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Unit 3
Prenatal Development
Description:
Students analyze the stages of pregnancy, from conception through birth, and the implications of environment and heredity on the health and well-being of a child.
Objectives:
• Summarize the stages of prenatal development and childbirth.
• Analyze the effects of prospective parents' nutrition, health, medical care, heredity, environment, and lifestyle of prenatal development.
• Discuss physical and emotional changes that occur during normal and at-risk pregnancy.
• Analyze how individuals are genetically unique.
• Examine the methods, costs, ethics, and risk of reproductive procedures.
• Identify and evaluate community resources that provide information and assistance related to pregnancy.
Implementation of the Consumer and Family (CFS) Standards
ECDFS – A10.6 Standard 2: Prenatal Development
Describe and identify the stages of pregnancy, from conception through birth, and the implications of environment and heredity on the health and well-being of a child.
2.1 Summarize the stages of prenatal development and childbirth (ECDFS – A10.6.1)
2.2 Analyze the effects of prospective parents’ nutrition, health, medical care, heredity, environment, and lifestyle on prenatal development. (ECDFS –A10.6.2)
2.3 Determine physical and emotional changes that occur during normal and at-risk pregnancies. (ECDFS – A10.6.3)
2.4 Analyze how individuals are genetically unique. (ECDFS – A10.6.4)
2.5 Examine the methods, costs, ethics, and risks of reproductive procedures. (ECDFS – A10.6.5)
Students will:
• Describe reasons for budgeting babies arrival
• Prepare a budget based on given career and life situations.
• Summarize stages of Childbirth.
• Identify and evaluate community resources that provide information and assistance related to pregnancy.
Implementation of the Consumer and Family (CFS) Standards
9.2 Identify steps in developing budgets based on estimated income, needs, wants, goals, ad lifestyle (ECDFS- A10.11.2)
2.1 Summarize the stages of prenatal development and childbirth (ECDFS – A10.6.1)
2.6 Identify and evaluate community resources that provide information and assistance related to pregnancy. (ECDFS – A10.6.6)
Key Assignments:
Long term Baby Book:
This ongoing research project will take the students from Genetic Counseling to conception, through prenatal development, a consideration of possible birth defects, birth and into the child’s first year. The project will include a series of Journals and logs on prenatal development and the baby’s first year, Power Point Presentations, a detailed Fiscal Budget analysis of items needed for arrival and the first year, and the use of an infant simulator. Individual Rubrics will be assigned with each project.
Stage 1: Genetic Design:
Students will develop a genetic profile after evaluating the mothers or fathers physical traits and take into consideration the lifestyle and effects the parents’ age has on the pregnancy as well as family health history to predict the characteristics and over all condition of the child.
Stage 2: Birth Defect Research:
Each student will be assigned a birth. Students will conclude the project with a writing assignment illustrating the outcomes of the pregnancy, identifying physical, emotional, and social impact of the assigned birth defect to be presented to the class in the venue of a Trifold Brochure.
Stage 3: Prenatal Log:
From research, students will produce a month by month log that details the fetal growth and development, changes in the mother, the prenatal care necessary, and images of the fetus.
Stage 4: Budget
Given a list of items both necessary and desired as well as a predicted income based on parents’ simulated age and career, students will build a budget to acquire the items. Students will evaluate a variety of sources to purchase new and used items as well as considering items that may leant or given to them by family and friends. Students will consider safety issues and warnings as they have been passed down to the consumer.
Stage 5: Simulator
Student will use an infant simulator (Baby Think it Over) for three days over a weekend to discover life with a baby and the baby’s constant needs. Students will maintain a log of the time ad criteria the simulator’s needs were met.
Content Outline
Prenatal development is influenced by conditions brought on by the environment and hereditary traits. For some of these influences, there are also birth defects and long-term effects that affect the health of the child. A birth defect is an abnormality that is present at birth that affects the structure or functions of the body and may threaten a baby’s health.
Environmental influences on birth defects
1) Inadequate nutrition of mother
a) Can stunt brain development of baby
b) Can lead to mental retardation
2) Exposure to diseases or infections during pregnancy
a) Rubella, or German measles, during first trimester of pregnancy can cause severe birth defects, including blindness, deafness, heart disease, and mental retardation
b) Toxoplasmosis, a parasite that can cause blindness, hearing loss, and learning disabilities, and death; found in cat litter and some raw meats
c) Varicella, or chicken pox, during first half of pregnancy can cause scarring of the baby’s skin, limb defects, eye problems, and miscarriage
d) Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) can be passed to unborn child and can lead to serious illnesses, physical disabilities, or death
3) Harmful substances consumed during pregnancy
a) Nicotine from smoking tobacco or secondhand smoke
• Smaller than average babies
• Miscarriages and premature deliveries
• Respiratory infections or allergies
b) Alcohol can cause fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
• 20% of infants die
• Facial deformities, delayed physical growth, heart defects, and hyperactivity
• Mental retardation or disabilities
• Poor coordination
• Difficulty controlling behavior
4) Drugs, over-the-counter and illegal
a) Even over-the-counter drugs can potentially cause serious defects if taken during pregnancy; nothing should be taken during pregnancy without doctor’s permission
b) Pass on drug addition to the baby; makes it necessary for baby to go through painful withdrawal period after birth
c) Produces severe, long-term learning and behavioral problems
d) Large amounts of caffeine increase risk of miscarriage, low birth-weight babies, and infant death
e) Cocaine increases risk of miscarriage; produces strokes that lead to brain damage, heart attack, birth abnormalities, or death; causes tremors, irritability, sleep problems, and developmental delays
f) Ecstasy leads to congenital heart problems, physical abnormalities
5) Exposure to hazards during pregnancy
a) Chemicals--- some types of paint, pesticides, lead-based chemicals, carbon monoxide, mercury, solvents, paint thinners, and formaldehyde---can potentially cause physical and mental abnormalities in unborn baby
b) X rays can cause childhood cancer, miscarriages, and mental retardation
c) Toxoplasmosis – extreme high blood pressure
6) Accidental injuries
a) Cerebral palsy caused by damage to the brain before, during, or shortly after birth
b) Damage to the developing embryo and fetus from accidental injuries of all types can potentially cause a wide range of birth defects
Hereditary influences on prenatal development and birth defects
1) Dominant genes are stronger; recessive are weaker
2) Defective recessive genes inherited from both parents
a) Cystic fibrosis---caused by inheritance of recessive genes; more likely to affect Caucasians than African- or Asian-Americas
b) Tay-Sachs disease--- an inherited disease most common among eastern European families of Jewish descent
c) Sickle cell anemia--- Malformed red blood cells that deprive the body of oxygen and prevalent in African-Americans
3) Defective dominant gene inherited from one parent
a) Hemophilia---passed on from mothers to sons only; prevents blood from clotting
b) Huntington’s disease---manifests in adulthood, leads to dementia
c) Duchenne muscular dystrophy---transmitted by female carriers, usually affects only males
d) Color blindness---usually affects only males
4) Errors in chromosomes---problems with the number or structure of chromosomes
a) Down syndrome---associated with mental retardation, increased risk of heart defects, leukemia, poor muscle tone, and distinctive physical characteristics
Combined influence of heredity and environment on prenatal development and birth defects
1) Inherited tendency to develop heart defect combined with drug use or virus during pregnancy causes child to have heart defect
2) Cleft lip/cleft palate---gap in upper lip or palate; caused by heredity or environment or both
3) Spina bifida and hydrocephalus caused by both hereditary and environmental factors; risk can be reduced by taking folic acid during pregnancy
4) Multiple births
a) The hyper-ovulation gene may be inherited from the mother; leading to fraternal twins
b) Primarily influenced by environment---Twin-to-twin syndrome (TTTS) is the result of one twin taking nourishment from the other; fertility drugs
Something to think about:
1) How does a baby develop from conception to birth?
2) What are the changes a mother goes through during pregnancy?
3) What happens during conception?
4) Male and female reproductive cells unite after sexual intercourse.
5) Sperm that enter uterus quickly swim into the Fallopian tubes.
6) If an ovum is present, the sperm swarm the ovum and try to break through the surface.
7) In most cases, only one sperm is successful.
8) At fertilization, the sperm seals out the remaining sperm, which eventually die.
9) Once the ovum has been fertilized, it attaches to the wall of the uterus.
10) Menstruation stops until the pregnancy is over.
11) The male determines the sex of the child.
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|Key Terms: |
|Term |Definition |
|General term |
|prenatal development |The development of a zygote, embryo, and fetus before birth |
|Hereditary influences |
|hereditary |All traits passed down from one generation to the next (e.g., eye, skin, and hair color) |
|chromosomes |A threadlike structure that carries genes in living cells |
|genes |The basic unit of heredity; genes carry all the characteristics that will transfer from parent to child |
|dominant traits |Traits that always show in a person even if only one gene of the pair is inherited for the trait |
|recessive traits |Traits that typically do not show in a person unless both genes for the trait are inherited |
|cystic fibrosis |A hereditary disease that results in secretion of thick mucus that blocks internal passages, including those of the |
| |lungs, causing respiratory infections. The pancreas is also affected, resulting in a deficiency of digestive enzymes |
| |and impaired nutrition |
|birth defect |An abnormality, present at birth, that affects the structure or function of the body and may threaten a baby’s health |
|muscular dystrophy |A progressive weakness and shrinking of the muscles most commonly inherited |
|sickle cell anemia |Caused by inheriting defective recessive genes from both parents, more commonly occurs in African-Americans |
|PKU (phenylkentonuria) |A condition in which the body is unable to process and use a specific protein that is present in nearly all foods |
|Tay-Sachs disease |A genetic disease that principally affects those of Jewish ancestry, marked by an accumulation of certain fats in the |
| |brain and nerves resulting in brain damage, loss of sight and brain functions |
|Down syndrome |A genetic disorder characterized by a broad skull, blunt facial features, short stature, and learning difficulties; |
| |caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 21 |
|multiple births |Giving birth to more than one child at a time |
|hyperovulation |An inherited trait that may produce fraternal twins |
|Environmental influences |
|environmental |Things and people in a person’s surroundings (ex. mother’s health, family, friends, home, community, life experiences)|
|over-the-counter medications |A medication that can be purchased by anyone off the shelf at the pharmacy without a prescription |
|fetal alcohol syndrome |A condition that babies may be born with when the mother drinks during pregnancy; symptoms include shaking, crying… |
|rubella |A virus that can complicate pregnancy, causing miscarriage, stillbirth or congenital disorders; also called German |
| |Measles |
|Hereditary and environmental influences |
|cerebral palsy |A condition caused by brain damage around the time of birth and marked by lack of muscle control and paralysis |
| |especially in the limbs |
|cleft lip/cleft palate |An upper lip congenitally divided into two parts |
|spina bifida and hydrocephalus |A congenital condition in which part of the spinal cord or meninges protrudes through a cleft in the spinal column, |
| |resulting in loss of voluntary movement in the lower body. An increase of cerebrospinal fluid around the brain, |
| |resulting in an enlargement of the head in infants, because the bones of the skull are still unfused and the fluid can|
| |be drained into the abdominal cavity. |
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Page 17-56 We will do in class
Page 57-93 Take home and complete
Instructional Strategies:
Students will begin this journey by understanding the prenatal development and influences of heredity and environment on prenatal and child development. Prenatal development will trace development of the baby from zygote to embryo to fetus. Changes in the mother during pregnancy will also be covered. Steps to have a healthy pregnancy will be discussed along with prevention of pregnancy complications.
Directions: Read pages 14-17 of the Developing Child. Give a definition for each term quoting both the text and rewording it in your own words. After reading examples in the text, give some of your own below.
Define Hereditary and Environment
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Stage 1 of Project
Genetic Design:
Students will develop a genetic profile after evaluating the mothers or fathers physical traits and take into consideration the lifestyle and effects the parents’ age has on the pregnancy as well as family health history to predict the characteristics and over all condition of the child.
See directions for “Build-a-Kid project.
Directions: Divide class into two teams. Have one half of your class consider the term hereditary and the team consider the term environmental influences.
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Life Management Curriculum Guide 2002
Unit 5 Module 2
Resource 2
Responsible Parenting Begins Before Birth
Directions: Read through the following descriptions of prenatal environmental influences on the health of a baby. Research one factor and determine the best way prospective parents should respond to ensure the health of their child. Record information shared in class for the other factors listed.
|Factors in Prenatal Development |Description and Result |What should be done to promote the health of the child? |
|Maternal Factors- From the Mother: |
|Alcohol |Drinking during pregnancy can result in children with a |1 |
| |combination of mental, motor, and developmental abnormalities. | |
| |Some problems can include retardation, learning disabilities, | |
| |hyperactivity, and face and body malformations. | |
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|Cigarette Smoking |Smoking during pregnancy can result in low birth weight, |2 |
| |prematurity, miscarriage, infant death, and has been linked to | |
| |sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) | |
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|Cocaine |Use of this drug during pregnancy can result in spontaneous |3 |
| |abortion, prematurity, low birth weight, small head | |
| |circumference, and central nervous system disorders. | |
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|Emotional Stress |High levels of maternal stress can produce excess adrenaline in |4 |
| |the mother’s bloodstream. This adrenaline can pass to the fetus | |
| |resulting in low birth weight, infant hyperactivity, | |
| |irritability, and digestive disturbances. | |
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|Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|The AIDS virus can be transmitted to the fetus leading to head |5 |
|infection and AIDS |abnormalities ad growth retardation. One-third of the babies | |
| |with infected mothers become infected, and most of these develop | |
| |the disease and die. | |
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|Environmental |Chemicals, radiation, extremes of heat and humidity can affect |6 |
| |prenatal development. Infants exposed to high levels of lead | |
| |score lower on tests of cognitive abilities. Those exposed to | |
| |heavy metals have higher rates of childhood illness and lower | |
| |performance on intelligence tests. Radiation (including X-rays | |
| |or leakage in the workplace) can harm the fetus. Nuclear | |
| |radiation can cause stillbirth, miscarriage, and congenital | |
| |malformations. | |
|Incompatibility of Blood Types |When a fetus’s blood contains Rh-positive protein but the |7 |
| |mother’s blood does not, antibodies in the mother’s blood may | |
| |attack the fetus resulting in miscarriage or still birth, | |
| |jaundice, anemia, heart defects, mental retardation, or death son| |
| |after birth | |
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|Nutrition |Gaining too little weight during pregnancy can result in |8 |
| |miscarriage, stillbirth, or low birth weight. A well-balanced | |
| |diet is critical, including folic acid (at time of conception can| |
| |reduce neural-tube defects such as anencephaly and spina bifida),| |
| |calcium (prevents improperly developed teeth, and premature | |
| |birth), and protein (protein deficiency may cause mental | |
| |retardation, premature birth, and low resistance to infection). | |
|Narcotics Analgesics: Morphine, |Heroin ca lead to premature, addicted babies suffering from |9 |
|Methadone, Codeine Narcotics: |premature addiction until age six. Babies are twice as likely to| |
|Heroin |die after birth. Children are smaller, less well adjusted and | |
| |score lower on tests for perceptual and learning abilities. | |
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|Rubella (German Measles) |If the mother is infected with the virus before the 11th week, |10 |
| |the baby will most likely become deaf, have heart defects, and | |
| |visual and intellectual deficiencies. | |
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|Sexually Transmitted Disease |Syphilis can be contracted by the fetus resulting in bone, liver,|11 |
| |and brain damage. Left untreated the child is likely to die | |
| |shortly after birth. Genital herpes, gonorrhea, and chlamydial | |
| |infections can be transmitted to infants as they pass through the| |
| |birth canal. Half of newborns who contract herpes die, and half | |
| |of the survivors suffer brain damage or blindness. Infants | |
| |infected with gonorrhea of the eyes and left untreated can become| |
| |blind. Infants contracting chlamydial bacterium become subject | |
| |to eye infections, pneumonia, and SIDS | |
|Toxoplasmosis |Toxoplasmosis is a parasite found in uncooked meat and in fecal |12 |
| |matter of cats and other animals. The parasite affects the | |
| |nervous system of the fetus, resulting in retardation, deafness, | |
| |and blindness. | |
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|Paternal Factor-From the Father |
|Environment, Marijuana/Tobacco |A man’s exposure to lead, marijuana or tobacco smoke, large |13 |
|Smoke, and Alcohol |amounts of alcohol and radiation, and certain pesticides can | |
| |result in abnormal sperm. | |
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|Cocaine and Lead |Can be transmitted to the ovum as it hitchhikes on the sperm. |14 |
| |The results are same as for maternal factors. | |
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|Cigarette Smoke |Nicotine transmitted from father’s smoking to mother and fetus |15 |
| |can result in lower birth weight | |
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Note: Other environmental influences on prenatal development to consider may include maternal and paternal age, diabetes, tuberculosis, prescription and nonprescription drugs, physical activity, hot tubs, and caffeine.
Birth Defects
Instructional Strategy:
Watch as an egg is cracked in a glass jar. The jar will be filled halfway full of rubbing alcohol. Observe changes to the egg. Write below how seeing the changes affect your thinking. Consider what each item represents and how it relates to a birth defect.
Directions:
Define birth defect below. What are some of the factors that can potentially cause birth defects? In what ways can birth defects impact the life of the child and the family?
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Identify Birth Defects
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In Class Project
Each student will be assigned a birth defect to research and create an informational tri fold
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|Inside Page: |Center Back |Front of Pamphlet |
|Conclusion |Include: |Include |
| |Your name |Title |
| |Contact Information |Graphic |
| | |purpose to read |
|Definition |Symptoms |Diagnosis |
|Cause | |Treatment |
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Name __________________________________________ Date __________ ____
Heredity v. Environment Vocabulary Review
|prenatal development |
|hereditary |
|chromosomes |
|genes |
|dominant traits |
|recessive traits |
|cystic fibrosis |
|birth defect |
|muscular dystrophy |
|sickle cell anemia |
|PKU (phenylkentonuria) |
|Tay-Sachs disease |
|Down syndrome |
|multiple births |
|hyperovulation |
|environmental |
|over-the-counter medications |
|fetal alcohol syndrome |
|rubella |
|cerebral palsy |
|cleft lip/cleft palate |
|spina bifida and hydrocephalus |
|1 | |A condition caused by brain damage around the time of birth and marked by lack of muscle control and |
| | |paralysis especially in the limbs |
|2 | |All traits passed down from one generation to the next (e.g., eye, skin, and hair color) |
|3 | |The development of a zygote, embryo, and fetus before birth |
|4 | |Caused by inheriting defective recessive genes from both parents, more commonly occurs in |
| | |African-Americans |
|5 | |A condition in which the body is unable to process and use a specific protein that is present in |
| | |nearly all foods |
|6 | |Traits that typically do not show in a person unless both genes for the trait are inherited |
|7 | |A congenital condition in which part of the spinal cord or meanings protrudes through a cleft in the |
| | |spinal column, resulting in loss of voluntary movement in the lower body. An increase of |
| | |cerebrospinal fluid around the brain, resulting in an enlargement of the head in infants, because the|
| | |bones of the skull are still not fused and the fluid can be drained into the abdominal cavity. |
|8 | |A genetic disease that principally affects those of Jewish ancestry, marked by an accumulation of |
| | |certain fats in the brain and nerves resulting in brain damage, loss of sight and brain functions |
|9 | |A threadlike structure that carries genes in living cells |
|10 | |An abnormality, present at birth, that affects the structure or function of the body and may threaten|
| | |a baby’s health |
|11 | |A genetic disorder characterized by a broad skull, blunt facial features, short stature, and learning|
| | |difficulties; caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 21 |
|12 | |Giving birth to more than one child at a time |
|13 | |A progressive weakness and shrinking of the muscles most commonly inherited |
|14 | |An inherited trait that may produce fraternal twins |
|15 | |Things and people in a person’s surroundings (ex. mother’s health, family, friends, home, community, |
| | |life experiences) |
|16 | |A medication that can be purchased by anyone off the shelf at the pharmacy without a prescription |
|17 | |The basic unit of heredity; genes carry all the characteristics that will transfer from parent to |
| | |child |
|18 | |Traits that always show in a person even if only one gene of the pair is inherited for the trait |
|19 | |A hereditary disease that results in secretion of thick mucus that blocks internal passages, |
| | |including those of the lungs, causing respiratory infections. The pancreas is also affected, |
| | |resulting in a deficiency of digestive enzymes and impaired nutrition |
|20 | |A condition that babies may be born with when the mother drinks during pregnancy; symptoms include |
| | |shaking, crying… |
|21 | |A virus that can complicate pregnancy, causing miscarriage, stillbirth or congenital disorders; also |
| | |called German Measles |
|22 | |An upper lip congenitally divided into two parts |
Terms repeated:
|prenatal development |
|hereditary |
|chromosomes |
|genes |
|dominant traits |
|recessive traits |
|cystic fibrosis |
|birth defect |
|muscular dystrophy |
|sickle cell anemia |
|PKU (phenylkentonuria) |
|Tay-Sachs disease |
|Down syndrome |
|multiple births |
|hyperovulation |
|environmental |
|over-the-counter medications |
|fetal alcohol syndrome |
|rubella |
|cerebral palsy |
|cleft lip/cleft palate |
|spina bifida and hydrocephalus |
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Name That Month
Directions:
Form nine groups. Each group take one of the case study strips below. Read the case study and decide which month of the pregnancy the case study describes for the mother and baby.
Share what you found with class. Use “Name That Month-Key” for correct answers.
| |1. The zygote is the size of a pin head. The egg is attached to the lining of the uterus. The zygote is attached to the lining of the uterus and becomes |
| |an embryo. The mother has missed her period, her breasts have enlarged, and she has to urinate frequently. What month is this? |
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| |2. The fetus is 17-18 inches long and weighs 5-6 pounds. The fetus continues gaining weight until the week before birth. The skin becomes smooth as fat |
| |deposits continue to develop. Movement decreases as the fetus has less room to move around. The fetus acquires antibodies to fight disease from the |
| |mother’s blood and moves into the pelvis, ready for birth. The mother feels lightening as the fetus drops into the pelvis; breathing becomes easier. |
| |Other discomforts may continue, and a total weight gain of 25-35 pounds is typical. False labor pains may be experienced. What month is this? |
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| |3. The embryo is ¼ inch long and has developed face, eyes, ears, and limbs. The bones have begun to form. The embryo changes to a fetus and remains a |
| |fetus until birth. The mother has swelling of breasts and increased urination due to pressure on the bladder. She is not having nausea or morning |
| |sickness. What month is this? |
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| |4. The fetus is 3 inches long and weighs one ounce. The fetus can suck its thumb, swallow, hiccup, and move around. The facial features become clearer. |
| |The mother’s abdomen continues to grow. Slowly. Most discomforts of early pregnancy, such as morning sickness, usually are gone. Appetite increases. |
| |What month is it? |
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| |5. The fetus is about 8-10 inches long and weighs about 8-12 ounces. The mother senses fetal movement as strong kick, thumps, and bumps - - - some may be|
| |visible. The mother gains as much as 10-12 pounds during this month. What month is it? |
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| |6. The fetus is about 14-16 inches long, weighs about 2 ½ - 3 pounds as the month begins. The weight gain continues rapidly. The fetus may react to loud|
| |noises with a reflex jerking action. The fetus moves into a head-down position. The mother may show signs of discomfort from increased size. She might |
| |show signs of backache and fatigue along with leg cramps and shortness of breath. The fetal kicks may disturb the mother’s rest. At the beginning of the |
| |month, weight gain totals about 18-20 pounds. What month is this? |
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| |7. The fetus is about one inch long. Nostrils, mouth, lips, teeth buds and eyelids form. Fingers and toes also develop. All organs are present, |
| |although they are immature. The mother’s breasts become firm and full, and they may ache. Nausea, fatigue and frequent urination are still present. The |
| |abdomen becomes slightly larger. The uterus is about the size of an orange. The mother has gained 2-4 pounds. What month is this? |
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| |8. The size of the fetus is 14-16 inches long and weighs about 1 ½ - 2 pounds as the month begins. The fetus goes through periods of rest and quiet. The|
| |mother’s increased size may affect her posture. What month is this? |
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| |9. The fetus is about 6 ½ - 7 inches long and weighs about 4-5 ounces. Hair, eyelashes, and eyebrows appear and teeth continue to develop. The organs |
| |are maturing and the fetus is becoming more active. The mother’s abdomen has become large enough to let others know she is pregnant. Slight fetal |
| |movements are felt. Increased size has begun to affect her posture. What month is this? |
Understand components of a healthy pregnancy and delivery.
Read in the text about what happens during conception. Have students do a Sketch-to-stretch activity. Have students draw a picture of what they have learned or know about conception. Under the sketch, have the student write a 1-2 sentence summary about the picture. Students do not have to be artists to complete the sketch; encourage stick figures and quick responses. Have students share drawings with class. Have the students act out the words in the text that describe conception.
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Show PowerPoint “Fetal Development use “Teacher’s Guide” to assist in presenting the PowerPoint. Use “Key Terms” to define the words in the PowerPoint. Have students respond to questions asked during the PowerPoint.
A Healthy Pregnancy
Power Point Notes
22 Slides
|Preparation: |
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|Rest: |
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|Exercise: |
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|Clothing: |
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|Nutrition |
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|Weight Gain |
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|Distribution of Weight |
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|Affects on the body |
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Now view the Miracle of Life Video—
Healthy Delivery
Directions:
Develop a typical daily routine for a pregnant woman. Have students incorporate these personal care activities:
Rest– allow 8 hours of sleep and perhaps a nap
Exercise – plan time for an appropriate exercise routine
Hygiene – stress the importance of bathing daily and washing hands frequently to avoid illness.
Share your routines with the class.
|Time |Activity |
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Why Exercise During Pregnancy
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Why Exercise:
1. To help prepare the body for the stress of labor and delivery
a. To decrease the risk of straining a muscle or joint used during childbirth because normal hormone changes cause ligaments and joints to relax increasing the chance of sprains that strength and flexibility exercises help prevent
b. To improve stamina’
2. To help relieve back pain
3. To improve posture
4. To maintain good balance
a. As the uterus grows bigger, the body’s center of gravity changes, making it easier for the pregnant woman to lose her balance
b. Exercise helps the individual easily adapt to her changing shape
5. To help your body carry the added load during pregnancy more efficiently
6. To improve blood circulation
7. To maintain lower blood pressure and resting heart rate
a. Aerobic exercise – like walking or biking –conditions the heart and lungs. Pregnancy can affect breathing. One should expect to feel out of breath sooner than normal. If one can talk while exercising, she is probably exercising at the right level. If one gets out of breath, cut back. Lung fitness is improved with aerobic exercise.
b. Because of the extra effort the heart makes during pregnancy, it beats faster. Even moderate exercise can make the heart stronger. During exercise, keep heart rate lower than 140 beats per minute
8. To maintain a good self-image
9. To regain pre-pregnancy figure faster
10. To be safe and always follow doctor recommendations:
a. Before starting any exercise program, check with your healthcare provider first. Certain medical problems do not allow exercise during pregnancy. Remember, exercise for good health, fitness, and fun.
b. Beginning a new sport or aerobic type exercise for the first time if pregnant is not recommended during pregnancy.
c. Traveling over 8000 ft above sea level or over exerting during last 3 months of pregnancy is not recommended since these may reduce oxygen supply to the fetus.
11. Eating Plan for a Mother-to-Be
Directions: Nutrition of a mother-to-be is important both before and during pregnancy. During the first three months of pregnancy, the unborn feeds on nutrients from the yolk sac of the ovum and the mucous tissues that line the uterus. This underscores the importance of a good diet BEFORE pregnancy occurs. For the remaining six months before birth, the unborn receives nutrients directly from the mother’s digestive tract through the umbilical cord. Use and more specifically: to plan an appropriate three day menu for a pregnancy woman.
| |Breakfast |Lunch |Dinner |Snack |
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Prenatal Behavior
Directions: The following statements describe the behavior of pregnant women. If you think the woman is doing a healthful thing, write a (+) in the space provided. If you think her behavior could be harmful, write a (-) in the space.
|1 | |Mary wants to avoid looking pregnant so she wears tight jeans to hold in her stomach |
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|2 | |Mary drinks diet drinks during her pregnancy so she will not gain more than 15 pounds. |
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|3 | |Jennifer purchased a pair of flat shoes one size larger than her usual shoe size |
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|4 | |Pamela likes to try new sports, but she decided to postpone horseback riding until after her baby was born |
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|5 | |Jamie takes her prescribed vitamin supplements daily and eats a nutritious diet |
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|6 | |Sam is experiencing problems with constipation. |
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|7 | |Karen used to watch horror movies that made her nervous and kept her awake. Since becoming pregnant, she has switched to watching|
| | |comedy. |
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|8 | |Linda quit smoking when she learned she was pregnant, but doesn’t leave the room when her husband or friends smoke. |
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|9 | |Marilyn suspects she is pregnant, so she stopped taking medications. |
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|10 | |Michelle waited seven months after her measles vaccine before becoming pregnant |
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|11 | |Sarah takes daily naps or finds time to sit down and read a book |
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|12 | |Lauren is allergic to cats. She borrowed her fiend’s allergy medication until her next doctor’s visit |
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[pic][pic][pic]
Note: Water was not mentioned in the reading. Water is vital to human life. Water keeps your body energized and moving. Without adequate water in your system your systems will move slower and may stop. If your body is unable to adequately move nutrients, blood, oxygen, and harmful elements through your body they will cause cancer and other diseases to form. Water can be found naturally in foods but the recommendation is 8-8 ounces of water a day. That is 64 ounces. How big is your super sized beverage? How much of it is sugar? How much is caffeine? And what is this actually doing for your body? And is a baby supposed to have caffeine? What did we say caffeine does to the fetus?
Water: Meeting Your Daily Fluid Needs
Ever notice how lifeless a house plant looks when you forget to water it? Just a little water and it seems to perk back up. Water is just as essential for our bodies because it is in every cell, tissue, and organ in your body. That's why getting enough water every day is important for your health.
Healthy people meet their fluid needs by drinking when thirsty and drinking fluids with meals. But, if you're outside in hot weather for most of the day or doing vigorous physical activity, you'll need to make an effort to drink more fluids.
Where do I get the water I need?
Most of your water needs are met through the water and beverages you drink.
You can get some fluid through the foods you eat. For example, broth soups and other foods that are 85% to 95% water such as celery, tomatoes, oranges, and melons.
What does water do in my body?
Water helps your body with the following:
• Keeps its temperature normal.
• Lubricates and cushions your joints.
• Protects your spinal cord and other sensitive tissues.
• Gets rid of wastes through urination, perspiration, and bowel movements.
Why do I need to drink enough water each day?
You need water to replace what your body loses through normal everyday functions. Of course, you lose water when you go to the bathroom or sweat, but you even lose small amounts of water when you exhale. You need to replace this lost water to prevent dehydration.
Your body also needs more water when you are—
• In hot climates.
• More physically active.
• Running a fever.
• Having diarrhea or vomiting.
To help you stay hydrated during prolonged physical activity or when it is hot outside:
• Drink fluid while doing the activity.
• Drink several glasses of water or other fluid after the physical activity is completed.
Also, when you are participating in vigorous physical activity, it's important to drink before you even feel thirsty. Thirst is a signal that your body is on the way to dehydration. For more information, visit Fit Facts, Healthy Hydration from the American Council on Fitness [pic][pic].*(PDF-1.4Mb)
Some people may have fluid restrictions because of a health problem, such as kidney disease. If your healthcare provider has told you to restrict your fluid intake, be sure to follow that advice.
Tips for Increasing Your Fluid Intake by Drinking More Water
Under normal conditions, most people can drink enough fluids to meet their water needs. If you are outside in hot weather for most of the day or doing vigorous activity, you may need to increase your fluid intake.
If you think you're not getting enough water each day, the following tips may help:
• Carry a water bottle for easy access when you are at work or running errands.
• Freeze some freezer-safe water bottles. Take one with you for ice-cold water all day long.
• Choose water instead of sugar-sweetened beverages. This tip can also help with weight management. Substituting water for one 20-ounce sugar-sweetened soda will save you about 240 calories.
• Choose water instead of other beverages when eating out. Generally, you will save money and reduce calories.
• Give your water a little pizzazz by adding a wedge of lime or lemon. This may improve the taste, and you just might drink more water than you usually do.
Do sugar-sweetened beverages count?
Although beverages that are sweetened with sugars do provide water, they usually have more calories than unsweetened beverages. To help with weight control, you should consume beverages and foods that don't have added sugars.
Examples of beverages with added sugars:
• Fruit drinks.
• Some sports drinks.
• Soft drinks and sodas (non-diet).
Visit Rethink Your Drink for more information about the calories in beverages and how you can make better drink choices to reduce your calorie intake.
Sources:
U.S. National Library of Medicine & NIH. MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Water in Diet.[pic]
History of Labor PPP
|Slides |Notes |
|[pic] | |
|[pic] | |
|[pic] | |
|[pic] | |
What is Your Choice of Location?
Directions: Parents-to-be have a number of choices as to where and how their children will be delivered. Before making a choice, they need to weigh the advantages and disadvantages of each option. Complete the chart below by listing advantages and disadvantages of each.
| |Advantages |Disadvantages |
|Home Delivery | | |
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|Birthing Room Delivery | | |
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|Standard Hospital | | |
|Delivery | | |
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What is Your Choice of Method?
Directions: Parents-to-be have a number of choices as to where and how their children will be delivered. Before making a choice, they need to weigh the advantages and disadvantages of each option. Complete the chart below by listing advantages and disadvantages.
| |Advantages |Disadvantages |
|Natural | | |
|Childbirth | | |
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|Lamaze Method | | |
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|Leboyer Method | | |
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|Cesarean Section| | |
|Method | | |
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What is Your Choice of Personnel?
Directions: Parents-to-be have a number of choices as to where and how their children will be delivered. Before making a choice, they need to weigh the advantages and disadvantages of each option. Complete the chart below by listing advantages and disadvantages.
| |Advantages |Disadvantages |
|Obstetrician | | |
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|Family Doctor | | |
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|Licensed Mid Wife | | |
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Stages of Labor
|Define: lanugo. |
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|Define: vernix caseosa |
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|Why is there a lack of movement by the fetus in the ninth month? |
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Stages of Labor
Directions: Answer the following questions as you read the section in the text on stages of labor
|1. What occurs when “lightening” happens? |
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|2. What is “bloody show,” and what does it mean for a pregnant woman? |
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|3. What happens when a woman’s “water breaks?” |
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|4. What are contractions? What is their purpose? |
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|5. Why would a doctor do fetal monitoring during labor? |
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|6. When would labor be considered premature? What are the warning signs? |
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|7. How do you distinguish false labor from real contractions? |
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Healthy Pregnancy and Delivery Vocabulary Review
|Personal hygiene |
|Tub bath |
|Sponge bath |
|Kegel exercise |
|Pelvic floor |
|Nutrient dense |
|Mercury |
|Fontanels |
|Food borne illness |
|Listeriosis |
|Obstetrician |
|Folic acid |
|Alternative birth center |
|Home delivery |
|Standard hospital delivery |
|Natural childbirth |
|Lamaze method |
|Leboyer method |
|Cesarean method |
|Breech birth |
|Early labor |
|Active labor |
|Transition |
|Episiotomy |
|Genetic counseling |
|Amniocentesis |
|Chronic villi sampling |
|Ultrasound |
|Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) |
|1 | |A blood test that measures the level of alpha-fetoprotein in the mothers’ blood during pregnancy |
| | |as an indicator of possible birth defects in a fetus |
|2 | |Strengthens the pelvic color muscles, which support the uterus, bladder and bowel |
|3 | |A soft, membrane-covered space between the bones at the front and the back of a newborn’s skull |
|4 | |A facility where the baby is delivered in a room with the family present |
|5 | |Giving birth to a baby at home |
|6 | |Having a baby in a medical hospital with a doctor and staff in a delivery room |
|7 | |The act or process of giving birth using limited medication |
|8 | |A surgical procedure to remove the baby from the mother’s uterus in case of complications |
| | |prohibiting a vaginal delivery |
|9 | | |
|10 | | |
|11 | |A woman is physically and psychologically prepared through prenatal training in the use of |
| | |controlled breathing and coached by a partner to facilitate the process of natural childbirth |
|12 | |Hazards that make food unsafe to eat |
|13 | |A disease of the nervous system of humans that can cause fever, meningitis, miscarriage, or |
| | |premature birth and is spread by eating food contaminated with listeria |
|14 | |A medical doctor who specializes in pregnancy and delivery |
|15 | |A method of childbirth where delivery occurs in a quiet, dimly lit room and the infant’s head is |
| | |not pulled, minimizing the trauma for the newborn and allowing for immediate bonding between |
| | |mother and child |
|16 | | |
|17 | |Intense labor, cervix 7 centimeters, last 30 minuets to two hours |
|18 | |A small cut made at the opening of the birth canal |
|19 | |The process by which patients or relatives, at risk of an inherited disorder, are advised of the |
| | |consequences and nature of the disorder, the probability of developing or transmitting it, and the|
| | |options open to them in management and family planning in order to prevent, avoid, or reduce the |
| | |likelihood of an inherited disorder |
|20 | |Baby is delivered feet or buttocks first |
|21 | |Mild contractions, last 8 to 12 hours |
|22 | |The lower pelvic area of a female |
|23 | |Foods having calories that are packed with important nutrients including fruits, vegetables, whole|
| | |grains, legumes, lean meats, and low-fat dairy products |
|24 | |Keeping the body clean and fresh |
|25 | |A body cleansing by being immersed in water |
|26 | |A body cleansing using just a sponge and some water, without immersion; usually performed on |
| | |someone confined to bed |
|27 | |A heavy metal toxin that can harm fetal nervous tissue |
|28 | |Fetal monitor may be used, cervix 3 centimeters, lasts 3 to 5 hours |
Terms repeated:
|Personal hygiene |
|Tub bath |
|Sponge bath |
|Kegel exercise |
|Pelvic floor |
|Nutrient dense |
|Mercury |
|Fontanels |
|Food borne illness |
|Listeriosis |
|Obstetrician |
|Folic acid |
|Alternative birth center |
|Home delivery |
|Standard hospital delivery |
|Natural childbirth |
|Lamaze method |
|Leboyer method |
|Cesarean method |
|Breech birth |
|Early labor |
|Active labor |
|Transition |
|Episiotomy |
|Genetic counseling |
|Amniocentesis |
|Chronic villi sampling |
|Ultrasound |
|Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) |
Stages of Labor Vocabulary Review
|Pregnancy |
|Trimester |
|Ovum |
|Ovulation |
|Sperm |
|Conception |
|Zygote |
|Embryo |
|Fetus |
|Prenatal Development |
|Amniotic Fluid |
|Amniotic sac |
|Umbilical cord |
|Placenta |
|Blastocyst |
|Lightening |
|Quickening |
|Uterus |
|Lanugo |
|Virnix Caseosa |
|1 | |Sperm and ovum unite; also known as fertilization |
|2 | |Fertilized human egg; the Zygote stage lasts from conception to two weeks |
|3 | |Once a month a woman’s egg is released from the ovaries |
|4 | |The developing baby from about the third week of pregnancy through the eight week |
|5 | |To move and be felt moving in the womb |
|6 | |A hollow muscular organ in the pelvic cavity of the female, in which the embryo is nourished and develops before |
| | |birth |
|7 | |A period of about three months |
|8 | |The period during which a fertilized egg grows and develops into a human being inside the mother’s body |
|9 | |The final stage of pregnancy from the ninth month until birth |
|10 | |The period during which a fertilized egg grows and develops into a human being inside the mother’s body |
|11 | |Waxy or “cheesy” white substance found coating the skin of newborn humans |
|12 | |A fluid that cushions the baby against possible injury, allows the baby to move around easily, and regulates the |
| | |baby’s temperature |
|13 | |The process or time during late pregnancy when the fetal head begins to descend into the mother’s pelvis, resulting |
| | |in a lessening of pressure on the diaphragm |
|14 | |Male cell needed for reproduction |
|15 | |A hallow muscular organ in the pelvic cavity of the female , in which the embryo is nourished and develops before |
| | |birth |
|16 | |The sac that holds the amniotic fluid |
|17 | |A flexible cord that contains blood vessels and connects the baby to th placenta |
|18 | |A Woman’s egg |
|19 | |A special organ that functions as an interchange between the developing baby and its mother providing nutrients and |
| | |blood to the fetus |
|20 | |All development that occurs between conception and birth |
|21 | |Soft prenatal hair, usually shed In the 7th to 8th month |
4.1: Prenatal Development
Use the Cornell Notes form of note taking to outline the section.
Summary: Anytime sexual intercourse occurs, pregnancy may occur. Abstinence is the only guaranteed way to prevent pregnancy. There are many contraception options available for couples. Chromosomes from each parent determine the baby’s inherited traits. Couples who cannot conceive may seek infertility treatment or adopt a child the three stages of prenatal development are the germinal stage, the embryonic stage, and the fetal stage.
|Family Planning | |
|When can conception occur? | |
|What is the only 100% effective method that | |
|prevents STI’s and pregnancy? | |
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|Conception | |
|Define: | |
|Ovum | |
|Uterus | |
|Fallopian tube | |
|Sperm | |
|Conception | |
|Where in the woman’s body may a sperm penetrate | |
|and fertilize the ovum? | |
|How long is an ovum capable of living? | |
|Sperm are capable of fertilizing an ovum for how | |
|many hours? | |
|Out of an average 28 day menstrual cycle when | |
|does ovulation occur? | |
|How long does the ovum take to travel through the| |
|fallopian tube? | |
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|Role of Genetics | |
|Define: | |
|Chromosome | |
|Gene | |
|Genome | |
|DNA | |
|How are physical traits and talents transferred | |
|from parent to child? | |
|How many chromosomes are received at conception? | |
|IF everyone is unique how can twins be identical?| |
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|Dominant and Recessive Genes | |
|Which genes are stronger? | |
|How are characteristics determined? | |
|Which traits require multiple genes? | |
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|Making a Unique Person | |
|With the same father and mother do each child in | |
|a family receive the same combination of genes? | |
|Explain | |
|When and how is the sex of a baby determined? | |
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|Multiple Births | |
|When are twins determined? | |
|What is the difference between identical and | |
|fraternal twins? | |
|Why will fraternal twins not look alike? | |
|Why is the birth of three of more babies at a | |
|time increasing? | |
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|Infertility | |
|Define: | |
|Infertility | |
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|Options for Infertile Couples | |
|Define: | |
|Surrogate | |
|List four options for infertility | |
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|Questions Raised | |
|Define Controversial | |
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|Three Stages of Pregnancy | |
|Define: | |
|Prenatal development | |
|How may stages are included in Prenatal | |
|Development? | |
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|Germinal Stage | |
|Define: | |
|Zygote | |
| | |
|Cell Division | |
|When does division occur? | |
|How long does it take the Zygote to grow to 500 | |
|living cells? | |
|Implantation | |
|Where does implantation occur? | |
|Draw the exact size of a Zygote. | |
|At this size does it have everything it will need| |
|to grow into a fully developed human being? | |
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|The Embryonic Stage | |
|Define: embryo | |
|How long is this stage of development? | |
|What forms during this stage? | |
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|Organs and Body System | |
|What major systems of the human body are formed | |
|during the Embryonic Stage? | |
|How many days after conception does the neural | |
|tube close? | |
|What is the neural tube become? | |
|How many weeks after conception will the brain | |
|start to control movement of the embryo? | |
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|Amniotic Sac | |
|Define: | |
|Amniotic Fluid | |
| | |
|Placenta and Umbilical Cord | |
|Define: | |
|Placenta | |
|Umbilical cord | |
|Is the baby’s Umbilical cord connected to the | |
|mother’s belly button? | |
|Why is it that the Umbilical cord usually can not| |
|wrap around the fetus? | |
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|The Fetal Stage | |
|Define: | |
|Fetus | |
|Spontaneous | |
|What develops during this stage? | |
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|Making Movements | |
|When does movement that can be felt occur? | |
|How can a baby signal it can hear the outside | |
|world from inside the womb? | |
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|Completing Development | |
|At what age can the fetus survive outside the | |
|womb? | |
|Why would the fetus actually grow fat? | |
|Does a fetus dream? | |
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|Staying Active | |
|Describe how the fetus uses all five sense inside| |
|the womb | |
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|Growing Bigger | |
|Why does movement lessen in the ninth month? | |
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|Ready for Birth | |
|How many weeks is the duration of a common | |
|pregnancy? | |
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4.2: Problems in Prenatal Development
Use the Cornell Notes form of note taking to outline the section.
Summary: Some pregnancies end in miscarriage or stillbirth. When a miscarriage or stillbirth occurs, the parents must deal with their grief. Birth defects have a variety of causes including factors in the environment; heredity factors; and a combination of environmental and heredity factors. There are tests such as alpha-fetoprotein, ultrasound, amniocentesis, and chorionic villi sampling that help diagnose potential birth defects.
|Birth Defects | |
|How many babies die a year from birth | |
|defects? | |
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|Types and Causes of Birth Defects | |
|List four causes of Birth Defects | |
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|Environmental Causes | |
|When during prenatal development is a | |
|baby most affected by the mother’s | |
|environment? | |
|Give examples of factors a mother can | |
|control | |
|Hereditary Causes | |
|Define: | |
|Recessive inheritance | |
|Dominant inheritance | |
| | |
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|Errors in Chromosomes | |
|How does this occur? | |
|What is the most common result? | |
|The risk for this birth defect increase | |
|in mothers over what age? | |
| | |
|Interaction of Heredity and Environment | |
|Define: | |
|Genetic Predispositions | |
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|Prevention and Diagnosis of Birth Defects| |
|Would you seek help before or after | |
|conception? | |
|How soon after conception should a woman | |
|begin prenatal care? | |
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|Genetic counseling | |
|What information can family health | |
|history provide? | |
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|Prenatal Tests | |
|How many birth defects can now be | |
|detected before birth? | |
|What can an Ultrasound detect? | |
|How is a 3D ultra sound different? | |
|Amniocentesis are performed when and why?| |
|Which test takes a tissue sample from the| |
|membrane encasing the fetus? | |
|How are Chorionic Villi Sampling and | |
|Amniocentesis different? | |
|How will Laparoscope procedure be used in| |
|the future? | |
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4.3: Avoiding Dangers to the Baby
Use the Cornell Notes form of note taking to outline the section.
Summary: Everything a pregnant woman eats, drinks, and breathes affects her developing fetus. She should avoid alcohol, prescription and over-the-counter medicines, illegal drugs, caffeine, nicotine, ad inhalants because they can be dangerous to the unborn child. Environmental hazards can cause harm. When present in a pregnant woman, diseases and infections can be harmful to the baby as well.
|Effects of Alcohol and Other Drugs on | |
|Pregnancy | |
|How do a mothers actions affect her unborn | |
|baby? | |
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|Alcohol | |
|How mach alcohol can a pregnant woman consume?| |
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|Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) | |
|Define: | |
|Deformity | |
|Is FAS curable? | |
|Out of every five babies born with FAS how | |
|many will die before their 5th birthday? | |
|What are fetal alcohol effects? | |
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|Prescription Drugs and Over-the-Counter Drugs | |
|What drugs are safe drugs when a woman is | |
|pregnant? | |
|Out all nine months of prenatal development | |
|which are the most crucial? | |
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|Caffeine | |
|Besides coffee and tea what else contains | |
|caffeine? | |
|Is caffeine more potent to the fetus or the | |
|mother? | |
|More than 2 cups of coffee can cause what? | |
|What does caffeine draw from the body? | |
|How does sugar combine with caffeine and cause| |
|unrest? | |
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|Tobacco | |
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|Illegal Drugs | |
|How long will children of mothers who do drugs| |
|suffer the affects? Explain SIDS | |
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|Environmental Hazards | |
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|X-Rays | |
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|Hazardous Substances and Chemicals | |
|State six examples | |
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|Diseases and Infections | |
|Why should a woman be vaccinated before | |
|becoming pregnant | |
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|Rubella | |
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|Toxoplasmosis | |
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|Chicken Pox | |
|Define: Congenital | |
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|Sexually Transmitted Infections | |
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|Syphilis | |
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|AIDS | |
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|Genital Herpes | |
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5.1: A Healthy Pregnancy
Use the Cornell Notes form of note taking to outline the section.
Summary: A woman should see a doctor as soon as she believes she is pregnant. She should receive regular care during her pregnancy. Eating a well-balanced diet with foods from each of the five food groups is essential to the health of the developing baby and the mother. Moderate exercise and stress management are also important.
|Health During Pregnancy | |
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|Early signs of Pregnancy | |
|List three signs of possible pregnancy | |
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|Medical Care | |
|Define: | |
|Obstetrician | |
|How does the Ob set up payment plans for | |
|fees? | |
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| | |
|The first exam | |
|Define Anemia | |
|RH Factor | |
|What can a mother to be expect during her | |
|first check up? | |
|How is the due date predicted? | |
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|Periodic Checkups | |
|Define: | |
|Gestational Diabetes | |
|Preeclampsia | |
|How often doe mother’s see their Ob during | |
|pregnancy? | |
|Should the expecting father participate in | |
|these visits? | |
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|Discomforts of Pregnancy | |
|Define: | |
|Robust | |
|Alleviate | |
|When should a woman discuss problems with her| |
|doctor? | |
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|Possible Serious Complications | |
|List ten of the twelve stated possible | |
|complications | |
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|Physical Changes | |
|Define: | |
|Lightening | |
|Breech Positioning | |
|What position should the fetus be in toward | |
|the end of the 40th week? | |
|What causes stretch marks? | |
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|Weight Gain During Pregnancy | |
|How much should a woman gain during a typical| |
|pregnancy? | |
|In the first three months how much should the| |
|mother gain? | |
|What can gaining too little weight do to the | |
|baby? | |
|What happens with too much weight gain? | |
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|Maternity Clothes | |
|Why do women need looser clothes during | |
|pregnancy? | |
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|Daily Routines | |
|What four routines do women need to make sure| |
|they follow during pregnancy? | |
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|Emotional Health During Pregnancy | |
|What causes mood swings? | |
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|Depression | |
|Define: Depression | |
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|Stress | |
|Comment on the six provided ways to reduce | |
|stress | |
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|Nutrition During Pregnancy | |
|What is affected in the unborn baby by the | |
|mother’s diet? | |
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|Five Food Groups Plus Oils | |
|Who develops nutritional guidelines? | |
|What is the current Nutrition Plan called? | |
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|Grains | |
|What nutrients do grain contain? | |
|What do these provide to the body? | |
|What is the difference between whole and | |
|refined grains? | |
|What does refining improve? | |
|What does refining remove? | |
|When looking at your plate how much of it | |
|should hold a grain food product? | |
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|Vegetables | |
|What will eating vegetables do for the | |
|mother? | |
|What nutrients do Vegetables contain? | |
|How much of your plate should be covered with| |
|vegetables? | |
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|Fruits | |
|Is punch a fruit? | |
|What percentage of fruit must a beverage | |
|contain to be considered a fruit? | |
|What important nutrients do fruits contain? | |
|What percentage of your plate or place | |
|setting should contain fruit? | |
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|Milk Products | |
|Define: | |
|Osteoporosis | |
|What nutrients can be found in dairy | |
|products? | |
|Why is choosing low-fat dairy important? | |
|What percentage of your plate or place | |
|setting should include dairy? | |
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|Meat and Beans | |
|What nutrient is found in Meats and beans? | |
|What does this nutrient do for the body? | |
|How much of your plate should contain a meat | |
|or beans. | |
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|Oils | |
|Define: Fat | |
|Where does fat come from? | |
|Which fats increase your risk for heart | |
|disease? | |
|Which fats are healthier? | |
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|Vitamins and Minerals | |
|Which is better the real deal or a pill? | |
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|Vitamins | |
|Lack of vitamins may cause what birth defect?| |
|What five Vitamins are mentioned and what | |
|will they do? | |
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|Minerals | |
|What is the big deal about IRON? | |
|What foods provide iron? | |
|What two nutrients provide calcium and | |
|phosphorous? | |
|Not mentioned in the reading but what kills | |
|phosphorous? | |
|So why are most milk cartons made from clear | |
|plastic? | |
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|Food Quantities | |
|What variants determine how many calories a | |
|mother will need? | |
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| |
|feeding.html | |
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|Nutrition and Pregnant Teens | |
|Why do teens need to be especially careful | |
|when making good food choices? | |
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|Special Diets | |
|Women who choose to avoid certain foods for | |
|personal reasons should do what? | |
| | |
|Sensitivities to Milk | |
|Define: | |
|Lactose intolerant | |
|Lactose | |
|What is a food substitute to a glass of milk | |
|that provides calcium? | |
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|Vegetarians | |
|Define; Vegetarian and Vegan | |
|What can you eat to ensure you are getting a | |
|complete amino acid (protein)? | |
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5.2 Preparing for the Baby’s Arrival
Use the Cornell Notes form of note taking to outline the section.
Summary: Parents-to-be should prepare for the birth of the child. They should create a budget and decide how they will balance their lives after the baby is born. Other children in the family must be prepared for the new baby’s arrival. The baby’s room must be prepared. Parents must choose whether to breast- or bottle-feed the baby. A pediatrician must be chosen. Child care options must be considered and other expenses must be figured into the budget.
|Preparing for Parenthood | |
|What are some key subjects expectant parents | |
|should discuss? | |
| | |
|Other Children in the Family | |
|List some areas other children in the family will | |
|have in adjusting to a new family member. | |
| | |
|Clothes, Equipment, and Space | |
|List specific items parents will need | |
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| | |
|Baby’s Room | |
|How many hours will a new born sleep? | |
|How can you make any room a quiet zone for the | |
|baby? | |
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|The Crib | |
|Define: | |
|Slat | |
|Identify some safety considerations when choosing | |
|a crib. | |
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|The Diaper-Changing Area | |
|What should a changing surface be covered with and| |
|why? | |
|Even young babies that can not roll over wiggle | |
|what precautions should be made to prevent falls? | |
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|Decisions About Feeding | |
|Define: Formula | |
|What are the advantages of breast milk? | |
|How can the father be included in feeding? | |
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|Choosing a Pediatrician | |
|Define: Pediatrician | |
|What are considerations for choosing a doctor? | |
| | |
|Making a Budget | |
|Define: | |
|Fixed Expense | |
|Flexible Expense | |
|How do the expenses of one more in your life add | |
|to your budget? | |
|What is the first step in building a budget? | |
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|Estimating Health Care Expenses | |
|How can the cost of hospital bills be paid? | |
|Why is it important to examine your insurance | |
|policy before selecting a doctor and or hospital? | |
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|Consider Child Care Options | |
|Define: | |
|Maternity Leave | |
|Paternity leave | |
|Describe factors parents must consider when | |
|deciding on child care for a new baby. | |
|Is leave paid for? | |
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|Estimate Other Expenses | |
|What other expenses need to be factored into the | |
|budget? | |
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|Make a Plan | |
|Once all expenses are considered if the bills are | |
|more than the income which bills need to be | |
|reexamined? | |
|Reduce Expenses | |
|What items can parents used second hand? | |
|What legally must the parent provide? | |
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5.3 Childbirth Options
Use the Cornell Notes form of note taking to outline the section.
Summary: Prepared childbirth helps expectant parents get ready for labor ad delivery. Expectant parents must choose a health care professional to attend the birth. Options include: Obstetrician, family doctor, and mid wife. They must also decide where the baby will be born. Options for where the baby will be born include: home, hospital, and alternative birth center.
|Prepared Childbirth | |
|Define: | |
|Prepared Childbirth | |
|Labor | |
|Delivery | |
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|Delivery Options | |
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|Health Care Professionals | |
|Define: | |
|Midwife | |
|Complications | |
|Compare three professionals qualified to deliver a| |
|baby. | |
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|Places to Give Birth | |
|Do babies have to be born in a hospital? | |
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|Home | |
|Define: compressed | |
|What are complications that could happen at home | |
|during birth? | |
|Who should at least be available to assist with | |
|the birth? | |
| | |
| | |
|Hospital | |
|How long does the Government require insurance | |
|companies to cover for hospital stays after | |
|delivery? | |
|Besides the technology advanced of modern medicine| |
|what can a hospital provide a new parent? | |
| | |
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|Alternative Birth Center | |
|Define: Alternative Birth Center | |
|Why would parents choose an Alternative Birth | |
|Center? | |
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6.1: The Baby’s Arrival
Use the Cornell Notes form of note taking to outline the section.
Summary: There are three main stages of labor: Contractions open the cervix, the baby is born, and the placenta is expelled. Some women must have a cesarean delivery, which requires surgery. After a Cesarean delivery the mother must recover from surgery. Many babies are born prematurely. Many premature babies have long-term health issues or learning problems.
|The Progression of Labor | |
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|The Beginning of Labor | |
|What signals the baby may arrive with in days | |
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|Early Signs of Labor | |
|Define: | |
|Show | |
|Cervix | |
|Contraction | |
|Fetal Monitoring | |
|What does mean when a woman says her water has | |
|broken? | |
|How do contractions push the baby out? | |
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|Premature Labor | |
|How many weeks of prenatal development before | |
|birth is considered a premature birth? | |
|What are warning signs of premature labor? | |
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|False Labor | |
|List three signs doctors look for to determine if | |
|labor has begun. | |
| | |
|Inducing Labor | |
|Define: | |
|Induce | |
|Why is labor induced? | |
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|Stages of Labor | |
|Briefly describe the three stages of labor. | |
|How long can the first stage last for a first time| |
|mother? | |
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|The First Stage | |
|Define: | |
|Dilate | |
|What is the duration of contractions at the | |
|beginning of the first stage? | |
|What is the end of the first stage refereed to as?| |
|How fully dilated should the cervix be at this | |
|time? | |
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|The Second Stage | |
|Define: | |
|Relaxin | |
|Episiotomy | |
|Forceps | |
|What could happen if the woman pushes too soon? | |
|How is a babies head designed for the journey of | |
|birth? | |
|Describe a newborn’s appearance immediately after | |
|birth. | |
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|The Third Stage | |
|Define: | |
|Cord blood | |
|Stem Cells | |
|What happens during the third stage? | |
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|How to Cope with Labor | |
|Define: | |
|Anesthesia | |
|What three criteria should be considered to reduce| |
|pain during labor? | |
| | |
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| | |
|Cesarean Birth | |
|Define: | |
|Cesarean birth | |
|How does a C-Section differ from a natural birth? | |
|What are three reasons a mother might have a | |
|Cesarean delivery? | |
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|Premature Birth | |
|Define: | |
|Incubator | |
|Why do premature babies require special care? | |
|Do preemies stay developmentally behind for life? | |
|List factors that contribute to premature births. | |
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6.2: The Newborn
Use the Cornell Notes form of note taking to outline the section.
Summary: At birth, the newborn changes physically in several ways. Blood circulates to and from the lungs, the heart pumps harder, the umbilical cord shrinks, and circulatory systems adjust tot the world outside the womb. The Apgar scale is used to measure heart rate, breathing, muscle tone, response to stimulation, and skin color. Newborns receive several additional tests during the first few days of life after birth.
|The Baby Arrives | |
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|The Newborn’s Appearance | |
|Define: | |
|Fontanel | |
|Fuse | |
|Secure | |
|Lanugo | |
|Vernix | |
|What is the first measure of independence a | |
|newborn baby has? | |
|Explain why the newborn’s face might be swollen | |
|after birth. | |
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|Examining the Newborn | |
|Define: | |
|Apgar scale | |
|Why are babies tested so soon after birth? | |
| | |
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|First Exam | |
|List the five characteristics that are rated on | |
|the Apgar scale. | |
|Besides the Apgar test what else is performed? | |
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|Later Tests | |
|List three reasons for testing | |
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6.3 The Postnatal Period
Use the Cornell Notes form of note taking to outline the section.
Summary: Bonding after birth strengthens the emotional connection between parents ad their child. Babies that are born prematurely require extra monitoring and care because they have an increased risk of having medical and developmental problems. A new mother needs postnatal care. New mothers need rest, exercise, good nutrition, and follow-up medical care. They may also have emotional needs.
|After the Birth | |
|Define: | |
|Major | |
|Neonatal period | |
|Jaundice | |
|Bilirubin | |
|Why are forming emotional ties with your baby | |
|important? | |
|How long is the neonatal duration? | |
|If left untreated what can jaundice cause? | |
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|Bonding | |
|Define: | |
|Bonding | |
|How is bonding promoted? | |
|What does breast feeding do for the mother’s body?| |
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|Help with Feeding | |
|Define: | |
|Lactation consultant | |
| | |
|Rooming-in | |
|Define: | |
|Rooming-in | |
|What are advantages of rooming-in? | |
| | |
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|Legal Documents | |
|What is the most important legal document a person| |
|has? | |
|How long after birth does the government recommend| |
|a social security number be assigned? | |
| | |
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| | |
|Caring for Premature Babies | |
|Explain the three levels of NICU | |
| | |
| | |
|Special Needs | |
|Define: | |
|Stable | |
|What are premature babies lacking enough of to | |
|regulate body temperature? | |
|Do preemies grow faster or slower than full-term | |
|babies? | |
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|Improved Care | |
|What factor may determine how well a preemie will | |
|thrive? | |
|What criteria must a preemie perform to be placed | |
|outside of the incubator? | |
|What four criteria must premature babies meet | |
|before they are allowed to go home? | |
| | |
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| | |
|Mother’s Postnatal Care | |
|Define: | |
|Postnatal period | |
| | |
|Physical Needs | |
|Recovery after child birth requires time due to | |
|what factors? | |
|List four areas of physical needs in a mother’s | |
|postnatal care. | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|Emotional Needs | |
|Define: | |
|Postpartum depression | |
|How do baby blues differ from post partum | |
|depression? | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
2nd Quarter Mid Term Project
Prenatal Development Research Project
A Nine Month Pregnancy Journal
Program Content Standards and Subcomponents
Stages of Prenatal Development and Childbirth ECDFS-F10.2.1
Effects of Prospective Parents on Prenatal Development ECDFS-F10.2.2
Changes during Normal and At-Risk Pregnancies ECDFS-F10.2.3
Objectives:
• To familiarize students with the three stages of pregnancy
• To acquaint students with month-by-month prenatal development
• To show students the role of heredity/environment in determining personal characteristics
• To emphasize to students the causes, diagnosis, and prevention of birth defects
• To help students identify high risk pregnancy categories, such as teen pregnancy
• To provide students with an opportunity to explore the potential of the Internet as a research tool
• To improve student literacy
• To give students practice in applying critical thinking skills
Opener:
Preview prenatal development using available resources (ex.: flipcharts, videos, models, Internet, text, etc.)
Directions:
• Keep a Journal of your personal pregnancy profile
o Maternal age (you will be assigned a random age)
o Initial reaction
o Emotional state for each month there after
• Include information on:
o Blog-Your personal feelings whether you are the father or mother
▪ Regular Doctor visits are monthly until the end of the Third Trimester when the visits become weekly
▪ Social Support from family and friends
o The fetus’ development for each month
▪ Include a fetal diagram for each month
▪ Include a written description of changes in development month-by-month
o Changes in the mother for each month
▪ Written Description
Rubric
|Month |1 |2 |3 |4 |
|Feeding Supplies |
|Formula- 1 year supply | | | | |
|Bottles 8-10 | | | | |
|Need different sizes for | | | | |
|different ages | | | | |
|Bibs- 8 | | | | |
|Cereal- 10 boxes | | | | |
|Baby Food | | | | |
|Bowl | | | | |
|Spoon` | | | | |
|Food Grinder | | | | |
|Sippy Cup | | | | |
|Baby Food Book | | | | |
|Boppie | | | | |
| |
|Bathing Supplies |
|Bathtub | | | | |
|Shampoo | | | | |
|Soap | | | | |
|Nail Clipper | | | | |
|Oil and Lotion | | | | |
|Powder | | | | |
|Cotton balls | | | | |
|Towels/washcloths | | | | |
|Spout covers | | | | |
|Wipes | | | | |
| |
|Sleeping Items |
|Crib | | | | |
|Mattress | | | | |
|Water proof mattress cover | | | | |
|Sheets- fitted only | | | | |
|Blankets | | | | |
|Dresser | | | | |
|Changing Table | | | | |
|Rocker | | | | |
|Night Light | | | | |
|Monitor | | | | |
| | | | | |
|Medical Care/Safety Equipment |
|Safety Gates | | | | |
|Safety Locks | | | | |
|Car Seat | | | | |
| |
|Clothing Supplies |
|Diapers 4 dozen per week = 2496 | | | | |
|Onsies 3 per age group | | | | |
|Creepers- pants with knee pads | | | | |
|Socks | | | | |
|Booties | | | | |
|Pajamas | | | | |
|Shoes | | | | |
|Jacket/sweaters | | | | |
|Caps/hats | | | | |
|Outfits | | | | |
| |
|Extras |
|Washing machine and dryer | | | | |
|High chair that grows with baby | | | | |
|Swing/bouncies | | | | |
|Play pen | | | | |
|Mobile | | | | |
|Toys | | | | |
|Diaper Pail | | | | |
|Stroller | | | | |
|Diaper Pail | | | | |
|Laundry basket | | | | |
| | | | | |
|Grand Total Price | | |
|Grand total Grade | |
Conception to Birth Test
True/False- Indicate whether the statement is true or false.
____ 1. Another name for a miscarriage is a stillbirth. REF. p. 106
____ 2. The use of surrogate mothers is considered controversial. REF. p. 99
____ 3. The last stage of pregnancy is the germinal stage. REF p. 101
____ 4. The embryonic stage of pregnancy lasts about two weeks. REF p. 100
____ 5. A woman’s menstrual cycle typically lasts about 45 days. REF p. 93
____ 6. Both Down syndrome and PKU are caused by chromosomal abnormalities. REF 106-109
____ 7. While pregnant women should not take prescription medications without their doctors’ approval, they may take over-the-counter medications without checking with their doctors. REF p. 116
____ 8. It is important for parents to have good time-management skills. REF p. 144
____ 9. Because of hormonal changes, women are often more tired than usual during the early part of a pregnancy. REF p. 132
____ 10. It is a good idea to fill a baby’s crib with blankets, stuffed animals, and pillows so that he will be comfortable. REF p. 147
____ 11. Nausea in the early stages of pregnancy is a danger sign, and the woman should immediately go to her doctor. REF p. 132
____ 12. A cesarean section is a surgical procedure used to deliver a baby. REF p. 133
____ 13. Babies are most commonly born feet-first. REF p. 133
____ 14. The U.S. Department of Agriculture’s nutritional guidelines for pregnant women are called MyPyramid for Moms. REF p. 137
____ 15. Refined grain products are healthier than whole grain products. REF p. 138
____ 16. One reason that some women do not follow a healthy, sensible diet during pregnancy is their concern about gaining weight. REF p. 136
____ 17. An important advantage to giving birth in a hospital is that high-tech equipment is readily available. REF p. 156
____ 18. Once the amniotic sac has ruptured, the baby should be delivered within 24 to 48 hours. REF p. 166
____ 19. A baby who is born after developing in the uterus for 42 weeks or less is considered premature. REF p. 173
____ 20. The baby is born in the third, or last, stage of labor. REF p. 167
____ 21. One type of anesthesia that is injected into the lower back and numbs the lower half of the body is called a cesarean block. REF p. 171
____ 22. Sometimes doctors induce labor by puncturing the amniotic sac. REF p. 166
____ 23. The third stage of labor is usually longer than the first stage.REF p. 167
____ 24. Some parents choose to have a newborn’s cord blood stored in case it might be needed for medical reasons in the future.REF p. 171
____ 25. Because babies typically are not hungry after birth, most mothers wait a day or two before they begin breast-feeding. REF p. 181
Multiple Choice- Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____ 26. A baby has a 75 percent chance of having brown eyes. Based on this fact, what statement can you make? REF p. 96-97
|a. |The baby has 23 chromosomes. |c. |The gene for brown eyes is recessive. |
|b. |The gene for brown eyes is dominant. |d. |The baby’s DNA is defective. |
____ 27. What is not an example of a birth defect? REF p. 113
|a. |cleft palate |c. |amniocentesis |
|b. |muscular dystrophy |d. |cerebral palsy |
____ 28. What is true concerning the placenta? REF p. 100
|a. |It allows the egg to travel from the ovary to the uterus. |
|b. |It is expelled when a woman menstruates. |
|c. |It determines the baby’s genetic traits. |
|d. |It connects the developing baby to the uterus. |
____ 29. Which of these is not a method of birth control? REF p. 100
|a. |condom |c. |PKU |
|b. |diaphragm |d. |IUD |
____ 30. What happens if an ovum reaches the uterus without being fertilized? REF p. 93
|a. |Menstruation occurs. |c. |The woman becomes pregnant. |
|b. |A stillbirth occurs. |d. |The egg implants in the uterine wall. |
____ 31. Nancy gave birth to twins; one is a boy and one is a girl. What statement can you make about these twins? REF p. 97
|a. |They must have been conceived at different times. |
|b. |They are identical twins. |
|c. |They are fraternal twins. |
|d. |They were born prematurely. |
____ 32. A woman wants to carry her baby herself, but her Fallopian tubes are so badly damaged that the egg cannot travel down them to her uterus. What procedure might best solve this problem? REF p. 98
|a. |artificial insemination |c. |amniocentesis |
|b. |in vitro fertilization |d. |surrogate mother |
____ 33. What is a baby’s development during the nine months of pregnancy called? REF p. 99
|a. |germinal development |c. |embryonic development |
|b. |implantation development |d. |prenatal development |
____ 34. The cells begin to separate into the different major body systems during what stage of pregnancy?
|a. |germinal |c. |embryonic |
|b. |zygotic |d. |fetal |
____ 35. How would you explain the purpose of the umbilical cord? REF p. 100
|a. |It carries nourishment to the developing baby. |
|b. |It carries oxygen to the developing baby. |
|c. |It carries waste products away from the developing baby. |
|d. |all of the above |
____ 36. What prenatal test involves obtaining a sample of tissue from the membrane that encases the fetus? REF p. 113
|a. |alpha-fetoprotein |c. |chorionic villi sampling |
|b. |amniocentesis |d. |ultrasound |
____ 37. What advantage does chorionic villi sampling have over amniocentesis? REF p. 113
|a. |It is less expensive and noninvasive. |
|b. |It can be performed earlier in the pregnancy. |
|c. |Because it involves only a blood test, it is safer. |
|d. |all of the above |
____ 38. Which statement is true concerning AIDS? REF p. 122
|a. |If a mother has AIDS during pregnancy, her baby will be born with AIDS. |
|b. |AIDS can be caused by a woman having rubella during pregnancy. |
|c. |If a pregnant woman has AIDS, the doctor can take steps to prevent the baby’s exposure. |
|d. |AIDS is caused by a genetic defect similar to that found in Down syndrome. |
____ 39. What is the process of an egg being released by the ovaries called? REF p. 93
|a. |menstruation |c. |gestation |
|b. |ovulation |d. |conception |
____ 40. Which of these items can be an environmental cause of birth defects? REF p. 107
|a. |mother’s exposure to high levels of radiation |
|b. |tobacco use by the mother |
|c. |alcohol use by the mother |
|d. |all of the above |
____ 41. If you wanted to get more protein in your diet, what foods would be most helpful? REF p. 139
|a. |broccoli |c. |apricots |
|b. |walnuts |d. |pasta |
____ 42. Which of these is not a common sign of pregnancy? REF p. 129
|a. |being tired or feeling faint |
|b. |swollen and tender breasts |
|c. |having a menstrual period earlier than usual |
|d. |a full feeling or mild ache in the abdomen |
____ 43. What is true concerning anemia? REF p. 130
|a. |It can make people feel tired. |c. |People with anemia often feel cold. |
|b. |It can cause shortness of breath. |d. |all of the above |
____ 44. In a normal pregnancy, how often does a woman typically have a checkup during the first six months? REF p. 131
|a. |once every two months |c. |once every two weeks |
|b. |once a month |d. |once a week |
____ 45. In which of these situations should a pregnant woman immediately contact her doctor?
REF p. 133
|a. |muscle cramps in the legs |c. |heartburn |
|b. |vaginal bleeding |d. |sleepiness |
____ 46. Which of these foods would be best for a pregnant woman to eat if she wanted to avoid bone loss? REF p. 139
|a. |eggs |c. |nuts |
|b. |cheese |d. |olive oil |
____ 47. Which of these minerals is most important for the fetus to develop a healthy blood supply?
REF p. 140
|a. |calcium |c. |iron |
|b. |phosphorous |d. |magnesium |
____ 48. If a person has a problem digesting milk products, what condition does she have? REF p. 142
|a. |lactose intolerance |c. |preeclampsia |
|b. |anemia |d. |gestational diabetes |
____ 49. Which of these characteristics must a safe crib have? REF p. 147
|a. |The slats are no more than 2 3/8 inches apart. |
|b. |The paint does not contain lead. |
|c. |The mattress is firm and fits the crib exactly. |
|d. |all of the above |
____ 50. Which of these is an advantage to bottle-feeding rather than breast-feeding a baby? REF p. 148
|a. |It reduces the mother’s chances of later having breast or ovarian cancer. |
|b. |It makes it easier for the father to be involved in feeding. |
|c. |It causes fewer digestive upsets. |
|d. |It reduces the baby’s risk of allergies. |
____ 51. What is the purpose of a baby monitor? REF p. 147
|a. |to keep track of how much milk the baby drinks |
|b. |to allow parents to weigh and measure the baby |
|c. |to allow parents to hear sounds in the baby’s room when they are elsewhere |
|d. |to allow parents to determine whether the baby’s crib meets safety standards |
____ 52. What is true concerning breast milk? REF p. 148
|a. |Babies on breast milk need feeding less often than those on bottles. |
|b. |Breast milk is a better source of nutrition than formula. |
|c. |Babies on breast milk have more digestive upsets than those on bottles. |
|d. |all of the above |
____ 53. At what point does the weight of the fetus typically shift downward in the mother’s abdomen in preparation for birth? REF p. 133
|a. |about 8 weeks |c. |about 30 |
|b. |about 15 weeks |d. |about 40 weeks |
____ 54. Which of these is not a good way to save money? REF p. 152
|a. |Asking a family member to loan you used baby clothes. |
|b. |Buying a used high chair at a secondhand store. |
|c. |Buying a used car seat at a garage sale. |
|d. |Watching for sales on items like diapers and formulas. |
____ 55. At what age does a child typically no longer have to be placed in a car booster seat? REF p. 147
|a. |1 year |c. |6 years |
|b. |3 years |d. |8 years |
____ 56. Which of these health care professionals is not a doctor, but is trained to assist women in. childbirth? REF p. 155
|a. |pediatrician |c. |midwife |
|b. |obstetrician |d. |surrogate mother |
____ 57. Why do medical professionals monitor the fetus during labor and contractions? REF p. 166
|a. |to determine the sex of the baby |
|b. |to cause labor to move more quickly |
|c. |to make certain the baby is not under stress |
|d. |to help the mother deal with the discomfort of giving birth |
____ 58. What is a sign of false labor? REF p. 166
|a. |The woman experiences “bloody show.” |
|b. |The amniotic sac has broken. |
|c. |The contractions are not regular or rhythmic. |
|d. |The contractions continue, even when the woman exercises. |
____ 59. Why might a doctor induce labor? REF p. 166
|a. |the baby is jaundiced |
|b. |the baby has been developing for more than 42 weeks |
|c. |the woman needs a cesarean section |
|d. |all of the above |
____ 60. What problem frequently occurs in babies who are born prematurely? REF p. 173
|a. |They may not be able to properly suck. |
|b. |They may have breathing difficulties. |
|c. |They may not be able to control their body temperatures. |
|d. |all of the above |
____ 61. Why is the baby covered with vernix while in the uterus? REF p. 177
|a. |It protects the baby from exposure to the amniotic fluid. |
|b. |It protects the baby’s eyesight during birth. |
|c. |It allows the baby’s head to conform to the shape of the birth canal. |
|d. |It keeps the baby from becoming jaundiced. |
____ 62. Why are premature newborns placed in incubators? REF p. 182
|a. |to help them learn to suck properly |
|b. |to keep them warm |
|c. |to keep their blood sugar levels normal |
|d. |so that they can bond more quickly with their parents |
____ 63. Why do doctors sometimes use forceps during a birth? REF p. 170
|a. |to grasp the baby’s body and guide its movement |
|b. |to help the cervix dilate more quickly |
|c. |to get the fetus’ heart beat started |
|d. |to determine the newborn’s physical condition |
____ 64. What is true concerning the lungs? REF p. 175
|a. |While the baby is in the uterus, blood is constantly circulating to and from the lungs. |
|b. |While the baby is in the uterus, the lungs are collapsed. |
|c. |During the last few weeks before birth, the lungs expand and begin functioning. |
|d. |After birth, babies’ lungs usually require help from the doctor to begin functioning on their own. |
____ 65. How could the features of a typical newborn be described? REF 176
|a. |The face is swollen. |c. |The chin is receding. |
|b. |The nose is flat. |d. |all of the above |
____ 66. What is true concerning breast-feeding mothers? REF p. 184
|a. |They should avoid exercise. |
|b. |They need about the same number of calories as non-breast-feeding mothers. |
|c. |They need about 300 calories a day more than they did before pregnancy. |
|d. |They generally are more tired than non-breast-feeding mothers. |
____ 67. To what time period does the neonatal period refer? REF p. 180
|a. |last trimester of pregnancy |c. |first month after birth |
|b. |first week after birth |d. |first year after birth |
____ 68. How could rooming-in be described? REF p. 181
|a. |allowing the mother to stay in the hospital as long as she desires |
|b. |allowing the father to sleep in the same room as the mother |
|c. |allowing the baby to stay in the mother’s hospital room |
|d. |allowing the baby to stay in the nursery except at feeding time |
Completion- Complete each statement.
69. Another name for an egg cell is a(n) _________________________. REF p. 93
70. When a sperm fertilizes an egg, _________________________ has occurred. REF p. 95
71. Every human baby has _________________________ chromosomes, half from the mother and half from the father. REF p. 95
72. The opposite of a dominate gene is a(n) _________________________ gene. REF p. 96
73. When a couple is unable to conceive a baby, the couple is considered _________________________.REF p. 97
74. The zygote is formed in the _________________________ stage of pregnancy. REF p. 99
75. As the baby grows and develops, it is surrounded by _________________________ fluid. REF p. 100
76. If a fetus dies before the 20th week of pregnancy, the event is called a(n) ________________________. REF p. 106
77. Babies born to mothers who consumed alcohol during pregnancy may suffer from an incurable condition called fetal _________________________ syndrome. REF p. 116
78. German measles is also called _________________________. REF p. 120
79. A doctor who specializes in pregnancy and childbirth is called a(n) _________________________. REF p. 155
80. When an individual’s blood has too few red blood cells, he or she has _________________________. REF p. 130
81. The form of diabetes that occurs only during pregnancy is called _________________________ diabetes. REF p. 131
82. Consuming foods high in calcium, such as milk, helps prevent _________________________, or bone loss. REF p. 139
83. In a budget, the amount of rent paid each month is an example of a(n) _________________________ expense. REF p. 150
84. The actual birth of a baby is called the _________________________. REF p. 154
85. A facility that provides a more homelike environment for a woman to give birth is called a(n) _________________________ birth center. REF p. 157
86. A condition that can occur in the second half of pregnancy and is characterized by high blood pressure and the presence of protein in the mother’s urine is _________________________. REF p. 132
87. The food group that contains fish, nuts, and eggs is the _________________________ group. REF p. 139
88. Babies who are not breast-fed get the nutrition they need to grow from _________________________, which typically is composed of milk, water, and essential nutrients. REF p. 149
89. The lower part of a woman’s uterus is called the _________________________. REF p. 165
90. The blood in the umbilical cord and placenta following birth is called _________________________ blood. REF p. 171
91. When a baby is delivered through a surgical incision in the mother’s abdomen, it is delivered by _________________________ birth. REF p. 172
92. Premature babies are often placed in special enclosed cribs called _________________________. REF p. 173
93. The _________________________ are the open spaces in a baby’s skull where the bones have not yet grown together. REF p. 176
94. Newborns are evaluated using a rating system known as the _________________________ scale. REF p. 177
95. _________________________ is a thick, white, pasty substances that babies are covered in while floating in amniotic fluid. REF p. 177
96. One sign of labor is _________________________, or tightening and releasing of the muscles of the uterus. REF p. 166
97. Some newborns have _________________________, which occurs when the liver cannot remove bilirubin from the blood. REF p. 180
98. A specialist who helps a mother learn to breast-feed her infant is called a(n) _____________________ consultant. REF p. 181
Essay- Choose one and write a formal essay. Site the book and then use yourself as an example
99. Compare and contrast ultrasound and amniocentesis. p. 112-113
100. Describe some ways that parents can help a newborn bond with them. p. 180
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