U.S. State and Federal Prison Population, 1925-2017

FACT SHEET: TRENDS IN U.S. CORRECTIONS

Trends in U.S. Corrections

1,600,000

U.S. State and Federal Prison Population, 1925-2019

2019: 1,380,427

1,400,000

1,200,000

1,000,000

800,000

600,000

400,000

200,000

0

Number of People

1925 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2019

Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics Prisoners Series.

International Rates of Incarceration per 100,000

United States

639

El Salvador

572

Rwanda

511

Brazil

357

Russia

331

Australia

160

Spain

122

China

121

Canada

104

France

93

Germany

69

Denmark

68

Sweden

68

India

35

Data sourced from the World Prison Brief website, compiled and hosted by the Institute of Crime and Justice Policy Research at Birckbeck, University of London.

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FACT SHEET: TRENDS IN U.S. CORRECTIONS

MASS INCARCERATION

The United States is the world's leader in incarceration with 2 million people currently in the nation's prisons and jails -- a 500% increase over the last forty years. Changes in sentencing law and policy, not changes in crime rates, explain most of this increase. These trends have resulted in prison overcrowding and fiscal burdens on states to accommodate a rapidly expanding penal system, despite increasing evidence that large-scale incarceration is not an effective means of achieving public safety.

State Expenditures on Corrections in Billions, 1985-2019

56.6 51.4

42.3 36.4

26.1

16.9

6.7

1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2019

Source: National Association of State Budget Officers. State Expenditure Report Series.

State & Federal Prison Population by Offense

Federal (2019)

State (2018)

8%

Violent

56%

46%

Drug

14%

5%

Property

16%

41% 5%

Immigration

19%

Weapons

17%

Other

0.4%

Public Order Other

0.6%

Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics Prisoners Series.

12%

Population Under Control of the U.S. Corrections System, 1980 and 2018

1980: 1,842,100 individuals 2018: 6,621,600 individuals

3,540,000

2018

1980

1,465,200

738,400

1,118,097 878,000

319,598

182,288

220,438

Prison

Jail

Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics. Correctional Populations in the US Series.

Parole

Probation

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Number of People in Prisons and Jails for Drug Offenses, 1980 and 2019

1980: 40,900 individuals 2019: 430,926 individuals

2019

176,300

181,422

1980

73,204

19,000

4,700

17,200

State Prisons Federal Prisons

Jails

Sources: Carson, E.A. (2021). Prisoners in 2019. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics; James, D.J. (2004). Profile of Jail Inmates, 2002. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics; Zeng, Z. (2020). Jail Inmates in 2018. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.

FACT SHEET: TRENDS IN U.S. CORRECTIONS

DRUG POLICY

Sentencing policies of the War on Drugs era resulted in dramatic growth in incarceration for drug offenses. Since its official beginning in the 1980s, the number of Americans incarcerated for drug offenses has skyrocketed from 40,900 in 1980 to 430,926 in 2019. Furthermore, harsh sentencing laws such as mandatory minimums keep many people convicted of drug offenses in prison for longer periods of time: in 1986, people released after serving time for a federal drug offense had spent an average of 22 months in prison. By 2004, people convicted on federal drug offenses were expected to serve almost three times that length: 62 months in prison.

At the federal level, people incarcerated on a drug conviction make up nearly half the prison population. At the state level, the number of people in prison for drug offenses has increased ninefold since 1980, although it has begun declining in recent years. Most are not high-level actors in the drug trade, and most have no prior criminal record for a violent offense.

Number of Sentenced People in Federal Prisons for Drug Offenses, 1980-2019

186,545 160,524 131,739

158,107

All offenses Drug offenses

88,658 74,276

56,989 52,782

22,037 4,749

35,555 30,470 9,491

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

Sources: Bureau of Justice Statistics Prisoners Series.

87,800 2005

97,800

73,204

2010

2019

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WOMEN

FACT SHEET: TRENDS IN U.S. CORRECTIONS

Number of Women in State and Federal Prisons, 1980-2019

107,518 112,822 111,491 107,955

93,234

State Prison

68,468

43,845

23,099 13,258

1980 1985 1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

Federal Prison 2019

Sources: Bureau of Justice Statistics Prisoners Series; Minor-Harper, S. (1986). State and Federal Prisoners, 1925-1985. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.

Highest and Lowest State Incarceration Rates (per 100,000), 2019

Women (All States = 54)

State

Rate

HIGHEST

Idaho

138

Oklahoma

129

Kentucky

128

South Dakota

127

Wyoming

118

LOWEST

Massachusetts

10

Rhode Island

11

New Jersey

15

New York

19

Maine

22

Overall (All States = 371)

State

Rate

HIGHEST

Louisiana

680

Oklahoma

639

Mississippi

636

Arkansas

586

Arizona

558

LOWEST

Massachusetts

133

Maine

146

Rhode Island

156

Minnesota

176

Vermont

182

Men (All States = 698)

State

Rate

HIGHEST

Louisiana

1,320

Oklahoma

1,158

Mississippi

1,224

Arkansas

1,089

Arizona

1,010

LOWEST

Massachusetts

263

Maine

275

Rhode Island

309

Minnesota

331

Vermont

341

Source: Carson, E.A. (2021). Prisoners in 2019. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.

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FACT SHEET: TRENDS IN U.S. CORRECTIONS

RACIAL DISPARITIES

Black men are six times as likely to be incarcerated as white men and Latinx men are 2.5 times as likely. For Black men in their thirties, about 1 in every 12 is in prison or jail on any given day.

People in State and Federal Prisons, by Race and Ethnicity, 2019

White

31% 422,800

Black

33% 452,800

Latinx

23% 320,700

Other

13% 180,000

Source: Carson, E.A. (2021). Prisoners in 2019. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.

Rate of Imprisonment per 100,000, by Gender, Race, and Ethnicity, 2019

White women 48 Black women 83

Latinx women 63

White men

385

Black men

2,203

Latinx men

979

Source: Carson, E.A. (2021). Prisoners in 2019. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.

Lifetime Likelihood of Imprisonment of U.S. Residents Born in 2001

All Men

White Men

Black Men

Latinx Men

1 in 9 All Women

1 in 17 White Women

1 in 3 Black Women

1 in 6 Latinx Women

1 in 56

1 in 111

1 in 18

1 in 45

Source: Bonczar, T. (2003). Prevalence of Imprisonment in the U.S. Population, 1974-2001. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.

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