Lab Biology Fall Semester Final Exam Study Guide



Lab Biology Fall Semester Final Exam Study Guide

Section 1: Scientific Process

1. In designing an experiment, how many dependent/manipulated variables should be tested?

2. What is the purpose of a control set-up when designing an experiment?

3. What are the three goals of science?

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4. What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative observations?

5. “The Isopod has 2 antennae” is an example of which type of observation?

6. The “Problem” in an experiment is written in what type of sentence form?

7. A ______________________ is a possible solution to a problem which can be tested.

Use the following scenario to answer questions 8-10

Homer Simpson notices that his shower is covered in a strange green slime. Marge suggests that Homer use their normal Itchy & Scratchy cleaner. After reading an article in a magazine that stated coconuts have a special cleansing ability his friend Barney tells him that coconut juice will get rid of the green slime. Homer likes Barneys idea better.

8. Formulate a hypothesis for Homer’s preference.

9. How could Homer & Barney test your hypothesis?

10. Identify the variables in your proposed experiment. Identify the control in your proposed experiment.

Section 2: Reading Tables and Graphs

Use the following scenario & graph to answer questions 1-5

Bacteria are tiny microorganisms that can reproduce by dividing into two. The graph shows the results of an experiment on the effect of temperature on bacterial reproduction. At the beginning, three populations of bacteria, all of the same type, were of equal size. Each population was kept at a different temperature for 4 days.

1. Classifying What variable did the researcher change during this experiment?

2. Inferring What do the shapes of the curves tell you about the changes in population size?

3. Calculating For the bacteria kept at 15°C, how did population size change during the experiment?

4. Drawing Conclusions What effect did the different temperatures have on the growth of the bacterial populations?

5. Predicting Suppose some bacteria used in this experiment were kept at a temperature of 100°C (the temperature of boiling water). Would you expect the population sizes to increase even faster than at 15°C? Explain your reasoning

Section 3: Biochemistry

1. What are the four major macromolecules?

2. What types of foods are high in lipids? What are the major roles of lipids in living organisms?

3. What types of foods are high in proteins? What are the major roles of proteins in living organisms?

4. What types of foods are high in carbohydrates? What are the major roles of carbohydrates in living organisms?

5. How is energy released from food molecules when it is eaten?

6. Why is water important to living cells?

Section 4: Cytology

1. Identify the cells types below. Then identify the structures in the cells below:

2. What are the functions of the organelles listed in #1 above? (mitochondria, nucleus, chloroplasts, cell membrane, cell wall, etc.)

3. What is a prokaryote? What is a eukaryote?

4. How do plant and animal cells differ?

5. What will happen to a cell that has a .75% salinity if placed in fresh water? Why?

6. What will happen to a fresh water organism if placed into a salt water aquarium? Why?

7. If a mineral too big to pass through the cell membrane is outside of a cell, but is needed inside, how can a cell acquire that mineral? (hint: uses energy)

8. What are the main ideas of the cell theory?

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9. Diffusion is:

Osmosis is:

Section 5: Bioenergetics

1. What is the equation for photosynthesis in words & symbols?

2. What substance in the mitochondria carries usable energy (What is the goal of cellular respiration? To make….)?

3. What are the reactants of cellular respiration? What are the products of cellular respiration?

4. What is the relationship between cellular respiration and photosynthesis?

5. Explain what is happening to a distance swimmer who is no longer able to swim as fast as at the beginning of the race and is feeling a burning sensation in her legs.

6. Photosynthesis converts _____________________ energy into _____________________ energy, while cellular respiration takes the ______________________ energy and converts it into ______________________ energy.

7. Photosynthesis occurs in the _______________________ of the cell. Cellular Respiration occurs in the ______________________ of the cell.

8. The flow of energy through the biosphere: All energy comes from the ___________________. Producers capture that energy and put it through the process of _________________________. Next, consumers and producers use that energy through the process of ___________________.

Section 6: Mendelian Genetics

1. What are the two goals of meiosis & how are they accomplished (what happens)?

• Goal One:

• Goal Two:

2. Define and distinguish between haploid and diploid cells. (Know about the number of chromosomes, what types of cells are haploid/diploid and the division process used to create both types of cells)

3. Who is Gregor Mendel and why is he famous?

4. Define the following terms:

• Heredity

• Gene

• Allele

• Homozygous

• Heterozygous

• Genotype

• Phenotype

5. How do the words allele & gene relate to each other?

6. How do the words genotype & phenotype relate to each other?

7. Explain the principle of dominant & recessive genes.

8. Explain the principle of incomplete dominance.

9. Explain the principle of co-dominance.

10. PUNNETT SQUARE PRACTICE

Mendelian Monohybrid

1. In humans, brown eyes (B) are dominant over blue (b). A heterozygous brown-eyed man marries a blue-eyed woman.

a. What is the woman’s genotype? ____________________________________

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b. What is the man’s genotype? ______________________________

c. Show Punnett squares that illustrate this marriage.

d. What are the genotypes of the children? What is the genotypic ratio?

e. What are the phenotypes of the children? What is the phenotypic ratio?

Non-Mendelian Monohybrid

2. In Southeast Chandler there is a creature known as a Puma. It comes in three colors: blue, red, and purple. This trait is controlled by a single gene with _________________________________.

a. What is the genotype of a Blue Puma?

b. What is the genotype of a Red Puma?

c. What is the genotype of a Purple Puma?

d. Using a Punnett square, cross a blue wildcat with a purple puma.

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e. What is the genotypic ratio?

f. What is the phenotypic ratio?

3. In Tempe there is a creature know as a Sun Devil. It comes in three colors: maroon, gold, and maroon with gold accents. This trait is controlled by a single gene with ____________________________________.

a. What is the genotype of a Maroon Sun Devil?

b. What is the genotype of a Gold Sun Devil?

c. What is the genotype of a Maroon & Gold Sun Devil?

d. Using a Punnett square, cross a Maroon Sun Devil with a Gold Sun Devil.

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e. What is the genotypic ratio?

f. What is the phenotypic ratio?

Section 7: DNA: The Genetic Material

1. What is a vaccine?

2. Who is Frederick Griffith? What were hi experiments?

3. Who is Oswald Avery? What was his experiment?

4. What were the experiments and conclusions of Hershey and Chase?

5. What is the structure of DNA?

Shape:

Bonds:

Nitrogen Bases:

Purines?

Pyrimidines?

6. Who are the 4 scientists who’s research helped determine the structure of DNA? Their techniques?

7. What are the 3 steps of DNA replication?

8. What enzymes assist in DNA replication?

9. Why is DNA replication called “Semi-conservative”?

10. What is the central dogma?

11. Describe transcription and translation. What organelle plays a large role in these two processes?

12. What are the 3 types of RNA? What are their functions?

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Type of cell:

Type of cell:

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