Chapter 32 - Neural Control

?Multiple Choice1.?Retired?football?players?are?_____?times?more?likely?to?die?of?neurodegenerative?brain?damage?than?the?general?public.?a.?three?b.?four?c.??five?d.??six?e.??tenANSWER:??aDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: UnderstandREFERENCES:??32.1 Impacts of ConcussionsLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.32.6 - Examine the impact of neurological disorders and psychoactive drugs on the nervous system.2.??In?terms?of?the?evolution?of?nervous?systems,?which?events?tend?to?occur?in?concert?with?one?another??a.??brains;?radial?symmetry?b.??planaria;?radial?symmetry?c.??nerve?net;?bilateral?symmetry?d.??cephalization;?bilateral?symmetry?e.??cephalization;?radial?symmetryANSWER:??dDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: AnalyzeREFERENCES:??32.2 Evolution of Nervous SystemsLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.32.2 - Compare the nervous systems of cnidarians, bilateral, cephalized3.?Which?of?the?following?sequences?of?information?flow?is?correct???a.??receptors?→?sensory?neurons?→??motor?neurons?→??interneurons?b.??sensory?neurons?→??receptors?→??motor?neurons??c.??motor?neurons?→??integrators?→??sensory?neurons?d.??receptors?→??motor?neurons?→??interneurons?→??sensory?neurons?e.??sensory?neurons?→??interneurons?→?motor?neuronsANSWER:??eDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: RememberREFERENCES:??32.3 Neurons - The Great CommunicatorsLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.32.3 - Examine the structure and functions of the three different types of neurons.4.?The?peripheral?nervous?system?is composed of the?____.?a.??brain?and?spinal?cord?b.??brain?and?somatic?nerves?c.??spinal?cord?and?somatic?nerves?d.??spinal?nerves?and?cranial?nerves?e.??spinal?cord?and?spinal?nervesANSWER:??dDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: UnderstandREFERENCES:??32.2 Evolution of Nervous SystemsLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.32.2 - Compare the nervous systems of cnidarians, bilateral, cephalized5.?Cephalization?refers?to?____.??a.??a?type?of?symmetry?b.??neurons?concentrated?at?the?posterior?end?of?an?animal?c.??a?net?of?neural?cells?d.??neurons?dispersed?throughout?the?body?e.??neurons?concentrated?at?the?anterior?end?of?an?animalANSWER:??eDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: UnderstandREFERENCES:??32.2 Evolution of Nervous SystemsLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.32.2 - Compare the nervous systems of cnidarians, bilateral, cephalized6.?The?two?major?divisions?of?the?vertebrate?nervous?system?are?the?____.??a.??autonomic?and?peripheral?systems?b.??sympathetic?and?parasympathetic?systems?c.??cranial?and?spinal?nerves?d.??central?and?peripheral?nervous?systems?e.??brain?and?spinal?cordANSWER:??dDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: RememberREFERENCES:??32.2 Evolution of Nervous SystemsLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.32.2 - Compare the nervous systems of cnidarians, bilateral, cephalized7.??Which?is?true?of?interneurons??a.??They?detect?stimuli.?b.??They?receive?and?send?signals.?c.??They?control?muscles.?d.??They?control?glands.??e.??They?have?a?long?axon.ANSWER:??bDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's | Bloom's: UnderstandREFERENCES:??32.3 Neurons - The Great CommunicatorsLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.32.3 - Examine the structure and functions of the three different types of neurons.8.??Within?a?single?motor?neuron,?what?direction?does?an?impulse?follow??a.??dendrite?→?axon?→?cell?body?b.??axon?→?dendrite?→?cell?body?c.??dendrite?→?cell?body?→?axon?d.??cell?body?→?dendrite?→?axon?e.??cell?body?→?axon?→?dendriteANSWER:??cDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: RememberREFERENCES:??32.3 Neurons - The Great CommunicatorsLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.32.3 - Examine the structure and functions of the three different types of neurons.

?Figure?32.79.??The?transporter?indicated?by?the?letter?"A"?in?the?above?figure?represents?a(n)?____.?a.??active?Br?transporter?b.??sodium-potassium cotransporter?c.??passive?potassium?transporter?d.??calcium-phosphorus?transporter?e.??sodium-calcium?transporterANSWER:??bDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: UnderstandREFERENCES:??32.4 Membrane PotentialPREFACE?NAME:??Figure 32.7LEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.32.4 - Discuss how neurons and muscle cells undergo an action potential.10.?The?resting?potential?across?a?typical?neuron?membrane?is?approximately?____?inside?relative?to?outside.??a.??-70?microvolts?b.??-70?millivolts?c.??-70?volts?d.??+70?millivolts?e.??+70?megavoltsANSWER:??bDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: RememberREFERENCES:??32.4 Membrane PotentialLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.32.4 - Discuss how neurons and muscle cells undergo an action potential.11.??The?neuron?transport?proteins?that?maintain?the?resting?membrane?potential?and?restore?ion?gradients?following?an?action?potential?are?____.?a.??sodium-phosphorus?passive?transporters?b.??sodium-potassium?pumps?c.??sodium-chlorine?gated?channels?d.??phosphorus-calcium?pumps?e.??phosphorus-chlorine?gated?channelsANSWER:??bDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: RememberREFERENCES:??32.4 Membrane PotentialLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.32.4 - Discuss how neurons and muscle cells undergo an action potential.12.??An?action?potential?can?best?be?described?as?a?_____.?a.??trigger?zone?b.??kinetic?activity?c.??brief?reversal?in?the?polarity?of?the?electric?gradientacross?the?plasma?membrane?d.??peak?of?energy?that?does?not?resolve?to?its?former?state?e.??brief?increase?in?the?polarity?of?the?electric?gradientacross?the?plasma?membraneANSWER:??cDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: AnalyzeREFERENCES:??32.5 The Action PotentialLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.32.4 - Discuss how neurons and muscle cells undergo an action potential.13.?What?happens?first?following?a?neuronal?stimulation??a.??Sodium?ions?enter?the?cell.?b.??Sodium?ions?leave?the?cell.?c.??Potassium?ions?enter?the?cell.?d.??Potassium?ions?leave?the?cell.?e.??Potassium?ions?are?involved?in?positive?feedback.ANSWER:??aDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: AnalyzeREFERENCES:??32.5 The Action PotentialLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.32.4 - Discuss how neurons and muscle cells undergo an action potential.14.??Action?potentials?are?propagated?along?a(n)?____.?a.??sodium?channel?b.??axon?in?two?directions?c.??gated?channel?d.??axon in one direction?e.??dendriteANSWER:??dDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: RememberREFERENCES:??32.5 The Action PotentialLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.32.4 - Discuss how neurons and muscle cells undergo an action potential.15.?Which?neurotransmitter?governs?the?associated?disease?or?disorder??a.??serotonin?–?stress?b.??glutamate?–?Huntington’s?disease?c.??dopamine?–?Huntington’s?disease?d.??GABA?–?Parkinson’s?disease?e.??epinephrine?–?Parkinson’s?diseaseANSWER:??bDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: AnalyzeREFERENCES:??32.7 Neurons' Chemical SignalsLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.32.6 - Examine the impact of neurological disorders and psychoactive drugs on the nervous system.16.??The?neurotransmitter?acetylcholine?____.?a.??speeds?heart?rate?b.??induces?skeletal?muscle?contraction?c.??increases?anxiety?d.??has?a?role?in?memory?and?learning?e.??dilates?pupilsANSWER:??bDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: RememberREFERENCES:??32.7 Neurons' Chemical SignalsLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.32.5 - Examine how a message travels to other cells from a neuron.17.?What?bridges?the?gap?between?a?neuron?sending?a?message?and?the?neuron?receiving?it??a.??threshold?value?b.??action?potential?c.??neurotransmitter?d.??cytoplasm?e.??dopamineANSWER:??cDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: RememberREFERENCES:??32.6 How Neurons Send Messages to Other CellsLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.32.5 - Examine how a message travels to other cells from a neuron.?Portion?of?Figure?32.9?18.??The?accompanying?figure?best?represents?what?happens?at?a(n)?____.?a.??neuromuscular?junction?b.??muscle?fiber?c.??postsynaptic?terminal?d.??neuronal?membrane?e.??negative?feedback?loopANSWER:??aDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: AnalyzeREFERENCES:??32.6 How Neurons Send Messages to Other CellsPREFACE?NAME:??Figure 32.9LEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.32.5 - Examine how a message travels to other cells from a neuron.19.?Synaptic?integration?means?that?____.??a.??positive?or?excitatory?stimuli?produce?an?excitatory?postsynaptic?potential?b.??the?positive?and?negative?ions?neutralize?each?other?c.??excitatory?and?inhibitory?signals?are?summed?in?a?receiving?neuron?d.?the?adjacent?neurons?interact?so?that?excitatory?and?inhibitory?stimuli?cancel?each?other?out?e.??excitatory?signals?take?precedence?over?inhibitory?signalsANSWER:??cDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: RememberREFERENCES:??32.6 How Neurons Send Messages to Other CellsLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.32.5 - Examine how a message travels to other cells from a neuron.20.??An?excitatory?postsynaptic?potential?____.?a.??is?cancelled?out?by?an?inhibitory?postsynaptic?potential?b.??has?a?hyperpolarizing?effect?c.??will?drive?the?membrane?away?from?its?potential?d.??is?summed?with?an?inhibitory?postsynaptic?potential?at?the?input?zone?of?a?neuron?e.??works?so?that?only?one?impulse?can?be?received?at?a?timeANSWER:??dDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: UnderstandREFERENCES:??32.6 How Neurons Send Messages to Other CellsLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.32.5 - Examine how a message travels to other cells from a neuron.21.??Which?of?the?following?is?mismatched??a.??acetylcholine;?muscle?contraction?b.??endorphin;?pain?perception?c.??norepinephrine;?fight-or-flight?response?d.??serotonin;?sexual?function?e.??GABA;?major?inhibitor?in?the?brainANSWER:??dDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: RememberREFERENCES:??32.7 Neurons' Chemical SignalsLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.32.5 - Examine how a message travels to other cells from a neuron.22.?Endorphins?are?____.?a.??neuromodulators?only?b.??stimulators?of?brain?and?nervous?activity?only?c.??inhibitors?of?pain?perception?only?d.??neuromodulators?and?stimulators?of?brain?and?nervous?activity?e.??neuromodulators?and?inhibitors?of?pain?perceptionANSWER:??eDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: RememberREFERENCES:??32.7 Neurons' Chemical SignalsLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.32.5 - Examine how a message travels to other cells from a neuron.23.??The?major?divisions?of?the?peripheral?nervous?system?are?the?____.?a.??somatic?and?autonomic?systems?b.??sympathetic?and?parasympathetic?systems?c.??peripheral?and?central?systems?d.??afferent?and?autonomic?systems?e.??cranial?and?skeletal?nervesANSWER:??aDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: RememberREFERENCES:??32.8 The Peripheral Nervous SystemLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.32.7 - Discuss the structure and functions of the peripheral nervous system.24.?Which pairing of nerves and functions is part of the peripheral nervous system???a.??somatic nerves; flight-fight response?b.??autonomic nerves; control skeletal muscle?c.??autonomic nerves; control internal organs?d.??parasympathetic neurons; prepare body for danger?e.??sympathetic neurons; housekeeping tasks in the bodyANSWER:??cDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: UnderstandREFERENCES:??32.8 The Peripheral Nervous SystemLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.32.7 - Discuss the structure and functions of the peripheral nervous system.25.?The interaction of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems is best described as _____.??a.??antagonistic?b.??cooperative?c.??overriding?d.??synergistic?e.??ineffectiveANSWER:??aDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: UnderstandREFERENCES:??32.8 The Peripheral Nervous SystemLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.32.7 - Discuss the structure and functions of the peripheral nervous system.26.??Which of the following is used during the fight-or-flight response??a.??sympathetic nervous system?b.??parasympathetic nervous system?c.??norepinephrine?d.??sympathetic nervous system and norepinephrine?e.??parasympathetic nervous system and norepinephrineANSWER:??dDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: UnderstandREFERENCES:??32.8 The Peripheral Nervous SystemLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.32.7 - Discuss the structure and functions of the peripheral nervous system.??Figure 32.18Use the figure above showing a reflex arc to answer the following two questions.27.??Stretch-sensitive muscle spindles are indicated by the letter _____.?a.??A?b.??B?c.??C?d.??D?e.??C and DANSWER:??dDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: UnderstandREFERENCES:??32.9 The Spinal CordPREFACE?NAME:??Figure 32.18LEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.32.8 - Examine the structure and functions of the spinal cord.28.?A region where neurotransmitter molecules stimulate a neuron is indicated by the letter _____.??a.??A?b.??B?c.??C?d.??D?e.?C and DANSWER:??aDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: AnalyzeREFERENCES:??32.9 The Spinal CordPREFACE?NAME:??Figure 32.18LEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.32.8 - Examine the structure and functions of the spinal cord.29.??A reflex pathway is the simplest pathway because it _____.?a.??involves only one synapse?b.??is evaluated and integrated by the medulla, not the cerebrum?c.??does not involve conscious thought or learning?d.??does not involve the central nervous system in any way?e.??involves only one neurotransmitterANSWER:??cDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: UnderstandREFERENCES:??32.9 The Spinal CordLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.32.8 - Examine the structure and functions of the spinal cord.30.?What is the best description of a nerve???a.??A bundle of sensory, motor, or both types of nerve fibers outside the central nervous system?b.??A single extension of a neuron?c.??The same as a neuron but found only within the central nervous system?d.??A collection of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system?e.??A set of sensory cells only found in the autonomic nervous systemANSWER:??aDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: UnderstandREFERENCES:??32.9 The Spinal CordLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.32.8 - Examine the structure and functions of the spinal cord.31.?The fluid that covers the brain and spinal cord is ____.??a.??part of the meninges??b.??part of a rapid type of nerve conduction?c.??involved in reflex actions?d.??involved in the "jumping" of impulses?e.??called cerebrospinal fluidANSWER:??eDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: UnderstandREFERENCES:??32.9 The Spinal CordLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.32.8 - Examine the structure and functions of the spinal cord.32.?Nerve impulses coming into the spinal cord enter via ____.??a.??intervertebral disks?b.??neuroglia?c.??the dorsal roots?d.??Broca's area?e.??ventral rootsANSWER:??cDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: UnderstandREFERENCES:??32.9 The Spinal CordLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.32.8 - Examine the structure and functions of the spinal cord.33.?The center for control of motor skills and posture is the ____.??a.??cerebrum?b.??medulla oblongata?c.??cerebellum?d.??brain stem?e.??hypothalamusANSWER:??cDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: UnderstandREFERENCES:??32.10 The Vertebrate BrainLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.32.9 - Examine the development of the vertebrate brain.34.?The part of the brain that controls the basic responses necessary to maintain life (such as breathing and heartbeat) is the ____.??a.??medulla oblongata?b.??corpus callosum?c.??pineal gland?d.??cerebellum?e.??cerebral cortexANSWER:??aDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: RememberREFERENCES:??32.10 The Vertebrate BrainLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.32.9 - Examine the development of the vertebrate brain.35.?The main center for homeostatic control of the internal environment is the ____.??a.??pons?b.??medulla oblongata?c.??hypothalamus?d.??thalamus?e.??cerebellumANSWER:??cDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: RememberREFERENCES:??32.10 The Vertebrate BrainLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.32.9 - Examine the development of the vertebrate brain.36.?The parietal lobe is responsible for ____.??a.??vision?b.??sensory input?c.??hearing?d.??generating a motor response?e.??inhibiting unsuitable behaviorsANSWER:??bDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: UnderstandREFERENCES:??32.11 The Human Cerebral CortexLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.32.10 - Describe the functions of the cerebral cortex.37.?Learning new motor skills takes place when one consciously repeats an activity many times and mostly involves the _____.??a.??hippocampus?b.??amygdala?c.??hypothalamus?d.??corpus striatum?e.??cerebellumANSWER:??eDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: UnderstandREFERENCES:??32.12 Emotion and MemoryLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.32.11 - Examine the structure and functions of the limbic system.38.?Which specific autoimmune disease involves neuroglial cells???a.??cerebral palsy?b.??rheumatoid arthritis?c.??Grave’s disease?d.??multiple sclerosis?e.??lupusANSWER:??dDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: RememberREFERENCES:??32.13 Neuralgia - The Neurons' Support StaffLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.32.12 - Examine the functions of neuroglia cells.39.?What happens when an action potential arrives at an axon terminal???a.??Membrane voltages stimulate the axon.?b.??The action potential starts a chain reaction.?c.??A neurotransmitter builds up so it can be used again.?d.??The action potential causes an influx of phosphorous ions.?e.??Chemicals relay the message at a synapse.ANSWER:??eDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: AnalyzeREFERENCES:??32.6 How Neurons Send Messages to Other CellsLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.32.5 - Examine how a message travels to other cells from a neuron.MatchingPlease choose the one BEST response for each.?a.??cells that nurture and support neuronsb.??sensory neuronc.??interneurond.??acetylcholine or GABAe.??motor neuronf.??a type of active transporterg.??sheathed muscle cells that contain receptorsh.??membrane potentiali.??resting membrane potentialj.??modified dendrite of a sensory neuronk.??action potentiall.??positive feedbackm.??threshold potentialn.??produced by a Schwann cello.??cluster of cell bodies outside the CNSDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: AnalyzeREFERENCES:??32.5 The Action PotentialLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.32.4 - Discuss how neurons and muscle cells undergo an action potential.40.??neuron membrane potential at which gated sodium channels openANSWER:??m41.??brief reversal of the voltage difference across a cell membraneANSWER:??k42.??a response intensifies the conditions that caused its occurrenceANSWER:??lPlease choose the one BEST response for each.?a.??cells that nurture and support neuronsb.??sensory neuronc.??interneurond.??acetylcholine or GABAe.??motor neuronf.??a type of active transporterg.??sheathed muscle cells that contain receptorsh.??membrane potentiali.??resting membrane potentialj.??modified dendrite of a sensory neuronk.??action potentiall.??positive feedbackm.??threshold potentialn.??produced by a Schwann cello.??cluster of cell bodies outside the CNSDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: AnalyzeREFERENCES:??32.8 The Peripheral Nervous SystemLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.32.7 - Discuss the structure and functions of the peripheral nervous system.43.??ganglionANSWER:??o44.?myelin sheathANSWER:??nPlease choose the one BEST response for each.?a.??cells that nurture and support neuronsb.??sensory neuronc.??interneurond.??acetylcholine or GABAe.??motor neuronf.??a type of active transporterg.??sheathed muscle cells that contain receptorsh.??membrane potentiali.??resting membrane potentialj.??modified dendrite of a sensory neuronk.??action potentiall.??positive feedbackm.??threshold potentialn.??produced by a Schwann cello.??cluster of cell bodies outside the CNSDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: AnalyzeREFERENCES:??32.3 Neurons—The Great CommunicatorsLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.32.3 - Examine the structure and functions of the three different types of neurons.45.??controls muscles and glandsANSWER:??e46.?detects a stimulus?ANSWER:??b47.??receptorANSWER:??j48.??both receives and sends signalsANSWER:??cPlease choose the one BEST response for each.?a.??cells that nurture and support neuronsb.??sensory neuronc.??interneurond.??acetylcholine or GABAe.??motor neuronf.??a type of active transporterg.??sheathed muscle cells that contain receptorsh.??membrane potentiali.??resting membrane potentialj.??modified dendrite of a sensory neuronk.??action potentiall.??positive feedbackm.??threshold potentialn.??produced by a Schwann cello.??cluster of cell bodies outside the CNSDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: AnalyzeREFERENCES:??32.4 Membrane PotentialLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.32.4 - Discuss how neurons and muscle cells undergo an action potential.49.??voltage difference across a cell membrane that is not receiving stimulationANSWER:??i50.?sodium-potassium pumpANSWER:??f51.?voltage difference across a cell membraneANSWER:??hPlease choose the one BEST response for each.?a.??cells that nurture and support neuronsb.??sensory neuronc.??interneurond.??acetylcholine or GABAe.??motor neuronf.??a type of active transporterg.??sheathed muscle cells that contain receptorsh.??membrane potentiali.??resting membrane potentialj.??modified dendrite of a sensory neuronk.??action potentiall.??positive feedbackm.??threshold potentialn.??produced by a Schwann cello.??cluster of cell bodies outside the CNSDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: AnalyzeREFERENCES:??32.9 The Spinal CordLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.32.8 - Examine the structure and functions of the spinal cord.52.?muscle spindleANSWER:??gPlease choose the one BEST response for each.?a.??cells that nurture and support neuronsb.??sensory neuronc.??interneurond.??acetylcholine or GABAe.??motor neuronf.??a type of active transporterg.??sheathed muscle cells that contain receptorsh.??membrane potentiali.??resting membrane potentialj.??modified dendrite of a sensory neuronk.??action potentiall.??positive feedbackm.??threshold potentialn.??produced by a Schwann cello.??cluster of cell bodies outside the CNSDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: AnalyzeREFERENCES:??32.13 Neuroglia—The Neurons’ Support StaffLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.32.12 - Examine the functions of neuroglia cells.53.?neurogliaANSWER:??aPlease choose the one BEST response for each.?a.??cells that nurture and support neuronsb.??sensory neuronc.??interneurond.??acetylcholine or GABAe.??motor neuronf.??a type of active transporterg.??sheathed muscle cells that contain receptorsh.??membrane potentiali.??resting membrane potentialj.??modified dendrite of a sensory neuronk.??action potentiall.??positive feedbackm.??threshold potentialn.??produced by a Schwann cello.??cluster of cell bodies outside the CNSDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: AnalyzeREFERENCES:??32.7 Neurons’ Chemical SignalsLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.32.6 - Examine the impact of neurological disorders and psychoactive drugs on the nervous system.54.?neurotransmitter moleculeANSWER:??d?Choose the most appropriate description for each terma.??integrates body position, motions, balanceb.??in cnidarians; based on reflex pathways devoted to swimming and feedingc.??messages from here arouse the brain and maintain wakefulnessd.??the cortical region that coordinates muscles required for speeche.??all parts of nerve cells outside the brain and spinal cordf.??acetylcholine is an exampleg.??reflex control center for breathing, heart rate, and blood pressureh.??axons of the central nervous system that are sheathed with fatty myelini.??at top of the brainstem bordering the cerebral hemispheres; influences learning and emotional behaviorj.??motor neurons that are divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic divisionsk.??membrane coverings over brain and spinal cordl.??part of the brainstem; plays roles in reward-basesd learning and voluntary movementsm.??connects right and left cerebral hemispheresn.??group of nerve cell bodies that form an integrative centero.??contains centers concerned with body temperature regulation and with salt and water balanceDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: UnderstandREFERENCES:??32.8 The Peripheral Nervous SystemLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.32.7 - Discuss the structure and functions of the peripheral nervous system.55.?autonomic nervous system?ANSWER:??j56.?ganglion?ANSWER:??n57.?peripheral nervous system?ANSWER:??e?Choose the most appropriate description for each terma.??integrates body position, motions, balanceb.??in cnidarians; based on reflex pathways devoted to swimming and feedingc.??messages from here arouse the brain and maintain wakefulnessd.??the cortical region that coordinates muscles required for speeche.??all parts of nerve cells outside the brain and spinal cordf.??acetylcholine is an exampleg.??reflex control center for breathing, heart rate, and blood pressureh.??axons of the central nervous system that are sheathed with fatty myelini.??at top of the brainstem bordering the cerebral hemispheres; influences learning and emotional behaviorj.??motor neurons that are divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic divisionsk.??membrane coverings over brain spinal cordl.??contains the tectum; receives and integrates sensory information that is largely sent on to the forebrain for further neural processingm.??connects right and left cerebral hemispheresn.??group of nerve cell bodies that form an integrative centero.??contains centers concerned with body temperature regulation and with salt and water balanceDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: UnderstandREFERENCES:??32.11 The Human Cerebral CortexLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.32.10 - Describe the functions of the cerebral cortex.58.?frontal lobeANSWER:??d?Choose the most appropriate description for each terma.??integrates body position, motions, balanceb.??in cnidarians; based on reflex pathways devoted to swimming and feedingc.??messages from here arouse the brain and maintain wakefulnessd.??the cortical region that coordinates muscles required for speeche.??all parts of nerve cells outside the brain and spinal cordf.??acetylcholine is an exampleg.??reflex control center for breathing, heart rate, and blood pressureh.??axons of the central nervous system that are sheathed with fatty myelini.??at top of the brainstem bordering the cerebral hemispheres; influences learning and emotional behaviorj.??motor neurons that are divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic divisionsk.??membrane coverings over brain spinal cordl.??contains the tectum; receives and integrates sensory information that is largely sent on to the forebrain for further neural processingm.??connects right and left cerebral hemispheresn.??group of nerve cell bodies that form an integrative centero.??contains centers concerned with body temperature regulation and with salt and water balanceDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: UnderstandREFERENCES:??32.10 The Vertebrate BrainLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.32.9 - Examine the development of the vertebrate brain.59.?cerebellumANSWER:??a60.??corpus callosumANSWER:??m61.??hypothalamusANSWER:??o62.??medulla oblongataANSWER:??g63.??thalamusANSWER:??c?Choose the most appropriate description for each terma.??integrates body position, motions, balanceb.??in cnidarians; based on reflex pathways devoted to swimming and feedingc.??messages from here arouse the brain and maintain wakefulnessd.??the cortical region that coordinates muscles required for speeche.??all parts of nerve cells outside the brain and spinal cordf.??acetylcholine is an exampleg.??reflex control center for breathing, heart rate, and blood pressureh.??axons of the central nervous system that are sheathed with fatty myelini.??at top of the brainstem bordering the cerebral hemispheres; influences learning and emotional behaviorj.??motor neurons that are divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic divisionsk.??membrane coverings over brain spinal cordl.??contains the tectum; receives and integrates sensory information that is largely sent on to the forebrain for further neural processingm.??connects right and left cerebral hemispheresn.??group of nerve cell bodies that form an integrative centero.??contains centers concerned with body temperature regulation and with salt and water balanceDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: UnderstandREFERENCES:??32.12 Emotion and MemoryLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.32.11 - Examine the structure and functions of the limbic system.64.?limbic systemANSWER:??i65.?midbrainANSWER:??l?Choose the most appropriate description for each terma.??integrates body position, motions, balanceb.??in cnidarians; based on reflex pathways devoted to swimming and feedingc.??messages from here arouse the brain and maintain wakefulnessd.??the cortical region that coordinates muscles required for speeche.??all parts of nerve cells outside the brain and spinal cordf.??acetylcholine is an exampleg.??reflex control center for breathing, heart rate, and blood pressureh.??axons of the central nervous system that are sheathed with fatty myelini.??at top of the brainstem bordering the cerebral hemispheres; influences learning and emotional behaviorj.??motor neurons that are divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic divisionsk.??membrane coverings over brain spinal cordl.??contains the tectum; receives and integrates sensory information that is largely sent on to the forebrain for further neural processingm.??connects right and left cerebral hemispheresn.??group of nerve cell bodies that form an integrative centero.??contains centers concerned with body temperature regulation and with salt and water balanceDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: UnderstandREFERENCES:??32.2 Evolution of Nervous SystemsLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.32.2 - Compare the nervous systems of cnidarians, bilateral, cephalized66.?nerve netANSWER:??b?Choose the most appropriate description for each terma.??integrates body position, motions, balanceb.??in cnidarians; based on reflex pathways devoted to swimming and feedingc.??messages from here arouse the brain and maintain wakefulnessd.??the cortical region that coordinates muscles required for speeche.??all parts of nerve cells outside the brain and spinal cordf.??acetylcholine is an exampleg.??reflex control center for breathing, heart rate, and blood pressureh.??axons of the central nervous system that are sheathed with fatty myelini.??at top of the brainstem bordering the cerebral hemispheres; influences learning and emotional behaviorj.??motor neurons that are divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic divisionsk.??membrane coverings over brain spinal cordl.??contains the tectum; receives and integrates sensory information that is largely sent on to the forebrain for further neural processingm.??connects right and left cerebral hemispheresn.??group of nerve cell bodies that form an integrative centero.??contains centers concerned with body temperature regulation and with salt and water balanceDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: UnderstandREFERENCES:??32.9 The Spinal CordLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.32.8 - Examine the structure and functions of the spinal cord.67.?meningesANSWER:??k68.?white matter?ANSWER:??h?Choose the most appropriate description for each terma.??integrates body position, motions, balanceb.??in cnidarians; based on reflex pathways devoted to swimming and feedingc.??messages from here arouse the brain and maintain wakefulnessd.??the cortical region that coordinates muscles required for speeche.??all parts of nerve cells outside the brain and spinal cordf.??acetylcholine is an exampleg.??reflex control center for breathing, heart rate, and blood pressureh.??axons of the central nervous system that are sheathed with fatty myelini.??at top of the brainstem bordering the cerebral hemispheres; influences learning and emotional behaviorj.??motor neurons that are divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic divisionsk.??membrane coverings over brain spinal cordl.??contains the tectum; receives and integrates sensory information that is largely sent on to the forebrain for further neural processingm.??connects right and left cerebral hemispheresn.??group of nerve cell bodies that form an integrative centero.??contains centers concerned with body temperature regulation and with salt and water balanceDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: UnderstandREFERENCES:??32.7 Neurons’ Chemical SignalsLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.32.6 - Examine the impact of neurological disorders and psychoactive drugs on the nervous system.69.?neurotransmitter moleculeANSWER:??fRespond to the following items in reference to the four cell types listed below.?a.??sensory neuronsb.??interneuronsc.??motor neuronsd.??Schwann cellsDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: UnderstandREFERENCES:??32.3 Neurons - The Great CommunicatorsLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.32.3 - Examine the structure and functions of the three different types of neurons.70.??cells that carry signals to muscle cellsANSWER:??c71.??cells that are restricted to the brain and spinal cordANSWER:??b72.??cells that pick up environmental signalsANSWER:??aRespond to the following items in reference to the four cell types listed below.?a.??sensory neuronsb.??interneuronsc.??motor neuronsd.??Schwann cellsDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: UnderstandREFERENCES:??32.3 Neurons - The Great CommunicatorsLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.32.12 - Examine the functions of neuroglia cells.73.?neuroglia cell typeANSWER:??d74.?cells that form myelinANSWER:??dIndicate whether the response is due to parasympathetic or sympathetic action.?a.??parasympatheticb.??sympatheticDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: RememberREFERENCES:??32.8 The Peripheral Nervous SystemLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.32.7 - Discuss the structure and functions of the peripheral nervous system.75.?decreases heart rateANSWER:??a76.??slows digestionANSWER:??b77.??inhibits urinationANSWER:??b78.??decreases adrenal gland secretionsANSWER:??aRespond to the following statements in reference to the five regions of the vertebrate brain listed below.?a.??cerebrumb.??hypothalamusc.??ponsd.??cerebellume.??medulla oblongataDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: AnalyzeREFERENCES:??32.10 The Vertebrate BrainLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.32.9 - Examine the development of the vertebrate brain.79.??This region connects the spinal cord to the midbrain.ANSWER:??c80.??This region functions in homeostasis.ANSWER:??b81.??This region governs abstract thought.ANSWER:??a82.??This region is used for spatial orientation.ANSWER:??d83.??This region relays signals between the spinal cord and pons.ANSWER:??eCompletion84.?__________ are electrically excitable cells that signal other cells by means of chemical messages.?ANSWER:??Neurons?DIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: UnderstandREFERENCES:??32.5 The Action PotentialLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.32.4 - Discuss how neurons and muscle cells undergo an action potential.85.??__________ neurons detect stimuli.ANSWER:??Sensory?DIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: RememberREFERENCES:??32.6 How Neurons Send Messages to Other CellsLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.32.5 - Examine how a message travels to other cells from a neuron.86.?__________ relay signals between neurons.?ANSWER:??Interneurons?DIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: RememberREFERENCES:??32.3 Neurons - The Great CommunicatorsLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.32.3 - Examine the structure and functions of the three different types of neurons.87.?Radially symmetrical animals have a nerve __________.?ANSWER:??net?DIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: RememberREFERENCES:??32.2 Evolution of Nervous SystemsLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.32.2 - Compare the nervous systems of cnidarians, bilateral, cephalized88.?The vertebrate central nervous system consists of a brain and _________.?ANSWER:??spinal cord?DIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: RememberREFERENCES:??32.2 Evolution of Nervous SystemsLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.32.2 - Compare the nervous systems of cnidarians, bilateral, cephalized89.?A neuron's __________ receive signals, and its __________ transmits signals.?ANSWER:??dendrites; axon?DIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: RememberREFERENCES:??32.3 Neurons - The Great CommunicatorsLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.32.3 - Examine the structure and functions of the three different types of neurons.90.?An action potential is a brief reversal of the __________ potential.?ANSWER:??membrane?DIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: UnderstandREFERENCES:??32.5 The Action PotentialLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.32.4 - Discuss how neurons and muscle cells undergo an action potential.91.?Arrival of an action potential at a presynaptic cell's axon terminals triggers the release of __________, a type of chemical signal.?ANSWER:??neurotransmitterDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: UnderstandLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.32.4 - Discuss how neurons and muscle cells undergo an action potential.92.??The brain stem includes the __________ and __________, which control reflexes involved in breathing and other essential tasks.ANSWER:??pons; medulla oblongata?DIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: UnderstandREFERENCES:??32.10 The Vertebrate BrainLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.32.9 - Examine the development of the vertebrate brain.93.?Activity of the two halves of the cerebrum is coordinated by means of the __________ that connects them.?ANSWER:??corpus callosum?DIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: UnderstandREFERENCES:??32.11 The Human Cerebral CortexLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.32.10 - Describe the functions of the cerebral cortex.Subjective Short Answer94.?Explain why playing on sports teams in high school is presently being debated as possibly unsafe.?ANSWER:??Head impacts, such as are common in football and other contact sports, can cause a minor traumatic injury called a concussion. Usually a concussion resolves in seven to ten days. However, repeated head injuries can cause a neurodegenerative disorder called chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). This disorder can cause memory loss, emotional problems, suicidal impulses, depression and dementia.?DIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: UnderstandREFERENCES:??32.1 Impacts of ConcussionsLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.32.2 - Compare the nervous systems of cnidarians, bilateral, cephalized95.?Explain why the autonomic nervous system could also be called the involuntary nervous system.?ANSWER:??The autonomic nervous system directs the activity of smooth and cardiac muscle, and glands. All of these are systems that we cannot directly control (i.e., you can't ‘tell’ your pancreas to release insulin, or not to release insulin).? As a result, the activities of this system are involuntary or cannot be controlled.? On the other hand, the somatic nervous system can be thought of as voluntary because most of its actions are under our control.?DIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: AnalyzeREFERENCES:??32.2 Evolution of Nervous SystemsLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.32.7 - Discuss the structure and functions of the peripheral nervous system.96.?Imagine a neuron lost the ability to close its sodium channels. Could this neuron still propagate action potentials? Explain your answer.?ANSWER:??No! If the voltage-gated sodium channels could not be shut, the sodium would leak back into the cell as fast as the sodium-potassium pumps could move it out. As a result, the cell would be unable to maintain a resting membrane potential of - 70mV. Without that, the depolarization characteristic of an action potential could not occur.?DIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: AnalyzeREFERENCES:??32.3 Neurons - The Great CommunicatorsLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.32.5 - Examine how a message travels to other cells from a neuron.97.?A human male has engaged in sexual activity. Did he use his sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system? Explain your answer.?ANSWER:??Actually, both systems were used. For the male to achieve an erection, the parasympathetic system would have generated a response. However, to ejaculate, the sympathetic system would have needed to be in charge.?DIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: AnalyzeREFERENCES:??32.8 The Peripheral Nervous SystemLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.32.11 - Examine the structure and functions of the limbic system. ................
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