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APUSH Dr. I. Ibokette

Unit 12: From Kennedy to Nixon

Sub-Themes:

A. Containment: Conflicts and Detente

B. Domestic Policies: Civil Rights & the Great Society, the 1960’s

C. The Paradox of Nixon’s Administration: Social & Political

As usual, use the recommended “4-step” reading and note-taking process. Also, use the “looking ahead” and “recall and reflect” questions; as well as the “study questions” and “key terms and names” provided, as guides to both the context and significance of sub-themes within the unit.

1. Chapter 29: “Civil Rights, Vietnam, and the Ordeal of Liberalism”

Key Terms and Names:

1. John F. Kennedy

2. New Frontier

3. Lyndon B. Johnson

4. Great Society

5. Medicare and Medicaid

6. Office of Economic Opportunity

7. Housing and Urban Development

8. Immigration Act of 1965

9. lunch counter sit-ins

10. SNCC

11. Congress of Racial Equality, CORE

12. Freedom Rides

13. March on Washington

14. Freedom Summer

15. George Wallace

16. Civil Rights Act, 1964

17. Voting Rights Act, 1965

18. Immigration Act of 1965

19. de jure vs. de facto segregation

20. Watts riot

21. black power movement

22. Black Panther Party

23. Nation of Islam and Malcolm X

24. flexible response

25. Peace Corps

26. Bay of Pigs invasion

27. Berlin Wall

28. Cuban Missile Crisis

29. Vietminh and Ho Chi Minh

30. Dien Bien Phu & Geneva Accords, 1954

31. Ngo Dinh Diem

32. NLF or Viet Cong & Ho Chi Minh Trail

33. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

34. strategy of attrition

35. Tet Offensive

36. 1968 crises

37. George Wallace

38. Richard Nixon

Sub-Sections

a. Setting the Stage 807

➢ “Looking Ahead”

i. What was the domestic reform agenda of Kennedy’s New Frontier, and how did Johnson’s Great Society programs continue and expand on the agenda?

ii. Why did the civil right movement become increasingly assertive and militant over the course of the 1960s?

iii. How did US involvement in Vietnam escalate through the 1960s? What were the political and social consequences of that escalation, in both Vietnam and the US?

b. Expanding the Liberal State 808

c. The Battle for Racial Equality 811

d. Flexible Response to the Cold War 817

e. The Agony of Vietnam, 819

f. The Traumas of 1968, 827

g. End-of-Chapter Review, 831

➢ Looking Back

➢ Significant Events

Recall and Reflect,

i. What were the pol effects of JFK’s assassination?

ii. How did increasing radicalism affect the successes and setbacks of the civil rights movements?

iii. What were the military strategy and aims of the United States in Vietnam? Why did the US ultimately fail in Vietnam?

iv. What accounted for the growing opposition to the war in Vietnam?

v. What events made 1968 such a turbulent year, both in the US and elsewhere in the world? How did these events affect US policies?

h. A Timeline of seven to ten key events/developments

Study Questions

1. Consider the presidencies of John Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson. Why was Kennedy more popular with the public, and why was Johnson more successful in passing legislation?

2. In what areas of presidential leadership did John Kennedy most excel? Where was he most limited or unsuccessful?

3. What steps did Lyndon Johnson take to expand the liberal state? Which steps seemed to be successful, and why? Which did not seem to be successful, and why?

4. How did Lyndon Johnson’s view of social reform compare with Franklin Roosevelt’s? Woodrow Wilson’s? Theodore Roosevelt’s?

5. Regarding foreign policy, was Lyndon Johnson more in line with Franklin Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, or Theodore Roosevelt? Explain your choice.

6. Discuss the evolution of the civil rights movement. Did the federal government lead or follow in the movement? What forces most often initiated change? What divides could be found within the movement? Why did they exist?

7. What was the Kennedy strategy for fighting the Cold War? How did Vietnam fit into this overall strategy?

8. When Lyndon Johnson became president was he, in essence, already committed to following a policy of escalating involvement in Vietnam? Why or why not?

9. Describe the various arguments made in the historical assessment for American’s entry into Vietnam. Which one would you subscribe to, and why?

10. Why did the military superiority held by the United States fail to achieve victory in Vietnam?

11. Was the American failure in Vietnam a political or a military one? Could any changes have been made in either area that would have more likely led to an American success?

12. Describe the multiple traumas of 1968. How did the country respond to them?

2. Chapter 30: “The Crisis of Authority”

Key Terms and Names:

1. New Left

2. SDS

3. Free Speech Movement

4. Weathermen

5. counterculture

6. Hippies

7. termination policy

8. AIM

9. Wounded Knee

10. Cesar Chavez

11. Stonewall Riot

12. Betty Friedan

13. Title VII, (Civil Rights Act 1964)

14. NOW

15. Roe v. Wade

16. Stephan Forbes

17. Rachel Carson

18. EPA, Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act

19. Henry Kissinger

20. George McGovern

21. Spiro Agnew

22. Gerald Ford

23. Vietnamization

24. Cambodian bombings

25. Kent State

26. My Lai Massacre

27. Paris Peace Accords

28. Nixon Doctrine

29. Silent Majority

30. Warren Court

31. Burger Court

32. OPEC

33. stagflation

34. Watergate scandal

Sub-Sections

a. Setting the Stage 834

➢ “Looking Ahead”

i. What were some of the characteristics of the social and cultural revolutions of the 1960s and 1970s?

ii. How did the US strategy in Vietnam change under Nixon? What was the result of the change in strategy?

iii. What was the Watergate Scandal and how did it affect the presidency?

b. The Youth Culture, 835

c. The Mobilization of Minorities, 840

d. The New Feminism, 845

e. Environmentalism in a Turbulent Society 857

f. Nixon, Kissinger, and the War, 850

g. Nixon, Kissinger, and the World, 853

h. Politics and Economics under Nixon, 855

i. The Watergate Crisis, 858

j. End-of-Chapter Review, 861

➢ Looking Back

➢ Significant Events

Recall and Reflect, 863

i. What was the New Left? How was it related to the counterculture?

ii. How did ethnic minorities, especially Native Americans and Latinos, challenge the status quo in the 1970s?

iii. What were the objectives of the new feminism of the 1970s? What gains did women achieve in this era? What set backs did the feminist movement experienced?

iv. What was the “Nixon Doctrine”? How did this doctrine play out in foreign policy”?

v. What was the effect of Nixon’s policies on the US economy? What was Nixon’s response to escalating economic difficulties?

k. A Timeline of seven to ten key events/developments

Study Questions

1. What were the differences between social reform in the 1930s and social reform in the 1960s?

2. What type of individual was attracted to the counterculture, and why?

3. What was the essential philosophy of the counterculture, and why did it so upset many Americans?

4. Was the new youth culture truly a “revolution” in America? What were its limits?

5. Explain which rights movement enjoyed the greatest success and which faced the greatest obstacles.

6. What were the major Supreme Court rulings during the late 1950s and 1960s? What are the arguments of the supporters and critics of these rulings?

7. Characterize the intent of the major Supreme Court rulings during the late 1960s and 1970s. How did they compare to decisions made by the Warren Court?

8. How did President Nixon go about bringing an end to the Vietnam War? What effect did his methods have on the war and on the American public mood?

9. Why is American participation in the Vietnam War so rarely described as a “good war,” as was the case for World War II?

10. Nothing since the American Civil War divided the United States public as much as the Vietnam War. Why?

11. How did Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger view the world and America’s place in it? Explain their strategies toward the Soviet Union, the Middle East, and Latin America.

12. Compare Richard Nixon as a foreign policy president and as a domestic policy president. In what area was he more effective, and why?

13. How do you explain the Watergate scandal and President Nixon’s role in it?

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