Transition words to start the third body paragraph

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Transition words to start the third body paragraph

While within-paragraph transitions serve the purpose of alerting readers of upcoming shifts in perspective or voice, between-paragraph transitions serve the unique purpose of alerting readers of upcoming shifts in argument or idea. Because one of the core rules of effective paragraph-writing is limiting each paragraph to only one controlling idea (see the Basic Paragraph Resource Center lesson), shifts in argument or idea only tend to happen between paragraphs within the academic essay. There are literally dozens of transition words to choose from when shifting focus from one idea to another. There are transition words that show cause and effect, contrast, similarity, emphasis, and even sequence. To give you a general idea of the options available to you, below are examples of just a few of those categories and word combinations: With so many available options, you may be wondering how you will ever be able to figure out which word or set of words would work best where. Guiding Questions While there are many approaches you could take, let's take a look at a few basic guiding questions you should be asking yourself as you look over your own essay and create your own between-paragraph transitions: What is the purpose of this paragraph? Is it to introduce, inform, persuade, address an opposing viewpoint, revisit or add emphasis to already discussed ideas? Does the idea I'm sharing in this paragraph relate to or support any other idea or argument shared within the essay up to this point? Does the idea I'm sharing in this paragraph present a different viewpoint or idea? Is the idea I'm sharing separate from or dependent uponother ideas being shared within the essay? Your answer to these four basic questions should help you more easily identify which categories of transition words might work best at the beginning of each of your paragraphs. A Couple Tips to Get Started Selecting proper transitions takes time and practice. To get you started on the right foot though, here are a couple tips to point you in the right direction: Your body paragraphs would likely benefit most from the Addition and Order transition word categories as they tend to string together related or culminating ideas or arguments Your concluding paragraph would likely benefit most from the Emphasis word category as one of its primary objectives is to revisit and re-emphasize major ideas presented in the essay To see the power of an appropriately-used transition in action, let's consider the following prompt question example. Imagine you were asked to write an essay based on the following prompt: Do you believe that people have a specific "calling" in life? Why or why not? A possible thesis statement (or answer to that prompt question) might be:: My spiritual study, secular study, and my own life experience has taught me that life callings tend to emerge not just once, but perhaps even multiple times, at crossway of spiritual gifts and need in the world. Based on the thesis statement above, how many body paragraphs do you think this essay will need to have? What controlling ideas (or arguments) might each body paragraph be engaging? Are these arguments in any way related to each other or building on each other? How might these body paragraphs benefit from transition words in the Addition or Order categories? In answering the questions above, you likely realized that three body paragraphs will be required in this essay based on its current thesis statement. One body paragraph will focus on "spiritual" findings, another on "secular," and then finally one supported by "personal experience." You also likely realized that the Addition transition word category cannot be applied to the first body paragraph as no arguments have been made yet that can be added to. This means that the first body paragraph would likely benefit most from a transition word selected from the Order category. An example of this in application might look like the following: Body Paragraph #1 Topic Sentence Above all, my spiritual study of the scriptures as well as the words of latter-day prophets have supported my belief that life callings emerge at the intersection of spiritual gifts and need in the world. What does the selection of the transitional phrase "above all" suggest about the controlling idea that will be discussed in this paragraph? What does it suggest about the ideas that will follow in subsequent paragraphs? To see more "between-paragraph" transition words in action, let's look at what the next body paragraph topic sentence might look like with the added benefit of transition words: Body Paragraph #2 Topic Sentence In addition to my spiritual study, my secular study of the "life calling" also supports this idea that life callings emerge again and again at the intersection of spiritual gifts and need in the world. What is the transitional phrase used in the topic sentence above? Which list is the transitional phrase "in addition" drawn from? What purpose does it serve in this paragraph? How does it add value? To really emphasize the value-add of between-paragraph transitions, let's look at one final body paragraph example: Body Paragraph #3 Topic Sentence Finally, my own life experience has taught me that the concept of the "life calling" truly does lie at the intersection of gifts and need in the world. What is the transitional phrase used in the topic sentence above? Which list is the transitional phrase "finally" drawn from? What purpose does it serve in this paragraph? How does it add value? As mentioned above, the category of transition words that would most benefit your concluding paragraph is Emphasis. Since one of the main purposes of the concluding paragraph is to revisit ideas shared within the essay, transition words that express emphasis would be a natural fit and value-add. To see the power of this addition, feel free to examine the example below: Concluding Paragraph Example Without a doubt, I have come to realize over the years that a life calling is so much more than simply acting on a single moment in time-- it is developing gifts and talents and constantly reassessing what value-add those gifts and talents can bring to the world at that particular moment. What transitional phrase is used in the above concluding paragraph topic sentence? How does the addition of "without a doubt" add emphasis to the conclusion? How does its addition help fulfill one of the concluding paragraph's primary purposes? Within-paragraph and between-paragraph transitions are truly the best ways to alert readers to upcoming changes in perspective and voice as well as argument or idea. As you write and then review your own writing, really try to consider which transition words would best help you create the most powerful and organized experience for your readers. What words can be used to start a sentence? How do you start a transition paragraph? What is a transition sentence example? Can you start a sentence with a transition word? Can you start a sentence with because? How do you start your first body paragraph? How do you start a second paragraph? How do you end a body paragraph? What words can I use to start a conclusion? What is the synonym of transition? How do you connect a sentence? How do we write a conclusion? How do you write first second and third in a paragraph? In this crazy, mixed-up world of ours, transitions glue our ideas and our essays together. This handout will introduce you to some useful transitional expressions and help you employ them effectively. The function and importance of transitions In both academic writing and professional writing, your goal is to convey information clearly and concisely, if not to convert the reader to your way of thinking. Transitions help you to achieve these goals by establishing logical connections between sentences, paragraphs, and sections of your papers. In other words, transitions tell readers what to do with the information you present to them. Whether single words, quick phrases, or full sentences, they function as signs that tell readers how to think about, organize, and react to old and new ideas as they read through what you have written. Transitions signal relationships between ideas--relationships such as: "Another example coming up--stay alert!" or "Here's an exception to my previous statement" or "Although this idea appears to be true, here's the real story." Basically, transitions provide the reader with directions for how to piece together your ideas into a logically coherent argument. Transitions are not just verbal decorations that embellish your paper by making it sound or read better. They are words with particular meanings that tell the reader to think and react in a particular way to your ideas. In providing the reader with these important cues, transitions help readers understand the logic of how your ideas fit together. Signs that you might need to work on your transitions How can you tell whether you need to work on your transitions? Here are some possible clues: Your instructor has written comments like "choppy," "jumpy," "abrupt," "flow," "need signposts," or "how is this related?" on your papers. Your readers (instructors, friends, or classmates) tell you that they had trouble following your organization or train of thought. You tend to write the way you think--and your brain often jumps from one idea to another pretty quickly. You wrote your paper in several discrete "chunks" and then pasted them together. You are working on a group paper; the draft you are working on was created by pasting pieces of several people's writing together. Organization Since the clarity and effectiveness of your transitions will depend greatly on how well you have organized your paper, you may want to evaluate your paper's organization before you work on transitions. In the margins of your draft, summarize in a word or short phrase what each paragraph is about or how it fits into your analysis as a whole. This exercise should help you to see the order of and connection between your ideas more clearly. If after doing this exercise you find that you still have difficulty linking your ideas together in a coherent fashion, your problem may not be with transitions but with organization. For help in this area (and a more thorough explanation of the "reverse outlining" technique described in the previous paragraph), please see the Writing Center's handout on organization. How transitions work The organization of your written work includes two elements: (1) the order in which you have chosen to present the different parts of your discussion or argument, and (2) the relationships you construct between these parts. Transitions cannot substitute for good organization, but they can make your organization clearer and easier to follow. Take a look at the following example: El Pais, a Latin American country, has a new democratic government after having been a dictatorship for many years. Assume that you want to argue that El Pais is not as democratic as the conventional view would have us believe. One way to effectively organize your argument would be to present the conventional view and then to provide the reader with your critical response to this view. So, in Paragraph A you would enumerate all the reasons that someone might consider El Pais highly democratic, while in Paragraph B you would refute these points. The transition that would establish the logical connection between these two key elements of your argument would indicate to the reader that the information in paragraph B contradicts the information in paragraph A. As a result, you might organize your argument, including the transition that links paragraph A with paragraph B, in the following manner: Paragraph A: points that support the view that El Pais's new government is very democratic. Transition: Despite the previous arguments, there are many reasons to think that El Pais's new government is not as democratic as typically believed. Paragraph B: points that contradict the view that El Pais's new government is very democratic. In this case, the transition words "Despite the previous arguments," suggest that the reader should not believe paragraph A and instead should consider the writer's reasons for viewing El Pais's democracy as suspect. As the example suggests, transitions can help reinforce the underlying logic of your paper's organization by providing the reader with essential information regarding the relationship between your ideas. In this way, transitions act as the glue that binds the components of your argument or discussion into a unified, coherent, and persuasive whole. Types of transitions Now that you have a general idea of how to go about developing effective transitions in your writing, let us briefly discuss the types of transitions your writing will use. The types of transitions available to you are as diverse as the circumstances in which you need to use them. A transition can be a single word, a phrase, a sentence, or an entire paragraph. In each case, it functions the same way: First, the transition either directly summarizes the content of a preceding sentence, paragraph, or section or implies such a summary (by reminding the reader of what has come before). Then, it helps the reader anticipate or comprehend the new information that you wish to present. Transitions between sections: Particularly in longer works, it may be necessary to include transitional paragraphs that summarize for the reader the information just covered and specify the relevance of this information to the discussion in the following section. Transitions between paragraphs: If you have done a good job of arranging paragraphs so that the content of one leads logically to the next, the transition will highlight a relationship that already exists by summarizing the previous paragraph and suggesting something of the content of the paragraph that follows. A transition between paragraphs can be a word or two (however, for example, similarly), a phrase, or a sentence. Transitions can be at the end of the first paragraph, at the beginning of the second paragraph, or in both places. Transitions within paragraphs: As with transitions between sections and paragraphs, transitions within paragraphs act as cues by helping readers to anticipate what is coming before they read it. Within paragraphs, transitions tend to be single words or short phrases. Transitional expressions Effectively constructing each transition often depends upon your ability to identify words or phrases that will indicate for the reader the kind of logical relationships you want to convey. The table below should make it easier for you to find these words or phrases. Whenever you have trouble finding a word, phrase, or sentence to serve as an effective transition, refer to the information in the table for assistance. Look in the left column of the table for the kind of logical relationship you are trying to express. Then look in the right column of the table for examples of words or phrases that express this logical relationship. Keep in mind that each of these words or phrases may have a slightly different meaning. Consult a dictionary or writer's handbook if you are unsure of the exact meaning of a word or phrase. LOGICAL RELATIONSHIP TRANSITIONAL EXPRESSION Similarity also, in the same way, just as ... so too, likewise, similarly Exception/Contrast but, however, in spite of, on the one hand ... on the other hand, nevertheless, nonetheless, notwithstanding, in contrast, on the contrary, still, yet Sequence/Order first, second, third, ... next, then, finally Time after, afterward, at last, before, currently, during, earlier, immediately, later, meanwhile, now, recently, simultaneously, subsequently, then Example for example, for instance, namely, specifically, to illustrate Emphasis even, indeed, in fact, of course, truly Place/Position above, adjacent, below, beyond, here, in front, in back, nearby, there Cause and Effect accordingly, consequently, hence, so, therefore, thus Additional Support or Evidence additionally, again, also, and, as well, besides, equally important, further, furthermore, in addition, moreover, then Conclusion/Summary finally, in a word, in brief, briefly, in conclusion, in the end, in the final analysis, on the whole, thus, to conclude, to summarize, in sum, to sum up, in summary This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 License. You may reproduce it for non-commercial use if you use the entire handout and attribute the source: The Writing Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Make a Gift

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