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Unit 1: Introduction to Univariate & Bivariate Analysis using SPSS?The three parts of SPSS: the data manager, data files, and output filesLoading data files, changing data sets, using the utilities function to examine variable valuesUnivariate analysisFrequenciesValid PercentCumulative Percent Examining a bivariate relationship between dichotomous variables CrosstabulationsReading 2 x 2 tablesData lossCells Column, row, and total percentagesStatisticsPearson Chi Square Cramer’s V ???Reference information?Pearson Chi Square p. = probability that results occurred by chance<value= <likely by chance.05 or less = accepted as significant (not chance occurrence)?Cramer’s V 0- 1.00 = strength of association<.10 = weak .10-.30 = moderate >.30 = strong?Sample Table: Crosstabulation of support for capital punishment by sex ,with column percentages reported.Respondent’s SexmalefemaletotalCapital Punishmentfavor82.6%71.6%76.6%oppose17.4%28.4%23.4%total100.0%100.0%100.0%Pearson X2:p.<.000; Cramer’s V=.129Source: 1996 GSS Tab subsetSample results statement for bivariate crosstabulation of nominal level dichotomous variables:While a majority (76.6%) of respondents in the 1996 GSS sample support capital punishment (DPS), there is a moderately strong (V= .129), statistically significant difference (p.<.000) in DPS by sex, with 82.6% of men favoring capital punishment, in contrast to 71.6% of women. NON-SIGNIFICANT RESULTS: While a majority (77.6%) of respondents in the 1996 GSS sample support capital punishment (DPS), there is no statistically significant difference (p.057) in support by attitudes toward law enforcement spending.Univariate Analysis: Examining a single variable?Ex. 1) Fill in the frequencies and valid percents for the following variables.?Data setVariableAttributes ValuesFrequencyValid %GSS96TABCAPPUNFavor1?????Oppose2???GSS96TABPOLVIEWSLiberal1?????Moderate2?????conservative3???GSS96CORPOLVIEWSExtremely liberal1?????Liberal2?????Slightly liberal3?????Moderate4?????Slightly conservative5?????Conservative6?????Very conservative7???GSS72SAVCAPPUN2Favor1?????Oppose2???GSS96TAB?DEGREEAt least some college2?GSS72.SSAV?DEGREEAt least some college2?GSS96CORPercent of respondents who identify themselves as liberal to some degree?Bivariate Analysis: Examining the relationship between two variables.?Ex. 2) Does support for capital punishment vary by sex in the 1996 GSS subset?Analyze----Descriptives----CrosstabsRow: Dependent variable (D.V.) (Cappun)Column: Independent variable (I.V.) (Sex)Cells: Column & totalStatistics: Chi Square (X2) & Phi/Cramer’s V29527508890If it is significant, how strong is the association?USE: Cramer’s V 0- 1.00 = strength of association<.10 = weak .10-.30 = moderate >.30 = strong00If it is significant, how strong is the association?USE: Cramer’s V 0- 1.00 = strength of association<.10 = weak .10-.30 = moderate >.30 = strongIs the difference statistically significant? (low chance of being random) USE: Pearson Chi Square: p. = probability that results occurred by chance<value= <likely by chance.05 or less = accepted as significant Fill in the following table and sentences with information from the SPSS crosstabulation of SEX & CAPPUN in the GSS96TAB data set. If the answer to a question is not included in the chart, write: N/A. (Indicate N/A even if you could calculate the answer, but it is not directly observable).Table 1: Crosstabulation of support for capital punishment by sex ,with column percentages reported.Respondent’s SexmalefemaletotalCapital PunishmentfavoropposetotalPearson X2: p ; Cramer’s V= Source: 1996 GSS Tab subsetThe total number of respondents (n) with data used in the crosstabulation = ________The number of females who oppose the death penalty = __________The percent of males who favor the death penalty = ____________The percent of those favoring the death penalty who are female = __________The total number of females responding to the death penalty question = __________The percent of respondents opposing the death penalty = _____________The percent of those opposing the death penalty who are male= ______________Are the sex differences in support for capital punishment statistically significant? _________If so, how strong are the sex differences? _____________(SEE COVER PAGE FOR A WRITTEN DESCRIPTION OF THE DATA IN THIS TABLE)Ex. 3) Practice Question: Do men and women differ in fear in the 1996 GSS subset? (GSS FEAR question = Is there any area right around here-that is, within a mile-where you would be afraid to walk alone at night? Yes- 1 No-2 Table 1: Crosstabulation of support for capital punishment by sex ,with column percentages reported.Respondent’s SexmalefemaletotalFearyesnototalPearson X2: p ; Cramer’s V= Source: 1996 GSS Tab subsetThe total number of respondents (n) with data used in the crosstabulation = ________The number of females who are afraid to walk alone at night = __________The percent of males who are not afraid to walk alone at night = ____________The percent of those who are afraid to walk alone at night who are female = __________The total number of females responding to the fear question = __________The percent of respondents who are afraid to walk alone at night = _____________The percent of those who are not afraid who are male= ______________Are the sex differences in fear statistically significant? _________If so, how strong are the sex differences? _____________While a majority ( ) of respondents in the 1996 GSS sample say that they are/ are not afraid to walk alone at night, there is a _____________ (V. ), statistically significant difference (p. ) in fear by sex, with _________of men expressing fear, in contrast to __________of women. Unit 1: Lab Review exercise: Bivariate analysis of nominal level dichotomous variables.Fill in the following chart. Enter N/A under Cramer’s V if P is not significant.Sample Table: Crosstabulation of support for capital punishment by sex ,with column percentages reported.Respondent’s SexmalefemaletotalCapital Punishmentfavor82.6%71.6%76.6%oppose17.4%28.4%23.4%total100.0%100.0%100.0%Pearson X2:p.<.000; Cramer’s V=.129Source: 1996 GSS Tab subsetDATA SETDEP.VAR.IND.VAR.CHI SQ PSIG?YES/NOCRA-MER’SVSTRENGTHI.V/DV ATT1%I.V/DVATT2%GSS96TABEXAMPLECAPPUN?SEXP<.000yes.129moderateMale82.6%favorFemale71.6%favorGSS96TABSPANKING?RACE????????GSS96TABTRUST?SEX????????GSS96TABGUNLAW?CAPPUN????????GSS96TABFEWORK?SEX????????GSS96TABVOTE92?RACE????????GSS72SAVFEWORK?SEX????????GSS72SAV?VOTE68RACE????????GSS72SAV?CAPPUNSEX???????????Answer the following questions referring to lab review exercise above and using the results reporting paragraph demonstrated in this packet.Q.1) Are race differences in support for spanking evident in the 1996 GSS data set???Q.2) How have racial differences in voting changed from the 1972 GSS sample to the 1996 GSS sample and how might you explain this sociologically??Q.3) How have sex differences in attitudes toward women working changed from the 1972 GSS sample to the 1996 GSS sample and how might you explain this sociologically?? ................
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