it. Otherwise it should be deleted from the References section (but the complete citation can be included in parentheses in the text).

• Give the reader everything needed to find the item, even if the URL address no longer works (a frequent occurrence).

Table of Contents

• Entries here need to match exactly with entries in the body of the dissertation or thesis

• Heading and subheadings need to be formatted correctly

• You cannot have only one subheading at a given level. If you have entries at a given level, have 2 or more (do not create a list for only one item)

• Hierarchies need to be logical

• The table of contents shows exactly how your dissertation or thesis is organized. Do not explain this organization anywhere else.

• Make sure to write about your study (not about your dissertation or thesis)

• All 1st-level subheadings must be included in the table of contents. If you include any of your 2nd-level subheadings, you must include all of them.

Table, Figure, and Equation Format

Code the number for each element to include the chapter number followed by the element number separated by a hyphen. (Figure 3-2. would be the second figure in chapter 3). Tables, figures, and equations listed in the appendix would be labeled with the appendix letter instead of a chapter number. Table and figure mentions in the text should be simple and consistent: do not create entire sentences solely for that purpose. Cite tables (Table 2-4), figures (Figure 2-3), and equations (Eq. 2-2) by number, and not by position (not “the table above” or “the figure below” or “this equation”).

Obtain written permission to borrow any copyrighted material. You need to keep your own file of permission letters for any copyrighted materials used in your dissertation or thesis. Also, give its full source, in the case of tables or figures. For any table or figure that is borrowed from a copyrighted publication, you need to give a complete source (the full reference PLUS the table or figure number and page number where it appeared in the original). For tables, this goes in the notes row (the last row)of the table. For figures, this goes at the end of the figure heading.

Table Formatting

If you use a program other than MS Office Suite to create your tables try to pre-format the output to be in Times New Roman and limit the boarders around each cell if possible. After the output is generated is usually too late to re-format the table. If you use Word to create your tables use the “Insert Table” command to create a set of columns and rows for your data. Avoid using spaces and tabs to align you data to look like a table in paragraph form. If you use Excel to create your tables don’t include your table caption in the table itself. The caption should be simply text above the table with the “11 Caption Table” style applied to it.

• Table headings belong in the top row of the table

• Single-space all tables

• Left-align all column entries. Align all of the decimals in any column.

• Use sentence case for all table elements (heading, column headings, and cell entries)•Indent any carryover lines in the actual table by 2 character spaces. Align decimals.

• Use the full width of the page. For smaller tables, keep the columns readably close (to the left), and merely extend the lines to the right margin.

• Do not use bold, underlining, or vertical lines in tables. Published tables usually have only three lines: one under the table heading; one under the column-heading row; and one at the end of the table (before the notes row, if any).

• Tables too large to fit the margins may use a smaller size (one size) of the same font, but the table number and title should be in the same font size as the rest of your manuscript. Format all tables consistently throughout, including appendix tables.

• Continued tables. Tables too long or wide for a single page (broadside or upright) may be continued. The heading should be “Table 4-1. Continued”(do not repeat the table title). Column and row headings must be repeated for continued tables.

• Notes (if any) belong in the bottom row of the table. Do not vertically list your table notes (at the bottom of the table): instead let them wrap automatically, like paragraph text (do not put a hard return after each entry)

Figure Format

Learn the difference between bit mapped (.bmp), tagged image file format (.tif), portable network graphics (.png), graphics interchange format (.gif), and Joint Photographic Experts Group (.jpg) file types. In many cases the uncompressed formats (.tif and .bmp) can be ten times the size of the compressed file formats (.png, .gif. .jpg) without any noticeable difference in image quality. Think about it. Is there a need to print an 11 x 17 enlargement of that photo or will the screen view at 3 x 5 inches show all the detail the reader needs? No matter what the resolution of the picture is, the screen version is no more that 100 pixels per inch. If the screen can show the detail you need you don’t have to have the extreme high resolution. While the difference between 3.6 MB and 365 KB isn’t extreme when you do that 100 times it really adds up. Make your images as small as they can be while still showing the information as intended.

Many times the images used in a thesis or dissertation come from a PowerPoint presentation. In this case

• Figure headings belong under the figure

• Never put a title above a figure

• Do not put frames around your figures

• Do not change fonts

• Put only 1 blank line space between the figure and figure heading

• Limit clutter. Label subparts of figures as A and B, not (A) and (B).

• Do not cite figures by location ("second part," "below," etc.). In the figure legend, describe the subparts like this:

Figure 2-1. General title of overall figure. A) Description of this subpart. B) Description of this subpart. C) Description of this subpart. Reprinted with permission from . . .

• If a figure and all of its subparts run more than one page, the entire figure heading (including descriptions of all subparts) must appear at the bottom of the first page of the figure. Any additional pages of subparts of this figure get only this heading at the bottom of the page:

Figure 2-1. Continued

Equation Format

• Single-space equations and their notes

• Begin equations at the standard paragraph indent

• Code equation numbers to chapter number or appendix letter (Equation 1-1, Equation B-3)

• Type the label (1-1) using a right tab set at the right margin. Do not include the word Equation here.

E = Mc2 (1-1)

• Include the word Equation when citing the equation in the text.–Einstein’s theory of relativity (Equation 1-1) changed scientific thinking.–Applications for Equation 1-1 continue to unfold.

• Do not treat the actual equation as though it is a word in the sentence: it is not. Write complete sentences and paragraphs.

CHAPTER 4

USING THE FORMATTING TEMPLATE

What Is a Style?

Styles define the appearance of various text elements in your document, such as headings, captions, and body text. When you apply a style to a paragraph or word, you can apply a whole group of character or paragraph formats or both in one simple operation. When you want to change the formatting of all the text of a particular element at once, you just change the style that's applied to that element. Styles make formatting your document easier. Additionally, they serve as building blocks for outlines and tables of contents.

The Application Support Center provides a group of general purpose styles to help you format your document and give your thesis or dissertation a continuity of appearance. Styles cannot do everything but they can be used for general formatting purposes. Each style created by the ASC is listed in Table 2-1.

The following is an example of a block quote. Note that no quotation marks are used:

Vestibulum vel enim. Mauris consequat. Nulla facilisi. Ut bibendum lectus. Nulla pede est, placerat non, pulvinar et, ornare in, leo. Etiam ultrices ullamcorper diam. Curabitur et enim. Mauris nulla. Etiam malesuada adipiscing sapien. Maecenas nisi. Mauris id odio a nibh fringilla sodales. Suspendisse lobortis diam eget magna. Ut pellentesque rutrum sem. Nullam facilisis sem non metus. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Quisque facilisis tempor diam. Sed sed lorem et purus dictum dapibus. Pellentesque euismod ligula et lectus facilisis varius.

The space following a block quote is included in the style and no additional returns are required. Often, after a quote, the preceding paragraph continues using the 07 Body Text – No Indent style.

How Do You Apply a Style?

The styles used in this document are called paragraph styles. Paragraph styles are used to format the entire text within a paragraph. To apply a style, follow these instructions:

• Select the text you want to format

• Click the Format menu and then the Styles and Formatting option. This will open the formatting menu to the right of your document.

• Click the style desired in the Styles list. The text is now formatted by the specifications of the style. If, at any time, the text should appear wrong, simply reapply the style.

An alternative way of selecting the style is to use the Formatting toolbar:

• Place the cursor within the text you want to format

• Click the Down-Arrow next to the Style field on the Format toolbar and select a Style from the drop-down list.

• If the Formatting toolbar is not present, click the View menu and then the Toolbars option. In the Toolbars list, check Formatting. The Formatting toolbar should then appear at the top of your screen.

The previous lists are an example of the 09 Bulleted List – Long style and this is the 06 Body Text – No Indent. This style is often used after a list to continue the same train of thought that led to the list in the first place.

By the way, a list is not classified as long or short by the number of elements in the list but by the length of the longest element in the list. If it is longer than one single line, the list is a long list (single-spaced with a space between elements). If all the elements are shorter than a single line we use the short list (single-spaced with no space between elements). Isn’t this fascinating?

Why Use Our Styles?

If you use the preprogrammed styles we provide, your Table of Contents, List of Tables, and List of Figures will generate with a click of the mouse, and the textual items they reference will have the proper formatting. As an added benefit, your Table of Contents can be automatically linked to the chapter titles and subheadings when using the Adobe PDFMaker plug-in for Microsoft Office.

The following captions are examples of the use of “objects.” Object are any addition to the thesis or dissertation that does not fit the category of table or figure. Sounds and movies are the most common types of objects. The type (extension) and size of an object file should be included at the end of the caption but this information is not needed in the list of objects. In your thesis or dissertation the “object” files should be in the same folder as the thesis or dissertation and links to these files will need to be manually created in the PDF after the file is converted.

Object 2-1. Sample sound file of Stewie Griffin saying “Victory is Mine!” (.wav file 9KB)

Object 2-1. The readme.doc file as a PDF document (.pdf file 34 KB)

In the final PDF these captions should be linked to the actual documents and would open them when clicked. These links would have to be created after the PDF is made and the files would have to be uploaded as support files during the final submission process. (In the interest if simplicity these files are not included in the single file template).

CHAPTER 5

CREATING AND UPDATING THE TABLE OF CONTENTS, LIST OF TABLES, AND LIST OF FIGURES

The Table of Contents and List of Tables/Figures were created by using the Index and Tables tool found in the Insert menu. The Table of Contents is designed to collect all text using the heading styles for section titles, chapter titles, and subheadings automatically on demand. The List of Tables is designed to collect all text using the 11 Caption Table style. The List of Figures is designed to automatically collect all text using the 10 Caption Figure style. Tables of contents and lists of tables/figures can be designed to gather text based on field codes. However, we do not discuss that option in our dissertation. If you do not use our styles for creating tables of contents or lists you will need to investigate creating your own table of contents and lists. While the bulk of these lists are generated with a single mouse click, TO MEET THE EDITORIAL OFFICE REQUIREMENTS SOME MANUAL ADJUSTMENTS MUST BE MADE. See our tutorial on updating the Table of Contents, List of Figures, and List of Tables. They can be found here:





[pic]

Figure 5-1. Century Tower taken in 1999 from Jim Albury’s office window

A [pic] [pic] B

[pic] C [pic] D

Figure 5-2. Series of University of Florida landmarks. A) taken from the base of Century Tower looking upward at 3:00 PM, B) taken from the northwest corner of the Music Building, C) taken from the CSE atrium at 9:00 PM and D) the University Auditorium. (Note: the caption in the list of figures does not include the sub-part descriptions).

[pic]A [pic]B

Figure 5-3. Example of a figure with sub-parts. A) Eating one battery. B) Eating five batteries. When writing your thesis or dissertation becomes a stressful ordeal, sometimes humor can help lighten the mood. Please do not try this at home. (Source: . Last accessed December, 2003).

[pic]

Figure 5-4. How styles appear in the table of contents. By applying the preprogrammed formatting styles to your chapter titles and subheadings, they will be updated to the table of contents with the appropriate page number with just a click of the mouse.

[pic]

Figure 5-5. How styles are used to format your text. By applying the preprogrammed formatting styles to your chapter titles and subheadings, they will be automatically formatted such that their spacing and justification are in compliance with the Editorial Office guidelines.

Table 5-1. List of sections contained in the template

|Section name |This section contains |

|Title |Title page |

|Copy |Copyright page |

|Dedicate |Dedication page |

|Acknowledgment |Acknowledgment page |

|Contents |Table of contents page |

|Tables |List of tables page |

|Figures |List of figures page |

|Objects |List of objects page |

|Symbols |List of Symbols/Terms/Abbreviations |

|Abstract |Abstract page |

|Chapter1 |Chapter 1 |

|Chapter2 |Chapter 2 |

|Chapter3 |Chapter 3 |

|Chapter4 |Chapter 4 |

|Chapter5 |Chapter 5 |

|Chapter6 |Chapter 6 |

|Chapter7 |Chapter 7 |

|Appendix-a |Copyright permission sample letter |

|Appendix-b |Appendix B |

|Appendix c |Landscape page example |

|Ref |Reference pages |

|Bio |Biographical sketch |

This is an example of a table. The cells of the table use the Normal Text style. The caption of the table uses the 11 Caption Table style. Tables should be followed by one blank line using the Normal style. Table formatting is discussed in detail in chapter 2. Notes following a table should be in paragraph style and may be formatted in 10 pt type to conserve space if necessary.

CHAPTER 6

ARTICLES AS PART OF THESIS OR DISSERTATION

Candidates in scientific fields often plan to publish results of their research as journal articles. A chapter of the thesis or dissertation may later become a journal article, for example. Perhaps the thesis or dissertation contains several such chapters. In such cases, the thesis or dissertation must be organized as a unified whole. The thesis or dissertation is your primary objective and publication is your secondary objective. Use the Graduate School’s formatting requirements for spacing and margins, pagination and copy sequence, heading formats, and overall preparation.

The Graduate School encourages candidates to use the scholarly journal in which they have published, or hope to publish, as a guide for thesis and dissertation preparation. A printed journal article on an analogous subject serves as a tangible, graphic guide for style of writing, use of abbreviations and numbers, reference system, and overall usage policies that help the candidate become proficient in the editorial requirements of the journal. The printed article shows specific usage. Do not use the journal style manual to format your thesis or dissertation only to prepare the article later for publication in that journal.

Acceptable Usage

If each chapter is complete within itself and treats one of several aspects included in the entire study, a general introductory chapter must be added as the first chapter of the thesis or dissertation. A final chapter must be added that discusses results, conclusions, or further research for the entire study. Required for all University of Florida theses and dissertations:

• A common Table of Contents covering the entire study.

• A common Abstract for the entire study (in the preliminary pages, before

Chapter 1)

• A common Reference List (however named) for the entire study

• All pages numbered in sequence—from Page 1 through the Biographical Sketch.

Unacceptable Usage

The following practices are not acceptable for University of Florida theses and dissertations:

• Omission of material that unites components to form a complete manuscript (for example, omission of the general introductory chapter or the conclusion chapter).

• Reference list (however named) at the end of each chapter.

• All-cap subheadings used by journals for rapid content identification on double column pages.

• Beginning first-level subheadings on separate pages.

• Use of an abstract at the beginning of each chapter.

• Chapters paged individually, with 1 appearing on the first page of each new chapter.

• Use of double-spaced references and any other use obviously based on journal styles not suitable for a unified thesis or dissertation presentation. For example, tables and figures cannot be grouped at the end of the thesis or dissertation. They must be inserted near the text where they are first mentioned; or grouped logically at the end of that chapter.

• Inclusion of coauthored articles, except those portions and materials contributed by the student. Material produced by coauthors should be so noted and cited appropriately. It is the supervisory committee’s responsibility to ensure that the thesis or dissertation reflects a sufficient level of original and scholarly work by the candidate.

CHAPTER 7

ELECTRONIC THESIS OR DISSERTATION (ETD)

Format

All manuscripts must be submitted on plain paper in a single compartment expanding wallet document envelope for first submission, and as a single PDF for final approval. Students who do not have access to the correct version of the Adobe software, need assistance in creating their PDF, links and bookmarks, or need help linking media files within the PDF may contact the Application Support Center at (352) 392-4357 to set up an appointment. In some cases, distance students may email their document to ASC for PDF conversion; please contact them (etd@grove.ufl.edu) for more information.

The thesis file or files should be converted to PDF after the paper copy has been edited by the supervisory committee and the Graduate School Editorial Office and all corrections and changes have been made. The formatting requirements for the PDF are nearly the same as for the paper copy (for example, fonts, indents, heading levels and capitalization, margins, and page numbering). However, listed below are formatting requirements that apply only to ETDs.

Files and Links or Bookmarks

If the thesis consists of more than one file, all files should be named to one directory before adding the links. This avoids changing file names and causing broken links in the ETD submission. All links/bookmarks must be highlighted in blue. They should not be underlined. The working condition of all links should be checked before submitting the PDF. The PDF file(s) and other files should be checked carefully before submitting them.

Table of Contents

The table of contents should be formatted the same as for paper final submission. However, you must link all major division headings (acknowledgments, list of tables, list of figures, abstract, chapter and appendix titles, reference list, and biographical sketch); and any subheadings to the appropriate pages in the text. Use blue to highlight all links in the table of contents.

Lists of Tables, Figures, Objects

These lists are particularly helpful to the ETD reader. Objects are only found in ETDs. Objects are defined for this purpose as video, audio, or other items that are not distinctly tables or figures. The entries in these lists should each be linked to the actual corresponding figure, table, or object in the text. Use blue to highlight all links in these lists.

Figures, Tables, Objects in the Text

For certain figures, maps, tables, and so, it may be desirable to link to a separate file, for example, for larger size or higher resolution. If this is done, there must still be a version of the figure or table incorporated in the text as with the paper copy of the thesis. The figure legend below the figure or a note below the table should then link to the separate file. With multimedia objects that cannot be represented graphically in the PDF, a complete title/description that links to open the file should be included in the text. All of these links should be in blue and must contain a parenthetical notation about the file type and size.

Figures, tables, and objects that are not embedded in the document should always be described fully in the text. As technology changes and is upgraded, there is a chance that these illustrations will not migrate with the thesis.

File Name

The file name for the ETD should be your surname linked to your first initial by an underscore blank and followed by .pdf. That is, Surname_I.pdf.

Copyright

Because the PDF is archived and is made available on the Web, written permission is needed for use and electronic publication of copyrighted text, figures, tables, and objects. Also, because the PDF is archived and available on the Web, it is wise to include a copyright page in all ETDs. The copyright page should be immediately after the title page. The copyright page format is shown in page 2 of this guide. It is not necessary to register copyright with the U.S. Copyright Office.

Submitting the ETD

See and choose “Submit Your PDF” for instructions. Electronic submission is only for final submission, after editorial review and after all corrections have been made. Create your PDF and log into to submit the PDF. Check the box “Submit to Editorial Office for Review.”

Acceptable ETD Formats

The Florida Center for Library Automation specifies which formats are currently permissible for electronic submission. The next table, “Acceptable ETD Formats.” shows levels of acceptability for various ETD media. No effort will be made to migrate forward those ETDs that are in the “Not accepted” category.

Table 7-1. Acceptable ETD formats

|Media |Preferred |Acceptable |Digital archaeology only |Not accepted |

|Text |PDF |TML | |WPD |

| |XML |XHTML | | |

| |TXT |DOC | | |

| | |RTF | | |

| | |SMGL | | |

|Still image |TIFF |PNG |IPX |GIF |

| |JPG | | |SID |

| | | | |DJVU |

|Audio | |WAV | | |

| | |MP3 | | |

|Audio/video |MPEG |AVI | |RM |

| | | | |?MOV |

|Multimedia | | |?Flash | |

| | | |?Macromedia Director | |

| | | |?PPT | |

| | | |?WebCT | |

| | | |?WMV | |

|Database/ spreadsheet | |MDB | | |

| | |XLS | | |

| | |MySQL | | |

|Computer programs |TXT | |EXE | |

| |(source code) | |CFM | |

| | | |ASP | |

APPENDIX A

HOW TO COPY AND PASTE INFORMATION FROM OTHER FILES

Styles

Every MS Word document uses styles to format information. To help prevent the unnecessary copying of different styles into your dissertation, follow these rules of thumb when copying information:

If you are pasting text into a dissertation document, use the Paste Special option and the Unformatted text option. Then apply the styles of the sample dissertation to reformat the text. Be aware though that this will remove any italics, boldfacing or special characters you are using.

• When you cut, make sure you do not remove the section break at the end of the chapter or file.

• If you are pasting graphics and tables, then use the normal Paste option.

• Never overwrite a style with a new definition unless you are sure of the repercussions.

• Never redefine a style with a new definition unless you are sure of the repercussions.

• You can always reapply a style.

Landscape Page Template

The next page is a landscape page template. Copy the section break following this paragraph through the first line of text (just to be sure) after the next section break. Go to the page after where you want the landscape page to appear. Choose “View” > “Header and Footer” and If the words “same as previous” appear by the header and/or footer box, turn this feature off. Go to the page before the landscape page, click at the end of the last line and then paste. You should get a correctly formatted landscape page with the number on the left side in the same relative position the page number would be, in a portrait page..

This is a landscaped page. No paragraph text should appear on a landscape (also known as “broadside”) page. Only the Figure or Table Caption should be on this page along with the table or figure itself.

APPENDIX B

ANOTHER CHAPTER TITLE

Subheading

Body Text goes here. If you need more chapters copy and paste this “chapter” as many times as needed.

Another Subheading

Always end a chapter with a section break – next page so footnotes will re-start their numbering.

LIST OF REFERENCES

The candidate should use the style of one scholarly journal in his or her discipline. The Graduate School checks all manuscripts for correct and consistent usage within the chosen style. Failure to document references in a consistent and acceptable style necessitates that the manuscript be returned without review. There are three basic formats for references without getting into the details of reference styles. First is by author, without numbers but with a hanging indent. Second is by author, without numbers in block style. Third is a numbered list.

Reference with hanging indent

Sed vitae turpis non diam malesuada dapibus. Sed dapibus mi non ligula. Aliquam erat volutpat. Ut eu elit. Nam enim. Ut bibendum eros ut erat. Nullam elit.

Nulla rutrum urna hendrerit odio. Vivamus volutpat. Aliquam erat volutpat. Nulla vulputate nisl ut quam. Nunc et nunc sed ante mattis convallis. Nam nibh mauris, adipiscing eu, tristique sit amet, egestas id, dui. Integer odio.

Vestibulum vel enim. Mauris consequat. Nulla facilisi. Ut bibendum lectus. Nulla pede est, placerat non, pulvinar et, ornare in, leo. Etiam ultrices ullamcorper diam. Curabitur et enim. Mauris nulla. Etiam malesuada adipiscing sapien. Maecenas nisi. Mauris id odio a nibh fringilla sodales. Suspendisse lobortis diam eget magna.

Ut pellentesque rutrum sem. Nullam facilisis sem non metus. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Quisque facilisis tempor diam. Sed sed lorem et purus dictum dapibus. Pellentesque euismod ligula et lectus facilisis varius.

Reference in block style

Maecenas feugiat facilisis nisi. Etiam varius sagittis nunc. Morbi porttitor metus vitae massa. In ac nulla at elit venenatis bibendum. Aliquam mattis sapien tincidunt metus.

Donec ultrices risus at massa. Sed velit tortor, vestibulum nec, tincidunt aliquam, adipiscing ut, sem. Nam sed ante aliquet erat dapibus accumsan.

Pellentesque sed orci. Suspendisse egestas velit. Curabitur purus magna, interdum non, pharetra eu, dictum at, ligula. Mauris pede dolor, placerat non, semper a, accumsan eget, sem. Duis placerat neque non leo. Fusce massa.

Duis sit amet dui id diam venenatis vulputate.

Reference in numbered list

1. In auctor nunc quis tortor. Nam suscipit nulla et lorem. Ut purus ligula, vehicula eget, malesuada ac, vestibulum eu, enim.

2. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Integer non odio eget ipsum placerat tincidunt. Sed euismod, elit quis egestas euismod, massa est placerat purus, posuere mattis arcu massa ut dui.

3. Sed vitae turpis non diam malesuada dapibus. Sed dapibus mi non ligula. Aliquam erat volutpat. Ut eu elit. Nam enim. Ut bibendum eros ut erat. Nullam elit. Nulla rutrum urna hendrerit odio. Vivamus volutpat. Aliquam erat volutpat.

4. Nulla vulputate nisl ut quam. Nunc et nunc sed ante mattis convallis. Nam nibh mauris, adipiscing eu, tristique sit amet, egestas id, dui. Integer odio.

5. Vestibulum vel enim. Mauris consequat. Nulla facilisi. Ut bibendum lectus. Nulla pede est, placerat non, pulvinar et, ornare in, leo.

6. Etiam ultrices ullamcorper diam. Curabitur et enim. Mauris nulla. Etiam malesuada adipiscing sapien. Maecenas nisi. Mauris id odio a nibh fringilla sodales. Suspendisse lobortis diam eget magna. Ut pellentesque rutrum sem.

7. Nullam facilisis sem non metus. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Quisque facilisis tempor diam. Sed sed lorem et purus dictum dapibus. Pellentesque euismod ligula et lectus facilisis varius.

8. Maecenas feugiat facilisis nisi. Etiam varius sagittis nunc. Morbi porttitor metus vitae massa. In ac nulla at elit venenatis bibendum. Aliquam mattis sapien tincidunt metus. Donec ultrices risus at massa.

9. Sed velit tortor, vestibulum nec, tincidunt aliquam, adipiscing ut, sem. Nam sed ante aliquet erat dapibus accumsan. Pellentesque sed orci. Suspendisse egestas velit. Curabitur purus magna, interdum non, pharetra eu, dictum at, ligula.

10. Mauris pede dolor, placerat non, semper a, accumsan eget, sem. Duis placerat neque non leo. Fusce massa.

11. Duis sit amet dui id diam venenatis vulputate. Praesent malesuada turpis a velit. Donec leo sem, auctor vitae, dictum sed, vulputate et, libero.

12. Phasellus a risus. Proin ut ante in felis imperdiet molestie. Pellentesque consequat ultricies felis. Nulla scelerisque condimentum sapien. Phasellus iaculis luctus mi. Suspendisse facilisis. Suspendisse in libero. In auctor nunc quis tortor.

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

A biographical sketch is required of all candidates. The biographical sketch should be in narrative form. It typically includes the educational background of the candidate. You may replace this paragraph with your own text.

THESIS/DISSERTATION TITLE

Candidate's name

Phone number

Department

Supervisory chair

Degree

Month and year of graduation

Please describe in no more than 150 words the contribution of the thesis or dissertation to the State of Florida, the nation, society in general, and/or the discipline. Please use clear and effective, non-specialized language. This abstract is meant to be helpful in communicating the value of UF graduate student research to the general population. Do not include the general audience abstract in the PDF of your thesis or dissertation.

To eliminate this page you will need to delete the section break at the end of the Biographic Sketch. When you delete this section Break, you will have to replace the page number on that page.

-----------------------

[1] This list is from the ProQuest/UMI GradWorks Guide.

-----------------------

k

c

m

F(t)

0.5h

wmax

Load

Deflection

h

A

B

C

D

Quadratic function

Linear function

Linear function

................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download