MR. LYON



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313

In 1954, the Supreme Court outlawed racial segregation in public schools with this landmark case that reversed the Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) decision of “separate but equal.”

313

Unit 10

Brown vs. Board

Of Education

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314

A noted leader and clergyman; one of several African-Americans concerned with reforming American society and gaining equal rights by using civil disobedience or non-violent action.

314

Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

(1929-1968)

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315

This act made racial, religious, and sex discrimination by employers illegal and gave the government the power to enforce all laws governing civil rights, including desegregation of schools and public places.

315

Civil Rights Act

Of 1964

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316

African Americans sought equality before the law and protection of their rights. Black activists often affiliated with church groups, offered passive resistance to unjust civil laws.

316

Civil Rights Movement

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317

First African-American students to attend all white high school in Little Rock, Ark. President Eisenhower sent the U.S. Army to enforce federal law that said States must abide by the 1954 Supreme Court ruling in Brown v. Board of Education which overturned the “separate but equal” ruling of Plessy v. Ferguson of 1896.

317

Little Rock 9 – 1957

[pic]

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318

Established Miranda Rights…right to remain silent, right to an attorney.

318

Miranda vs. Arizona

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319

(1963), is a landmark case in United States Supreme Court history. In it the Supreme Court unanimously ruled that state courts are required under the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution to provide counsel in criminal cases to represent defendants who are unable to afford to pay their own attorneys

319

Gideon vs Wainwright

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320

One of the principal leaders of the Latino Rights migrant worker movement. He helped found the United Farm Workers that boycotted grapes for 5 years. He used hunger strikes as a strategy

320

Cesar Chavez

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321

A group founded in 1966 that demanded equal rights for African Americans and was prepared to take violent action if necessary. This was a contrast to MLK’s civil disobedience strategy.

321

Black Panther Party

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322

Democratic Senator Strom Thurmond of South Carolina, an ardent segregationist, sustained the longest one-person filibuster in history in an attempt to keep the bill from becoming law. Primarily a voting rights bill, Congress's show of support for the Supreme Court's Brown decisions

322

Civil Rights Act of 1957

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323

A former Governor of Alabama and noted segregationist. He ran for President in the 1968 election but lost to Nixon.

323

George Wallace

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324

Former Arkansas Governor who called in the Nat’l Guard to prevent the Little Rock 9 from entering Central High school. He closed all Little Rock schools to avoid integration.

324

Orval Faubus

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325

Former Governor of Georgia who refused to serve blacks in his restaurant in defiance of the Civil Rights Act

325

Lester Maddox

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326

 refers to a coalition of southern Democratic representatives and senators who united with Republicans to advance shared legislative interests, principally to prevent federal involvement in race relations in the U.S.

Wanted to show that many people in the south opposed African Americans having Equal rights

326

Congressional bloc of southern Democrats

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327

This Act outlawed literacy tests and other tactics used to deny African Americans the right to vote

327

Voting Rights Act of 1965

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328

Court case that decided that Mexican Americans and all other racial groups in the United States had equal protection under the 14th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution.

328

Hernandez v. Texas

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329

On May 23, 1984, in Travis County on behalf of the Edgewood Independent School District, San Antonio, citing discrimination against students in poor school districts. Supreme Court delivered a unanimous 9–0 decision that sided with the Edgewood plaintiffs and ordered the state legislature to implement an equitable financial system by the 1990–91 school year.

329

Edgewood I.S.D. v. Kirby

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330

A political organization that advocated social progress and equal rights for people of color, women and gays

330

Nat’l Rainbow Coalition

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331

A policy that calls on employees to seek to increase in numbers the minorities in their workforce.

331

Affirmative Action

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332

Amendment to the Constitution in 1964 that eliminated the poll tax as a prerequisite to vote in national elections.

332

24th Amendment

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333

Issued by President Truman in 1948 ending segregation in the military

333

Executive Order 9981

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334

A 1955 bus boycott that resulted in the integration of Montgomery’s bus system. It started after the arrest of Rosa Parks who refused to give up her seat to a white person. It was the first time America heard of MLK.

334

Montgomery Bus Boycott

[pic]

335

The first African American in Professional baseball. He played for the Dodgers.

335

Jackie Robinson

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36

A trade policy promoted by the U.S. in 1899 that stated that all nations would have equal trading rights in China.

336

A civil rights leader and member of the Nation of Islam. Early on he preached Black Nationalism which is complete separation from the white race. He believed use force against force

336

Malcolm X

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38

Informal groups led by a “boss” that controlled formal processes of government through bribery and force. “Friends” were rewarded with contracts or jobs in the government in a process called the “spoils system.”

38

Political Machines

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337

A proposed but unratified constitutional amendment first introduced in 1923 by Alice Paul for the purpose of guaranteeing equal rights for women. It has never been ratified and usually opposed by conservatives

337

Equal Rights Amendment

[ERA]

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338

[UPW] Formed by Dolores Huerta and Cesar Chavez is a small union for migrant workers. It successfully signed a contract with an agricultural corporation

338

United Farm Workers

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339

Nat’l Organization for Women was started by Betty Friedan. They pledged to bring women into the mainstream of American society. It focused on legal reforms and workforce discrimination.

339

NOW

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340

The case involved a black man, Heman Marion Sweatt, who was refused admission to the School of Law of the University of Texas, whose president was Theophilus Painter, on the grounds that the Texas State Constitution prohibited integrated education. While awaiting trial date the State created a law school only for black students, which it established in Houston, Texas, rather than in Austin.   Court ruled that the separate School failed to qualify due to quantitative differences in facilities and intangible factors, such as its isolation from most of the future lawyers with whom its graduates would interact

340

Sweatt v. Painter

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341

The National Advisory Commission on civil disorders that concluded that white racism was the main factors in riots across the country [Watts Riot]

341

Kerner Commission

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342

In 1978, the Supreme Court ruled that Allan Bakke was a victim of reverse discrimination. The court did not overturn “affirmative action,” preferring to take discrimination questions on a case-by-case basis.

342

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke

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343

De Facto = was established by practice and custom rather than law

De Jure = segregation by law which occurred mostly in the south

343

De Facto / De Jure

Segregation

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344

Was a political method of discriminating against black voters to render their votes meaningless. It’s the redrawing of lines of a district to give one political party an advantage

344

Gerrymandering

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345

Congress of Racial Equality founded in 1942 by a group of college students. It was committed to nonviolent direct action as a means of change

345

CORE

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346

In 1960 4 black college students sat down at a lunch counter and refused to move until they got served. They were denied service, food was thrown at them and people threaten them with violence. This sparked a series of Sit-in movements throughout the south

346

Woolworth Sit-in

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347

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

a organization made up of students that preached justice, peace and nonviolence through civil disobedience.

347

SNCC

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348

In 1961 CORE organized bus rides to test if southern states were complying with the S.C ruling on interstate transport. They soon turned violent and CORE abandoned them but the SNCC continued them

348

Freedom Rides

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95

349

March on Washington

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350

Civil Rights 1968

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95

One of the nation’s Founding

349

In 1963 over 250,000 people of all races marched on Washington D.C. to listen to musicians and hear civil rights leaders speak. MLK gave his famous “I have a dream Speech” at this event.

350

It banned racial discrimination in housing, it included a fair housing component that outlawed discrimination in housing sales and rentals. Lawsuits would be filed against violaters.

97

351

Swann v Charlotte Mecklenburg

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352

The American Indian Movement formed by Indian activists that monitored police interactions with Indians due to a high % of Indians being in jail. In one year of monitoring, the number of Indians arrested dropped by 60%.

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351

In 1972 the S.C ruled that busing is an acceptable way to achieve school integration

352

AIM

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99

353

JACL

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353

Japanese-American Citizens League formed in 1929 but in 1978 wanted compensation for the suffering in the Internment Camps. Congress officially apologized and paid $20,000 to each survivor.

354

Americans with Disabilities Act signed in 1990 called for better public access for people with disabilities. It also called for Braille signs on elevators. It called for improved education for children with disabilities

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End Unit 10

ADA

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355

 

Amendment to the Constitution (1971) that lowered the voting age to 18 thereby allowing a greater percentage of U.S. citizens to participate in the process of government.

355

Unit 11

26th Amendment

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356

Prompted by reports of North Vietnamese aggression against an American warship, Congress authorized President Johnson to increase American military involvement in Vietnam.

356

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

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357

The Supreme Court ruled that the House of Representatives and all state and local bodies had to be apportioned on a “one-man to one-vote” principle, further supporting equal representation in American government.

357

Reynolds v. Sims

1964

1 [pic]

358

In the 1950's, the United States began to send troops to this southeastern Asian country. In the following 25-years, the ensuing war would create some of the strongest tensions in US history. In total, it is estimated that over 2.5 million people on both sides were killed.

358

Vietnam

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359

Tinker vs. Des Moines

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359

The Supreme Court ruled that students did not lose their 1st Amendment rights when they entered school property as long as it did not interfere with the learning environment.

360

Soviets started building missile sites in Cuba, in response the U.S. quarantined Cuba. The two sides agreed to remove their missile sites in Cuba and Turkey

360

Cuban Missile Crisis

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62

The most renowned defense attorney of his time; he defended John Scopes who was charged by religious fundamentalists for violating a Tennessee statute against teaching evolution in schools.

62

Clarence Darrow

(1857-1938)

361

The belief that if Vietnam fell to communism its neighboring countries would also fall.

361

Domino Theory

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362

(1835-1919)

64

A Scottish immigrant at age 12; he founded steel mills in Pittsburg & used the Bessemer process. He sold the mills becoming the world’s richest man in 1901. He gave most of his wealth to worthy causes aiding education, international peace, libraries, culture centers, research and publications.

362

A major offensive in 1968 by the Viet-cong and NVA that surprised the Americans which resulted in the loss of several cities.

362

TET Offensive

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366

George H. W. Bush

(1924-____)

[pic] [pic]

66

Commissioned at Corpus Christi, TX, he was the youngest (18) Navy pilot in WWII & served aboard the aircraft carrier USS San Jacinto. A TX congressman (1966-70), Envoy to China, Ambassador to the United Nations, CIA Director, Vice-president (1981-89) he became the 41st President (1988-92).

363

A policy of the Richard Nixon administration during the Vietnam War to end the U.S.' involvement in the war and "expand, equip, and train South Vietnam's forces and assign to them an ever-increasing combat role, at the same time steadily reducing the number of U.S. combat troops

363

Vietnamization

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364

The difference between the reality of the Vietnam War as opposed to LBJ’s positive portrayal.

364

Credibility Gap

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365

Americans who did not join in the large demonstrations against the Vietnam War at the time, who did not join in the counterculture, and who did not participate in public discourse. Nixon along with many others saw this group of Middle Americans as being overshadowed in the media by the more vocal minority.

365

The Silent Majority

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366

OPEC

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366

Formed in 1960 a group of nations that depend on the sale of oil for their national income.

367

The Vietnam War mass murder of between 347 and 504 unarmed civilians in South Vietnam. Victims included men, women, children, and infants.

367

My Lai Massacre

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368

A failed invasion of Cuba in 1961. It was authorized by JFK to overthrew Castro it was organized by the CIA and Cuban exiles.

368

Bay of Pigs Invasion

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369

Leader of South Vietnam who was anti-communist and placed into power by the U.S. he was hated among the people for his ruthless tactics. He was later assassinated.

369

Ngo Dinh Diem

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370

Leader of communist North Vietnam. He renamed Saigon after himself. He fought the French for the Vietnamese independence.

370

Ho Chi Minh

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371

Communist insurgents in South Vietnam. They were nicknamed “Charley”

371

Vietcong

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372

War of attrition = to wear down the enemy by inflicting heavy losses

Operation Rolling Thunder = intensive bombing of the ho chi minh trail to cut off supplies

372

War Strategies

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373

HAWKS = were for war in Vietnam and against appeasement they consisted of LBJ’s political advisors

DOVES = were for peace in Vietnam

373

War Hawks / Doves

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374

On May 4th 1970 the National Guard opened fire on students protest the war, killing four students and wounding nine more.

374

KENT STATE

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375

Passed by Congress in 1973, it required the President to inform Congress within two days of any use of American troops in a foreign country and to withdraw the troops within 60 days if Congress did not support the deployment.

375

War Powers Act

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376

A top-secret study leaked in the New York Times. This document confirmed that previous administrations lied to Congress and the American people about the war

376

Pentagon Papers

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377

General Westmoreland

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377

He served as Commander of U.S. forces in Vietnam under LBJ. He felt the war was mistake and said we betrayed an ally. He blamed the loss on several factors

378

Paris Peace Accords

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378

The treaty ended the war in Vietnam. It established a cease fire, kept the dividing line at the 17th parallel nd the withdrawal of American troops

379

Camelot

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379

Refers to the tenure of President JFK in the white house. It was a brief tenure due to his assassination.

380

A group with ideas and behaviors very different than those o mainstream culture. It was very popular in the 1960s expressed through the Hippie Movement.

380

Counterculture

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381

JFK

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382

National Aeronautics Space Administration started in 1958 under President Eisenhower in response to Sputnik. They were challenged by JFK to go to the moon and did on July 20, 1969

381

Youngest man ever elected President [35th] in 1961. He was the first catholic president. He was one of the most popular presidents in history. He challenged Americans to do more for their country. He was assassinated in Dallas, Tx on November 22, 1963

382

NASA

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383

Peace Corps

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383

It was created by an executive order under JFK. It sent thousands of men and women to developing nations to support local communities.

384

An ideal society as envisioned by President LBJ. It would be equality for all, to rid society of poverty, to help better educate society and man can renew contact with nature.

384

The Great Society

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385

Medicare & Medicaid

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385

It was established in 1965 under LBJ. Medicare is a federal health insurance program that pays for citizens 65 or older. Medicaid is a health insurance funded by federal and state governments.

386

Passed by Congress in 1964 it created dozens of federal antipoverty programs. These included VISTA, HEADSTART and HUD

386

Economic Opportunity Act

[pic]

387

Engel v Vitale

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388

Established Miranda Rights…right to remain silent, right to an attorney.

387

A 1962 case involving school prayer. The S.C. ruled that the prayer was a violation of the Establishment Clause of the 1st amendment

388

Miranda vs. Arizona

[pic]

389

End Unit 11

Gideon vs Wainwright

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390

Unit 12

Watergate

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389

(1963), is a landmark case in United States Supreme Court history. In it the Supreme Court unanimously ruled that state courts are required under the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution to provide counsel in criminal cases to represent defendants who are unable to afford to pay their own attorneys

390

It was a scandal involving the President Nixon’s administration that ended in Nixon’s resignation in 1974. The scandal involved a break-in at the Democratic National Committee office at this Washington, D.C. office complex.

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Detente

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392

PING PONG DIPLOMACY

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391

The relaxation of Cold War tensions between the U.S., USSR and China. It started with Nixon’s Presidency

392

Refers to the exchange of table tennis (ping-pong) players between the United States and People's Republic of China (PRC) in the early 1970s. The event marked a thaw in U.S. and China relations that paved the way to a visit to Beijing by President Richard Nixon.

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393

New Federalism

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394

SALT 1

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393

.

To reduce the size and power of the Federal Government, Nixon used this plan to reach out to Conservatives.

394

A 5 year agreement that limited the Soviet’s to 1600 [icbm] missiles and the U.S. to 1000 missiles. Signed by President Nixon.

95

395

EPA

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396

Nixon Doctrine

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95

One of the nation’s Founding

395

Environmental Protection Agency established under Nixon to protect human health and to safeguard the environment.

396

The U.S. could no longer bear the burden of defending the free world, U.S. would continue to protect allies from communist countries nuclear attacks, and he sent aid to Iran and Saudi Arabia so they can keep the area peaceful and stable.

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397

Gerald Ford

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398

Started in 1970, is when people from around the world come together to show their concern for a healthy environment. April 22nd

97

397

38th POTUS, He replaced Nixon after his resignation and pardoned Nixon which caused him to lose favor with the American public. This caused him to lose his re-election bid.

398

Earth Day

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99

The Endangered Species Act

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385

Medicare / Medicaid

399

1973 it was designed to protect critically imperiled species from extinction as a "consequence of economic growth and development untempered by adequate concern and conservation. 

399

The Endangered Species Act

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399

1973 it was designed to protect critically imperiled species from extinction as a "consequence of economic growth and development untempered by adequate concern and conservation.

400

A proposed but unratified constitutional amendment first introduced in 1923 by Alice Paul for the purpose of guaranteeing equal rights for women

400

Equal Rights Amendment

[ERA]

[pic]

401

A portion of the Education Amendments of 1972. No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance.

401

TITLE IX

[pic]

402

Encouraged political activism among women and funded women who were elected to office

402

Nat’l Women’s Political Caucus

[NWPC]

[pic]

403

Comparable Worth is a belief that women and men who are equally qualified should be paid the same rate.

Glass Ceiling is an invisible barrier that keeps women from obtaining positions of power within the workplace.

403

Comparable Worth / Glass Ceiling

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404

1978 Congress tried to reduce the U.S. dependence on imported oil. It offered incentives for conserving energy.

404

Nat’l Energy Act

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405

1979 occurred when the Shaw was allowed medical treatment in the U.S. the rebels angry, took revenge by taking 66 American hostages and keeping them for over 400 days. They were released upon election of Reagan

405

Iran Hostage Crisis

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406

Is when Israeli and Egyptian leaders under the guide of President Carter met for 13 days to work on a peace treaty between the two nations. Israel agreed to give back the Sinai Peninsula

406

Camp David Accords

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407

He was elected 39th POTUS in 1976. His tenure was full of tumultuous events such as 3 mile island, Iran Hostage Crisis and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.

407

Jimmy Carter

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408

A conservative, she is known for her opposition to modern feminism and for her campaign against the proposed Equal Rights Amendment.

408

Phyllis Schlafly

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409

A conflict between the PLO and Israeli army. This caused Syria to condemn the Israeli invasion and forced Reagan to send troops as peace keepers. This provoked terrorist attacks vs the U.S.

409

Lebanon

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410

Agreement to remove and destroy all missiles within a range of 300 to 3400 miles.1st treaty that required both sides to destroy missiles. Signed by Reagan and Gorbachev.

410

INF TREATY

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411

An American conservative think tank. Heritage's stated mission is to "formulate and promote conservative public policies based on the principles of free enterprise, limited government, individual freedom, traditional American values, and a strong national defense". Influenced Reagan in the 80s

411

The Heritage Foundation

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412

The U.S. was secretly selling arms to Iran to gain release of U.S. hostages. The money was then sent to the Contras in Nicaragua. Reagan denied involvement

412

IRAN CONTRA AFFAIR

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413

It was proposed by U.S. President Ronald Reagan on March 23, 1983,to use ground-based and space-based systems to protect the United States from attack by ballistic strategic nuclear weapons

413

Strategic Defense Initiative [Star Wars]

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414

To cut taxes and promote private enterprises by deregulating in order to stimulate the economy

414

REAGANOMICS

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415

Is a retired United States Supreme Court justice. She served as an Associate Justice from her appointment in 1981 by Ronald Reagan until her retirement from the Court in 2006. She was the first woman to be appointed to the Supreme Court

415

Sandra Day O’ Connor

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416

Economic growth depends on increasing the supply of goods and services. The way to increase supply is to cut taxes. This theory was used by President Reagan in the 80s. Critics called this Voodoo economics

416

Supply-Side Economics

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417

Are lump sum payments from the Federal Treasury. States could use the funds on social programs. This gave States more flexibility in spending

417

Block Grants

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418

The reduction or removal of Gov’t control on businesses In order to promote economic efficiency and stimulate Free Enterprise.

418

Deregulation

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419

It was formed in 1979 by Reverend Jerry Falwell. The goal was to train Christian activists to become politically active. It would eventually become the Christian Coalition

419

Moral Majority

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420

He served as the 39th Vice President of the United States. He was investigated by the United States Attorney for the District of Maryland on charges of extortion, tax fraud, bribery, and conspiracy. He was charged with having accepted bribes totaling more than $100,000, allowed to plead no contest to a single charge that he had failed to report $29,500 of income received in 1967, with the condition that he resign the office of Vice President

420

SPIRO AGNEW

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421

 An 8-bit home computer, one of the first highly successful mass-produced microcomputer products for home and school

421

APPLE 2

[pic]

422

A group fighting for Palestinian homeland in Israel

422

PLO

[pic]

423

The book documented the detrimental effects on the environment was met with fierce opposition by chemical companies, but it spurred a reversal in national pesticide policy, led to a nationwide ban on DDT

423

Silent Spring

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424

Gerald Ford offered conditional amnesty today to thousands of Vietnam era draft evaders and military deserters who agree to work for up to two years in public service jobs

424

CLEMENCY

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425

Nixon’s covert White House Special Investigations Unit, established July 24, 1971. Its task was to stop the leaking of classified information, such as the Pentagon Papers, and perform wire taps on enemies

425

PLUMBERS

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426

The pseudonym given to the secret informant who provided information to Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein of The Washington Post in 1972 about the involvement of United States President Richard Nixon's administration in what came to be known as the Watergate scandal.

426

DEEP THROAT

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427

It is a membership organization for people age 50 and over. AARP operates as a non-profit advocate for its members and is one of the most powerful lobbying groups in the United State

427

AARP

[pic]

428

  One of the earliest arcade video games, Pong was one of the first video games to reach mainstream popularity. The aim is to defeat an opponent in a simulated table-tennis game by earning a higher score. The game was originally manufactured by Atari

428

PONG

[pic]

429

A nationally televised match between Riggs and Billie Jean King, over the best of five sets.

Riggs taunted all female tennis players, prompting King to accept a lucrative financial offer to play Riggs in a nationally televised match that the promoters dubbed the "Battle of the Sexes".

 King defeated him: 6–4, 6–3, 6–3

429

BATTLE OF THE SEXES

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