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Unit 5 Exam ReviewSupplemental InstructionIowa State UniversityLeader:Maura & TylerCourse:Bio 255Instructor:Manz & HaenDate:12/6/181.Pathway of filtrate tubular fluid:Glomerulus proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting ducts, renal calyces/pelvis2.What anatomical structure do the ureters enter into when they meet the urinary bladder what part of the kidney do they leave at?Leaves kidneys at the hilum Enters in the corners of the trigone (utereovesical junction)3.True or False:Urine travels down the ureter because of the flow of gravity, nothing else needs to act on it. –peristalsis and tunic muscles act on the flow of urine4.The urinary bladder is a ___retroperitineal_______________organ meaning that the serous membrane does/doesn’t completely surround it. Like the large intestines, usually organs lining the back of abdominal cavity.5.The primary reproductive organs are the __ovaries_________ and __testes________, these structures actually make the gametes. The __accessory/secondary_____ reproductive organs support and transport gametes.6.Main hormones produced by males and females? What is the generic function of these hormones?Males: androgens the most common being testosteroneFemales: progesterone and estrogen-promote and development of secondary sex characteristics-promote gamete development-develop and function of reproductive organs7.Is the pancreas an exocrine gland or an endocrine gland? Provide its functionHeterocrineExocrine gland function: acinar cells produce a pancreatic digestive juice that is secreted into the duodenum via the hepatopancreatic ampulla to help break down chime- this is the major function Endocrine gland: this areas are the pancreatic isletsMajor cells:Alpha cells: produce glucagonBeta cells: produce insulin to take up glucose and store as glycogen for energyMinor cells:Delta cells: secretes somatostatin to inhibit uptake of glucagon and insulinF cells: produce pancreatic polypeptide this regulates release of pancreateic digestive enzymes and somatostatin8.What is the largest endocrine gland, where is it located and what does it produce?Thyroid and it’s located in front of your trachea and looks like a butterfly the two lobes are connected by the isthmusProduces thyroid hormone via thyroglobulin and iodine which is made of T3 and T4 controlling BMR9.Calcitonin is an antagonist to _parathyroid___ hormone and it functions to __lower_________ blood calcium levels which indicates bone growth.- less blood calcium = more calcium is used to create bones10. At birth females start out with all/none of their gametes 11.What is a follicle? Describe the follicles in the ovary as you go from a fetus to an adult:Follicle: egg and it’s supporting cellsThe follicle (primordial) starts to go through meiosis but stops at meiosis 1 and just hangs out in the ovaries. When you are born some of them start to degenerate and the rest don’t do much until you hit puberty. When you hit puberty some will start to mature and you will start to ovulate one every 28 days. Meiosis is only completed if fertilization occurs.12.Why is the muscularis layer of the GI tract arranged in two different directions?Circular muscles that first compact the food/chyme and then the longitudinal muscles will push it forward along in the GI tract 262636055245Secrete HCl and intrinsic factor for vitamin B12 absorptionProduces hormones (gastrin, CCK, etc.) to bloodSecretes pepsinogen to help digest proteins. Activated by pepsin and HClProduce mucus protecting epithelial lining from gastric juice.Create and secret acid mucus00Secrete HCl and intrinsic factor for vitamin B12 absorptionProduces hormones (gastrin, CCK, etc.) to bloodSecretes pepsinogen to help digest proteins. Activated by pepsin and HClProduce mucus protecting epithelial lining from gastric juice.Create and secret acid mucus13. Match the cells with the correct function/secretion.Chief Cells - 3Parietal Cells - 1Goblet Cells - 4Enteroendocrine Cells – 2Mucous Neck Cells - 514.What do the supporting cells of a follicle turn into after the oocyte has been released? What is the function of this structure?Corpus luteum and the function of this is to preserve the uterine lining by secreting hormones. If the oocyte does not implant into the uterus the corpus luteum will stop producing hormones, the uterine lining will shed and the corpus luteum will turn into corpus albican and then degenerate15.What is the function of the fimbriae and where are they locatedLocated directly over the ovary and they are fingerlike projections that move to help the secreted oocyte make sure it goes into the uterine tube towards the uterus 16. Fertilization usually occurs in the __infundibulum (upper most area)___ of the uterine tube. 17.After fertilization where does the zygote go and what does it do?Goes to the uterus and implants into the uterine lining(wall)18.What are the three main layers in the uterine wallperimetrium: outermostmiddle: myometriuminner layer: endometriumstratum funtionalis: changes throughout menstrual cycle and is shed)stratum basal: always there next to the myometrium19.Adrenal medulla is made of ___chromaffin______ cells.- This is the inner portion of the adrenal gland the outer is the adrenal cortex which is yellow because it synthesizes different corticosteroids which is a kind of steroid and steroids are fats and fat is yellow. 3 Layers:Zona glomerulosa – makes mineralcorticoids, mainly aldosterone – controls Na+ and K+ (sodium retention).Zona fasciculate – makes glucocorticoids (chiefly cortisol), adjust metabolism during stress. Ex: sympathetic activityZona Reticularis – makes gonadocorticoids (androgens – male hormones like facial hair growth)20.What supplies blood to small and large intestines – superior and inferior mesenteric artereiesmesenteries arteries supplies the mesentry which supplies the large intestine21.What anatomical feature makes females much more susceptible to getting urinary tract infections? What are the three segments of the male urethra?They have a shorter urethraThree segments of male urethra:Prostatic: goes through prostate glandMembranous: goes through urogenital diaphragmSpongy: through the penis and the urine exits externally22. The structural and functional unit of the kidney is the ____nephron__________. Nephrons make ___urine___ from filtrate.23. How do the adrenal glands function as two organs in one?Medulla: made of nervous tissue – made of chromaffin cells and secretes epinephrine and norepinephrineCortex: made of glandular tissue that creates and secretes corticosteroids(25 different corticosteroids) the cortex is divided into three layers: Zona glomerulosa, zona fasiculata and zona reticularis24. What does the Thymus secrete and what is it necessary for? (occurs mainly in children because the thymus is not present in adults)thymus secretes Thymopoietin and Thymosin which are necessary for T-cell production25. What do the following organs secrete and why? Heart, Gastrointestinal Tract, Placenta, Kidneys and Adipose tissueHeart: secretes ANP which reduces blood pressure and volume and blood sodium concentrationsGI Tract: secretes digestive hormones that act locallyPlacenta: releases hormones during pregnancy (progesterone – used to detect pregnancy)Kidneys: secretes erythropoietin to stimulate red blood cell synthesis(erythropoiesis)Adipose Tissues: Leptin inhibits you from being hungry (I’ve had enough)26. What is the difference between the anterior and posterior pituitary gland? What hormones are released by each, and are both true endocrine glands?- Anterior (or adenohypophysis) is a true endocrine gland because it actually produces hormones, while the posterior (neurohypophysis) pituitary just stores and releases hormones that were made from the hypothalamus.Anterior Pituitary Hormones:Growth hormone – made by somatoroph cells, stimulates liver and other tissues to secrete insulin-like growth factors, which stimulate growth and repair.Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)Made by thyrotroph cells - Controls thyroid hormone productionAdrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)Made by corticotroph cellsControls adrenal cortex – corticosteroid productionFollicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)Made by gonadotroph cells, controls egg or sperm productionLuteinizing hormone (LH)Made by gonadotroph cells, controls sex hormone production (test or estrogen)Prolactin (PRL) made by lactotroph cellsControls milk productionMelanocyte-stimulating hormoneStimulates melanocytes of epidermisPosterior Pituitary Hormones (made by hypothalamus released by PP):Antidiuretic hormones – influences water balance, preventing dilute urine formation.Oxytocin – stimulates smooth muscle contraction in breasts and uterusPlays role in care-giving and sex arousal (love hormone)Define the following teeth structuresCrown = exposed tooth above gingiva (gum)Dentin = below enamel, forms bulk of toothEnamel = encloses crown, hardest substance in bodyGingiva = gumsWhere are the following sphincters located and what is the function of them:Pyloric: end of stomach, before duodenum of SI. Controls flow of digested food.Cardiac/lower esophageal: where esophagus meets stomach, closes when bolus in stomachIleocecal: separates small and large intestine, prevents backflowHepatopancreatic ampulla: liver and pancreas ducts that enter small intestine at duodenum, allow bile and juices to be secretedWhich of the following glands produce the greatest proportion of semen?the pituitarythe bulbourethral glandsthe prostatethe seminal vesiclesWhich part of a sperm provides enzymes that allow it to penetrate the layers of cells surrounding a ovum, thus allowing fertilization to occur?midpiecetailheadacrosomeThe absorptive effectiveness of the small intestine is enhanced by increasing the surface area of the mucosal lining. Which of the following accomplish this task?RugaeBrunner’s glandPeyer’s PatchesPlicae circulares and intestinal villi/microvilliWhich bursts during ovulation, releasing the ovum?Primary oocyteSecondary oocyteCorpus luteumVesicular follicleThe presence of this hormone determines whether or not the fetus develops into a male or a female. - TestosteroneWhich type of nephron has a short loop of Henle and produces dilute urine?CorticalmedullaryjuxtamedullaryMatch the male reproductive structures to their homologous female structures. 1939925170815ClitorisLabia majoraOvaries0ClitorisLabia majoraOvariesTestis - cPenis - aScrotum - b ................
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