Crime Control in America - Pearson

Fourth Edition

Crime Control in America

What Works?

John L. Worrall

The University of Texas at Dallas

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Worrall, John L., author. Title: Crime control in America: what works?/John L. Worrall, The University of Texas at Dallas. Description: Fourth Edition. | Hoboken: Pearson, [2019] | Revised edition of the author's Crime control in America, [2015] Identifiers: LCCN 2017040408 | ISBN 9780134848181 (alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Criminal justice, Administration of--United States. | Criminology--United States. | Crime--Government policy--United States. | Crime prevention--United States. | Law enforcement--United States. Classification: LCC HV9950 .W67 2019 | DDC 364.973--dc23 LC record available at

2017040408

117

ISBN 13: 978-0-13-484818-1 ISBN 10:0-13-484818-7

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To Jordyn, for keeping me grounded and reminding me what's important in life.

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CONTENTS

Prefacexix Acknowledgmentsxxiii About the Author xxiv

PART ONE INTRODUCTION

Chapter 1 IDENTIFYING AND EVALUATING CRIME CONTROL 1 Crime Control and Prevention 2 The Crime Problem in America 2 Types of Crimes 3 The Ever-Expanding Criminal Law 4 Incidence of Crime 5 Costs of Crime and Criminals 7 Is Fear of Crime Worse Than Crime Itself? 8 Approaches, Not Just Policies 9 Laws9 Official Policies, Written and Unwritten 9 Unofficial Approaches 10 On the Importance of Definitions 10 Defining the Crime Problem 11 Defining the Solution 12 Defining the Desired Outcome 12 Evaluating Success: An Impossible Task? 13 The Hard and Soft Sciences 14 The Elusive Criminal Justice Experiment 14 You Can Prove Anything with Statistics 15 Qualitative and Quantitative Research 16 Macro- and Micro-Level Crime Control 16 Displacement and Diffusion 17 Measuring Displacement and Diffusion 18 The Tentative Nature of Scientific Knowledge 18 The Measures Used 18 When New Data Become Available 19 Alternative Settings: The Generalization Problem 19 Other Concerns 19 Funding and Political Priorities 20

iv

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Academic Crusaders and Bandwagon Science 21 Evidence-Based Justice 21

Effective Does Not Always Mean Best 22 A Preview of the Book22

Guns and Drugs: The Real Attention Getters23

Summary 23?Notes 23

Chapter 2 CRIME CONTROL PERSPECTIVES 26 Operational Perspectives 27 Due Process and Crime Control 27

Due Process Values 27 Crime Control Values 29

System and Nonsystem 30

A Well-Oiled Machine? 30 A Disorganized Mess? 30

The Funnel Model of Justice 31 The Criminal Justice Wedding Cake 31 Political Perspectives 33 Liberals and Conservatives 34

Causes of Crime 34 Consequences of Crime for Society 35 What Should be Done About Crime? 36

Consensus and Conflict 36

Causes of Crime 37 Consequences of Crime For Society 37 What Should be Done About Crime? 38

Other Perspectives 39 Faith and Fact 39 Crime Control and Revenue Generation 39 Politics and Ivory Towers 40

Goals of Crime Control 41 Deterrence42

General and Specific Deterrence 42 Absolute and Marginal Deterrence 42 The Limitations of Deterrence 43

Retribution43

The Limitations of Retribution 43

Incapacitation44

The Limitations of Incapacitation 44

Rehabilitation44

The Limitations of Rehabilitation 44

Goals of Crime Control Compared 45

Summary 46?Notes 47

Contents v

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