Chapter 19
Disorders first diagnosed early in life
I. Normal distribution
A. Statistical definition of below average
1. Appropriate norms
2. Can be 1 or more standardized deviations
B. Standardized scores
1. z scores
2. t scores
3. percentile rankings
4. standard deviation
II. Disorders of Childhood
A. Learning Disorders (LD)
a. discrepancy between achievement and the following 3 things:
1. intellectual capacity/ ability (measured by IQ)
2. education level
3. age level
b. achievement is below expected given these 3 things
c. Types of LD
1. Reading disorder (dyslexia)
2. Disorder of written expression
3. Mathematics disorder
e. impairment is required
f. important to consider if education was adequate and whether or not they could improve given an adequate education
B. Motor skills disorder
1. Developmental coordination disorder
C. Communication Disorders (refers to oral communication)
1. Expressive language disorder
2. Mixed receptive-expressive language disorder
3. Phonological disorder
4. Stuttering
D. Pervasive Developmental Disorders
1. Autistic Disorder
a. over 2/3 have IQ below 70 (you can also diagnose MR if appropriate)
b. the autistic savant of Rainman is rare
2. Rett’s disorder
3. Childhood disintegration disorder
4. Asperger’s disorder
E. Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
a. Types of ADHD
1. predominantly inattentive type
2. predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type
3. combined type
b. Assessment of ADHD
1. tests of attention and concentration
2. report by others and client
3. especially important to rule out anxiety & mood disorders because they influence concentration and attention
4. you can diagnose an adult with ADHD, but you need history information
F. Mental Retardation (MR)
a. intellectual functioning significantly below average (“subaverage”)
1. One or 2 SDS below is criteria & the different types represent increments in SDS below the average
2. there is error in measurement so there is a 5 point range to be within
b. adaptive functioning impaired in 2 or > areas
c. onset before age 18
d. Subtypes of MR are associated with degree of educability possible & degree of care/supervision required
1. e.g., mild MR can usually reach 6th grade academic skill level whereas moderate unlikely to progress past 2nd grade level of such skills
2. the majority of MR clients are mildly MR
G. Disruptive Behavior Disorders
1. Conduct disorder
2. Oppositional Defiant Disorder
H. There are other disorders in the DSM-IV chapter entitled, “Disorders usually first diagnosed in infancy, childhood, or adolescence”
1. e.g. elimination disorders such as tic, enuresis, separation anxiety disorder, etc.
2. For the most part children get diagnosed with the same disorders that adults do, but there are special considerations in diagnosing that sometimes take developmental considerations into account or make exceptions (less symptoms required or more behavioral manifestations of symptoms)
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