World Geography - Coach Reid's History Classroom



|U.S. History |Name: | | |Score: |

|Chapter 2 | | | | |

|Points of View |Date: | | | |

|Coach Reid | | | | |

The Protestant Reformation

In the early 1500s, the Roman Catholic Church needed money to build St. Peter’s Basilica (church) near Rome. The church raised this money by selling indulgences, pardons that released the buyer from penalties imposed by the church for breaking its laws. Martin Luther, a German priest, called upon the Roman Catholic Church to stop the practice. He thought that many people bought indulgences believing that they were buying eternal salvation. Pope Leo X (Leo the Tenth), leader of the Roman Catholic Church, refused to end the practice. He felt that people understood that indulgences only applied to earthly penalties. This disagreement led to the Protestant Reformation, in which groups who were unhappy with the Roman Catholic Church broke away and formed their own Christian churches.

In this activity you will compare Martin Luther’s 1517 call for reform of the Roman Catholic Church to the response of Pope Leo X, issued three years later.

Directions: Read both excerpts carefully. Then answer the questions below, using complete sentences.

From Martin Luther’s Ninety-Five Theses (1517)

• Christians are to be taught that he who gives to the poor or lends to the needy does a better work than buying pardons.

• [B]y pardons, man does not grow better, only more free from penalty.

• The assurance of salvation by letters of pardon is vain [useless].

From Pope Leo X’s Letter Condemning the Errors of Martin Luther (1520)

• ■ Indulgences are of no avail [use] . . . in the sight of divine justice.

• Indulgences are necessary only for public crimes . . . Moreover, because . . . errors . . . are contained in the books and writings of Martin Luther; we . . . condemn . . . and reject completely the books and all the writings and sermons of the said Martin. . . . Indeed . . . these works, wherever they may be . . . shall be burned publicly and solemnly in the presence of the clerics [officials of the church] and people.

1. What does Martin Luther think Christians should do with their money instead of buying indulgences?

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2. What are two reasons that Pope Leo X does not want to stop selling indulgences?

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3. What historic event did the disagreement between Martin Luther and Pope Leo X bring about?

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|U.S. History |Name: | | |Score: |

|Chapter 2 | | | | |

|Skills for Life |Date: | | | |

|Coach Reid | | | | |

When you study history, it is important to know the sequence or order in which events occurred. A timeline can help you understand sequence by identifying major events and the dates when they took place. To read a timeline, start by finding the beginning and ending dates of the timeline. Next, figure out the length of the time periods into which the timeline is divided. Look at the dates on the timeline to find out when important events took place and in what order they happened. Think about other events that occurred during this time period and add them to the timeline. Finally, ask questions to help you draw conclusions about the events shown on the timeline.

Directions: Study the timeline below, and answer the questions that follow.

1. What is the date of the first event on the timeline?

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2. Into intervals of how many years is the timeline divided?

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3. How much time passed between the first Spanish settlement and the first English settlement?

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4. How many countries shown on the timeline established early settlements in North America?

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5. What is one question that you could ask about the events on this timeline?

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|U.S. History |Name: | | |Score: |

|Chapter 2 | | | | |

|Virginia Assembly |Date: | | | |

|Coach Reid | | | | |

Virginia’s House of Burgesses was the first example of representative government in North America. (The word “burgess” means “representative.”) Its first session began on July 30, 1619, and lasted for six days. It was held in the choir loft in the Jamestown Church, a place so hot and miserable that one of the burgesses, Walter Shelley, actually died during the session. Even so, several laws were passed. Some of those laws might strike us as odd today, but the importance of the House of Burgesses cannot be dismissed. The principles of self-governance that it established later found their way into our Constitution, greatly affecting our lives to this day.

Directions: Read the following excerpts from notes taken at the first session of Virginia’s House of Burgesses then answer the questions.

• By this present General Assembly be it enacted that no injury or oppression be done by the English against the Native Americans that will disturb the peace that is between us…

• …be it enacted that if any man be found to live as a lazy person…it shall be lawful…to appoint him a master…until he shows apparent signs of change.

• Against gaming at dice and cards … the winner or winners shall lose all their earnings and both winners and losers shall give up ten shillings a man to the court…

• Against drunkenness be it also decreed that if any private person be found guilty thereof, for the first time he is to be scolded privately by the Minister, the second time publicly, the third time to lie the stocks 12 hours…and if he still continues to drink, to undergo such severe punishment as the Governor…shall think fit…

• All persons upon the Sabbath day shall attend divine service and sermons both morning and afternoon…

1. What was the attitude of the House of Burgesses toward the local Native Americans?

2. Today, what would we call the penalty people were given for gambling?

3. Name at least two clues from above that Virginia was settled by people with strong religious beliefs

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