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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for Awali-Beirut Water Conveyer Project
(STUDY UPDATE)
FINAL REPORT
Prepared by:
Earth Link and Advanced Resources Development s.a.r.l.
(ELARD)
Submitted to:
Council for Development and Reconstruction
(CDR)
Date of Submission:
August 2, 2010
|ELARD lebanon |
|Council For Development and Reconstruction |Document Type: |Assessment Report |
| |Project Ref:: | |
|Environmental and Social Impact Assessment |No. of Pages: |227 |
|ESIA for Awali-Beirut Water Conveyer Project |Version |Final Report |
| |
|Approved by |Ramez Kayal |General Manager |
|Reviewed by |Ricardo Khoury |Senior Environmental Specialist |
|Prepared by |Rachad Ghanem |Senior Hydrogeologist/ Project Manager |
| |Hanadi Musharafiyeh |Social Economist |
| |Wafaa Halabi |Socio-Economist |
| |Basma Shames |Geologist / Field Coordinator |
| |Carlo Bekhazi |Environmental Consultant |
| |Ghada Chehab |Environmental Expert |
| |Rana Ghattas |Quality Management Responsible |
|Disclaimer |
|This report has been prepared by ELARD , with all reasonable skill, care and diligence within the terms of the contract with the |
|client, incorporating our General Terms and Conditions of Business and taking account of the resources devoted to it by agreement |
|with the client. The information contained in this report is, to the best of our knowledge, correct at the time of printing. The |
|interpretations and recommendations are based on our experience, using reasonable professional skill and judgment, and based upon |
|the information that was available to us. This report is confidential to the client and we accept no responsibility whatsoever to |
|third parties to whom this report, or any part thereof, is made known. Any such party relies on the report at their own risk. |
Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS III
List of Tables viii
List of Figures ix
Executive Summary I
Introduction I
Legal and Institutional Framework I
Project Description I
Environmental and Social Baseline Study III
Public Consultation IX
Environemntal and Social Impact Assessment X
Environmental and Social Management Plan XIII
1. Introduction 1-1
1.1 Background Information 1-1
1.2 General Project Description and Location 1-1
1.3 ESIA Objectives 1-2
1.4 ESIA Report Structure 1-3
2. Legal and Institutional Framework 2-1
2.1 Introduction 2-1
2.2 Institutional Framework and Sector Organization in Lebanon 2-1
2.2.1 Institutional Framework for the Protection of the Environment 2-1
2.2.2 Main Public Stakeholders concerned with the project 2-3
2.2.3 Ministry of Energy and Water (MoEW) 2-3
2.2.4 Ministry of Public Works and Transportation (MoPWT) 2-4
2.2.5 Higher Council for Urban Planning (HCUP) 2-5
2.2.6 Ministry of Public Health (MoPH) 2-5
2.2.7 Ministry of Interior and Municipalities 2-6
2.2.8 Council for Development and Reconstruction (CDR) 2-6
2.2.9 Beirut and Mount Lebanon Water and Wastewater Establishment (BMLWWE) 2-8
2.2.10 Litani River Authority 2-9
2.2.11 Municipalities 2-10
2.3 Lebanese Environmental Regulations and Standards 2-12
2.3.1 Overview of the Legal Framework in Lebanon 2-12
2.3.2 Synopsis of the Legislative Framework for Environmental Protection 2-13
2.3.3 EIA Draft Decree and Project Relevance to Environmental Protection Law 2-14
2.3.4 Relevant National Environmental Standards 2-15
2.3.5 Expropriation Law and Procedures 2-19
2.4 International Agreements and Treaties 2-21
2.4.1 Relevant International Guidelines and Standards 2-22
3. Project Description 3-1
3.1 Project Components 3-1
3.2 Construction Aspects 3-7
3.2.1 Tunnels 3-7
3.2.2 Ouardaniye WTW 3-13
3.2.3 Pipelines 3-13
3.2.4 Distribution Chamber and Reservoirs 3-13
3.2.5 Working Areas 3-14
3.2.6 Access Roads 3-14
3.3 Operational Aspects 3-14
3.3.1 Sources of Water 3-14
3.3.2 Joun Regulation Structure 3-16
3.3.3 Tunnel and Pipelines 3-17
3.3.4 Ouardaniye WTW 3-17
3.3.5 Khalde Surge Structure 3-18
3.3.6 Khalde Flow measurement and Sampling Chamber 3-19
3.3.7 Khalde Distribution Chamber 3-19
3.3.8 Hadath 90 and 125 and Hazmieh 90 Reservoirs 3-19
3.4 Water Quality and Treatment Process 3-19
3.4.1 Raw Water Quality 3-19
3.4.2 Treated Water Quality 3-22
3.4.3 Water Treatment Process Scheme 3-25
4. Analysis of Alternatives 4-1
4.1 Introduction 4-1
4.2 No Project Option 4-1
4.3 Formulation of Options 4-1
4.3.1 Constraints 4-1
4.3.2 Water Transmission Options 4-2
4.3.3 Water Treatment Options 4-2
4.4 Detailed Evaluation 4-3
4.4.1 Location of Treatment Plant 4-3
4.4.2 Means of Transmission 4-4
4.4.3 Water Treatment Process 4-8
4.4.4 Cost 4-10
4.4.5 Security 4-11
4.4.6 Maintenance 4-11
4.4.7 Operational Flexibility 4-11
4.4.8 Environmental Impact 4-11
4.5 Selection of Preferred Option 4-11
5. Environmental and social Baseline 5-1
5.1 Introduction 5-1
5.2 Climate and Air Quality 5-1
5.3 Ambient Noise Level 5-1
5.3.1 Data Collection 5-1
5.3.2 Results 5-3
5.3.3 Discussion 5-4
5.4 Geology and Soils 5-5
5.4.1 Stratigraphy 5-5
5.4.2 Structure 5-5
5.5 Water Resources 5-7
5.6 Land Use and Landscape 5-7
5.7 Biological Environment 5-8
5.7.1 General Ecology 5-9
5.7.2 Sites Description 5-10
5.8 Cultural Heritage 5-16
5.9 Socio Economic Environment 5-16
6. Public Consultation 6-1
6.1 Introduction 6-1
6.2 Review of Previous Consultations 6-1
6.3 Recent Consultations 6-1
6.4 Public Participation Meeting 6-1
7. Environemental Impact Assessment 7-10
7.1 Introduction 7-10
7.2 Methodology of Impact Evaluation 7-10
7.2.1 General Approach 7-10
7.2.2 Impact Evaluation Pre-Screening Level 7-11
7.2.3 Impact Evaluation Secondary Screening Level 7-11
7.2.1 Listing of Environmental Impact Severity 7-13
7.3 Potential Impacts on Ambient Air Quality 7-14
7.3.1 Impacts from Combustion and Exhaust Emissions 7-15
7.3.2 Impacts from Dust Generation 7-17
7.4 Potential Impacts on Soil and Landscape 7-20
7.4.1 Impacts of Project Footprint 7-21
7.4.2 Impact on Soil Quality from Blasting Operations 7-23
7.4.3 Impacts from Solid and Liquid Waste Generation 7-23
7.4.4 Impacts from Accidental Spills of Fuel, Oil and Chemicals 7-26
7.4.5 Spill Prevention and Response Plan 7-28
7.5 Potential Impacts on Water Resources 7-29
7.5.1 Impacts from Construction Activities 7-29
7.5.2 Impacts from Operational Activities 7-30
7.6 Potential Impacts on Biodiversity 7-34
7.7 Potential Impacts on Archeology and Cultural Heritage 7-37
7.8 Potential Socio-Economic Impacts 7-38
7.8.1 Impacts From Construction Phase 7-38
7.8.2 Impacts From Operational Phase 7-42
7.9 Summary of the Environmental & Social Impact Assessment before and after Mitigation 7-43
8. Environmental Management Plan 8-1
8.1 Introduction 8-1
8.2 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) 8-1
8.3 ESMP Implementation Plan 8-12
1.3.1 Roles and responsibilities 8-12
8.4 Capacity Building 8-13
1.4.1 Training Needs during Construction Phase 8-13
1.4.2 Training Needs during Operation Phase 8-14
8.5 Verification & Monitoring 8-14
1.5.1 Monitoring and Inspection Plan during the Construction Phase 8-14
8.5.1 Reporting 8-20
9. References 9-1
10. Appendices 10-1
Appendix A: Topographic Maps (1/20,000) 10-2
Appendix B: Location Drawings 10-3
Appendix C: Satellite Images and Photographs 10-4
Appendix D: Sludge 10-5
Appendix E: Noise Raw Data 10-6
Appendix F: Archaeological Report 10-7
Appendix G: Social Survey Questionnaires 10-8
Appendix H: Flyer 10-9
Appendix I: Consultations 10-10
Appendix J: Expropriation 10-11
Appendix K: CEMP Template 10-12
Appendix L: CDR HSE Guidelines 10-13
Appendix M: Map of Component 2 10-14
Appendix N: EHS Guideline Water Sanitation 10-15
Appendix O: Water Sampling Analysis Results 10-16
List of Tables
TABLE 1-1 OVERALL PROJECT OPTIONS III
Table 1-2 Summary of Landscape and Biodiversity V
Table 1-3 Summary of Socio-Economic situation in main villages VII
Table 1-4 Main Public Concerns IX
Table 1-5 Impacts of the Project on its surrounding with no mitigation measures XI
Table 1-6 Impacts of the Project on its surrounding with mitigation measures XII
Table 1-7 Summary of Environmental and Social Management Plan XIII
Table 2-1 Main Public administrations and stakeholders concerned with the protection of the environment 2-3
Table 2-2 List of Municipalities 2-10
Table 2-3 Summary of institution’s main responsibilities 2-12
Table 2-4 Legal Pyramid 2-12
Table 2-5 Summary of Legislations 2-13
Table 2-6 Main environmental standards in Lebanon 2-15
Table 2-7 Pollutants Classification 2-15
Table 2-8 Emission Limits 2-16
Table 2-9 Water pollutants 2-17
Table 2-10 Maximum Allowable Noise Levels 2-18
Table 2-11 Permissible Noise Exposure Standards 2-18
Table 2-12 Ratified or Signed International Agreements 2-21
Table 2-13 WB/IFC safeguard policies that are applicable to the project 2-22
Table 3-1. The Awali-Beirut Water Conveyor Sub-Components 3-2
Table 3-2. Description of Reservoirs 3-6
Table 3-3. Description of Pumping Stations 3-6
Table 3-4 Estimated Spoil Generation 3-10
Table 3-5 Description of New Access Roads 3-14
Table 3-6 Hydroelectric Power Plant Chracteristics 3-15
Table 3-7 Key Factors Determining the Source of Water 3-16
Table 3-8 Ouardaniye WTW –Mean Operational Inputs and Vehicular Movements 3-17
Table 3-9 Ouardaniye WTW –Mean Operational Outputs and Vehicular Movements 3-18
Table 3-10 Raw Water Quality 3-21
Table 3-11 Water Quality Analysis (1994 and 1995) 3-22
Table 3-12 Drinking Water Standards 3-24
Table 3-13 Proposed Specifications of Cascade Aeration System 3-29
Table 3-14 Proposed Specification for Pre-oxidation and Disinfection. 3-31
Table 3-15 Proposed Specifications for Coagulation 3-32
Table 3-16 Proposed Specifications for Flocculation 3-33
Table 3-17 Proposed Specifications for Sedimentation 3-34
Table 3-18 Proposed Specifications for Filtration 3-35
Table 3-19 Chemical Storage 3-37
Table 3-20 Sludge Yield 3-39
Table 3-21 Conceptual Design Parameters of Sludge Treatment Units 3-40
Table 4-1 Characteristics of the four proposed WTW sites 4-3
Table 4-2 Ranking of Treatment Processes 4-8
Table 4-3 Sludge Disposal Alternatives 4-9
Table 4-4 Overall Project Options 4-10
Table 5-1 Noise Level Monitoring Locations and Methodology 5-2
Table 5-2 National Maximum allowable noise levels and permissible occupational Noise Exposure standards according to MoE Decision 52/1 of 1996. 5-4
Table 5-3 Rapid Ecological Assessment Sites 5-9
Table 5-4 Villages, towns and surface structures 5-18
Table 5-5 Villages and towns crossed by the tunnel 5-19
Table 5-6 Demographic and socio-economic characteristics of communities in Mount Lebanon 5-20
Table 5-7 General features of surveyed towns and villages 5-28
Table 5-8 Main establishments in the study area 5-33
Table 6-1 The main raised concerns 6-2
Table 6-2 Questions Raised during Second Public Participation 6-3
Table 7-1 Secondary Screening Consequence Level Criteria 7-12
Table 7-2 Likelihood Evaluation Criteria 7-13
Table 7-3 Impact Assessment Severity Matrix 7-13
Table 7-4 Environmental and Health Impacts of Major Air Pollutants from Combustion Sources 7-16
Table 7-5 Potential Negative Impacts on Biodiversity 7-34
Table 7-6 Typical Sound Pressure Levels Reported from Construction Equipment (BS5228:1997) 7-39
Table 7-7 Environmental Impact Assessment without mitigation measures 7-44
Table 7-8 Environmental Impact Assement with mitigated measures 7-45
Table 8-1 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) 8-2
Table 8-2 EMP Implementation Plan 8-12
Table 8-3 Construction and Operation Monitoring Plan 8-16
Table 8-4 Water Quality Monitoring Plan during Operation Phase 8-19
List of Figures
FIGURE 2-1 EXPROPRIATION PROCEDURES 2-20
Figure 3-1 Geographic location of project components 3-5
Figure 3-2 Hydraulic Profile 3-9
Figure 3-3 Cross-Section Joun-Ouardaniye Tunnel 3-11
Figure 3-4 Cross-Section Ouardaniye-Khalde Tunnel 3-12
Figure 3-5 Schematic Drawing of Water Resources 3-16
Figure 3-6 Proposed Treatment Process (Option1) 3-27
Figure 3-7 Proposed treatment Process (Option2) 3-28
Figure 4-1 Altenartive Scheme Options 4-7
Figure 5-1 Noise measurements at the Khalde distribution and connection chambers 5-3
Figure 5-2 Geological Map (Source, Duberet 1955, 1/200,000) 5-6
|List of Acronyms |
|ALARP |As low as reasonably practicable |
|BMLWWE |Beirut and Mount Lebanon Water and Wastewater Establishment |
|BPEO |Best Practicable Environmental Options |
|BTEX |Benzene Toluene Ethyl Benzene Xylene |
|CAW |Combined Air and Water Backwash |
|CDR |Council for Reconstruction and Development |
|CEMP |Construction Environmental Management Plan |
|CESMP |Construction Phase Environmental and Social Management Plan |
|CoM |Council of Ministers |
|CZM |Coastal Zone Management |
|DGA |Directorate General of Antiquities |
|DGUP |Directorate General of Urban Planning |
|EA |Environmental Assessment |
|EHS |Environmental Health and Safety |
|EIA |Environmental Impact Assessment |
|EISM |Environmental Impact Severity Matrix |
|ELARD |Earth link and Advanced Resources Development |
|EMP |Environmental Management Plan |
|ES & SR |Environmental Safety and Social Representative |
|ESIA |Environmental and Social Impact Assessment |
|ESM |Environmental and Social Manager |
|ESMP |Environmental and Social Management Plan |
|HCUP |Higher Council of Urban Planning |
|HEP |Hydro Electric Power plant |
| IEE |Initial Environmental Examination |
|IFC |International Finance Corporation |
|LRA |Litani River Authority |
|MHER |Ministry of Hydraulic and Electric Resources |
|MoA |Ministry of Agriculture |
|MoC |Ministry of Culture |
|MoE |Ministry of Environment |
|MoEW |Ministry of Energy and Water |
|MoI |Ministry of Interior |
|MoIMPH |Ministry of Public Healthof Interior and Municipalities |
|MoPH |Ministry of Public Health |
|MoPWT |Ministry of Public Works and Transportation |
|MSDS |Material Safety Data Sheets |
|NGO |Non Governmental Organization |
|NSEQ |National Standards for Environmental Quality |
|ODS |Ozone Depleting Substances |
|OESMP |Operation Environmental and Social Management Plan |
|OP/BP |Operational Policy / Bank Procedures |
|OSHA |Occupational Safety and Health Administration |
|PAD |Project Appraisal Documents |
|PAH |Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbons |
|PM |Particulate Matter |
|PMU |Project Management Unit |
|PPE |Personal Protective Equipment |
|PWWE |Public Water and Wastewater Establishment |
|QA/QC |Quality Assurance / Quality Control |
|RAP |Resettlement Action Plan |
|TBM |Tunnel Boring Machine |
|TMP |Traffic Management Plan |
|TOR |Terms of References |
|VEC |Valuable Ecosystem Component |
|VOC |Volatile Organic Compounds |
|WB |World Bank |
|WHO |World Health Organization |
|WTW |Water Treatment Works |
|WWTP |Wastewater Treatment Plants |
Executive Summary
INTRODUCTION
GREATER BEIRUT HAS BEEN FACING A DEFICIT IN POTABLE WATER FOR THE PAST FORTY YEARS. SHORTAGE IN WATER IS ESTIMATED TODAY AT 145,000 M3/D AND 275,000 M3/DAY FOR THE WET AND DRY SEASON RESPECTIVELY.
In 1970 the Lebanese Government of the day passed a decree (Presidential Decree No. 14522, May 1970) in which it allocated water from the Litani and Awali river catchments to different regions in Lebanon.
The proposed Beirut-Awali Project will secure a sustainable source of potable water to Greater Beirut to overcome the existing deficit and meet the city's potable water requirements on the short and medium term.
The CDR has initiated the Project following the request of the Ministry of Energy and Water (MoEW) and is seeking to secure financing of the project from the World Bank (WB) whereas the Beirut and Mount Lebanon Water and Wastewater Establishment (BMLWWE) will be covering the local counterpart financing needs.
The Project will be implemented on conventional contract basis with expected construction duration of four years and one year operational maintenance.
The Project has a World Bank (WB) “Category A” status and therefore a full Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) has been required.
This report provides an updated ESIA which identifies potential environmental and social impacts associated with the proposed Project and proposes relevant mitigation measure and management plan.
Legal and Institutional Framework
THIS ESIA COMPLIES WITH THE LEBANESE LEGISLATIVE REQUIREMENTS AS WELL AS WITH THAT INTERNATIONAL (WB/IFC) AND EUROPEAN UNION STANDARDS.
The overall control of water supply and quality is under the Beirut and Mount Lebanon Water and Wastewater Establishment acting under the Ministry of Energy and Water (MoEW) while the Ministry of Environment and various line Ministries are charged with specific regulatory duties.
Regionally the Project area is under the Governorate of Mount Lebanon and its subordinate cazas and Municipalities
Project Description
THE PROJECT IS DIVIDED INTO TWO MAIN COMPONENTS:
1. The Awali-Beirut Water Conveyor
2. Improvement and rehabilitation of the water distribution network in Beirut and its suburbs
The Awali- Beirut Water Conveyor includes the following sub-components:
• Joun Regulation Structure: set into the hillside by the existing adit access from the Joun tunnel to the hydro-electric power station.
• Joun to Ourdaniye Tunnel: running underground throughout its length of 4.1 Km.
• Wadi Abou Yabes washout: (discharge point) for emergency discharge or routine maintenance
• Ourdaniye Water Treatment Works: including tunnel inlet and outlet portals and the water treatment works. Sludge treatment and disposal facilities will be associated with this works. A washout will be provided for emergency discharge.
• Ourdaniye to Khalde tunnel: underground throughout its length of 19.7 km.
• Inverted Siphon: in the Damour river with ventilation shafts at the hills to the south and north of the valley. A washout will be provided for use in emergencies and for maintenance.
• A surge shaft in the hillside above Khalde: 2,800 mm diameter shaft in reinforced concrete with surface venting structure 7 m diameter in reinforced concrete, including improved access road.
• Outlet portal in the hillside above Khalde: termination structure in reinforced concrete and upgraded access road
• Flow measurement and sampling chamber on the hillside above Khalde.
• Twin Pipeline from Khalde portal to Khalde distribution chamber: 1.9 km long and 1,400 mm diameter
• Khalde distribution and connection chamber: in reinforced concrete containing isolating and regulating valves. Provides washout to local stream.
• Twin Pipeline form Khalde distribution chamber to Hadath 90 and 125 reservoirs: 7.6 km long, 1,400mm diameter pipelines in ductile iron with connections to Hadath 90 and 125 reservoirs and local supply.
• Hadath 125 reservoir: Storage reservoir, two compartments, effective volume 30,000 m3 in reinforced concrete with isolating valves and small surface kiosk, including access road. Connection to local distribution system.
• Hatdath 90 reservoir: Storage reservoir, two compartments, effective volume 50,000 m3 in reinforced concrete with isolating valves and small surface kiosk, including access road. Connection to local distribution system.
• Pipeline from Hadath reservoirs to Hazmieh reservoir: 2.7 km long twin 1,300 diameter pipelines in ductile iron, with option for further extension for supply of treated water to Beirut.
• Hazmieh 90 reservoir: Storage reservoir, two compartments, effective volume 20,000 m3 in reinforced concrete with isolating valves and small surface kiosk, including access road. Connection to local distribution system.
Component 2 will comprise:
• The construction of 16 reservoirs (between 500 m3 and 1000 m3 storage capacity each) and associated pumping stations distributed across the various distribution zones in the project area;
• The replacement and/or installation of approximately 187 km of distribution network across the project area in Ein El Delbi, Southern Beirut and parts of the Metn area;
• Installation of 200,000 household meters in portions of the project area to be selected by the GBMLWWE and to operate on a volumetric tariff basis;
• Installation of bulk meters at the reservoirs and distribution chambers;
Analysis of Alternative
The No Project Option and other scheme alternatives were addressed in this report.
The No Project alternative is considered to be not viable, as it would have severe environmental and socio-economic impacts in Beirut.
Five overall project options were identified and are illustrated in Table 1-1 below:
Table 1-1 Overall Project Options
|Option |Option Name |Description |
|1 |Tunnel 1 |Tunnel form Joun direct to a WTW at Khalde with pipeline transfer to reservoirs in|
| | |Beirut |
|2 |Tunnel 2 |Tunnel form Joun direct to Khalde via a WTW in Ouardaniye, with pipeline transfer |
| | |to reservoirs |
|3 |Concrete Pipeline |Tunnel from Joun to a WTW at Ouardaniye thence by concrete pipeline to Khalde with |
| | |pipeline transfer to reservoirs in Beirut |
|4 |Ductile Iron Pipeline |Tunnel from Joun to a WTW at Ouardaniye thence by ductile iron pipeline to Khalde |
| | |with pipeline transfer to reservoirs in Beirut |
|5 |Steel Pipeline |Tunnel from Joun to a WTW at Ouardaniye thence by steel pipeline to Khalde with |
| | |pipeline transfer to reservoirs in Beirut |
Option 2, Tunnel 2 was preferred for the following reasons:
• Lowest overall cost
• Greatest security in terms of:
• Least vulnerability to deliberate damage
• Best resistance to earthquakes
• Least risk of leakage and consequential damage
• Greatest durability and design life
• Lowest maintenance requirements (and thus minimized supply disruption)
• Easier to supply the coastal strip from Ouardaniye WTW rather than a Khalde WTW
• Spare hydraulic capacity available:
• To supplement inadequate reservoir capacity in Beirut
• To allow for future expansion of required; and
• Least environmental impact during construction
Environmental and Social Baseline Study
THIS SECTION SHEDS LIGHT ON THE EXISTING PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS.
The Climate conditions in the project area are those of a typical eastern Mediterranean climate; the rainfall is low and restricted to the period between November and March, and the temperatures are high in summer, but the area is not subject to the cold winter that occurs in Lebanese mountains.
The existing ambient noise levels recorded near most of the surface structure components averaged between 60 and 65 dB (A). Therefore ambient noise levels already exceed allowed noise levels as per Lebanese legislation (Decision 52/1 of 1996).
The tunnel passes mainly through the upper and the middle Sannine-Maameltein Formation of Cenomanin and Turonian ages respectively. This formation is mainly composed of hard massive limestone and dolomitic limestone rocks. Exposures of this formation cover most of the study area with a total thickness of around 800 m. Only the upper part of this formation is exposed in the study area.
Conformably overlying this formation is the Chekka Formation of Senonian age. It is mainly composed of thinly bedded soft marl and marly limestone rocks. It is mostly exposed in the areas surrounding Joun village.
Structurally the area is located few kilometers west of the Coastal Flexure which is the possible extension of the Roum Fault (Nemer, 1999). The flexure extends from Chhim in the southern part to Baawerta and Aaramoun in the central and northern parts of the study area respectively. The Flexure has steeply dipping beds which gentles as we approach the study area. The general inclination of the beds in the study area is around 20˚ dipping towards the west.
The Sannine-Maameltein Formation is the major coastal aquifer in the study area. It is karstic in nature with tertiary porosity meaning that groundwater is flowing mainly in fissures, fractures and conduits. There are no permanent springs issuing from this formation except close to the coastal area and mainly below sea level in the form of submarine springs (Feasibility Report, 1994).
The position of the water table is closely related to the base level which is the sea level and it gently rises inland with a mean gradient of 11.5 m/km. The depth of the water table was determined from groundwater wells (Feasibility Report, 1994).
The raw water will be delivered to the plant by the use of tunnels that belong to the existing hydroelectric system. There are two main sources of water:
1. Karaoun Lake;
2. Awali River.
Raw water quality has been analyzed several times in the past with the first one being in 1968/1972, the second one in August 1984 and the third one in 1994/1995. The most recent water quality analysis was conducted in 2001. The first two can be considered outdated as it is suspected that the condition and status of the tunnels, hydroelectric power plant and dams may have changed during the proceeding period. The analysis conducted in 1994/1995 contained some information on the most important parameters; however the feasibility report and the preliminary design report of Montgomery Watson did not cover comprehensive water quality information on a seasonal basis for both the Karaoun and Awali sources. It is not possible to immediately verify the conclusions and assumptions which were the basis of the 1994 feasibility study or the subsequent preliminary design. This is due to lack of recent detailed water quality monitoring data at the points of concern to this project, and the fact that new data would need to be collected over long periods to capture seasonal variations.
The landscape along the areas of the Awali project varies between the hills and the coastal planes. A summary of nature of landscape and existing biodiversity is given in Table 1-2 below
Table 1-2 Summary of Landscape and Biodiversity
|Structure |Landscape |Biodiversity |
|Joun flow regulation |Relatively steep valley (degraded site) |very common species including Calicotome |
| | |villosa (Vahl) Link, Poterium spinosum L., |
| | |Phlomis viscosa Poir., Nerium oleander L., |
| | |Inula viscosa (L.) Aiton, Echinops viscosus |
| | |DC. and Notobasis syriaca (L.) Cass. |
|Wadi Abou Yabes Washout |Isolated hillside location |Significantly degraded environment |
|Ouardaniye WTW |open hillside location |Several species were found and identified, |
| | |including one specimen of Rhus tripartita |
| | |(Ucria) D.C. and one of Quercus calliprinos |
| | |Webb, 5 species of orchids in large quantities|
| | |and many species of butterflies. |
|Nahr Damour Inverted Siphon |Deep, narrow valley |Several types of vegetation cover composed |
| | |mainly by Platanus orientalis L. (Oriental |
| | |Plane), Alnus orientalis Decne (Oriental |
| | |Alder), Acer syriacum Boiss. et Gaill. (Syrian|
| | |Maple), Pistacia lentiscus L. (Mastic), |
| | |Pistacia palaestina Boiss. (Wild Pistachio), |
| | |Quercus sp. (Oak), Salix acmophylla Boiss. and|
| | |Salix alba L. var. micans And. (Willow) were |
| | |found. |
|Khalde surge shaft and outlet |R hillside sites having a steep slope to the west |Highly degraded and/or with no important |
| | |floral biodiversity. |
|Khalde flow measurement and | |This location is characterized by the richness|
|samplignchamber | |of its flora and the aged specimens of the |
| | |trees found. This was by far the most |
| | |important ecosystem visited among the 12 |
| | |selected sites. This site is on the Pinus |
| | |brutia Ten series, where the conifers Pinus |
| | |brutia Ten., Pinus halepensis Mill. and |
| | |Cupressus sempervirens L. are the most |
| | |abundant formation. |
|Distribution Chamber |Between the new highway and the old coastal road. |Highly degraded and/or with no important |
| |Offshore, the coastal beach is used for some |floral biodiversity. |
| |recreational activities | |
|Hadath 125 reservoir |Terraced sloping valley |Highly degraded and/or with no important |
| | |floral biodiversity. |
|Hadath 90 reservoir |Waste ground |Highly degraded and/or with no important |
| | |floral biodiversity. |
|Hazmieh 90 reservoir |Flat to gently sloping ground |Highly degraded and/or with no important |
| | |floral biodiversity. |
Archaeological and historical interests are limited at the locations of surface features of the Project, and no remains were uncovered during site investigations. Khalde has yielded some archaeological finds but not directly in the project area.
A summary of social survey conducted at relevant main villages is given in Table 1-3 below:
Table 1-3 Summary of Socio-Economic situation in main villages
|Village/Town |General Description |Livelihood activities |Education, Culture, Community & Public |Water & Wastewater Services |Other information |
| | | |Infrastructure | | |
|Ouardaniye |Population: 4000 |Agriculture: Vegetable production in |One public & one private school |Water is supplied through public wells, at | |
| |Altitude: 350 m |greenhouses |One dispensary |depths of 452m and 369m, managed by the | |
| | |Industry: A grain mill and building blocks | |municipality, which also manages a | |
| | |factories | |distribution network | |
| | |Commerce: Restaurant/Café | |Up to 150 private wells are drilled in the | |
| | | | |village | |
| | | | |No sewage network; septic tanks are used | |
|Al-Damour |Population: 30,000 |Agriculture: 100 ha of banana plantations and |Two public & three private schools |The Damour River waters are used for |A land survey has been|
| |Resident population: |vegetable production |Archaeological features |irrigation |carried out |
| |10,000 (due to |Commerce: Restaurants/Cafés; Small shops and |One dispensary & resident doctors |Drinking and service water are supplied |Around 30 building |
| |displacement & emigration)|garages | |through municipal public wells and private |permits were handed |
| |Land ownership: The | | |wells |out in the last three |
| |majority of lands are | | |A sewage network is present but is not |years |
| |privately owned | | |operational; septic tanks are used | |
| |Land use: 20% are in | | | | |
| |agricultural use | | | | |
|Khalde |Residential and touristic |Very little agricultural activities | |A water distribution network runs through |residential and |
| |area, It is a coastal area| | |Khaldeh and is supplied from the Mechref |touristic area |
| |that is rapidly urbanizing| | |village. Water pipes have all been repaired |rapidly urbanizing |
| |with 15,000-20,000 | | |this year. Also, several privately drilled | |
| |residents. | | |wells exist in the village with a depth | |
| | | | |ranging from 30-60 m but water is slightly | |
| | | | |salty. A sewer network is present and is | |
| | | | |connected to the collector in Khaldeh. | |
|Hadath |Population: 150,000 |Industry: Light industries – Elevators, |Many public service institutions |Water is supplied through the Ain El-Delbeh | |
| | |towels, tiles |Four public, 10 private & two |water authority and distributed through a | |
| | |Commerce: Banks & shops |vocational schools; three universities,|municipally-owned and managed network | |
| | | |including the largest Lebanese |A sewage network is present and operational | |
| | | |University campus | | |
| | | |Two hospitals, three dispensaries and | | |
| | | |many resident doctors | | |
|Hazmieh |Population: 6,500 |Commerce: Over 10 banks and numerous offices |Many public service institutions |Water is supplied through the Ain El-Delbeh | |
| | | |One public & six private schools; three|water authority from the Daichouniyeh Spring | |
| | | |universities |and distributed through a network | |
| | | |Two hospitals, one dispensary and many |A sewage network is present and operational | |
| | | |resident doctors | | |
Public Consultation
LACK OF CONSULTATION WITH THE DIRECTLY AFFECTED LOCAL COMMUNITIES IN THE EARLIER EIA REPORT POSED A NECESSITY TO TARGET THESE IN THE UPDATED STUDY IN AIM TO ENSURE THAT ADEQUATE AND TIMELY INFORMATION IS PROVIDED TO THEM AND OTHER STAKEHOLDERS, AND THAT THEY ARE GIVEN THE CHANCE TO VOICE THEIR OPINIONS AND CONCERNS.
Based on an agreed plan with MoE’s representatives, ELARD team has consulted potentially affected local people and concerned Municipalities during the socio-economic survey. Project leaflets, prepared in Arabic, were distributed during the survey. These aimed at introducing the project while serving as an invitation to participate in a public consultation meeting.
The public participation event was held in the Lebanese University in Hadath at the Institute of Fine Arts on the 12th of May 2010.
ELARD consultants presented the project details, potential impacts and mitigation measures in a 45-minute presentation and opened the floor for one hour of open discussions with the attendees.
Various environmental impacts were discussed during the open session and some concerns rose up by the attendees. The two main serious concerns raised by the public are summarized in Table 1-4 with an explanation of how the concern is addressed by the project proponents.
Table 1-4 Main Public Concerns
|Concern |Description |Action/Answer |
|Retrieval of 3m3/s of water |Concerns were raised regarding type and magnitude of |CDR representative pointed out that |
| |impact that could potentially affect the natural flow of|the impact would be negligible. |
| |water in the Awali River section downstream the Joun HEP|ELARD to investigate the issue and |
| |after retrieval of the required amount of water for the |address it in its Environmental and |
| |Conveyor Project |Social Impact Assessment Report |
| Structural impact from TBM activity |Concerns on adverse impacts on the structural stability |CDR to provide adequate geotechnical |
| |of the St. Joseph Carmel School were expressed by the |reports proving that there will be no|
| |chairperson since the tunnel is passing beneath the |direct impacts resulting from the |
| |school. |tunnel boring activity. |
A second Public Consultation covering both components of the project was held for the purpose of disclosing the results of the ESIA study on 27 July 2010 and has targeted the same audience including all related stakeholders as for the first consultation.
Environemntal and Social Impact Assessment
A SUMMARY OF THE
impacts of the Project on its surrounding environment assuming no mitigation measures are undertaken is given in Table 1-5 in an Environmental Impact Severity Matrix (EISM) whereas Table 1-6 presents the EISM of the project when control and mitigation measures are adopted.
With no mitigation measures being implemented, significant impacts would be attributed to the following activities:
• Dust generation
• Construction works
• Excavation and tunneling
• Blasting
• Solid and Liquid waster generation
• Accidental fuel and chemical spills
• Traffic (during construction phase)
• Land Expropriation
Table 1-5 Impacts of the Project on its surrounding with no mitigation measures
|Activity / Source of the Impact |Unmitigated Impacts |
| |Receptor |
| |
|Consequences |Likelihood |Acceptability |
|1 - Negligible |4 – Significant |A – Low | |Beneficial |
|2 - Minor |5 – Catastrophic |B – Medium | |Negligible with minor mitigation |
|3 - Moderate |Beneficial |C – High | |Minimize Impacts |
| | | |Unacceptable |
Table 1-6 Impacts of the Project on its surrounding with mitigation measures
|Activity / Source of the Impact |Mitigated Impacts |
| |Receptor |
| |
|Consequences |Likelihood |Acceptability |
|1 - Negligible |4 – Significant |A – Low | |Beneficial |
|2 - Minor |5 – Catastrophic |B – Medium | |Negligible with minor mitigation |
|3 - Moderate |Beneficial |C – High | |Minimize Impacts |
| | | |Unacceptable |
Environmental and Social Management Plan
TABLE 1-7 SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
|PROJECT ACTIVITY |
|Site Clearance/ |Disturbance to |Limiting the land clearance area required for pipelines in the vicinity of forested areas of Khalde; | Implementation: Contractor. |No cost incurred |
|Excavation |land/landscape (Land |Planning and marking access routes and adopting minimum safe operating width |Supervision: ESM | |
| |scaring from Project |Using existing tracks/ routes to reduce the size of the impacted area; | | |
| |Footprint) |Minimizing (whenever possible) the time and space of heavy machinery use and constructing intensive | | |
|Drilling/blasting, | |activities and using whenever possible existing and previously disturbed land and roads to access site| | |
|pipeline construction |Compromised Visual Amenity |and avoiding off-road driving, areas crossing wadis or that are prone to erosion; | | |
|and tunnel boring works| |Avoiding excessive removal of topsoil and minimizing grading and clearing of vegetation; | | |
|(to a lesser extent) |Contamination of soil |Stabilization of topsoil and spoil stockpiles along the pipelines previously removed during excavation| | |
| |quality. |works and using it as cover material whenever possible during backfilling and site restoration; | | |
|Solid and liquid waste | |A preliminary project handover and restoration plan should be developed that identifies disposal | | |
|generation from camp | |options for all equipment and materials, including products used and wastes generated on site; | | |
|operations (such as | |Project handover (end of Construction) should comprise the complete closure of the labor camps | | |
|sanitary facilities and| |including the removal of all equipments and vehicles and other fixtures and infrastructures and | | |
|kitchen) and pipelines | |covering of trenches and restoring of all sites to original state. | | |
|pressure testing) | |Reduce the use of blasted debris as much as possible and allow backfilling and site restoration from | | |
| | |topsoil and spoil excavated by conventional methods (such as drilling) and generated by the tunnel | | |
|Accidental chemical / | |boring works; | | |
|oil spills or leaks | | | | |
|(from excavators and | | | | |
|tunnel boring machine) | | | | |
| | |Perform a soil sampling campaign in the Project affected areas, specifically where blasting activities|Environmental Consultant (to |1500 |
| | |took place, in order to document the soil conditions (physic-chemical characteristics, petroleum |be hired by CDR) | |
| | |contamination, etc.) following the cessation of construction works | | |
|Loading and Unloading |Increase in ambient dust |All vehicles, plant and equipment engines shall be properly maintained in accordance with the |Implementation: Contractor. |No cost incurred |
|operations (at |levels |manufacturer's instructions to maximize combustion efficiency and minimize emissions; |Supervision: ESM | |
|construction sites and |(fugitive dust emissions) |Usage of vehicles/machines equipped with exhaust emission control units; | | |
|spoil handling | |All trucks transporting material likely to generate dust should be properly covered according to | | |
|facilities) |Increase in |Lebanese requirements; | | |
| |combustion/exhaust |Maintenance and reporting of monthly fuel consumption records; | | |
| |emissions (release of | | | |
| |combustion gases, NOx, |Any machinery, which is intermittent in use, should be shut off in periods of non use or, where this | | |
|Truck transportation |CO2,SO2, CO) |is impracticable to be throttled back to a minimum; | | |
|(haulage) | |Small combustion source emissions (with a capacity of up to 50 megawatt hours thermal (MWth)) should | | |
| | |adhere to the IFC emission standards for exhaust emissions in the General EHS Guidelines and MoE | | |
| | |Decision 8/1 of 2001, whichever stricter; | | |
| | |Combustion source emissions with a capacity of greater than 50 MWth should comply with the IFC EHS | | |
|Operation of on-site | |Guidelines for Thermal Power; | | |
|diesel-fuelled | |Implement proper dust control measures. Measures will include the damping down of dust if excavations | | |
|generators | |are occurring in high winds, rig dust suppression units and the covering piles of excavated material | | |
| | |to prevent mobilization (with nets or matting); | | |
| | |Efficient scheduling of deliveries as well as establishing and enforcing appropriate speed limits over| | |
| | |all paved and unpaved surfaces (< 40 km/h) via a Traffic Management Plan (TMP) approved by the Project| | |
| | |Proponent. | | |
|Drilling/blasting, |Increase in ambient noise |Fitting all machinery and vehicles with effective exhaust silencers; |Implementation: Contractor. |No cost incurred |
|pipeline construction |level |Maintaining all machinery and vehicles in good repair and in accordance with the manufacturer’s |Supervision: ESM | |
| | |instructions; | | |
|Vehicular movement and | |Limit the working hours when near sensitive sites (schools, health care unit, etc.); | | |
|Equipment operation | |Proper selection of equipment for the specific tasks considering the lowest sound power level; | | |
| | |Maintenance of equipment as not to create unnecessary noise owing to mechanical problems; | | |
| | |Operation of equipment in a manner considerate to the ambient noise background; | | |
| | |Avoidance of leaving equipment idling unnecessary; | | |
| | |Elimination of tonal, impulsive or low frequency noise through noise control engineering techniques | | |
| | |where feasible (e.g. dampers, fitting of mufflers, etc.) | | |
| | |Provision of alternative methods if necessary (substituting hammering actions with hydraulics); | | |
| | |Provision by the Contractor of adequate buffer zone with sensitive populations in the Project Area; | | |
| | |Mandatory use of noise plugs during noisy activities and | | |
| | |Proper communication with receptors whenever highly noisy events are planned | | |
|Vehicular movement & |Traffic congestion |Liaising with community and government by a dedicated resource in the field throughout the duration of|Implementation: Contractor. |No cost incurred |
|Truck Trips/Haulage | |the project (i.e. establishing a complaint register to document potential public complaints. |Supervision: ESM | |
| | |Clearly identify the project footprint to avoid accidents during further development of the area | | |
| | |particularly in the designated and construction sites. | | |
| | |Having a Traffic Management Plan (TMP); | | |
| | |Allowing only certified and trained drivers to carry out transportation related activities; | | |
| | |Having an Emergency Response Procedures in place; and | | |
| | |Having a maintenance program to all vehicles associated with construction activities. | | |
|Fuel, Oil and Chemical | Contamination of soil |Storage |Implementation: Contractor. |No cost incurred |
|Handling and Storage |quality and groundwater |Where appropriate, fuel, oil and chemicals stores will be sited in specific designated areas on site |Supervision: ESM | |
| |resources |on an impervious base within a suitably contained area; | | |
| | |The fuel storage facilities will have a secondary containment, such as a berm, capable of holding the | | |
| | |capacity of the largest container plus 10% to accommodate rainfall; | | |
| | |Fresh oil and waste oil will be segregated and stored separately to prevent a potential risk of | | |
| | |mixing; | | |
| | |All storage tanks will be positioned to minimize the risks of damage by impact; All storage tanks will| | |
| | |be of sufficient strength and structural integrity; No storage tank will be used for the storage of | | |
| | |fuel, oil or chemicals unless its material and construction are compatible with the type of materials | | |
| | |to be stored and storage conditions (e.g. pressure and temperature); | | |
| | |Drip trays will be installed underneath equipment such as diesel generators, transformers to contain | | |
| | |leakage. The drip trays will be maintained and kept drained of rainwater; and | | |
| | |All fuel and oil will be inventoried and use recorded. | | |
| | |Refueling | | |
| | |Supervision of refueling at all times by appropriate personnel: Checks to fill hoses, valves and | | |
| | |nozzles for signs of wear and tear prior to operation; Checks to tank levels prior to delivery to | | |
| | |prevent overfilling through side glass or manually by dipstick logs; | | |
| | |Locating fill pipes within the containment (unless shut-off valves are fitted); Grounding of tanks and| | |
| | |grounding of vehicles during fuel transfers; and | | |
| | |Ensuring a supply of suitable absorbent materials is available at re-fuelling points for use in | | |
| | |dealing with minor spills. If a leak or spill occurs during loading or offloading operations, the | | |
| | |operations will be stopped and the spill will be contained, cleaned up and collected based on the | | |
| | |Spill Response Plan. | | |
| | |Chemicals | | |
| | |Personnel handling chemicals will be trained in their handling and use and aware of the associated | | |
| | |hazards including the personnel protective equipment (PPE) requirements through pre-task instruction. | | |
| | |Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for all chemicals supplied will be held at the storage area, the | | |
| | |point of use and by the site medical staff and site ES&SR representative; Safety signage will be in | | |
| | |place; | | |
| | |All chemical deliveries (loading and unloading operations) will be supervised at all times and will be| | |
| | |transferred to a secure storage area without delay; | | |
| | |Storage of chemicals will be sited on designated areas at the site; an inventory of all chemicals on | | |
| | |site will be kept and use will be recorded. Chemicals will be properly packaged, labeled and stored; | | |
| | |Dangerous/hazard chemicals will be stored separately; | | |
| | |Chemical storage drums will be in good condition and with sealed bungs. All used drums will be washed | | |
| | |/ flushed with water and pierced before leaving the site to prevent local use and subsequent exposure | | |
| | |to contaminants if they are not able to be returned to the original supplier. | | |
| | |All tanks and containers will be clearly labeled with the nature of the contents and placarded with | | |
| | |the MSDS. The storage of chemical products in containers or on palettes equipped with plastic dust | | |
| | |cover against severe weather. Chemicals will be shaded. Chemical storage drums and packaging are to be| | |
| | |returned to the original supplier in an orderly fashion i.e. palletized and shrink wrapped. | | |
|Waste Management |Contamination of soil |CDR shall promote the use of a Licensed Municipal Waste Facility in coordination with MoE. |Implementation: |No cost incurred |
| |quality and groundwater |All personnel shall be responsible for ensuring that standards of “good housekeeping” are maintained. |CDR/Contractor. | |
| |resources |This will include clearance of all rubbish and work associated debris; |Supervision: ESM | |
| | |Contractors to include a waste management plan as part of CEMP. | | |
| | |And CDR to ensure that solid waste management is included in the contractor’s agreement. | | |
|OPERATION ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (OESMP) |
|Site clearance |Contamination of |Clean up spills if any with an absorbent material such as cat litter. |Implementation: Contractor. |No cost incurred |
|/excavation and spoil |groundwater Quality |Develop a contingency plan to prevent potential groundwater contamination. |Supervision: ESM | |
|stockpiling activities | |Passing water resulting from tunneling and excavation through oil separator prior to discharge in the | | |
| | |event that it has been contaminated with oily residues. | | |
|Accidental spills | |Minimize the planned amount of land to be disturbed as much as possible. | | |
| | |Use special construction techniques in areas of steep slopes, erodible soils, and stream crossings. | | |
|Tunneling activities | |Reclaim or apply protective covering (e.g., vegetative cover) on disturbed soils as quickly as | | |
| | |possible. | | |
| | |Avoid creating excessive slopes during excavation and blasting operations since these activities | | |
| | |accelerate water percolation into ground. | | |
| | |Monitor construction near aquifer recharge areas to reduce potential contamination of the aquifer. | | |
| | |Disposal of excess excavation materials in approved areas to control erosion and minimize leaching of | | |
| | |hazardous materials. | | |
| | |Impose site-specific Best Management Practices, potentially including silt fences, hay bales, | | |
| | |vegetative covers, and diversions, to reduce impacts to surface water from the deposition of sediments| | |
| | |beyond the construction areas. | | |
| | |Immediate implementation of the Oil spill response plan in case of accidental events. | | |
|Site clearance |Destruction of natural |Develop a detailed plants Inventory at the 3 identified sensitive sites (Ouardaniye WTW, Nahr Damour |Implementation: Biodiversity |1200 |
|/Excavation |habitat (loss of forested |Siphon/Washout and Khalde Flow measurement and sampling chamber) prior and post construction |expert | |
| |areas and few native flora |activities commencement as part of CEMP; | | |
|Vehicular movement |species) |Developing an ecosystem rehabilitation plan to regenerate and reintroduce some of the native species | | |
| | |of trees (especially at the most degraded areas) present in the studied area, therefore leading to | | |
| | |positive impacts on biodiversity. | | |
| | |Special effort and attention should be given to the 4 sensitive sites |Implementation: Contractor. |No cost incurred |
| | |Limiting vehicular transport to defined roads as to prevent unnecessary damage to vegetation; |Supervision: ESM | |
| | |Preserving top soil excavated by conventional methods (such as drilling); |Biodiversity expert | |
| | |Avoiding introducing invasive plant species (e.g. weeds). | | |
| | |All affected areas must be replanted with indigenous species appropriate to the respective sites; and | | |
|Physical excavation |Demolition, alteration of |Prepare a brochure to help crew members recognize any discovery of buried antiquities; and |Archaeologist |500 |
|(blasting, site |or damage to archaeological| | | |
|clearance, trenching) |resources, whether on | | | |
| |surface or below-ground | | | |
| | |Direct reporting to local authorities (DGA) in case of new findings during Construction and proper |Implementation: Contractor. |No cost incurred |
| | |documentation of historic sites. |Supervision: ESM | |
|Land Expropriation |Permanent and irreversible |Consultation with potentially affected communities prior to expropriation procedures. |ESM |No cost incurred |
| |loss of land and some loss |Fair and full compensation for land and other assets expropriated for the project in the public | | |
| |of agricultural greenhouses|interest as stated in the Lebanese expropriation law (Law No. 58/1991 and its amendments (2006)).. | | |
| |(agricultural business) |Compensation to local farmers who lost their agricultural lands (loss of livelihood); | | |
| | |Preparation of a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) (ongoing) as per the World Bank standards. | | |
| |Temporary severance / | | | |
| |disturbance of public | | | |
| |rights-of-way and access to| | | |
| |community resources and | | | |
| |services. | | | |
|Fuel and Chemicals |Contamination of soil |Selecting appropriate locations for septic tanks installation as to avoid leakage and contamination of|Implementation: WTW operator |No cost incurred |
|handling & storage |quality and groundwater |groundwater. |Supervision: During the first| |
| |resources |Immediate cleaning of a spill by removing affected top soil layer by trained employees |year of operation: ESM | |
| | |Continuous in-situ sampling of soil in the vicinity and underneath the spill for potential |After project handover: | |
| | |contaminant; and |Environmental representative | |
| | |Stopping the source of spill (close valve, seal pipe, seal hole etc…); |from BMLWWA | |
| | |Refueling in a designated fueling area that includes a temporary berm to limit, if not prevent, the | | |
| | |spread of any spill. | | |
|Wastewater generation |Contamination of soil |CDR should commission local contractor for the collection of domestic wastewater and disposal to |Implementation: Local |200 (unit cost) |
|(sanitary/process) |quality and groundwater |nearest public sewerage network ( Frequency will be based on septic tank volume) |contractor | |
| |resources | |Supervision year of | |
| | | |operation: ESM | |
| | | |After project handover: | |
| | | |Environmental representative | |
| | | |from BMLWWA | |
| | |Adopting as much as possible dry cleaning techniques to decrease resultant wastewater, and to avoid |Implementation: WTW Operator |No cost incurred |
| | |flushing of spills to deeper soil layers. |Supervision: During the first| |
| | |Develop a stormwater management plan to ensure compliance with regulations and prevent off-site |year of operation: ESM | |
| | |migration of contaminated stormwater. |After project handover: | |
| | | |Environmental representative | |
| | | |from BMLWWA | |
|Leaching from Naameh |Contamination of |Regular monitoring wells data inspection for the section of the tunnel lying downstream the land fill |During the first year of | |
|landfill |groundwater quality |Giving additional consideration for the subject strip during maintenance of the tunnel |operation: ESM | |
| | |Checking for any fissures or fractures in the tunnel wall during maintenance |After project handover: | |
| | | |Environmental representative | |
| | | |from BMLWA | |
|Sludge handling and |Contamination of |Design considerations for sludge management include dewatering and thickening processes prior to |Implementation: WTW Operator |No cost incurred |
|disposal |groundwater resources |disposal. |Supervision: During the first| |
| | |Re-use of separated water at the inlet of the WTW instead of discharge of liquid effluent to wadis. In|year of operation: ESM | |
| | |the event of effluent discharge into the Wadi (following sludge dewatering), the former should comply |After project handover: | |
| | |with the Lebanese new standards for discharge into receiving water bodies (Decision No. 8/1). |Environmental representative | |
| | |Investigate the disposal of sludge cake to the Naameh landfill instead of quarry rehabilitation. (In |from BMLWWA | |
| | |the latter case, potential for percolation/leaching into groundwater). | | |
|Operation of pumping |Nuisance to noise-sensitive|Fitting all equipment and pumps with effective exhaust silencers |Implementation: WTW |No cost incurred |
|stations |receptors |Proper selection of pumps for the specific task considering the lowest sound power level; and, |Contractor | |
| | |Maintenance of pumping stations as not to create unnecessary noise owing to mechanical problems |Supervision: During the first| |
| | |Insulating generator rooms and engines. |year of operation: ESM | |
| | | |After project handover: | |
| | | |Environmental representative | |
| | | |from BMLWWA | |
Introduction
1 Background Information
Greater Beirut has been facing a deficit in potable water for the past forty years. Shortage in water is estimated today at 145,000 m3/d and 275,000 m3/day for the wet and dry seasons, respectively.
In 1970 the Lebanese Government of the day passed a decree (Presidential Decree No. 14522, May 1970) in which it allocated water from the Litani and Awali river catchments to different regions in Lebanon. As a result, Greater Beirut was allocated 50 million cubic meters for the dry season. This corresponds to 250,000 m3/day (3m3/s) of water.
In 1977 the Ministry of Energy and Water (MoEW) on behalf of the Government requested from the Council of Development and Reconstruction (CDR) to study the options for providing additional water resources to Greater Beirut. Significant number of studies dealing with conveying water by means of a tunnel and pipelines has been carried out.
At the beginning of 1994, CDR contracted Montgomery Watson and Engico to update the feasibility study submitted by them in 1985 to re-evaluate options of the tunnel and pipeline for the conveyor. Montgomery Watson and Engico completed the feasibility study in April 1995. They completed the detailed design reports and tender documents in late 1997 and early 1998. While Montgomery Watson and Engico were preparing the studies relating to the Awali-Beirut Conveyor, CDR based on Government Decision 31, 7/4/1982, in coordination with the Ministry of Finance and the World Bank, started to investigate ways of funding and executing the conveyor. A decision was made to execute the conveyor on the basis of a contract, which would have a life span of 25 years.
Today the CDR is seeking to secure financing of the project from the World Bank whereas the Beirut and Mount Lebanon Water and Wastewater Establishment (BMLWWE) will be covering the local counterpart financing needs. It was finally decided to commission the project based on conventional contracting basis with four years expected construction duration and one year operational maintenance.
The CDR has contracted Montgomery Watson Harza to re-evaluate its latest feasibility study and has contracted ELARD group for the purpose of updating the latest Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) study submitted by Montgomery Watson and Engico in 1998.
2 General Project Description and Location
The project aims at securing a sustainable source of potable water to Greater Beirut to overcome the existing deficit and meeting the city's potable water requirements on the short and medium term.
The Project encompasses the following components:
1. The construction of a transmission conveyor from the Awali River just north of Saida to Beirut (Awali-Beirut Conveyor);
2. The construction of water supply networks within Greater Beirut area to distribute the water supplied through the conveyor to the inhabitants of the area (Greater Beirut Water Supply Networks).
The Awali-Beirut Conveyor will supply, by gravity, the Greater Beirut area with approximately 250,000 m3/day (3 m3/s) during the dry season. The conveyor will meet the needs of Greater Beirut in the short to medium terms. A detailed description of sub-components is provided in Section2.
The Greater Beirut Water Supply Networks component comprises construction of 16 reservoirs (between 500 m3 and 1000 m3 storage capacity each), replacement and/or installation of approximately 187 km of distribution network and associated pumping stations as well as Installation of 200,000 household meters in portions of the project area to be selected by the GBMLWWE and to operate on a volumetric tariff basis.
Construction works are expected to be completed within four years.
3 ESIA Objectives
The ESIA is an important decision-making tool required by the Ministry of Environment and by the World Bank, that ensures that the environmental hazards and effects of the Project are identified and evaluated prior to operations, and that appropriate control measures are implemented. The main objective of this study is to determine the potential environmental and social impacts associated with the proposed Project.
The objectives of this ESIA study are to:
- Identify all applicable Lebanese national legislation, policies, standards and international treaties, agreements, industry standards and guidelines and regulatory environmental requirements for the project, etc.;
- Provide a detailed description of all Project activities and work plans to be carried out in sea and on land.
- Describe the existing environmental baseline conditions of the Study Area covering the physical, marine biodiversity, socio-economic, and cultural elements likely to be affected by the proposed dredging and disposal activities and/or likely to cause adverse impacts upon the Project, including both natural and man-made environments;
- Identify and assess the potential impacts on environmental and social resources associated with the Project;
- Identify the nature and extent of any significant potential environmental and social impacts be they positive (beneficial) or negative (adverse), temporary or permanent. This shall include routine, non-routine (planned) operations and unplanned (accidental) events;
- Identify any significant cumulative or transboundary impacts of the project and recommend appropriate actions to mitigate or minimize these impacts during the project execution;
- Identify and evaluate appropriate mitigation measures for these impacts;
- Identify any residual impacts following application of mitigation; and
- Identify, assess and specify methods, measures and standards to be included in the detailed design, operation and handover of the Project, which are necessary to mitigate these impacts and reduce them to acceptable levels.
The ESIA study shall ensure that:
- The Project complies with international treaties, agreements and industrial standards and guidelines.
- The Project under assessment complies with relevant Lebanese legislations, standards and World Bank requirements.
- In the absence of any relevant Lebanese standards or requirements for sampling, construction and disposal operations, the Project should be at a minimum, compatible with international standards, such as those issued by the World Bank, IFC, OSHA,...
- Transparency in Project activities and engagement of local authorities and community regarding its environmental, social and economical aspects.
4 ESIA Report Structure
This updated ESIA study is executed in accordance with the Lebanese Environmental Protection Law No. 444 of 2002, the Lebanese Draft EIA Decree, as well as World Bank guidelines.
The report is structured as follows:
- Introduction;
- Legal and Institutional Framework;
- Project Description;
- Analysis of Alternatives;
- Environmental and Social Baseline;
- Public Participation;
- Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment;
- Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) including mitigation, monitoring, and institutional strengthening-capacity building and training;
- Appendices
Legal and Institutional Framework
1 Introduction
This chapter presents an overview of all environmental legislation and standards relevant to the construction and operation of the Awali-Beirut Water Conveyor Project. This section sheds light on the legal and institutional framework and identifies gaps and deficiencies in the national legal and institutional system.
The objective is also to ensure compliance not only with the Lebanese environmental laws and regulations, but also with the relevant international agreements, standards and guidelines of which Lebanon is signatory and to observe non-statutory corporate standards and good practice guidance.
2 Institutional Framework and Sector Organization in Lebanon
1 Institutional Framework for the Protection of the Environment
In 1981, a state Ministry of Environment was created for the management of environmental affairs such as the use of pesticides, deforestation and forest fires, solid waste disposal, protection of native biodiversity, etc.
In 1993, Law 216 established the Ministry of Environment (MoE) and defined its mandates and functions. Article 2 of this Law stipulates that the MoE should formulate a general environmental policy and propose measures for its implementation in coordination with the concerned government administrations. The article indicates that the MoE should protect the natural and man-made environment in the interests of public health and welfare, and fight pollution from whatever source by taking preventative and remedial action. The MoE is charged in particular with developing the following aspects of environmental management:
• A strategy for solid waste and wastewater treatment and disposal, through participation in appropriate committees, conducting studies for this purpose, and commissioning appropriate infrastructure works;
• Permitting conditions for new industry, agriculture, quarrying and mining, and the enforcement of appropriate remedial measures for establishments existing before promulgation of this law;
• Conditions and regulations for the use of public land, marine and reverie resources in such a way as to protect the environment; and
• Encouragement of private and collective initiatives that improve environmental conditions.
Law 216 was amended twice according to Decrees 5591/94 and 667/97 so as to strengthen the Ministry and reorganize its mission and prerogatives along four general policy principles; 1) Regionally balanced development, 2) Protection of the environment through preventative measures, 3) Adoption of the polluter pays principle and 4) Integration of environmental policies into other sectoral development policies.
The Ministry of Environment plays also a role in Coastal Zone Management (CZM), as mandated by law 690/2005 that specified the prerogatives of the Ministry as follows:
• The formulation of strategies, policies, programs, and action plans for CZM;
• The development of relevant legislation, and participation in the preparation of international treaties and protocols;
• The promotion of awareness and guidance on CZM issues in the community;
• The specification of environmental guidelines for:
• The classification of establishments
• Master plans for zoning (in cooperation with MoPWT)
• The creation and exploitation of public beaches
• Formulating the strategy, action plans, programs, and studies required for the integrated management of hazardous and non-hazardous solid waste, domestic and industrial wastewater, in addition to monitoring their implementation;
• Protection of the coastal zone and of territorial waters;
• Monitoring air, soil and water quality; recommending preventive and corrective measures, and monitoring their application;
• Regulating hunting and fishing activities in coordination with the MoA;
• Controlling the use and disposal of chemicals;
• Conducting inspection visits and stopping contraventions.
A major step was achieved when, in July 2002, a comprehensive environmental protection law – Law 444 - reflecting the policy principles mentioned above, was introduced. Law 444 sets the fundamental principles that govern the management of the environment and the use of natural resources.
In doing so, the Ministry of Environment does not undertake its environmental management efforts in isolation. Indeed a number of other government ministries and bodies have also environmental responsibilities Table 2-1 lists the main stakeholders concerned with the environment.
Table 2-1 Main Public administrations and stakeholders concerned with the protection of the environment
|Public Administration |Prerogatives |
|Ministry of Environment (MoE) |MoE reviews, approves or refuses Environmental Impact Assessment reports prepared by |
| |engineering and/or consultancy firms for existing or for potential projects |
|Ministry of Energy and Water (MoEW) |MoEW monitors surface and underground water quality. It also estimates water needs and uses |
| |in all the regions, and identifies the conditions and systems needed for surface and |
| |underground water exploitation. It then develops the schemes for distribution of water |
| |(drinking and irrigation). |
|Ministry of Public Works and |MoPWT manages, via its different directorates, roads, bridges and water channels. Through its|
|Transportation (MoPWT) |different directorates, it manages land and maritime transportation as well as land use |
| |planning. |
|Higher Council of Urban Planning (HCUP) |HCUP is responsible for urban and rural planning. In doing so it reviews designs and plans of|
| |villages and towns, including zoning proposals for these areas. It also reviews project |
| |decrees aiming at expropriation. |
|Ministry of Public Health (MoPH) |MoPH is responsible for safeguarding and improving public health through for example setting |
| |allowable levels for contaminants in water, inspecting water quality in public beaches and |
| |tourist resorts and protecting water resources, specifically coastal underground water |
| |reservoirs. |
|Ministry of Interior (MoI) |MoI stops all kinds of infractions and violations. |
|Council of Development and Reconstruction|CDR prepares all construction and development plans in the country. It also suggests the |
|(CDR) |economic, financial, and social policies needed for the implementation of these plans and |
| |accordingly sets the priorities and presents them to the CoM for approval. |
|Municipalities |Represent the level of local government with legal status, financial and administrative |
| |independence, which exercises powers and responsibilities over the territory it is granted by|
| |law. |
2 Main Public Stakeholders concerned with the project
Several stakeholders play an important role in the management of natural resources and livelihood strategies within the Project area. These stakeholders and their mandate relevant to the project are presented in the sections below and summarized in Table 2-3:
3 Ministry of Energy and Water (MoEW)
Since its creation, the Ministry of Energy and Water handles water issues and controls water privileges.
The new law organizing the water sector – Law 221/2000 - confirmed the ministry’s role in monitoring surface and underground water quality, setting the standards that should be adopted in the studies and execution of public investments related to water as well as identifying the conditions and systems for surface and underground water exploitation. It also enhanced the Ministry’s control over the water amounts extracted from underground aquifers.
Indeed, Article 2 of this Law enumerates the competencies and missions of the Ministry of Energy and Water as follows:
• Monitoring, studying, and estimating the volume of water resources, and estimating water needs and uses in all regions;
• Monitoring the quality of surface and groundwater and establishing relevant standards;
• Developing a general scheme for the allocation and distribution of drinking water and irrigation water throughout the country; designing and continuously updating a Masterplan for water to be submitted through the Minister to the Council of Ministers (CoM) for approval;
• Designing, studying, and implementing large water projects such as dams, mountain lakes, tunnels, diversion of riverbeds, water networks, etc., and overseeing their operation;
• Protecting water resources against losses and pollution by elaborating legal texts and taking necessary measures and action to prevent water pollution and restore its initial natural quality;
• Developing standards to be adopted in the studies conducted by Water and Wastewater Establishments, and the implementation of their works; in addition to guidelines and regulations for the exploitation of surface and groundwater and the management of wastewater, and standards for the protection and monitoring of water quality.
4 Ministry of Public Works and Transportation (MoPWT)
According to Decree 2872/1959 (Organization of the Ministry of Public Works and Transportation) and its amendments, the Ministry of Public Works and Transport is composed of five directorates having each its own prerogatives.
Of all 5 directorates, the Directorate General of Land and Maritime Transport and the Directorate General of Urban Planning are those that are mainly and directly involved in CZM.
Indeed, the Directorate General of Land and Maritime Transport (Decree 1611/1971) is responsible for all matters relating to land and maritime transport, the supervision of ports, marinas, and the public maritime domain, in addition to its authority on the Organization of Railways and Public Transport. Whereas, the Directorate General of Urban Planning (DGUP) is responsible for specifying and organizing land use planning through zoning of regions, specifying allowed investments for different land uses, as well as architectural constraints, and suitable conditions for ensuring the integration of projects within their surrounding from an aesthetic, architectural, infrastructural, environmental, and socio-economic point of view. As for actual enforcement, it is the responsibility of the local authority (municipality/ district) and the Security Forces. The DGUP interferes in the case of complaints, and plays an inspection role upon termination of building construction by verifying the compatibility of facilities with permit conditions and specifications.
On the other hand, the Directorate General of Roads and Buildings (Decree 13379/1998), is in charge of the design, execution and maintenance of roads, bridges, walls, and water channels. The Directorate also designs, expropriates, subcontracts and supervises works including maintenance of public buildings and assets. The presence of a Department of Environment and Traffic Safety within the Directorate General of Roads and Buildings should be noted, which is responsible for assessing the environmental impact of projected roads, and recommending mitigation measures.
5 Higher Council for Urban Planning (HCUP)
The Higher Council for Urban Planning (HCUP) that was created in 1983 (decree-law 69/1983) is the party responsible for urban and rural planning. It comprises representatives from CDR, MoIM, MoPWT, MoE, MoC and other concerned ministries, municipalities as well as Order of Engineers and Architects. It can meet with the concerned parties (such as municipalities and public institutions) for discussing issues pertaining to them and it will give opinion regarding
• Designs and plans of villages and towns, and zoning designs
• Project decrees aiming at the creation of real estate companies, conducting expropriation and allotment
• Revision of building permits and allotment
• Projects aiming at modifying urban planning and building laws
6 Ministry of Public Health (MoPH)
The Ministry of Public Health (MoPH) is responsible for safeguarding and improving public health, through the prevention of disease, supervision of health care institutions, suggestion of new legislation or modification of existing ones. The MoPH consists of Central and Regional Departments, as well as a Department of Projects and Programs.
Besides suggesting the modification of laws and regulations relating to health prevention, as prompted by social and scientific developments; and preparing relevant project laws and decrees, MoPH is also responsible for setting allowable levels for contaminants in water, inspecting water quality in public beaches and tourist resorts and protecting water resources, specifically coastal underground water reservoirs.
The Ministry is also in charge of:
• Conducting studies and suggesting protocols aiming at preserving the environment's safety from threats to public health;
• Formulating project decisions on sanitary and preventive guidelines for all kinds of classified establishments;
• Suggesting specifications and technical conditions required in the construction of sewage and potable water networks, and solid waste collection and disposal projects;
• Suggesting classification of new types of industrial facilities, and re-classifying those that need reconsideration;
• Approval of projects such as the establishment of slaughterhouses and construction of sewage networks.
With regards to the Regional Departments (or Public Health Services), they are distributed in all Governorates except in the Governorate of Beirut, and all districts. They are responsible for implementing health protocols in the Governorates, providing preventive and laboratory services. Sanitary Engineers in these services also give their opinion regarding the establishment of slaughterhouses and sewage networks in cities. As for the District Physicians, they monitor potable water quality, solid waste disposal, and sanitary guidelines in residential, recreational and occupational settings.
7 Ministry of Interior and Municipalities
The Ministry of Interior and Municipalities is concerned with Lebanon's internal policy affairs, encompassing preparation, coordination, and execution; in addition to safeguarding discipline and security; overseeing the affairs of governorates, districts, municipalities, unions of municipalities, the Independent Municipal Fund, mayors, local elected councils, villages, parties, NGOs; and managing motor vehicle and traffic affairs, etc.
The Ministry of Interior and Municipalities is composed of several distinct directorates having different prerogatives as set in Decree 4082/2000.
The Directorate General of Administrative and Local Councils mainly has a supervisory and monitoring role over municipalities, which are themselves directly in charge of CZM and other issues. Overseeing the application of laws and regulations relating to local affairs, municipalities and their unions, and other local councils; suggesting plans and developing studies aiming at the development of local life and activities and promoting public participation in them, and submitting these studies to the Minister of Interior and Municipalities;
The Directorate General of Internal Security Forces plays a monitoring and enforcement role in CZM through an enforcement body consisting of the Coastal Brigade Command and the Coastal Detachments, responsible for implementing laws and regulations relating to coastal control and for sanctioning violations, in coordination with the enforcement body affiliated to the MoPWT. Its duties cover the parts of the coast situated within the municipal authority and outside ports and harbors.
8 Council for Development and Reconstruction (CDR)
The CDR is a public institution that was created in 1977 - in partial replacement of the Ministry of Planning - to be the Government unit responsible for reconstruction and development. CDR has unprecedented powers to avoid any administrative routine that could slow down the reconstruction process, especially in the financial field. It is financially and administratively independent, and directly affiliated to the Council of Ministers (CoM). Decree 5/1977 specified CDR’s responsibilities which are formulated around 4 main axes (i) Planning, (ii) Consultancy and Guidance, (iii) Financial, (iv) Implementation and Monitoring. These are to be implemented in cooperation with other ministries and stakeholders and can be summarized as follows:
Planning:
• Development of a general plan, consecutive plans and programs for construction and development activities; in addition to the suggestion of economic, financial, and social policy in line with the general plan. All of these plans and policies are submitted for approval to the CoM;
• Developing a budget for the implementation of the general plan;
• Suggesting project laws relating to construction and development and presenting them to the CoM;
• Developing a general guidance framework for urban planning and presenting it to the CoM for approval.
Consultancy and Guidance
• Giving opinion to the CoM on economic and financial relationships with other countries, foreign associations and organizations;
• Getting in contact with foreign associations and organizations for the purpose of seeking economic, cultural, technical and social assistance;
• Preparing and publishing statistical studies relating to economic and social activities and projects;
• Conducting the necessary studies in the developmental and construction fields, or designating qualified parties to conduct them, and suggesting the enhancement of the Council's scientific capabilities;
• Requesting ministries, public institutions, and municipalities to prepare projects in line with the Council's developmental and construction overall objectives;
• Providing relevant information for ministries, public institutions, municipalities, and the private sector;
• Giving suggestions on the creation, development and guidance of financial establishments and companies working on development issues.
Financial duties,
• Securing financing for the implementation of the various projects or programs, the source of funds being the CoM or international donors.
Implementation and Monitoring tasks
• Conducting feasibility studies for construction and developmental projects figuring in the general plan, or preparing programs required for the development of plans
• Executing the projects figuring in the general plan, consecutive plans and programs, in addition to any other construction/development project requested by the CoM. The CDR selects the appropriate public institution, municipality, or company for the execution of these projects, and the appropriate means (bidding, subcontracting, partnership,…).
• The CDR is the exclusive party responsible for expropriation procedures, and issuing administrative authorizations and licenses, except in the case where the CoM issues them.
• Monitoring of all projects figuring in the plans and programs, and those referred by the CoM, and submitting relevant reports to the CoM
• Monitoring the proper allocation of economic and financial subsidies to their proper targets.
The CDR has developed a General Master plan, including a plan for CZM, organizing land use in Lebanon. This plan encompasses the construction of wastewater treatment plants in coastal cities, the rehabilitation of solid waste dumps, the construction of a coastal highway, among other components. This Master plan has not been approved by the CoM to date a fact that prevents its implementation.
9 Beirut and Mount Lebanon Water and Wastewater Establishment (BMLWWE)
BMLWWE was created by Law 221 (29/5/2000) which has restructured the water sector in Lebanon. Article 3 of Law 221, delineates the creation of five water establishments among which the Beirut-Mount Lebanon Water Establishment by merging the Beirut and Mount Lebanon Water Authorities.
Duties and competencies of the BMLWWE are described in Article 4 of Law 221. These are:
• To carry out studies, implementation, operation, maintenance and renewing of projects for drinking and irrigation water distribution, (except for irrigation water in the South and South Beqaa that remains under the responsibility of the Litani River authority), within the frame of General Master-Plan according to a Ministry’s prior permit to use public water resources.
• To propose tariffs for drinking and irrigation water services taking into consideration general
Socio-economic conditions of the Country.
• To control the quality of the drinking and irrigation distributed water.
These Water Establishments is operating under its own regulations. It has to hire the services of an audit company concerning their financial status and is managed by a board of Directors constituted of a President and six members.
According to Article 6, the establishment is submitted to the “posteriori” control of the Account Court.
Its activities are assessed by a Performance Evaluation Committee composed of the (MoEW as president and 7 members: the General Director of the Ministry of Finances, the General Director of Exploitation in the MHER, the General Director of Hydraulic and Electric Equipment in the MHER, a hydraulic engineer, an economy graduate, a law graduate, and a second category functionary from the General Directorate of Exploitation as “rapporteur”.
Law 377 issued on December 14th 2001 is an Amendment of Laws 221 and 241. In the Article 1, the new version of paragraphs 3 and 11 of Article 2 concerning Law 221 incorporates the responsibilities of the waste water within the competencies of MoEW. Article 2 gives the same amendment for Water Establishments duties by incorporating the handling of the waste water in the subparagraphs of Article 4 of Law 221.
The Articles 3 replaces the name of the Ministry of Hydraulic and Electric Resources mentioned in
the Article 5 first paragraph of Law 221, by the corresponding terms; “Ministry of Energy and Water”.
The Article 4 brings, in addition to the previous modification relative to the MHER, another new appellation:
• General Director of Hydraulic and Electric Equipment is replaced by General Director of Hydraulic and Electric resources.
• Public Water Establishments are replaced by Public Water and Waste Water Establishments PWWEs.
BMLWE is also experienced in handling expropriations for public works, but as its in-house legal services are limited, the practice is to hire an outside expert to handle all expropriations files and liaise with the authorities.
Below are some related decrees that govern the BMLWWE:
Decree 8122 (3/7/2002): organizes the implementation of the Law 221.
Decree 14596 (14/6/2002): sets the internal organization of the BMLWWE.
Decree 14597 (14/6/2005): sets the investment organization of the BMLWWE.
Decree 14637 (16/6/2005): sets the financial organization of the BMLWWE.
Decree 14877 (1/6/2005): sets the employment organization of the BMLWEE.
10 Litani River Authority
The Litani River Authority was established in 1954 for the purpose of executing the Litani River project developed by the Government within its general framework for water planning in order to provide for irrigation, drainage, drinking water and electricity.
The Litani River Authority has been created by the Law issued on August 14th 1954. Its duties and competencies are, as per the previous law, as follows:
• The execution of the Litani project for irrigation and drainage, for potable water and electricity production within the integrated Master Plan for Water in Lebanon and pursuant to the studies undertaken by the Lebanese Government assisted by the American Technical Commission.
• The installation of a network for the electricity plants in Lebanon.
• The erection of transformation stations, transmission and distribution lines in the whole Lebanese regions.
This Authority has the status of moral person and it operates within an administrative and financial autonomy.
Two days after the implementation of August 14th Law, the first Board of Directors was designated by the Decree 5997 issued on August 16th 1954. On year later, three new Laws were issued on December 30th 1955 concerning three main issues to consolidate the start up of LRA. The first one, was ratified the agreement signed on August 25th 1955 to guarantee the loan of the International Bank for Development and Reconstruction to the LRA. The second one, has given to LRA, the right to exploit all the parts of the Litani project as well from technical point of view as from financial aspects,
It constitutes an Amendment to the LRA creation Law. The third one has decided the advance of the Public Treasury to the LRA.
The Litani River Authority is governed by the same laws governing the other Autonomous Water Authorities, like Law 4517. This Authority is managed by a Board of Directors for three years. The chart organization of the LRA shows the main executives responsibilities constituted by a general Manager, four managers handling the administrative, technical, irrigation and hydroelectricity aspects. They are assisted by 16 departments and 42 bureaus.
11 Municipalities
A municipality is the level of local government with legal status, financial and administrative independence, which exercises powers and responsibilities over the territory it is granted by law.
The municipal machinery is made up of a decision-making power (invested in the elected municipal council) and an executive power (held by the President of the municipality or Mayor himself). The law grants municipal councils decision making powers and responsibilities relating to all activities of public interest within the municipal area based on a non-exhaustive list which sets out the relevant areas of public interest. According to Decree 118/1977, they are responsible for:
• Determining municipal taxes or fees;
• Developing TORs for services, works and supplies, or for selling municipal properties;
• Accepting or rejecting funds and donations;
• General programs of works, cleanliness, health affairs, water and lighting projects, etc.;
• Planning, rectifying and enlarging roads, creating parks and public places;
• Formulating designs for the town and the master plan in cooperation with the Directorate General of Urban Planning (DGUP);
• Creating parks, courts, museums, hospitals, libraries, sewerage networks, and waste disposal options, etc.;
• Organizing transportation and specifying prices; and
• Approving permit applications for the exploitation of classified shops, restaurants, resorts, cafes, hotels, and all kinds of tourist and leisure facilities.
The Table 2-2 below refers to the list of municipalities influenced either directly or indirectly by the project
Table 2-2 List of Municipalities
|Municipality Name |Areas Covered by the Municipality |
|Joun |from Abu Abes river till Deir Mkhales |
| |Sarouniye |
| |Mazraat El Barghoutiye |
|Ouardaniye |Ouardaniye |
|Sibline |Sibline |
|Barja |Barja |
| |Ain EL Asad |
|Baasir |Baasir |
| |Haret Baasir |
| |Debshe |
| |Marj Barja |
|Debbiye |Debbiye |
| |Haliyouni |
| |Aaqline |
| |Dahr Aaqline |
| |Mazraat Er Razaniye |
|Dahr El Mghara |Dahr El Mghara |
|El Mechref |Mechref |
|El Damour |Damour |
| |Saadiyat |
|El Naame |Naameh |
| |Haret El Naame |
| |Dawhet el Hoss |
|Hadath |Hadath |
|Hazmieh |Hazmieh |
|Choueifet |Choueifet |
| |Khalde |
| |Aamrousiye |
| |Qobbe |
|Kfarshima |Kfarshima |
|Bsaba |Bsaba |
|Aaramoun |Aaramoun |
|Wadi Chahrour |Wadi Chahrour |
|Bsous |Bsous |
|Bdedoun |Bdedoun |
|Baabda |Baabda |
| |Fiyadiyeh |
| |Louaize |
| |Yarze |
|Chiah |Chiah |
|Borj El Barajne |Borj EL Barajne |
|Haret Hreik |Haret Hreik |
Table 2-3 Summary of institution’s main responsibilities
|Institution |Water |
| |Resources |
|Laws |Laws are passed by the Lebanese Parliament. The Council of Ministers or deputies propose a project of|
| |law that is discussed by the appropriate parliamentary committees prior to being promulgated in a |
| |plenary parliamentary session. Environmental legislations are generally reviewed and assessed by the |
| |Parliamentary committees dealing with Agriculture, Tourism, Environment, and Municipalities as well |
| |as Public Works, Transportation, Electric and Hydraulic Resources and Planning and Development. |
|Decree Laws |In exceptional cases (like absence of the Parliament or non respect of constitutional delays), the |
| |President of the Republic can pass these decree laws which have the same legal standing and powers as|
| |laws. |
|Decrees |The Council of Ministers issues decrees that are usually proposed by a certain ministry. The Council |
| |of State is consulted before the issuance of a decree to ensure that the latter does not contravene |
| |existing laws.. |
|Resolutions/Decisions |Ministers issue resolutions without the pre-approval of the Council of Ministers but after consulting|
| |the Council of State to ensure the integrity with existing laws. |
12 Synopsis of the Legislative Framework for Environmental Protection
. To date, the current Lebanese environmental regulations are generally scarce with some dating back several decades. Table 2-5 presents an overview of the main environmental legislations found in Lebanon dealing with the management of water resources, solid waste and wastewater as well as air quality and pollution control; these legislations are listed in reverse chronological order.
Table 2-5 Summary of Legislations
|Year |Law / Decree |relevant Provisions |
|2002 |Decision 5/1 |Review of “Initial Environmental Examination" report |
|2002 |Decision 6/1 |Review of Scoping report and Environmental Impact Assessment report |
|2002 |Law 444 |Environment Protection Law |
|2002 |Law 432 |Accession to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. |
|2002 |Decree 8018 |Sets procedures and guidelines for the establishment and operation of industrial |
| | |institutions/facilities. It provides for example the distance requirements from water|
| | |resources which vary according to industry classification (Class I, II, III, VI, and |
| | |V). |
|2001 |Decision 5/1 |Environmental Guidelines for the Establishment and/or Operation of Stations |
| | |Distributing Liquid Petroleum Products. |
|2001 |Law 341 |Reducing air pollution resulting from the transportation sector and encouraging the |
| | |use of a ‘greener’ less polluting fuel. |
|2001 |Law 377 |Changed the Ministry of Hydraulic and Electric Resources (MHER) into the Ministry of |
| | |Energy and Water (MoEW) and named the regional water authorities as Water and |
| | |Wastewater Establishments located in Beirut, Bekaa, North Lebanon and South Lebanon. |
|2000 |Draft EIA Decree |This Draft EIA decree is under the Framework of Environmental Law. It stipulates the |
| | |EIA procedures and regulations related to all development projects that have a |
| | |potential impact on the environment. |
|2000 |Law 241 |Reducing the number of Water Establishments to 4. |
|2000 |Law 221 |This Law organizes the Water Sector by regrouping 22 Water Offices and 216 Committees|
| | |in 5 regional Water Authorities. Article 1 of this Law states that the protection |
| | |and development of water as a natural resource, within the framework of environmental|
| | |and ecosystem protection, is a crucial public service. |
|1997 |Law 623 |Implementing penalties for vandalism and theft acts onwater, telephone and |
| | |electricity infrastructures. |
|1997 |Decision 71/1 |Management of Waste Imports. |
|1996 |Decision 52/1 |Specifying the National Standards for Environmental Quality and the Environmental |
| | |Limit Values for Air and Water. |
|1996 |Decision 40/1 |Amendment of decision 22/1 |
|1995 |Decision 22/1 |Enforcement of Environmental Standards for Industries. |
|1994 |Law 387 |Accession to the Basel Convention concerning the control of the trans-boundary |
| | |movement of hazardous waste and their disposal. |
|1991 |Law 58 |Expropriation law which was modified later on by the Law enacted on 12/08/2006 |
|1988 |Law 64/88 |Protection against hazardous wastes that could harm air, water, biodiversity, soil, |
| | |and people. |
|1972 |Decision 67 |Methodology for bacteriological analysis of water. |
|1966 |Law 68/66 |Protection against oil spill discharge from ships into the sea. |
|1933 |Decree 2761 |Guidelines related to Wastewater Management and Disposal |
|1932 |Decree law 16 L | It mandates the establishment of buffer zones for the protection of all surface and |
| | |groundwater resources from any type of activity/potential source of pollution. |
| | |Requirements for buffering are found in Decision 320/26. |
13 EIA Draft Decree and Project Relevance to Environmental Protection Law
The Project is governed by Lebanon’s main Environmental Framework Law (Law 444/2002 on Environmental Protection). The Project aims at supplying Greater Beirut with 250m3/d of water in order to compensate the existing deficit and secure sustainable source of water for at least the five coming years. Law 444 lists the different environmental receptors and resources as follows:
- Physical Environment (Ambient Air Quality & Noise);
- Soil Quality;
- Coastal Environment;
- Marine Biodiversity (fauna & flora); and
- Public Community (Project affected communities)
A draft EIA decree was issued in 2000 which abides by specifications and standard criteria for environmental standards and requirements and sets principles and measures necessary to assess the environmental impact of development projects (refer to Environmental Protection Law No. 444/ 2002). The draft EIA decree comprises sixty-eight articles that address the objectives of the regulation, definitions, as well as various stages of the national EIA l process such as screening, scoping, implementation, and review of the EIA report, in addition to the period of validity, and the appeal process. The EIA draft decree also lists all the activities for which EIA or permit conditions are mandatory, and those that require an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) (refer to Appendices 1, 2 and 3 of draft EIA decree). Being of water nature, related to supply of potable water through construction of tunnels, a treatment plant and water reservoirs, the project hence requires an EIA study.
The EIA process is illustrated in a schematic diagram in Appendix 9 of the Draft EIA Decree.
14 Relevant National Environmental Standards
There are two main legislative texts that set the environmental standards for Lebanon as shown in Table 2-6 below.
Table 2-6 Main environmental standards in Lebanon
|Relevant Standards |
|Ministerial Decision No. 8/1, MoE |30/1/2001 |Updates/replaces Decision 52/1 by developing National Standards for |
| | |Environmental Quality (NSEQ) related to air pollutants and liquid waste |
| | |emitted from classified establishment and wastewater treatment plants |
|Ministerial Decision No. 52/1, MoE|29/7/1996 |Environmental Quality Standards & Criteria for Air, Water and Soil |
These decisions have assigned the particulate inorganic pollutants, gaseous inorganic pollutants and cancer causing pollutants into groups; as presented in Table 2-7 below.
Table 2-7 Pollutants Classification
|Particulate Inorganic Pollutants |
|Group I |Group II |Group III |Group IV |
|Cd, Hg, TI |As, Co, Ni, Se, Te |Sb, Pb, Cr, CN, F, Cu, Mn, Pt, |- |
| | |Pd, Rh, V, Sn | |
|Gaseous Inorganic Pollutants |
|Group I |Group II |Group III |Group IV |
|AsH3, ClCN, COCl2, HP |HBr, Cl2, HCN, HF, H2S |HCl not mentioned at Group I |SOX, NOX |
|Cancer causing pollutants |
|Group I |Group II |Group III |Group IV |
|Asbestos, Benzo(a)pyren, |Arsenic Oxides, several Chrome |Acrylnitril, Benzene, |- |
|Beryllium and its breathable |(VI) and Chrome (III). |1,3-Butadien, | |
|compounds calculated as Be, |Combinations calculated as Cr, |1-Chlor-2,3-epoxypropan | |
|Dibenz(a,h) anthracen, |Cobalt, Nickel and its breathable|(Epychlorhydrin), | |
|2-Napthylamin |compounds calculated as Co/ Ni, |1,2-Dibromethane, | |
| |3,3’-Dichlorbenzeden, |1,2-Epoxypropane, Ethyleneoxide, | |
| |Dimethylsulphate Ethylenimin |Hydrazine, Vynilchloride | |
These decisions have also set the specifications and standards for various pollutants as described below:
Ambient Air Quality Standards Table 2-8 below presents the maximum allowable limits for air emissions as set in Decision 8/1.
Table 2-8 Emission Limits
|Parameter |Emission limit value |Remark |
|Dust |200 mg/m3 (for new facilities) |Not containing hazardous compounds |
| |500 mg/m3 (for existing facilities) | |
|Particulate Inorganic Pollutants |
|Group I |1 mg/m3 |Mass flow > 5g/h |
|Group II |10 mg/m3 |Mass flow > 25g/h |
|Group III |30 mg/m3 |Mass flow > 50g/h |
|Gaseous Inorganic Pollutants |
|Group I |1 |Mass flow > 50g/h |
|Group II |5 |Mass flow > 300g/h |
|Group III |30 |Mass flow > 1,000g/h |
|Group IV |500 |Mass flow > 10,000g/h |
|Gaseous Organic Pollutants |
|Group I |20 |Mass flow > 500g/h |
|Group II |100 |Mass flow > 4,000g/h |
|Group III |200 |Mass flow > 6,000g/h |
|Cancer Causing Pollutants |
|Group I |0.2 |Mass flow > 5g/h |
|Group II |2 |Mass flow > 10g/h |
|Group III |10 |Mass flow > 50g/h |
Water pollutants:
Standards of pollutants being discharged into water bodies were set in Decision 52/1 and updated in Decision 8/1, as described in Table 2-9.
Table 2-9 Water pollutants
|Substance |Limits for WaterBodies |
| |Sewerage system |surface water |sea |
|Color |none |none |none |
|pH |6-9 |6-9 |6-9 |
|Temperature |35ºC |30 ºC |35ºC |
|BOD (5 day, 20ºC) |125 mg/l |25 mg/l |25 mg/l |
|COD (dichromate) |500 mg/l |125 mg/l |125 mg/l |
|Total Phosphorus |10 mg/l |10 mg/l |10 mg/l |
|Total Nitrogen[1] |60 mg/l |30 mg/l |30 mg/l |
|Suspended solids |600 mg/l |60 mg/l |60 mg/l |
|AOX |5 |5 |5 |
|Detergents |- |3 mg/l |3 mg/l |
|Coliform Bacteria 370 C in 100 ml[2] |- |2,000 |2,000 |
|Salmoellae |Absence |Absence |Absence |
|Hydrocarbons |20 mg/l |20 mg/l |20 mg/l |
|Phenol Index |5 mg/l |0.3 mg/l |0.3 mg/l |
|Oil and grease |50 mg/l |30 mg/l |30 mg/l |
|Total Organic Carbon (TOC) |750 mg/l |75 mg/l |75 mg/l |
|Ammonia (NH4+) |- |10 mg/l |10 mg/l |
|Silver (Ag) |0.1 mg/l |0.1mg/l |0.1 mg/l |
|Aluminium (Al ) |10 mg/l |10 mg/l |10 mg/l |
|Arsenic (As) |0.1 mg/l |0.1 mg/l |0.1 mg/l |
|Barium (Ba) |2 mg/l |2 mg/l |2 mg/l |
|Cadmium (Cd) |0.2 mg/l |0.2 mg/l |0.2 mg/l |
|Cobalt (Co) |1 mg/l |0.5 mg/l |0.5 mg/l |
|Chromium total (Cr) |2 mg/l |2 mg/l |2 mg/l |
|Hexavalent Chromium (Cr VI+) |0.2 mg/l |0.2 mg/l |0.2 mg/l |
|Copper total (Cu) |1 mg/l |0.5 mg/l |1.5 mg/l |
|Iron total (Fe) |5 mg/l |5 mg/l |5 mg/l |
|Mercury total (Hg) |0.05 mg/l |0.05 mg/l |0.05 mg/l |
|Manganese (Mn) |1 mg/l |1 mg/l |1 mg/l |
|Nickel total (Ni) |2 mg/l |0.5 mg/l |0.5 mg/l |
|Lead total (Pb) |1 mg/l |0.5 mg/l |0.5 mg/l |
|Antimony (Sb) |0.3mg/l |0.3mg/l |0.3mg/l |
|Tin total (Sn) |2 mg/l |2 mg/l |2 mg/l |
|Zinc total (Zn) |10 mg/l |5 mg/l |5 mg/l |
|Active (Cl2) |- |1 mg/l |1 mg/l |
|Cyanides (CN- ) |1 mg/l |0.1mg/l |0.1mg/l |
|Fluorides (F) |15 mg/l |25 mg/l |25 mg/l |
|Nitrate (NO3-) |- |90 mg/l |90 mg/l |
|Phosphate (PO43-) |- |5 mg/l |5 mg/l |
|Sulphate (SO42-) |1,000 mg/l |1,000 mg/l |1,000 mg/l |
|Sulphide (S2-) |1 mg/l |1 mg/l |1 mg/l |
Noise Levels
Table 2-10 and Table 2-11 present respectively the noise levels and the occupational Noise Exposure standards allowed for and set in Decision 52/1.
Table 2-10 Maximum Allowable Noise Levels
|Region Type |Limit for Noise Level dB(A) |
| |Day time |EVENING TIME |NIGHT TIME |
| |(7 A.M.- 6 P.M.) |(6 P.M.- 10 P.M.) |(10 P.M.- 7A.M.) |
|RESIDENTIAL AREAS HAVING SOME CONSTRUCTION SITES OR |50-60 |45-55 |40-50 |
|COMMERCIAL ACTIVITIES OR THAT ARE LOCATED NEAR A ROAD | | | |
|URBAN RESIDENTIAL AREAS |45-55 |40-50 |35-45 |
|INDUSTRIAL AREAS |60-70 |55-65 |50-60 |
|RURAL RESIDENTIAL AREAS |35 – 45 |30 – 40 |25 – 35 |
Table 2-11 Permissible Noise Exposure Standards
|Duration per day (hrs) |Sound level dB(A) |
|8 |85 |
|4 |88 |
|2 |91 |
|1 |94 |
|½ |97 |
|¼ |100 |
15 Expropriation Law and Procedures
The Lebanese constitution guards and protects the right of private property including landed property and the rights attaching to it. The law stipulates that no citizen can be deprived of the enjoyment and use of private property except when the property is being expropriated by a Ministerial decree.
The exercise of eminent domain for expropriating private property for public interest is governed by Law No. 58 dated 29/05/1991 which was modified by the Law enacted on 12/08/2006
This law is extensive and governs many cases. The state may only expropriate these rights when the purpose for which expropriation is taking place is legally deemed to be in the public interest; furthermore this must be made against payment of a prior and equitable compensation (indemnité equitable). All compensation is by monetary award through independent judicial assessment. Where there is an appeal, at least half the compensation is paid in advance, but the process of expropriation cannot be halted unless the validity of the public interest decree itself is challenged.
The procedure for expropriation is described in the sections which follow, and illustrated diagrammatically in Figure 2-1
In the case of Awali-Beirut Water Conveyor Project, expropriation follows normal Lebanese practice. Under the provision for expropriation of land in the public interest, The Council for Development and Reconstruction prepares a draft expropriation decree or alignment decree for signature – after the approval of the Council of Ministers - by the Minister of Transportation, the Prime Minister and the President. Annexed to the decree are the following documents:
➢ A sketch of the entire proposed project A detailed plan of the land that will be expropriated
➢ A list showing the registration number of each property, its location, the property limits and the names of all the owners and right holders according to the Land Registry.
➢ A detailed list of the content of the land to be expropriated including plans of buildings constructed before the date of publication of the decree in the Official Gazette.
After publication of the decree, these documents are available for consultation by the interested parties who can even obtain copies of them by the concerned Governmental bodies.
With the publication of a decree, the affected properties are under servitude. They may be bought and sold, and buildings may be maintained, but no improvements may be made until the expropriation process has been completed. Properties are not held to have been expropriated until the decision of the expropriation commission is handed down, which decision is communicated to the Lands registry and entered on the property titles and the cadastral map.
On the basis of a plan, an expropriation decree may cover any portion of land or a building. It is up to the owner to request that the full property (land or building) be expropriated, on the grounds that the non-expropriated remainder of the land would have lost its value. This may be done, for example, when the expropriation of part of a building renders the remainder unusable; or when the expropriation of a lot leaves a remainder too small to qualify for a building permit, and the owner does not have an adjacent plot to which it can be joined.
[pic]
Figure 2-1 Expropriation Procedures
3 International Agreements and Treaties
Table 2-12 summarizes all relevant international conventions and agreements that are signed or ratified by Lebanon. They include provisions relevant to the proposed project operations and waste management practices.
Table 2-12 Ratified or Signed International Agreements
|Agreement |Objective |Relevance to Project |
|Basel Convention on the Control of |To control the transportation of dangerous |Regulates the transfer of potentially |
|Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and|non-radiant materials and their disposal |hazardous wastes across national |
|their Disposal-1989 |across the border |boundaries |
|Ratified by Lebanon in 1994 | |Medical and industrial waste Hazardous |
| | |Demolition waste |
|Convention to Combat Desertification - 1994 |To combat desertification |Control land clearance and project |
|Ratified by Lebanon in 1994 | |footprint size |
|Vienna Convention for the Protection of the |To protect human health and the environment |Regulates the use of ODS (ozone |
|Ozone Layer – 1985 |from any activity that modifies the ozone |depleting substances) |
|Montreal protocol on ozone-depleting substances|layer |Reconstruction activities |
|- 1987 |Adopt measures to control human activities | |
|Ratified by Lebanon in 1993 |found to have adverse impact on the ozone | |
| |layer | |
|International Labour Convention No. 139, 120 |To prevent vocational risks ensuing from |Protects workers health and ensures |
|and 136 |cancer causing materials and tools |proper sanitation and hygiene for base |
|Lebanon has ratified 50 International Labor |Deals with sanitation in offices |camps, work environment and offices |
|Conventions (48 actually in force) |To protect workers against the risks of |Reconstruction activities |
| |intoxication ensuing from benzene | |
|Barcelona Convention: |To ensure protection of the Mediterranean Sea|To protect the coastal area from |
|Protocol for the Protection of the |and aquatic species from effluent discharges |landfills and uncontrolled dumping |
|Mediterranean Sea against Pollution from |(solid/liquid waste) |practices in the Study Area resulting |
|Land-based Sources-1980 | |in leachate generation and run-off |
|Signature in 1980 and accession in 1994 | |which pose a threat to the existing |
| | |water resources. |
| | |Disposal of wastewater in the |
| | |Mediterranean sea |
|Protocol Concerning Co-operation in Combating | | |
|Pollution of the Mediterranean Sea by Oil and | | |
|Other Harmful Substances in Cases of | | |
|Emergency-1976 | | |
|Ratified by Lebanon in 1977 | | |
|Convention for the Protection of the | | |
|Mediterranean Sea against Pollution-1976 | | |
|Ratified by Lebanon in 1977 | | |
|Convention on the Prevention of Marine | | |
|Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other | | |
|Matter-1972 | | |
|Signed by Lebanon in 1973 | | |
1 Relevant International Guidelines and Standards
Table 2-13 below summarizes some of the WB/IFC safeguard policies that are applicable to the project.
Table 2-13 WB/IFC safeguard policies that are applicable to the project
| Operational Policy / Directive |Key Features |Approval Date |
| OP/BP 4.01 |Trigger: Any project with potential environmental and social impacts |January 1999 |
|Environmental Assessment |• Potential environmental consequences of project identified early in| |
| |project cycle – projects categorized as A (significant impacts); B | |
| |(limited impacts); C (no impacts); FI (Financial Intermediary) | |
| |• Environmental Assessments (EAs) and mitigation plans are required | |
| |for projects with significant environmental impacts or involuntary | |
| |resettlement | |
| |• EAs should include analysis of alternative designs and sites or | |
| |consideration of “no option” | |
| |• Requires public consultation with and information disclosure to | |
| |affected communities and NGOs before World Bank Board approval; at | |
| |least two public consultations with affected communities are required| |
| |for category A projects | |
| | | |
| |Required document: Environmental Assessment(EA) for category A and B | |
| |projects | |
|OP 4.04 |Trigger: Potential to cause significant loss or degradation of |June 2001 |
|Natural Habitats |natural habitat | |
| |• Prohibits financing of projects involving “significant conversion | |
| |of natural habitats unless there are no feasible alternatives | |
| |• Requires environmental cost/benefit analysis | |
| |• Requires EA with mitigation measures | |
| | | |
| |Required document: issues and mitigation measures included in EA | |
|OP 4.36 |Trigger: projects that impact the health and quality of forests; |November 2002 |
|Forestry |projects that affect the rights and welfare of people dependent upon | |
| |forests; projects that change the management and use of forests | |
| |• Discourages financing of projects that significantly convert | |
| |natural habitats and critical forest areas unless there are no | |
| |feasible alternatives | |
| |• Projects cannot contravene international environmental agreements | |
| |and conventions | |
| |• For industrial-scale commercial harvesting, the harvesters must be | |
| |certified by a third party as meeting standards of responsible forest| |
| |management or agree to a time-bound phased action plan that can meet | |
| |such standards | |
| |• Local people must be involved in developing standards for | |
| |certification | |
| |• Prohibits financing for commercial logging operations or | |
| |acquisition of equipment for use in primary moist tropical forests | |
| | | |
| |Required documents: forestry issues included in EA, time-bound action| |
| |plans included in Project Appraisal Document (PAD) | |
|OP 4.12 |Trigger: Involuntary land acquisition resulting in relocation or loss|December 2001 |
|Involuntary Resettlement |of shelter, loss of assets, or loss of livelihood; restrictions on | |
| |access to parks or protected areas that result in adverse impacts on | |
| |people | |
| |Compensates people for lost land and lost livelihoods | |
| |Requires public participation in resettlement planning | |
| |Requires disclosure of resettlement plan in a form and language | |
| |accessible to affected people | |
| |Intended to restore or improve income-earning capacity of displaced | |
| |people | |
| |Required documents: Resettlement Plan | |
Project Description
1 Project Components
The Project is divided into two main components:
I. The Awali-Beirut Water Conveyor
II. Improvement and rehabilitation of the water distribution network in Beirut and its suburbs
The first component includes conveying of water from Joun to Khalde via an underground tunnel where it would be then piped through conventional means (piping through road service corridors) to two storage reservoirs in Hadath and then to a third reservoir in Hazmieh. The Awali-Beirut Water Conveyor sub-components are summarized in Table 3-1 and their geographical locations are illustrated in Figure 3-1.
Table 3-1. The Awali-Beirut Water Conveyor Sub-Components
|Sub-Component |Description |Topographic Map |Location |Satellite |
| | |(Appendix A) |Drawing |Images & |
| | | |(Appendix B) |Site Photographs (Appendix C) |
|Joun Regulation Structure |Set into the hillside by the existing adit access from the Joun tunnel to|FigureA1 |Figure B1 |Figure C1 |
| |the hydro-electric power plant. | | | |
|Joun to Ouardaniye Tunnel |Running underground throughout its length of 4.1 Km with 2,800 mm |FigureA1 |N/A |N/A |
| |internal diameter. | | | |
|Wadi Abou Yabes washout |Washout structure in reinforced concrete discharging 900 mm diameter pipe|FigureA1 |Figure B2 |Figure C2 |
| |from Joun-Ouardaniye tunnel to Wadi Abou Yabes including new access road.| | | |
| |Option for future local supply of raw water | | | |
|Ouardaniye Water Treatment Works |Ouardaniye WTW with inlet and outlet portal with improved access road. |FigureA1 |Figure B3 |Figure C3 |
| |Option for future local supply of treated water. 600 mm diameter | | | |
| |emergency discharge. 600mm diameter storm water outfall | | | |
|Ouardaniye to Khalde tunnel |Running underground throughout its length of 19.7 km. 2,800 mm internal |FigureA1 |N/A |N/A |
| |diameter. |Figure A2 | | |
| | |Figure A3 | | |
| Nahr Damour Inverted Siphon |River crossing by inverted siphon in 2,800 mm internal diameter tunnel. |Figure A2 |Figure B4 |Figure C4 |
| |Horizontal length 1140 m; north and south vertical shafts of 116m and 136| | |Figure C5 |
| |m respectively. Washout structure in reinforced concrete discharging | | |Figure C6 |
| |700mm diameter pipe into Nahr Damour (with dechlorination facility for | | | |
| |use during washout operation). Option for future local supply of treated | | | |
| |water. | | | |
|Khalde surge shaft | 2,800 mm diameter shaft in reinforced concrete with surface venting |FigureA3 |Figure B5 |Figure C7 |
| |structure 7 m diameter in reinforced concrete, including improved access | | | |
| |road. | | | |
|Khalde Outlet portal |Ouardaniye-Khalde tunnel termination structure in reinforced concrete and|FigureA3 |N/A |N/A |
| |upgraded access road. | | | |
|Khalde Flow measurement and |Chamber (15m x9m x 6m deep), reinforced concreted, contains |FigureA3 |N/A |Figure C8 |
|sampling chamber |isolating/regulating valves, flow meter and has small surface kiosk. | | | |
|Pipeline form Khalde portal to |1.9km long, twin 1,400mm diameter pipelines in ductile iron. Immediately |FigureA3 |N/A |N/A |
|Khalde distribution chamber |downstream of the flow measurement and sampling chamber will be velocity | | | |
| |limiting valves which will close in the event of failure of the | | | |
| |downstream pipelines. | | | |
|Khalde distribution chamber |Distribution chamber (22m, 9m, 4.5m deep) in reinforced concrete, |Figure A3 |Figure B6 |Figure C9 |
| |contains isolating and regulating valves and has small surface kiosk. | | | |
| |Option for future additional local supply of treated water. Washout to | | | |
| |local stream. | | | |
| Pipeline from Khalde distribution|7.5km long, 700 mm diameter pipeline in ductile iron (air valves and |FigureA3 |N/A |N/A |
|chamber to Hadath 90 and 125 |washouts to local streams). Connections to 90 and 125 reservoirs and for |Figure A4 | | |
|reservoirs |future local supply of 300mm and 500mm diameter pipelines for Kfarshima | | | |
| |and Quobe respectively | | | |
|Hadath 125 reservoir |Storage reservoir at elevation of 125 m, two compartments, effective |Figure A4 |Figure B7 |Figure C10 |
| |volume 30,000 m3 in reinforced concrete with isolating valves and small | | | |
| |surface kiosk, including access road. Connection to local distribution | | | |
| |system. | | | |
|Hadath 90 reservoir |Storage reservoir at elevation of 90m, two compartments, effective volume|Figure A4 |Figure B8 |Figure C11 |
| |50,000 m3 in reinforced concrete with isolating valves and small surface | | | |
| |kiosk, including access road. Connection to local distribution system. | | | |
|Pipeline from Hadath reservoirs to|2.7 km long twin 1,300 diameter pipelines in ductile iron, with option |Figure A4 |N/A |N/A |
|Hazmieh reservoir |for further extension for supply of treated water to Beirut. | | | |
|Hazmieh 90 reservoir |Storage reservoir at elevation of 90m, two compartments, effective volume|Figure A4 |Figure B9 |Figure C12 |
| |20,000 m3 in reinforced concrete with isolating valves and small surface | | | |
| |kiosk, including access road. Connection to local distribution system. | | | |
[pic]
Figure 3-1 Geographic location of project components
Component 2 will comprise the following:
• The construction of 16 reservoirs (between 500 m3 and 1000 m3 storage capacity each) and associated pumping stations distributed across the various distribution zones in the project area;
• The replacement and/or installation of approximately 187 km of distribution network across the project area in Ein El Delbi, Southern Beirut and parts of the Metn area;
• Installation of 200,000 household meters in portions of the project area to be selected by the GBMLWWE and to operate on a volumetric tariff basis;
• Installation of bulk meters at the reservoirs and distribution chambers;
• Table 3-2 and Table 3-3 show characteristics of the above mentioned reservoirs and pumping stations along with areas they serve. This information is to be confirmed in final stages of the design of the second component.
Table 3-2. Description of Reservoirs
|Served Zone |Reservoir Name |Capacity (m3) |Elevation (m) |
|Naame - Dmaour |Damour |500 |125 |
| |Naame Nord Bas |500 |100 |
| |Naame Nord Haut |500 |200 |
| | | | |
|Khalde - Aaramoun |Aaramoun Sud Bas |500 |100 |
| |Aaramoun Sud Haut |500 |220 |
| |Khalde Bas |500 |120 |
| |Khalde Haut |500 |250 |
| | | | |
|Choueifet |Qobbe Bas |500 |100 |
| |Qobbe Haut |500 |220 |
| |Oumara |500 |260 |
| |Choueifet Bas |1000 |125 |
| | | | |
|Kfarshima |Kfarshima Bas |1000 |80 |
| |Kfarshima Haut |1000 |200 |
| |Bsaba |500 |340 |
| | | | |
|Hadath Haut |Hazmieh Hadath |2000 |190 |
|Hazmieh | | | |
| | | | |
|Baabda Bas |Baabda |2000 |290 |
| | | | |
|Fiyadiyeh Bas | | | |
Table 3-3. Description of Pumping Stations
|Name |Q(m3/d) |Q(m3/h) |HMT(m) |Power (HP) |Power (KW) |
| | | | | | |
|Aaramoun Sud Bas |1500 |63 |130 |46 |34 |
| | | | | | |
|Khalde Bas |1500 |63 |140 |49 |37 |
| | | | | | |
|Qobbe Bas |1500 |63 |140 |49 |37 |
| | | | | | |
|Choueifet Bas |4000 |167 |160 |148 |111 |
| | | | | | |
|Kfarshima Bas |4000 |167 |140 |130 |97 |
|Kfarshima Haut |1000 |42 |150 |35 |26 |
| | | | | | |
|Hazmieh |24000 |1000 |65 |361 |271 |
| | | | | | |
|Hazmieh Hadath |7000 |292 |110 |178 |134 |
A map illustrating the various Distribution zones and Reservoir locations is attached to Appendix M.
2 Construction Aspects
The construction methodology is based on that of the feasibility study. Expected periods of construction and the nature and quantities of excavated material to be produced are provided in Table 3-3 for each sub-component. Technical precautionary measures will be taken for all structures to meet seismic construction specifications. Construction phase is expected to be completed within three years.
1 Tunnels
The expected rock type to be encountered while drilling the tunnel is strong, permeable limestone. This rock type should be self-supporting after the tunneling works. The groundwater table lies well below the tunnel level and is not expected to cause any significant problem during construction. At valley crossings, such as the Nahr Damour crossing whereby alluvial deposits will be encountered the tunnel construction will be lined and impermeable.
The tunneling will be carried out mainly using a tunnel boring machine (TBM). New or improved access roads will be required for the equipment to reach the tunnel portals. The TBM will be deployed at the following sections:
- From Ourdaniye WTW to Joun regulation structure
- From Ourdaniye WTW to Nahr Damour; and
- From Khalde to Nahr Damour
The “cut and cover” excavation method will be used at the Nahr Damour inverted siphon rather than the TBM. A substantial cofferdam is likely to be required to cross the river. Environmental implications of the cofferdam will have to be examined and addressed once the final design is completed.
The vertical shaft of the inverted siphon will be formed by “raise boring”. A hole will be drilled from the surface and raise boring machine assembled in the bottom of the low level tunnel. This will be gradually raised to the upper level tunnel. Spoil will be discharged at a low level, i.e. at the base of Nahr Damour Valley. The tunnels will be formed with in-situ reinforced concrete lining with an external impermeable membrane to reduce leakage and, in some cases, the addition of a steel liner. A schematic hydraulic profile and cross-sections along the tunnel are given in Figure 3-2, Figure 3-3 and Figure 3-4, respectively.
[pic]
Figure 3-2 Hydraulic Profile
Table 3-4 Estimated Spoil Generation
|Source |Spoil Material |Qua|Proposed |Rate|
| | |nti|Period of |of |
| | |ty |Generation |Gene|
| | | | |rati|
| | | | |on |
|*** all excavated material will be removed from | | | |
|site due to limited working area | | | |
|Joun Regulation Structure |Temporary |About 1.6 km |8 m |
|Wadi Abou Yabes Washout |Permanent | About 2.5 km |8 m |
|Ouardaniye WTW |Permanent |About 2 km |10 m |
|Nahr Damour – South tunnel adit |Temporary |About 3.5 km |8 m |
|Nahr Damour – North tunnel adit |Temporary |To be defined |To be defined |
|Nahr Damour – South ventilation shaft |Temporary |To be defined |To be defined |
|Nahr Damour – North ventilation shaft |Temporary |To be defined |To be defined |
|Khalde Portal |Temporary |About 0.7 km |8 m |
|Hadath 125 Reservoir |Permanent |0.1 km |10 m |
|Hadath 90 Reservoir |Permanent |0.01 km |10 m |
|Hazmieh 90 Reservoir |Permanent |0.01 km |10 m |
3 Operational Aspects
1 Sources of Water
Table 3.6 shows the sources of supply of the proposed project and indicates the range of flows coming from each throughout the year. However, operation of this project will be greatly influenced by the operation of the Joun Hydro Electric Power plant (HEP) system and by the season. These factors will also affect the water quality.
Upstream Joun Lake, the Karaoun Lake collects water from the Litani River impounding a total volume 220 Mm3 of water. Priority of allocation of this water is given to irrigation and drinking purposes. 30 Mm3 are used for irrigation in Tyre, Saida and other southern villages whereas a volume of 40Mm3 is to be maintained for the Lake. The remaining 150 Mm3 are used for generating hydroelectric power at the stations shown in Table 3-6.
Table 3-6 Hydroelectric Power Plant Chracteristics
|HEP |Elevation |Maximum Discharge |Installed Power |
|Markaba |658 m |22 m3/s |34 Mw |
|Awali |228.5 m |33 m3/s |108 Mw |
|Joun |32 m |33 m3/s |48 Mw |
In the dry season, the main source of water will be the Karaoun Lake. Water will be drawn from the Karaoun Reservoir (capacity 220 Mm3).
In the wet season, the source may be both the Karaoun Lake and the Awali River. The Awali River is a mountain stream on the western side of the Mount Lebanon range. Upstream of the Joun Lake and the Awali HEP, the catchment area is about 300 Km2.
The flow of Awali is seasonal and highly variable, averaging 3.0 m3/s, but varying from 0.1 m3/s in late summer to 30 m3/s and over during spring runoff.
Some of the flow from Litani and most of the flow from the Awali are combined in Joun Lake (also known as the Awali compensation basin). This is located immediately downstream of the Awali HEP, before up to 30 m3/s of flow is passed through the existing Joun tunnel to the Joun HEP. Residual flow from the Awali River is passed along the natural river channel.
[pic]
Figure 3-5 Schematic Drawing of Water Resources
The existing HEP system is operated as a power peaking system for approximately four hours per day. During periods of high flow in the Awali River (December to April), the final stage of the system (Joun HEP) may be operated 24 hours per day. Under these conditions, the maximum flow which can be diverted to the Awali project may have to be limited to 2.5m3/s for part of the 4 hour peak period of power generation. Table 3-7 summarizes key factors determining source of water.
Table 3-7 Key Factors Determining the Source of Water
|Seasonal Condition |HEP Operational Condition |Source |Diversion |
|Awali River flow exceeds 3m3/s |Off-peak hours |Awali River |3 m3/s |
|Wet Season |Peak hours |Litani River |2.5 m3/s |
|Dry Season (flow < 3m3/s) | |Litani River |3 m3/s |
2 Joun Regulation Structure
The raw water flow will be self-regulated at the Joun Regulation Structure by means of a level control valve.
The velocity limiting valves upstream are also designed to close in the event of failure of the level control valve.
This structure will normally be unmanned. It will be inspected for maintenance every month.
3 Tunnel and Pipelines
There is a risk of build-up of deposits at the low points in the tunnel system in the Joun – Ouardaniye inverted siphon and to a much lesser extent in the Nahr Damour inverted siphon. Slight opening of the washout valves at Wadi Abou Yabes and Nahr Damour every 6 (six) months will be sufficient to scour out any deposits.
It is recommended that the whole tunnel and pipeline system be emptied every 5 (five) years for an overall internal inspection. It can be partially drained by allowing the water level to be lowered by normal usage except for the Joun-Ouardaniye WTW section which would be drained from the 700mm washout at Wadi Abou Yabes, the 900mm washout at Nahr Damour inverted siphon and a number of washouts on the Khalde to Hadath/Hazmieh pipelines.
Air valves and 250 – 400mm diameter washouts will be provided at high and low points respectively along the proposed pipelines from Khalde to Hadath and Hazmieh. Washouts will discharge water to dry stream beds. Air valves will result in only occasional discharges of air which has come out of solution or entered the pipeline during maintenance, whilst the washouts will operate only during emergency or planned maintenance.
The tunnel system will also be inspected in the event of significant seismic activity.
4 Ouardaniye WTW
The Ouardaniye WTW will be operated by a staff of 25 to 30 persons. It will operate automatically for 16 hours per day, with a shift system of staff covering operation outside normal working hours. The overall system control will be from a Central Control Room including monitoring and control of raw and treated water quality. Works throughput will be set daily to satisfy anticipated demand and the water levels in the Hadath and Hazmieh Reservoirs. In the event of the reservoirs and tunnel being full, the rising water level at the WTW outlet will be used to control throttling of the inlet flow at Joun.
The treatment plant is designed to have the capacity of treatment of 9m3/s flow of water if additional water resources are supplied in the future.
Table 3-8 and 3-9 summarize respectively the inputs and outputs arising during normal operation of the works and indicate the vehicular movements required. These are subject to modifications after final stage design.
Table 3-8 Ouardaniye WTW –Mean Operational Inputs and Vehicular Movements
|Operational Input |Mean Inputs/day |Mean Vehicular Movements Required |
|Ferric Chloride (liquid) |6.6 tones |40/month |
|Cationic Polymer (liquid) |270 kg |2/month |
|Anionic Polymer (powder) |50 kg |0.5/month |
|Caustic Soda (liquid) |5.6 tones |35/month |
|Chlorine (gas) |1.0 tone |15/month |
|Ammonia (liquid) |0.4 tones |3/month |
|Spare Chemicals |130 kg |1/month |
|Fuel Oil |Emergency use only |Assume 1/month |
|WTW Staff |25-30/day |15 cars/day |
Table 3-9 Ouardaniye WTW –Mean Operational Outputs and Vehicular Movements
|Operational Output |Range of Output |Vehicular Movements Required |
|Sludge liquid |4,500 – 10,700 m3/d |N/A |
|Sludge – dewatered (to 15%) to quarry or |11 – 200 tones/d |2 – 28 tankers/d |
|landfill | | |
|Works overflow (emergency ) to sea |Up to 0.5 to 1 m3/d max for short periods |- |
|Chemicals and consumables packaging and |Quantities to be identified |Quantities to be identified |
|containers and canteen waste | | |
Overflows capable of discharging a fraction of the WTW’s capacity (up to about 1000 l/s) during operational changes will be removed by a 600mm diameter pipeline following the route of the WTW access road and discharged to a dry stream bed and thence into the sea. Emergency drainage from the flocculators, clarifiers, rapid gravity filters and filter wash water will follow the same route.
During commissioning of the WTW and the conveyor system, production water will be discharged through the emergency outfall or through the washouts. Chlorinated water will be de-chlorinated prior to discharge.
Surface water drainage from the WTW will be designed for a storm with a 1 in 20 year return period and will be routed to Wadi Baraz to the north of the WTW site. At the lower end, the wadi will require improvement by the construction of a concrete channel to direct flow to the culverts under the coastal road and railway, and an outfall structure under the beach. Petrol/oil will be provided where appropriate and drainage from the area in front of the Chemical House will be separated and routed to a chemical drain system which serves the chemical loading and handling areas. The system will discharge to the sludge thickening plant for disposal to landfill with the sludge.
Foul sewage from the WTW will be collected and treated in accordance with accepted local technology. In the absence of a local sewer system, a properly designed septic tank or small treatment works will be installed.
5 Khalde Surge Structure
The Khalde Surge Structure will be unmanned. It will be inspected for maintenance annually. Detailed surge analysis will be used in the design process to ensure that the surge shaft structure will not overflow and flood adjoining land. The shaft and its compound will be equipped with appropriate safety measures to prevent the ingress of foreign bodies into the treated water.
6 Khalde Flow measurement and Sampling Chamber
The Khalde Measurement and Sampling Chamber will also be unmanned. However, as it is the point at which the Contractor will be contractually required to deliver treated water, it will be visited daily for water sampling. Upkeep and maintenance will be the responsibility of the Contractor.
Immediately downstream of this Chamber will be velocity limiting valves which will close in the event of catastrophic failure of the downstream pipelines.
7 Khalde Distribution Chamber
The operation of the unmanned Khalde Distribution Chamber will be the responsibility of the BMLWE, which will operate the distribution valves manually.
8 Hadath 90 and 125 and Hazmieh 90 Reservoirs
The Hadath and Hazmieh Reservoirs will be unmanned structures and also the responsibility of the BMLWWA. Information on water level and water quality will be transmitted to the Central Control Room at the Ouardaniye WTW. Emergency re-chlorination will be provided at the reservoirs using mobile facilities.
4 Water Quality and Treatment Process
1 Raw Water Quality
The raw water will be delivered to the plant by the use of tunnels that belong to the existing hydroelectric system. There are two main sources of water:
3. Karaoun lake;
4. Awali River.
The quality for each source over the period of at least a full year must be analyzed in detail before start of construction phase. For this purpose a new sampling campaign was adapted and had started in April and is still ongoing.
The source of water supply is very important to the project as the Karaoun lake and Awali River differ from each other in terms of water quality. According to past water quality monitoring data which formed the basis for previous studies and designs, the Karaoun lake has a better water quality when compared to the Awali source. This may have been affected however by reported increase in industrial and agricultural activity in the lower Beqa’a valley, the feeder catchment of the Litani River.
Raw water quality has been analyzed several times in the past with the first one being in 1968/1972, the second one in August 1984 and the third one in 1994/1995. The most recent water quality analysis was conducted in 2001. The first two can be considered outdated as it is suspected that the condition and status of the tunnels, hydroelectric power plant and dams may have changed during the proceeding period. The analysis conducted in 1994/1995 contained some information on the most important parameters; however the feasibility report and the preliminary design report of Montgomery Watson did not cover comprehensive water quality information on a seasonal basis for both the Karaoun and Awali sources.
The 2001 analyses provided further and detailed information on specific chemical substances and also herbicides/pesticides which seemed to be either below the detection limits or lower than the effluent requirements. Specific and detailed assessment will be provided in a later stage. The results did not indicate issues that could have had a potential impact on the treatment scheme. In fact, the water quality did not differ much from the one given in the earlier feasibility report, however it is noteworthy that the 2001 sampling and analyses campaign seemed to be limited in the number of samples taken and lacking in seasonal water quality results which is the most crucial information that must be obtained for finalizing the treatment scheme.
The 2001 analyses report contains information on separate water sources such as the Awali and Litani Rivers, based on samples taken in winter and spring of 1994/1995. This information could not be located in the 1994 feasibility report.
From a treatment plant design perspective, this information was found to be more valuable as it showed how both sources deteriorated in quality in winter when it is suspected that wet weather events might have occurred although these have not been clearly stated. It is therefore prudent to take into consideration the results obtained from the sampling and analysis program conducted in 1994 and 1995.
The new sampling and analysis campaign to determine the current water quality of the Litani and Awali sources must be a combination of the 1994/1995 and 2001 analyses. The combination can be defined by the need:
I. To derive the seasonal water quality and associated changes;
II. To include all the chemical, microbiological and indicator parameters as outlined and classified in the latest 98/83/EC drinking water directive and the Lebanese Environmental Quality Standards & Criteria for water listed in Ministerial Decision No. 52/1, MoE.
The results of the sampling and analysis campaign are given in Appendix O.
Apart from the numerical results, both the Awali and Litani sources were characterized as being noncorrosive, moderately hard and low in organics. It was also observed that there were no point discharges of wastewater of either domestic or industrial type. However, due to agricultural activities, pesticides could be a threat to the water source and testing of this regard must be made a key consideration during the engineering design.
It is not possible to immediately verify the conclusions and assumptions which were the basis of the 1994 feasibility study or the subsequent preliminary design. This is due to lack of recent detailed water quality monitoring data at the points of concern to this project, and the fact that new data would need to be collected over long periods to capture seasonal variations. Accurate up-to-date analysis results will not only help in a better and an efficient design of the potable water treatment plant but also aid in defining the chemical dosage and consumption. It is noteworthy that the correct selection and dosing requirement of the coagulation chemicals will have to be determined via jar tests which have not been done up to now. The raw water quality as estimated in the 1994 feasibility report is shown in Table 3-10., based on the combined range of quality parameters from both the Liatni and the Awali sources
Table 3-10 Raw Water Quality
|Parameter |Unit |Mean |Maximum |Minimum |
|Temperature |oC |14 |18 |10 |
|PH | |8 (typ) |8.4 |6.9 |
|Color |PE/Co |2.0 |7.5 |1.0 |
|Turbidity |FTU |20 |155 |1 |
|Suspended Solids |mg/L |14 |28 |6 |
|Conductivity |µS/cm |265 |409 |200 |
|TDS |mg/L (CACO3) |253 |288 |232 |
|Alkalinity |mg/L (CaCO3) |158 |240 |140 |
|Hardness |mg/L |175 |240 |150 |
|Calcium |mg/L |58 |80 |42 |
|Magnesium |mg/L |9 |12 |5 |
|Sodium |mg/L |10 |13 |7 |
|Ammonia |mg/L |0.1 |0.4 |0 |
|Nitrate |mg/L |0.9 |1.0 |0.7 |
|Chloride |mg/L |18 |25 |12 |
|Fluoride |mg/L |0.12 |0.15 |0.07 |
|Iron |mg/L |0.16 |0.33 |0.1 |
|BOD |mg/L |2.6 |5.5 |0.9 |
|Dissolved Oxygen |mg/L |5.1 |11.8 |1.0 |
|Coliforms |No./100mL |115 |370 |5 |
|THM Potential |mg/L | | ................
................
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