MR. LYON
3993366
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In 1954, the Supreme Court outlawed racial segregation in public schools with this landmark case that reversed the Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) decision of “separate but equal.”
313
Unit 10
Brown vs. Board
Of Education
[pic]
314
A noted leader and clergyman; one of several African-Americans concerned with reforming American society and gaining equal rights by using civil disobedience or non-violent action.
314
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
(1929-1968)
[pic]
315
This act made racial, religious, and sex discrimination by employers illegal and gave the government the power to enforce all laws governing civil rights, including desegregation of schools and public places.
315
Civil Rights Act
Of 1964
[pic]
316
African Americans sought equality before the law and protection of their rights. Black activists often affiliated with church groups, offered passive resistance to unjust civil laws.
316
Civil Rights Movement
[pic]
317
First African-American students to attend all white high school in Little Rock, Ark. President Eisenhower sent the U.S. Army to enforce federal law that said States must abide by the 1954 Supreme Court ruling in Brown v. Board of Education which overturned the “separate but equal” ruling of Plessy v. Ferguson of 1896.
317
Little Rock 9 – 1957
[pic]
[pic]
318
Established Miranda Rights…right to remain silent, right to an attorney.
318
Miranda vs. Arizona
[pic]
319
(1963), is a landmark case in United States Supreme Court history. In it the Supreme Court unanimously ruled that state courts are required under the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution to provide counsel in criminal cases to represent defendants who are unable to afford to pay their own attorneys
319
Gideon vs Wainwright
[pic]
320
One of the principal leaders of the Latino Rights migrant worker movement. He helped found the United Farm Workers that boycotted grapes for 5 years. He used hunger strikes as a strategy
320
Cesar Chavez
[pic]
321
A group founded in 1966 that demanded equal rights for African Americans and was prepared to take violent action if necessary. This was a contrast to MLK’s civil disobedience strategy.
321
Black Panther Party
[pic]
322
Democratic Senator Strom Thurmond of South Carolina, an ardent segregationist, sustained the longest one-person filibuster in history in an attempt to keep the bill from becoming law. Primarily a voting rights bill, Congress's show of support for the Supreme Court's Brown decisions
322
Civil Rights Act of 1957
[pic]
323
A former Governor of Alabama and noted segregationist. He ran for President in the 1968 election but lost to Nixon.
323
George Wallace
[pic]
324
Former Arkansas Governor who called in the Nat’l Guard to prevent the Little Rock 9 from entering Central High school. He closed all Little Rock schools to avoid integration.
324
Orval Faubus
[pic]
325
Former Governor of Georgia who refused to serve blacks in his restaurant in defiance of the Civil Rights Act
325
Lester Maddox
[pic]
326
refers to a coalition of southern Democratic representatives and senators who united with Republicans to advance shared legislative interests, principally to prevent federal involvement in race relations in the U.S.
Wanted to show that many people in the south opposed African Americans having Equal rights
326
Congressional bloc of southern Democrats
[pic]
327
This Act outlawed literacy tests and other tactics used to deny African Americans the right to vote
327
Voting Rights Act of 1965
[pic]
328
Court case that decided that Mexican Americans and all other racial groups in the United States had equal protection under the 14th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution.
328
Hernandez v. Texas
[pic]
329
On May 23, 1984, in Travis County on behalf of the Edgewood Independent School District, San Antonio, citing discrimination against students in poor school districts. Supreme Court delivered a unanimous 9–0 decision that sided with the Edgewood plaintiffs and ordered the state legislature to implement an equitable financial system by the 1990–91 school year.
329
Edgewood I.S.D. v. Kirby
[pic]
330
A political organization that advocated social progress and equal rights for people of color, women and gays
330
Nat’l Rainbow Coalition
[pic]
331
A policy that calls on employees to seek to increase in numbers the minorities in their workforce.
331
Affirmative Action
[pic]
332
Amendment to the Constitution in 1964 that eliminated the poll tax as a prerequisite to vote in national elections.
332
24th Amendment
[pic]
333
Issued by President Truman in 1948 ending segregation in the military
333
Executive Order 9981
[pic]
334
A 1955 bus boycott that resulted in the integration of Montgomery’s bus system. It started after the arrest of Rosa Parks who refused to give up her seat to a white person. It was the first time America heard of MLK.
334
Montgomery Bus Boycott
[pic]
335
The first African American in Professional baseball. He played for the Dodgers.
335
Jackie Robinson
[pic]
36
A trade policy promoted by the U.S. in 1899 that stated that all nations would have equal trading rights in China.
336
A civil rights leader and member of the Nation of Islam. Early on he preached Black Nationalism which is complete separation from the white race. He believed use force against force
336
Malcolm X
[pic]
38
Informal groups led by a “boss” that controlled formal processes of government through bribery and force. “Friends” were rewarded with contracts or jobs in the government in a process called the “spoils system.”
38
Political Machines
[pic]
337
A proposed but unratified constitutional amendment first introduced in 1923 by Alice Paul for the purpose of guaranteeing equal rights for women. It has never been ratified and usually opposed by conservatives
337
Equal Rights Amendment
[ERA]
[pic]
338
[UPW] Formed by Dolores Huerta and Cesar Chavez is a small union for migrant workers. It successfully signed a contract with an agricultural corporation
338
United Farm Workers
[pic]
339
Nat’l Organization for Women was started by Betty Friedan. They pledged to bring women into the mainstream of American society. It focused on legal reforms and workforce discrimination.
339
NOW
[pic]
340
The case involved a black man, Heman Marion Sweatt, who was refused admission to the School of Law of the University of Texas, whose president was Theophilus Painter, on the grounds that the Texas State Constitution prohibited integrated education. While awaiting trial date the State created a law school only for black students, which it established in Houston, Texas, rather than in Austin. Court ruled that the separate School failed to qualify due to quantitative differences in facilities and intangible factors, such as its isolation from most of the future lawyers with whom its graduates would interact
340
Sweatt v. Painter
[pic]
341
The National Advisory Commission on civil disorders that concluded that white racism was the main factors in riots across the country [Watts Riot]
341
Kerner Commission
[pic]
342
In 1978, the Supreme Court ruled that Allan Bakke was a victim of reverse discrimination. The court did not overturn “affirmative action,” preferring to take discrimination questions on a case-by-case basis.
342
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
[pic]
343
De Facto = was established by practice and custom rather than law
De Jure = segregation by law which occurred mostly in the south
343
De Facto / De Jure
Segregation
[pic]
344
Was a political method of discriminating against black voters to render their votes meaningless. It’s the redrawing of lines of a district to give one political party an advantage
344
Gerrymandering
[pic]
345
Congress of Racial Equality founded in 1942 by a group of college students. It was committed to nonviolent direct action as a means of change
345
CORE
[pic]
346
In 1960 4 black college students sat down at a lunch counter and refused to move until they got served. They were denied service, food was thrown at them and people threaten them with violence. This sparked a series of Sit-in movements throughout the south
346
Woolworth Sit-in
[pic]
347
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
a organization made up of students that preached justice, peace and nonviolence through civil disobedience.
347
SNCC
[pic]
348
In 1961 CORE organized bus rides to test if southern states were complying with the S.C ruling on interstate transport. They soon turned violent and CORE abandoned them but the SNCC continued them
348
Freedom Rides
[pic]
95
349
March on Washington
[pic]
350
Civil Rights 1968
[pic]
95
One of the nation’s Founding
349
In 1963 over 250,000 people of all races marched on Washington D.C. to listen to musicians and hear civil rights leaders speak. MLK gave his famous “I have a dream Speech” at this event.
350
It banned racial discrimination in housing, it included a fair housing component that outlawed discrimination in housing sales and rentals. Lawsuits would be filed against violaters.
97
351
Swann v Charlotte Mecklenburg
[pic]
352
The American Indian Movement formed by Indian activists that monitored police interactions with Indians due to a high % of Indians being in jail. In one year of monitoring, the number of Indians arrested dropped by 60%.
97
351
In 1972 the S.C ruled that busing is an acceptable way to achieve school integration
352
AIM
[pic]
99
353
JACL
[pic]
353
Japanese-American Citizens League formed in 1929 but in 1978 wanted compensation for the suffering in the Internment Camps. Congress officially apologized and paid $20,000 to each survivor.
354
Americans with Disabilities Act signed in 1990 called for better public access for people with disabilities. It also called for Braille signs on elevators. It called for improved education for children with disabilities
354
End Unit 10
ADA
[pic]
355
Amendment to the Constitution (1971) that lowered the voting age to 18 thereby allowing a greater percentage of U.S. citizens to participate in the process of government.
355
Unit 11
26th Amendment
[pic]
356
Prompted by reports of North Vietnamese aggression against an American warship, Congress authorized President Johnson to increase American military involvement in Vietnam.
356
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
[pic]
357
The Supreme Court ruled that the House of Representatives and all state and local bodies had to be apportioned on a “one-man to one-vote” principle, further supporting equal representation in American government.
357
Reynolds v. Sims
1964
1 [pic]
358
In the 1950's, the United States began to send troops to this southeastern Asian country. In the following 25-years, the ensuing war would create some of the strongest tensions in US history. In total, it is estimated that over 2.5 million people on both sides were killed.
358
Vietnam
[pic]
359
Tinker vs. Des Moines
[pic]
359
The Supreme Court ruled that students did not lose their 1st Amendment rights when they entered school property as long as it did not interfere with the learning environment.
360
Soviets started building missile sites in Cuba, in response the U.S. quarantined Cuba. The two sides agreed to remove their missile sites in Cuba and Turkey
360
Cuban Missile Crisis
[pic]
62
The most renowned defense attorney of his time; he defended John Scopes who was charged by religious fundamentalists for violating a Tennessee statute against teaching evolution in schools.
62
Clarence Darrow
(1857-1938)
361
The belief that if Vietnam fell to communism its neighboring countries would also fall.
361
Domino Theory
[pic]
362
(1835-1919)
64
A Scottish immigrant at age 12; he founded steel mills in Pittsburg & used the Bessemer process. He sold the mills becoming the world’s richest man in 1901. He gave most of his wealth to worthy causes aiding education, international peace, libraries, culture centers, research and publications.
362
A major offensive in 1968 by the Viet-cong and NVA that surprised the Americans which resulted in the loss of several cities.
362
TET Offensive
[pic]
366
George H. W. Bush
(1924-____)
[pic] [pic]
66
Commissioned at Corpus Christi, TX, he was the youngest (18) Navy pilot in WWII & served aboard the aircraft carrier USS San Jacinto. A TX congressman (1966-70), Envoy to China, Ambassador to the United Nations, CIA Director, Vice-president (1981-89) he became the 41st President (1988-92).
363
A policy of the Richard Nixon administration during the Vietnam War to end the U.S.' involvement in the war and "expand, equip, and train South Vietnam's forces and assign to them an ever-increasing combat role, at the same time steadily reducing the number of U.S. combat troops
363
Vietnamization
[pic]
364
The difference between the reality of the Vietnam War as opposed to LBJ’s positive portrayal.
364
Credibility Gap
[pic]
365
Americans who did not join in the large demonstrations against the Vietnam War at the time, who did not join in the counterculture, and who did not participate in public discourse. Nixon along with many others saw this group of Middle Americans as being overshadowed in the media by the more vocal minority.
365
The Silent Majority
[pic]
366
OPEC
[pic]
366
Formed in 1960 a group of nations that depend on the sale of oil for their national income.
367
The Vietnam War mass murder of between 347 and 504 unarmed civilians in South Vietnam. Victims included men, women, children, and infants.
367
My Lai Massacre
[pic]
368
A failed invasion of Cuba in 1961. It was authorized by JFK to overthrew Castro it was organized by the CIA and Cuban exiles.
368
Bay of Pigs Invasion
[pic]
369
Leader of South Vietnam who was anti-communist and placed into power by the U.S. he was hated among the people for his ruthless tactics. He was later assassinated.
369
Ngo Dinh Diem
[pic]
370
Leader of communist North Vietnam. He renamed Saigon after himself. He fought the French for the Vietnamese independence.
370
Ho Chi Minh
[pic]
371
Communist insurgents in South Vietnam. They were nicknamed “Charley”
371
Vietcong
[pic]
372
War of attrition = to wear down the enemy by inflicting heavy losses
Operation Rolling Thunder = intensive bombing of the ho chi minh trail to cut off supplies
372
War Strategies
[pic]
373
HAWKS = were for war in Vietnam and against appeasement they consisted of LBJ’s political advisors
DOVES = were for peace in Vietnam
373
War Hawks / Doves
[pic]
374
On May 4th 1970 the National Guard opened fire on students protest the war, killing four students and wounding nine more.
374
KENT STATE
[pic]
375
Passed by Congress in 1973, it required the President to inform Congress within two days of any use of American troops in a foreign country and to withdraw the troops within 60 days if Congress did not support the deployment.
375
War Powers Act
[pic][pic]
376
A top-secret study leaked in the New York Times. This document confirmed that previous administrations lied to Congress and the American people about the war
376
Pentagon Papers
[pic]
377
General Westmoreland
[pic]
377
He served as Commander of U.S. forces in Vietnam under LBJ. He felt the war was mistake and said we betrayed an ally. He blamed the loss on several factors
378
Paris Peace Accords
[pic]
378
The treaty ended the war in Vietnam. It established a cease fire, kept the dividing line at the 17th parallel nd the withdrawal of American troops
379
Camelot
[pic]
379
Refers to the tenure of President JFK in the white house. It was a brief tenure due to his assassination.
380
A group with ideas and behaviors very different than those o mainstream culture. It was very popular in the 1960s expressed through the Hippie Movement.
380
Counterculture
[pic]
381
JFK
[pic]
382
National Aeronautics Space Administration started in 1958 under President Eisenhower in response to Sputnik. They were challenged by JFK to go to the moon and did on July 20, 1969
381
Youngest man ever elected President [35th] in 1961. He was the first catholic president. He was one of the most popular presidents in history. He challenged Americans to do more for their country. He was assassinated in Dallas, Tx on November 22, 1963
382
NASA
[pic]
383
Peace Corps
[pic]
383
It was created by an executive order under JFK. It sent thousands of men and women to developing nations to support local communities.
384
An ideal society as envisioned by President LBJ. It would be equality for all, to rid society of poverty, to help better educate society and man can renew contact with nature.
384
The Great Society
[pic]
385
Medicare & Medicaid
[pic]
385
It was established in 1965 under LBJ. Medicare is a federal health insurance program that pays for citizens 65 or older. Medicaid is a health insurance funded by federal and state governments.
386
Passed by Congress in 1964 it created dozens of federal antipoverty programs. These included VISTA, HEADSTART and HUD
386
Economic Opportunity Act
[pic]
387
Engel v Vitale
[pic]
388
Established Miranda Rights…right to remain silent, right to an attorney.
387
A 1962 case involving school prayer. The S.C. ruled that the prayer was a violation of the Establishment Clause of the 1st amendment
388
Miranda vs. Arizona
[pic]
389
End Unit 11
Gideon vs Wainwright
[pic]
390
Unit 12
Watergate
[pic]
389
(1963), is a landmark case in United States Supreme Court history. In it the Supreme Court unanimously ruled that state courts are required under the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution to provide counsel in criminal cases to represent defendants who are unable to afford to pay their own attorneys
390
It was a scandal involving the President Nixon’s administration that ended in Nixon’s resignation in 1974. The scandal involved a break-in at the Democratic National Committee office at this Washington, D.C. office complex.
93
391
Detente
[pic]
392
PING PONG DIPLOMACY
[pic]
93
391
The relaxation of Cold War tensions between the U.S., USSR and China. It started with Nixon’s Presidency
392
Refers to the exchange of table tennis (ping-pong) players between the United States and People's Republic of China (PRC) in the early 1970s. The event marked a thaw in U.S. and China relations that paved the way to a visit to Beijing by President Richard Nixon.
95
393
New Federalism
[pic]
394
SALT 1
[pic]
393
.
To reduce the size and power of the Federal Government, Nixon used this plan to reach out to Conservatives.
394
A 5 year agreement that limited the Soviet’s to 1600 [icbm] missiles and the U.S. to 1000 missiles. Signed by President Nixon.
95
395
EPA
[pic]
396
Nixon Doctrine
[pic]
95
One of the nation’s Founding
395
Environmental Protection Agency established under Nixon to protect human health and to safeguard the environment.
396
The U.S. could no longer bear the burden of defending the free world, U.S. would continue to protect allies from communist countries nuclear attacks, and he sent aid to Iran and Saudi Arabia so they can keep the area peaceful and stable.
97
397
Gerald Ford
[pic]
398
Started in 1970, is when people from around the world come together to show their concern for a healthy environment. April 22nd
97
397
38th POTUS, He replaced Nixon after his resignation and pardoned Nixon which caused him to lose favor with the American public. This caused him to lose his re-election bid.
398
Earth Day
[pic]
99
The Endangered Species Act
[pic]
385
Medicare / Medicaid
399
1973 it was designed to protect critically imperiled species from extinction as a "consequence of economic growth and development untempered by adequate concern and conservation.
399
The Endangered Species Act
[pic]
399
1973 it was designed to protect critically imperiled species from extinction as a "consequence of economic growth and development untempered by adequate concern and conservation.
400
A proposed but unratified constitutional amendment first introduced in 1923 by Alice Paul for the purpose of guaranteeing equal rights for women
400
Equal Rights Amendment
[ERA]
[pic]
401
A portion of the Education Amendments of 1972. No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance.
401
TITLE IX
[pic]
402
Encouraged political activism among women and funded women who were elected to office
402
Nat’l Women’s Political Caucus
[NWPC]
[pic]
403
Comparable Worth is a belief that women and men who are equally qualified should be paid the same rate.
Glass Ceiling is an invisible barrier that keeps women from obtaining positions of power within the workplace.
403
Comparable Worth / Glass Ceiling
[pic]
404
1978 Congress tried to reduce the U.S. dependence on imported oil. It offered incentives for conserving energy.
404
Nat’l Energy Act
[pic]
405
1979 occurred when the Shaw was allowed medical treatment in the U.S. the rebels angry, took revenge by taking 66 American hostages and keeping them for over 400 days. They were released upon election of Reagan
405
Iran Hostage Crisis
[pic]
406
Is when Israeli and Egyptian leaders under the guide of President Carter met for 13 days to work on a peace treaty between the two nations. Israel agreed to give back the Sinai Peninsula
406
Camp David Accords
[pic]
407
He was elected 39th POTUS in 1976. His tenure was full of tumultuous events such as 3 mile island, Iran Hostage Crisis and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.
407
Jimmy Carter
[pic]
408
A conservative, she is known for her opposition to modern feminism and for her campaign against the proposed Equal Rights Amendment.
408
Phyllis Schlafly
[pic]
409
A conflict between the PLO and Israeli army. This caused Syria to condemn the Israeli invasion and forced Reagan to send troops as peace keepers. This provoked terrorist attacks vs the U.S.
409
Lebanon
[pic]
410
Agreement to remove and destroy all missiles within a range of 300 to 3400 miles.1st treaty that required both sides to destroy missiles. Signed by Reagan and Gorbachev.
410
INF TREATY
[pic]
411
An American conservative think tank. Heritage's stated mission is to "formulate and promote conservative public policies based on the principles of free enterprise, limited government, individual freedom, traditional American values, and a strong national defense". Influenced Reagan in the 80s
411
The Heritage Foundation
[pic]
412
The U.S. was secretly selling arms to Iran to gain release of U.S. hostages. The money was then sent to the Contras in Nicaragua. Reagan denied involvement
412
IRAN CONTRA AFFAIR
[pic]
413
It was proposed by U.S. President Ronald Reagan on March 23, 1983,to use ground-based and space-based systems to protect the United States from attack by ballistic strategic nuclear weapons
413
Strategic Defense Initiative [Star Wars]
[pic]
414
To cut taxes and promote private enterprises by deregulating in order to stimulate the economy
414
REAGANOMICS
[pic]
415
Is a retired United States Supreme Court justice. She served as an Associate Justice from her appointment in 1981 by Ronald Reagan until her retirement from the Court in 2006. She was the first woman to be appointed to the Supreme Court
415
Sandra Day O’ Connor
[pic]
416
Economic growth depends on increasing the supply of goods and services. The way to increase supply is to cut taxes. This theory was used by President Reagan in the 80s. Critics called this Voodoo economics
416
Supply-Side Economics
[pic]
417
Are lump sum payments from the Federal Treasury. States could use the funds on social programs. This gave States more flexibility in spending
417
Block Grants
[pic]
418
The reduction or removal of Gov’t control on businesses In order to promote economic efficiency and stimulate Free Enterprise.
418
Deregulation
[pic]
419
It was formed in 1979 by Reverend Jerry Falwell. The goal was to train Christian activists to become politically active. It would eventually become the Christian Coalition
419
Moral Majority
[pic]
420
He served as the 39th Vice President of the United States. He was investigated by the United States Attorney for the District of Maryland on charges of extortion, tax fraud, bribery, and conspiracy. He was charged with having accepted bribes totaling more than $100,000, allowed to plead no contest to a single charge that he had failed to report $29,500 of income received in 1967, with the condition that he resign the office of Vice President
420
SPIRO AGNEW
[pic]
421
An 8-bit home computer, one of the first highly successful mass-produced microcomputer products for home and school
421
APPLE 2
[pic]
422
A group fighting for Palestinian homeland in Israel
422
PLO
[pic]
423
The book documented the detrimental effects on the environment was met with fierce opposition by chemical companies, but it spurred a reversal in national pesticide policy, led to a nationwide ban on DDT
423
Silent Spring
[pic]
424
Gerald Ford offered conditional amnesty today to thousands of Vietnam era draft evaders and military deserters who agree to work for up to two years in public service jobs
424
CLEMENCY
[pic]
425
Nixon’s covert White House Special Investigations Unit, established July 24, 1971. Its task was to stop the leaking of classified information, such as the Pentagon Papers, and perform wire taps on enemies
425
PLUMBERS
[pic]
426
The pseudonym given to the secret informant who provided information to Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein of The Washington Post in 1972 about the involvement of United States President Richard Nixon's administration in what came to be known as the Watergate scandal.
426
DEEP THROAT
[pic]
427
It is a membership organization for people age 50 and over. AARP operates as a non-profit advocate for its members and is one of the most powerful lobbying groups in the United State
427
AARP
[pic]
428
One of the earliest arcade video games, Pong was one of the first video games to reach mainstream popularity. The aim is to defeat an opponent in a simulated table-tennis game by earning a higher score. The game was originally manufactured by Atari
428
PONG
[pic]
429
A nationally televised match between Riggs and Billie Jean King, over the best of five sets.
Riggs taunted all female tennis players, prompting King to accept a lucrative financial offer to play Riggs in a nationally televised match that the promoters dubbed the "Battle of the Sexes".
King defeated him: 6–4, 6–3, 6–3
429
BATTLE OF THE SEXES
[pic]
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