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Unit 4
1898
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Year of the Spanish-American War. Was triggered by the explosion of The USS Maine in the harbor at Havana, Cuba.
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A policy adopted by President Taft to encourage investment by American banks and businesses in foreign countries. He promised military protection to those who invested abroad.
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Dollar Diplomacy
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A trade policy promoted by the U.S. in 1899 that stated that all nations would have equal trading rights in China.
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Open Door Policy
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In 1901 the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty gave the U.S. the right to construct and defend a canal through Central America to provide safer and quicker ship routes between the Atlantic & Pacific oceans.
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Panama Canal
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U. S. economic policy, during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, to expand into foreign markets by militarily protecting shipping routes and U. S. businesses in foreign countries.
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U.S. Expansion
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A former admiral and naval historian. He believed world power depended on the relationship of naval power to world commerce. This influenced U. S. foreign policy development in the 1880’s and 1890’s.
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Alfred Thayer Mahan
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A Senator from Massachusetts that supported American expansion as a way to increase national pride, spread civilization, and thereby gain world power.
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Henry Cabot Lodge
(1850-1924)
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A lawyer and jurist in the Hawaiian Islands. Serving as an enemy of the Hawaiian royalty and friend of the elite immigrant community, Dole advocated the westernization of Hawaiian government and culture. Dole was named president of the Provisional Government of Hawaii that was formed after the coup overthrew the Monarchy
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SANFORD B. DOLE
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He felt that America should respect the rights of other countries. The U.S. should promote peace not conquest.
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Carl Schurz
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It stated that the American Continents were closed to any future colonization by any European powers
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Monroe Doctrine
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Teddy Roosevelt assertion that as a direct result of the Monroe Doctrine the U.S. could intervene to preserve peace in the Western hemisphere to protect U.S. interests. This gave birth to his “Big Stick Policy”, which is a foreign policy of using force if necessary
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Roosevelt Corollary
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A moral approach to foreign relations taken by Woodrow Wilson. It was based on democratic ideals rather than economic interests or the use of force.
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Moral Diplomacy
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He felt that America should spread Christianity and freedom throughout the world. In his book “Our Country” he wrote it’s the U.S. divine mission to spread its Anglo-Saxon civilization
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Josiah Strong
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The United States purchased Alaska from Russia in 1867, for $7.2 million at approximately two cents per acre. Starting in the 1890s and stretching in some places to the early 1910s, gold rushes in Alaska and the nearby Yukon Territory brought thousands of miners and settlers to Alaska. European immigrants from Norway and Sweden also settled in southeast Alaska, where they entered the fishing and logging industries.
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Alaska
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Mexico formally recognized the annexation of Texas. It also gave the U.S. land stretching from Texas to California for 15 million dollars
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Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
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A sensationalized way of reporting and exaggerating news. This was one of the causes of the Spanish American war.
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Yellow Journalism
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An American battleship that was docked in the Havana harbor. It exploded and the Spanish were blamed, starting the Spanish-American War.
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U.S.S. Maine
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Published by the New York Journal newspaper it was a letter written by the Spanish Ambassador calling President McKinley a weak and low politician. This angered many Americans intensifying their hatred for Spain, thus becoming another cause to the Spanish American War.
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De Lome Letter
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The first U.S. volunteer cavalry led by Teddy Roosevelt. They are most famous for winning the battle of “San Juan Hill’
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Rough Riders
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Is a policy of Empire Building or colonizing new territory for resources or as markets for manufactured goods.
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Imperialism
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Treaty of Paris
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Charles A. Lindbergh
(1902-1974)
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The treaty that ended the Spanish American war. The 3 main points were
1- Cuba gains independence
2- Puerto Rico and Guam ceded to U.S.
3- Philippines ceded to U.S. for 20 million
These territories made the U.S. a colonial empire
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End Unit 4
Platt Amendment
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This allowed the U.S. to intervene in Cuban affairs and to buy or lease land for a naval base. This amendment was repealed in 1934 but the U.S. still has a naval base in Guantanamo bay
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Unit 5
Neutrality
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He was assassinated in Sarajevo by a Serbian terrorist named Gavrilo Princip. This set off a chain reaction that started with Austria-Hungry declaring war on Serbia, then Russia declaring war on Austria –Hungary, then Germany declared war on Russia thus starting WW1 or “THE GREAT WAR”
. 120
To not take sides and stay out of foreign affairs, it’s the policy of President Wilson at the beginning of WW1
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Archduke Franz Ferdinand
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GLEN CURTISS
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An American aviation pioneer and a founder of the U.S. aircraft industry. He made the first officially witnessed flight in North America and made the first long-distance flight in the United States. His company built aircraft for the U.S. Army and Navy and, during the years leading up to World War I, his experiments with seaplanes led to advances in naval aviation.
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The years of World War I which was triggered by the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand and ended with the Treaty of Versailles.
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1914 – 1918
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124 Battle of Argonne Forest
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Written by leaders of the Big Four allied nations to end WWI; it created the League of Nations and charged Germany with $33 billion of reparations. The U.S. Senate refused to ratify the treaty
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The last major offensive of World War I under General Pershing where 1/10 of all U.S. troops died over a period of 42 days due to rough terrain, heavy machine gun fire, and inadequate training. They cut off Central Powers access to railroad.
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Treaty of Versailles
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Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
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After World War I, President Wilson sought to reduce the risk of war through open covenants of peace, absolute freedom of navigation, removal of economic barriers to trade, as well as other political and economic points.
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After years of neutrality during World War I, the U.S. entered the war after Germany sank the Lusitania and attempted to dominate sea power in the Atlantic using this naval tactic.
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Wilson’s Fourteen Points
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Schenk vs U.S.
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Militarism
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In 1919 a socialist was charged with distributing leaflets to resist the military draft. The S.C. ruled that “Free Speech is Limited” especially during time of war. This means you can’t yell fire in a movie theatre for it will cause chaos or a riot.
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One of the main causes of WW1. It is the glorification of military power and values.
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Nationalism
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Alliances
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One of the main causes of WW1. A strong feeling of pride in and loyalty to one’s nation
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One of the main causes of WW1. This is when countries have secret alliances to help or aid each other in time of war
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Zimmerman Note
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Central Powers
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One of the nation’s Founding
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A telegram sent during WW1 from Germany to Mexico asking for their military help if the U.S. should enter the war. They promised Mexico its territory back it lost to the U.S. in the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo.
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The WW1 coalition of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria that opposed the Allied Powers.
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Allied Powers
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To help raise the money for WW1 the Gov’t sold liberty bonds which is a promise by the Gov’t to pay back the money at a fixed rate of interest
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The WW1 coalition of France, England, Russia and the U.S. that opposed the Central Powers
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Liberty Bonds
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Sussex Pledge
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Germany promised to spare all lives in any future U-boat attacks on merchant ships. If the U.S. would have England remove their naval blockade. Wilson would not accept the condition
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Designed to whip up support for their side its information or rumors spread by a group or government. It may be true or false information, its purpose is to persuade others to adopt the same views.
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Propaganda
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The “Doughboys” landed in France in 1917. They were led by General John J. Pershing. Their arrival was timely due to Russia signing treaty with Germany.
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American Expeditionary Forces
[AEF]
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Selective Service Act
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In may 1917 congress passed the Selective Service Act which created a national draft for men 21 to 30. This was done to increase the number of soldiers in the military.
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Due to the increasing number of new jobs opening in Northern factories many African Americans from the south moved north. This would lead to race riots in major cities due to white feeling threatened by blacks for jobs.
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The Great Migration
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In 1918 Congress passed this act to make it illegal to say anything that was disloyal, profane or abusive about the gov’t.
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Sedition Act
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Nickname for members of the Industrial Workers of the World [IWW]. They were against “The Great War” and targeted greedy capitalists for being war mongers.
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Wobblies
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Created by President Wilson as a way of “fighting critics and preserving American ideals.” A massive propaganda campaign composed of movies, art work, and press releases.
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Committee on Public Information
[CPI]
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Created in 1917 to make sure supplies and equipment were produced and delivered to the military
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War Industries Board
[WIB]
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Victory Gardens
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The Silent Majority
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The government encouraged people to plant vegetable gardens to help prevent food shortages. During the war years, Americans planted 50 million victory gardens. Because planting these gardens was regarded as being patriotic, they were termed victory gardens, and women were encouraged to can and preserve food they raised from these gardens.
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Americans who did not join in the large demonstrations against the Vietnam War at the time, who did not join in the counterculture, and who did not participate in public discourse. Nixon along with many others saw this group of Middle Americans as being overshadowed in the media by the more vocal minority.
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Rationing
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League of Nations
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The system for limiting the distribution of food, gas and other goods during wartime so the military can have the supplies it needs. This was done in WW1 and WW2
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The most important of Wilson’s 14 points. It called for setting up an international organization to ensure world peace. The member nations would protect one another during time of crisis or war.
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Reservationists
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Irreconcilables
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One of the nation’s Founding
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People who were reluctant to ratify the Treaty of Versailles but would do so if changes were made to it. They were led by Henry Cabot Lodge who was a bitter enemy of Woodrow Wilson.
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A group of 16 senate republicans who opposed the Treaty of Versailles. They were led by Republican senator William Borah.
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Internationalists
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Machine Guns, Flame throwers and Howitzers [large cannons] changed how and where war was fought. Trench Warfare emerged due to machine guns. The Germans first used Chemical Weapons [poison gas/mustard gas] which caused huge blisters, blindness and damage to lungs. The Airplane was used for the 1st time in battle as well as Battleships. This would lead to a stalemate on the western front.
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A group of Senate democrats who supported the Treaty of Versailles. They believed the U.S. had already become a world power and should take its place among the League of Nations.
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End Unit 5
WW1 Technology
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Unit 6
Harlem Renaissance
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A birth of African-American culture led by poets, authors, artists and musicians provided an outlet for African-American intellectuals who continued to oppose racial segregation and suppression.
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A paranoid fear in the U.S. of the threat of Bolshevik communism throughout the 1920s. Many people were charged with crimes and/or deported because of their political beliefs.
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Red Scare
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A scandal in the administration of President Harding in which Interior Secretary Albert G. Fall leased USN oil reserves in Wyoming to oilmen who paid him kickbacks worth hundreds of thousands of dollars.
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Teapot Dome
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He helped create a mobile society by mass producing and marketing the automobile, making it an indispensable part of American life.
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Henry Ford
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The most renowned defense attorney of his time; he defended John Scopes who was charged by religious fundamentalists for violating a Tennessee statute against teaching evolution in schools.
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Clarence Darrow
(1857-1938)
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A noted politician and orator, he ran for President in 1896, 1900 & 1908 as a Democrat supporting reforms such as income tax, prohibition and women’s suffrage. He was Secretary of State under Woodrow Wilson. He was the prosecutor in the Scopes trial and defended creationism.
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William Jennings Bryan
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He made aviation history when he flew a specially built airplane, The Spirit of St. Louis, nonstop from New York to Paris in 1927.
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Charles A. Lindbergh
(1902-1974)
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EUGENICS
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FLAPPERS
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The belief and practice of improving the genetic quality of the human population. It is a social philosophy advocating the improvement of human genetic traits through the promotion of higher reproduction of people with desired traits (positive eugenics), and reduced reproduction of people with undesired traits (negative eugenics)
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A "new breed" of young women in the 1920s who wore short skirts, bobbed their hair, listened to jazz, and flaunted their disdain for what was then considered acceptable behavior. Flappers were seen as brash for wearing excessive makeup, drinking, smoking, driving automobiles, and otherwise flouting social and sexual norms
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Marcus Garvey
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Warren G. Harding
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A publisher,
journalist, entrepreneur, and orator who was a staunch proponent of the Black nationalism and Pan Africanism movements, to which end he founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL]. He founded the Black Star Line, which promoted the return of the African diaspora to their ancestral lands.
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The 29th President of the United States, a Republican from Ohio who was the first incumbent U.S. senator to be elected U.S. president. He promised the nation a "Return to Normalcy", in the form of a strong economy, independent of foreign influence. This program was designed to rid Americans of the tragic memories and hardships they faced during World War I.
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This law made it illegal to interfere with the military draft. It set severe penalties for spying, sabotage and the obstruction of the war effort.
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Espionage Act
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Were Italian immigrants accused of committing a double murder and robbery. There was little evidence against the men but due to jury bias they were found guilty and executed.
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Sacco and Vanzetti Trial
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The U.S. government was ill prepared for the end of WW1 and the conversion to a postwar economy. When war ended sooner than expected the government had no plans from wartime to peacetime.
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Demobilization
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The combination of high inflation and rising unemployment led to a sharp recession. It lead to a decline in economic activity and prosperity.
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WW1 Postwar Recession
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Attorney General Mitchell Palmer launched a campaign against people who spoke out against the government. He raided home and businesses and looked for explosives and weapons.
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Palmer Raids
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Emergency Immigration Act of 1921
it only allowed 375,000 into the country each year. It also introduced a quota system to limit the number of immigrants from each country.
The Immigration act of 1924
This reduced the number of immigrants to 164,00p per year
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Quota System
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Founded in 1920 to protect freedom of speech and civil liberties. They fought censorship and were involved in the Scopes Trial.
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American Civil Liberties Union
[ACLU]
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Calvin Coolidge
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Took over as President when Warren G. Harding died in office. He believed “the chief business of American people is business.”
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Elected President in 1928. He believed in promoting business and continued Harding and Coolidge’s beliefs.
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Herbert Hoover
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A treaty between U.S. and France to outlaw war between their countries, more than 60 nations eventually signed the treaty
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Kellogg-Briand
Pact
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This plan won a Nobel Peace Prize. It stated American banks would loan money to Germany to pay off the war reparations, Germany would pay off England and France who would then pay off their debt to U.S.
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Dawes Plan
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Under the economic policies of the republican presidents unemployment dropped and wages rose. Innovators created new industries that were successful.
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Economic Boom of 20’s
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This is a culture that views the consumption of large quantities of goods as beneficial to the economy and a source of happiness. This would lead to buying on credit which is buying now but paying later.
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Consumer Culture
1920s
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It was a mass medium that could reach very large audiences, it help unite people from across the U.S. and develop a national culture.
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Radio
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Made up of hard working female activists who worked to educate voters on public issues.
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League of Women Voters
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A proposed but unratified constitutional amendment first introduced in 1923 by Alice Paul for the purpose of guaranteeing equal rights for women.
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Equal Rights Amendment
[ERA]
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Jazz Age
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This is another name for the 1920’s decade. The most popular form of music was jazz and performers like Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington and Cab Calloway were its stars.
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Lost Generation
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Sickened by the slaughter of war and of American ideals and values a lot of white writers moved to Europe. Led by Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald and E.E. Cummings
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Georgia O’Keefe
(1887-1986)
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She became the most noted representational expressionist painter in America. Her most famous works concentrated on scenes of the southwest.
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Babe Ruth = Professional baseball player for the Yankees
Jim Thorpe = Native American Professional football player and Olympic athlete
Gertrude Ederle = became the first woman to swim the English Channel
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1920s Sports Heroes
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Traditionalists
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People who embrace new ideas, styles and social trends. Traditional values that restricted individual freedoms
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People who have deep respect for long held cultural and religious values. These values provide stability to society.
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Modernists
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McNary Haugen Bill 1924
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To offset the large number of farmers losing their land due to inability to repay loans. This bill was introduced to have the gov’t sell crops overseas. It was vetoed twice by Calvin Coolidge.
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Enforced by the 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1919), it became illegal to manufacture, sell, or transport alcoholic beverages. Led to rise of organized crime
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Prohibition
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Volstead Act
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This enforced the 18th amendment but the gov’t never gave the prohibition bureau enough money or personnel.
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Speakeasies
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The first industrial process for the mass-production of steel, this process made the manufacture of high grade steel fast and inexpensive and led to the industrial boom of the Gilded Age.
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Secret drinking clubs that sprung up during prohibition. The term came from the practice of speaking quietly about illegal saloons.
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The Bessemer Steel Process
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The Scopes Trial
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21st Amendment
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1925 in Dayton, Tennessee a teacher John Scopes was arrested for teaching evolution in a public school. Scopes was found guilty and fined $100. The Tennessee S.C would overturn the conviction
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In 1933 the states ratified this amendment which repealed [overturned] the 18th amendment thus ending prohibition.
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“New Morality”
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Al Capone
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The Roaring Twenties was marked by a shift in cultural values and morals. This new morality focused more on personal freedoms as opposed to traditional morals.
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Was a notorious gangster who thrived in Chicago during the 1920s. He made millions off of bootlegging but was finally arrested for tax evasion by Elliot Ness
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Margaret Sanger
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Langston Hughes
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One of the nation’s Founding
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An American birth control activist, sex educator, and nurse. Sanger popularized the term birth control, opened the first birth control clinic in the United States, and established organizations that evolved into the Planned Parenthood Federation of America. Sanger's efforts contributed to several judicial cases that helped legalize contraception in the United States.
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He wrote poetry, plays and fiction that captured the anguish of African Americans longing for equality.
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Billy Sunday
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The name given to the collection of New York City music publishers and songwriters who dominated the popular music of the United States in the late 19th century and early 20th century. The name originally referred to a specific place
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A former Professional baseball player turned Preacher. He spoke for traditional values and told of the dangers of alcohol
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End Unit 6
Tin Pin Alley
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