UAB
BY 124 Worksheet #18What hormones does the hypothalamus make? What hormones does the posterior pituitary make? How do they function? Makes the hormones that are secreted by the posterior pituitary gland and also ones that regulate the secretion of the hormones produced by the anterior pituitary. Oxytocin – stimulates the contraction of uterus and mammary glands Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) – promotes retention of water in the kidneys. How does epinephrine affect intestinal blood vessels?Produced by the adrenal glands located above the kidneys. Epinephrine raises blood pressure and heart rate to help distribute blood throughout the body. In terms of blood vessels it would be a constriction. What are all the hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland?Growth hormone – stimulates growth and metabolic processes Prolactin – stimulates milk production and secretion Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) – stimulates production of ova and sperm Luteinizing hormone (LH) – stimulates ovaries and testesThyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) – stimulates thyroid gland to produce its hormones Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) – stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoidsWhat are the three main types of signaling in the body?Paracrine/local signaling: cell is close to target cells, send out chemicalWill diffuse through extracellular matrixMast cells, cytokines, communication between Helper T cells and B cellsSynaptic signaling: way nervous system communicates between neuronsElectrical signal that causes release of neurotransmitters that go through synapse and causes impulse to be transmitted to another cellEndocrine signaling: typical hormonal signaling, long distance signalingCells send out signal signal gets into blood stream, moves throughout body and binds to certain receptors that need to bindsome will respond and won't due to the receptorInsulin, pancreas secretes and insulin moves through blood stream, binds to cells and takes up glucoseHow does the tyrosine kinase receptor protein work?Receptor tyrosine kinases belong to a class of receptors characterized by having enzymatic activity. A kinase is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of phosphate groups. The part of the receptor in the cell functions as a tyrosine kinase, catalyzing the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to the amino acid tyrosine on a substrate protein. They attach phosphates to tyrosines. Often more than one signal transduction pathway is activated at once, helping the cell control many things at once 320040025273000Abnormal receptor tyrosine kinases that function in the absence of signaling molecules are associated with many types of cancer. ProcessThe receptors exist as individual units referred to as monomers. Each has an extracellular binding The binding of a signaling molecule causes two receptor monomers to associate closely with each other forming a complex called a dimer Dimerization activates the tyrosine kinase region of each monomer. Each tyrosine kinase adds a phosphate from an ATP molecule to a tyrosine on the tail of the other monomer. With the receptor fully activated, it is recognized by specific relay proteins inside the cell. These proteins activate transduction pathways triggering a cellular response. What is apoptosis? Give one example of apoptosis in humans.Apoptosis: programmed cell deathDeath signaling molecule has receptor on SOME cellsdeath signal comes inactivated produce proteases (break down proteins) and nucleases (break down nucleic acids) Some cells get signals that tell them it's time to dieApoptosis is a form of controlled cell suicide. Cellular agents chop up the DNA, the organelles, and other components. The cell shrinks and becomes lobed and the cells parts are packaged up in vesicles which are digested by specialized scavenger cells. Protects neighboring cells from the damage of the cell just dissolving next to them. Embryo ApoptosisAll start of as embryos with fused fingers and toesReceptors come out and bindundergo apoptosis, most babies will have free fingers and toes when they are born, similar in dogs and birds and lobe finned fishes and ducksSometimes, fingers and toes are bindedsignal or receptor does not workApoptosis cell must die ................
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