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Chapter 1

Early Exploration and Settlement

(Beginnings -1700)

_____ 1. Migration of Early Peoples: Many scientists believe that people first arrived in North America during the last Ice Age. At the start of the Ice Age, Earth’s climate grew colder. Large amounts of water froze into huge, moving ice sheets called glaciers. As a result, ocean levels dropped more than 300 feet lower than they are today. When the water level fell, a land bridge appeared between northeastern Asia and present-day Alaska. Geographers call this the Bering Land Bridge. Although no one knows exactly when or how people crossed into North America, evidence suggests that people called Paleo-Indians crossed this bridge into Alaska between 38,000 and 10,000 BC.

_____ 2. Native American Culture Areas: Hundreds of other tribes settled throughout the Americas. Their lives depended on their geographic locations. If they lived in cold climates, the tribes followed their food to survive. If they lived in warmer climates, the people were able to grow their food instead.

_____ 3. Trade Routes, 1200’s to 1400’s: Trade routes occurred overland or by sea. The Silk Road connected Europe and the Middle East with goods from China. Ocean routes connected Africa, Europe, and Asia where a variety of goods were traded such as salt, gold, fabrics, and spices.

_____ 4. European Exploration – Northwest Passage: A ship route from the Atlantic to the Pacific that European explorers sought to find to shorten the distance of travel from Europe to China without going around the tip of South America. This passage was thought to have existed somewhere throughout present day Canada.

_____ 5. The Columbian Exchange: Transfer of plants, animals, and diseases to the “New World” of the Americas from Europe and Africa. For example, Europe brought over cattle, grapes, and horses. Then, explorers of the “New World” brought back tobacco, tomatoes, potatoes and turkeys to Europe. Of course, several more goods were exchanged. These are just a few examples.

_____ 6. Conquistadors “For Gold and Glory”: Soldiers who led military expeditions in the Americas. Hernan Cortes defeated the Aztecs in present day Mexico in his quest for land, gold, and glory while Francisco Pizarro conquered the Inca empire in present day Peru in search for gold as well. The Spanish soldiers also brought missionaries with them to spread their Catholic religion.

_____ 7. Spain’s Effects on Native Americans: To reward settlers for their service to the Crown, Spain established the encomienda (en-koh-mee-EN-duh) system. It gave settlers the right to tax local Native Americans or to make them work. In exchange, these settlers were supposed to protect local American Indians and convert them to Christianity. In other words, the Spainards enslaved the local populations and forced them into Catholic beliefs. Spanish missions were setup throughout present day areas of Mexico, California, and Texas.

_____ 8. Printing Press: a machine that produces printed copies was developed by Johann Gutenburg in 1450, now written information could be quickly mass produced instead of recopying every word by hand

_____ 9. Spanish Armada: a huge fleet of about 130 ships that controlled power in the European waters for decades until a terrible defeat to the English in 1588

_____ 10. European Empires in North America in 1700’s: the British, French, Spanish, Dutch, and Swedish all battled for territory

Chapter 2 The English Colonies (1605-1774)

_____ 1. The Southern Colonies “Southern Wealth”: Colonists overcame tough beginnings to create large and wealthy settlements. Churches were often the first major buildings in a growing town. Consisted of present day states Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. Had a warm climate where crop growing was the focal point of the economy that demanded slaves for labor.

_____ 2. Slave codes “Slave population increases”: Slave populations drastically increased from 1700 to 1750 due to huge demand for labor to work in the tobacco fields. Slave codes were created as laws to control slaves. This was done to prevent revolts.

_____ 3. Mayflower Compact: (1620) a document written by the Pilgrims establishing themselves as a political society and setting guidelines for self-government

_____ 4. The New England Colonies, Plymouth Colony: 1. The Pilgrims and Puritans came to America to avoid religious persecution. 2. Religion and government were closely linked in the New England colonies. 3. The New England economy was based on trade and farming. 4. Education was important in the New England colonies.

_____ 5. The Middle Colonies (characteristics): 1. The English created New York and New Jersey from former Dutch territory. 2. William Penn established the colony of Pennsylvania. 3. The economy of the middle colonies was supported by trade and staple crops.

_____ 6. Staple crops (wheat, barley, oats): a crop that is continuously in demand

_____ 7. America’s Growth by 1760: The English colonies in 1760 were located between the Atlantic Ocean and the Appalachian Mountains. The total population of the colonies was around 1.8 million. Soon, however, the colonies began to grow both in size and in population.

_____ 8. English Bill of Rights: (1689) a shift of political power from the British monarchy to Parliament, it gave more rights to the people

_____ 9. The Thirteen Colonies: Maine, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvannia, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia

_____ 10. Triangular Trade: trade between Britain, the Americas, and Africa took a triangular shape; manufactured goods, sugars, molasses, beef, flour, slaves, rum, and iron were all traded across the Atlantic

_____ * Empires in 1754 and 1763: France losses most of its territory between these two time frames to Britain and Spain

_____ * The Atlantic Slave Trade: The slave system that arose in the American colonies was strongly influenced by geographic forces. The climate of the southern colonies was suited to growing certain crops, like cotton, tobacco, and sugarcane. These crops required a great deal of labor to grow and to process. To meet this great demand for labor, the colonists looked to one main source—enslaved Africans.

_____ * Taxation without Representation: colonists did not think it was fair to be taxed by the British without their consent or approval

_____ * Five Significant Events Leading to Revolution: 1764 The Sugar Act, 1765 The Stamp Act, 1770 The Boston Massacre, 1773 The Boston Tea Party, and 1774 The Intolerable Acts

Chapter 3

The American Revolution

(1774-1783)

_____ 1. First and Second Continental Congress: The First Continental Congress demanded certain rights from Great Britain. The Second Continental Congress created the Continental Army to fight the British.

_____ 2. “Shot Heard’ round the World”: The Battle of Lexington was the first battle of the Revolutionary War. No one knows still if the British or the colonists fired the first shot.

_____ 3. Battle of Bunker Hill: This battle proved that the colonists could take on the British

_____ 4. Declaration of Independence: The committee members were John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, Robert R. Livingston, and Roger Sherman. Jefferson was the document’s main author.

The Declaration of Independence formally announced the colonies’ break from Great Britain. In doing so, it expressed three main ideas. The first idea Jefferson argued was that all men possess unalienable rights. He stated that these basic rights include “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.”

Jefferson’s next argument was that King George III had violated the colonists’ rights by passing unfair laws and interfering with colonial governments. Jefferson accused the king of taxing colonists without their consent and he felt that the large British army in the colonies violated colonists’ rights.

Third, Jefferson argued that the colonies had the right to break from Britain. He was influenced by the Enlightenment idea of the social contract, which states that governments and rulers must protect the rights of citizens. In exchange, the people agree to be governed. Jefferson said that because King George III had broken the social contract, the colonists should no longer obey him.

On July 4, 1776, the Continental Congress approved the Declaration of Independence. This act broke all ties to the British Crown. The United States of America was born.

_____ 5. Patriots vs. Loyalists: Patriots fought for independence while Loyalists (also called Tories) remained loyal to the British crown

_____ 6. Colonial Forces vs. British Forces: The strengths of the Colonial forces were they fought for the cause they believed in and had most citizens on their side while weaknesses were they had a small navy and were untrained and poorly equipped soldiers. The strengths of the British forces were they had a large and powerful navy and were well-trained and well-equipped soldiers while weaknesses were many soldiers were mercenairies and they had to cross the Atlantic Ocean (took 3 months at that time)

_____ 7. The Patriots Gain Ground: Despite early defeats by Britain, the Patriots claimed some victories. Saratoga was a turning point in the war.

_____ 8. Winter at Valley Forge: During that terrible winter, some 2,000 soldiers died of disease and malnutrition.

_____ 9. War Tactics in the South “Swamp Fox”: guerilla warfare

_____ 10. Battle of Yorktown: last major battle of the war won by the colonists with assistance from the French

_____ * Treaty of Paris of 1783: a peace agreement that officially ended the Revolutionary War and established British recognition of the independence of the United States

Chapter 4

Forming a Government

(1777-1791)

_____ 1. Land Ordinance of 1785 and 1787: Congress had to decide what to do with the western lands now under its control and how to raise money to pay debts. It tried to solve both problems by selling the western lands. In 1785 the Northwest Territory was organized into lots that could be sold, and in 1787 a government was organized. Each township contained 36 sections. Each section was one square mile.

_____ 2. Origins of Constitution: taken from Magna Carta (1215), The Mayflower Compact (1620), English Bill of Rights (1689), The Elightenment (1700’s), Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom (1786), and colonial assemblies

_____ 3. The U.S. Faces Trade Barriers with Britain: Britain closed its ports to American ships and since Britain was United States main and about only trader at the time this created economic hardships; also, for the goods that were traded, the British demanded high tariffs (taxes on imports or exports) which only raised the costs in the end for the consumers

_____ 4. Shay’s Rebellion: the uprising of farmers to protest high taxes and heavy debt

_____ 5. Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation: Most power held by states, One branch of government, Legislative branch has few powers, No executive branch, No judicial system, No system of checks and balances

_____ 6. Great Compromise: (1787) an agreement worked out at the Constitutional Convention establishing that a state's population would determine representation in the lower house of the legislature, while each state would have equal representation in the upper house of the legislature

_____ 7. Three-Fifths Compromise: (1787) an agreement worked out at the Constitutional Convention stating that only three-fifths of the slaves in a state would count when determining its population for representation in the lower house of Congress

_____ 8. Three Branches of Government: Legislative Branch or Congress (responsible for proposing and passing laws, it is made up of two houses – The Senate and The House of Representatives), the Executive Branch (includes the president and the departments that help run the government, they make sure that the law is carried out), the Judicial Branch (made up of all national courts, responsible for interpreting laws, punishing criminals, and settling disputes between states)

_____ 9. Strengths of the Constitution: most power held by national government, three branches of government, legislative branch has many powers, executive branch led by president, judicial branch to review the laws, firm system of checks and balances

_____ 10. Federalists vs. Antifederalists: Federalists, supporters of the Constitution, included James Madison, George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay. Most Federalists believed that the Constitution offered a good balance of power. Antifederalists, people who opposed the Constitution. They thought the Constitution gave too much power to the central government.

Chapter 5

Citizenship and the Constitution

(1781-Present)

_____ 1. Separation of Powers: The Legislative Branch, the Executive Branch, and the Judicial Branch all have their separate responsibilities and a part of those responsibilities is to make sure that no one group has too much power

_____ 2. Checks and Balances: the process of the three branches checking and balancing each other out

_____ 3. The Bill of Rights: The Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution to define clearly the rights and freedoms of citizens.

_____ 4. Amendments I-X: * First Amendment – Establishment clause, freedom of religion (Free Exercise Clause), speech, and press, and peaceable assembly as well as the right to petition the government.

* Second Amendment – Right to keep and bear arms.

* Third Amendment – Protection from quartering of troops.

* Fourth Amendment – Protection from unreasonable search and seizure.

* Fifth Amendment – Due process, double jeopardy, self-incrimination, eminent domain.

* Sixth Amendment – Trial by jury and other rights of the accused.

* Seventh Amendment – Civil trial by jury.

* Eighth Amendment – Prohibition of excessive bail, as well as cruel and unusual punishment.

* Ninth Amendment – Protection of rights not specifically enumerated in the Bill of Rights.

* Tenth Amendment – Powers of states and people.

_____ 5. Becoming a Citizen: For many people around the world, becoming a citizen of the United States is a lifelong dream. The highlight of the naturalization process is the ceremony where candidates promise to “support and defend the Constitution and laws of the United States of America.”

_____ 6. Responsibilities of Citizens: vote, pay taxes, obey the laws, jury duty, military service (draft), and community service

_____ 7. Draft: Citizens have the duty to defend the nation. Men 18 years or older must register with selective service. In the event of a draft, or required military service, those able to fight are already registered. Although women do not register, many serve in the armed forces.

_____ 8. Right to Trial: under the sixth amendment, everyone has a right to trial by a jury “innocent until proven guilty”

_____ 9. Interest Groups: people that share a common interest that motivates them to take political action done by organizing speeches and rallies to support their cause

_____ 10. Political Action Committees (PACs): groups that collect money for candidates who support certain issues

Chapter 6 Launching the Nation (1789-1800)

_____ 1. The First President, The First Cabinet: George Washington was the first president; Washington’s cabinet members kept him informed on political matters and debated important issues with one another. Each of the men chosen had experience that made him a wise choice to advise the nation’s first president. By 1792 cabinet meetings were a common practice.

1. Henry Knox, secretary of war

2. Thomas Jefferson, secretary of state

3. Edmund Randolph, attorney general

4. Alexander Hamilton, secretary of the treasury

5. George Washington, president

_____ 2. Electoral College: a group of people selected from each of the states to cast votes in presidential elections

_____ 3. A Rural Nation: in 1790, 95% of the population was rural (farmers) while 5% were urban (city people)

_____ 4. Judiciary Act of 1789: legislation passed by Congress that created the federal court system

_____ 5. Hamilton’s Economic Plan in 1790’s: 1. the federal government would take over all state debt, 2. revenue would be gained by passing tariffs, and 3. A national bank and national mint system would be created to stabilize the banking system. Hamilton believed in a strong central government.

_____ 6. Loose construction vs. strict construction: Loose construction -

a way of interpreting the Constitution that allows the federal government to take actions that the Constitution does not specifically forbid it from taking

strict construction - a way of interpreting the Constitution that allows the federal government to take only those actions the Constitution specifically says it can take

_____ 7. The Struggle for Neutrality: (1793) a statement made by President George Washington that the United States would not side with any of the nations at war in Europe following the French Revolution

_____ 8. Fighting in the Northwest Territory: As the United States dealt with international conflicts, trouble was also brewing at home. Americans continued to settle the Northwest Territory despite Native Americans’ protests. Supplied by British traders with guns, Native Americans went to war. Began in 1790 and ended in 1795 with the Treaty of Greenville.

_____ 9. Washington’s Farewell Address: Washington did not run for a third presidential term, he wrote that the greatest dangers to the young republic were the danger of foreign ties and political conflicts at home

_____ 10. XYZ Affair: (1797) an incident in which French agents attempted to get a bribe and loans from U.S. diplomats in exchange for an agreement that French privateers would no longer attack American ships; it led to an undeclared naval war between the two countries

_____ * Federalists (North) vs. Republicans (South): Federalist Party - a political party created in the 1790s and influenced by Alexander Hamilton that wanted to strengthen the federal government and promote industry and trade

Democratic-Republican Party - a political party founded in the 1790s by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and other leaders who wanted to preserve the power of the state governments and promote agriculture

Chapter 7

Jefferson Becomes President

(1800-1815)

_____ 1. The Election of 1800: 1. The election of 1800 marked the first peaceful transition in power from one political party to another. 2. President Jefferson’s beliefs about the federal government were reflected in his policies.

_____ 2. Marbury v. Madison: increased the power of the judicial branch of government.

_____ 3. The Louisiana Purchase: (1803) the purchase of French land between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains that doubled the size of the United States

_____ 4. Lewis and Clark Expedition: an expedition led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark that began in 1804 to explore the Louisiana Purchase

_____ 5. Embargo Act: (1807) a law that prohibited American merchants from trading with other countries; this only hurt the American economy

_____ 6. America’s Road to War: June 22, 1807 – The British navy takes sailors from the U.S. Navy ship Chesapeake; December 22, 1807 – The United States responds to impressments by passing the Embargo Act; January 9, 1809 – Congress passes the Non-Intercourse Act; November 4, 1811 – The 12th Congress convenes and Kentucky representative Henry Clay leads the call for war against Britain; June 18, 1812 – The U.S. declares war against Britain. The first time in U.S. History that Congress declared war.

_____ 7. The War of 1812: 1. American forces held their own against the British in the early battles of the war.

2. U.S. forces stopped British offensives in the East and South.

3. The effects of the war included prosperity and national pride.

_____ 8. US Navy vs. British Navy in War of 1812: When the war began, the British navy had hundreds of ships. In contrast, the U.S. Navy had fewer than 20 ships. None of them was as powerful as the greatest British warships.

Most of the British navy’s ships, however, were scattered around the globe. Although small, the U.S. Navy had well-trained sailors and powerful new warships such as the USS Constitution. American vessels defeated British ships several times in one-on-one duels. Such victories embarrassed the British and raised American morale. Eventually, the British ships blockaded America’s seaports.

_____ 9. Causes of the War and Effects of the War of 1812: Causes of the War – impressments of American ships, interference with American shipping, and British military aid to Native Americans

Effects of the War – increased sense of national pride, American manufacturing boosted, and Native American resistance weakened

_____ 10. America’s Growth by 1820: In 1803, the United States made the biggest land purchase in its history—the Louisiana Purchase. With this purchase, the country stretched west all the way to the Rocky Mountains. In 1819, the United States acquired Florida from Spain, gaining even more new territory. By 1820, the young American republic had roughly doubled in size, as you can see on the map. Explorers, traders, and settlers began to pour into the new lands in search of wealth, land, and a place to call home.

Chapter 8

A New National Identity

(1812-1830)

_____ 1. U.S. Boundary Changes, 1818-1819: Shows the U.S. boundary changes from 1818-1819. This settled some disputes between Great Britain and the United States. For example, the 49th parallel was established.

_____ 2. Monroe Doctine: Demonstrates U.S. foreign policy in Latin America. European powers should not interfere with the Western Hemisphere anymore. Otherwise, the U.S. will attack.

_____ 3. Nationalism: Feelings of pride and loyalty to a nation. Henry Clay was determined to help create a self-sufficient economy known as the American system.

_____ 4. U.S. Roads and Canals, 1850: Canals were built to connect major trading cities from the western territories to the eastern ports. Roads were also built to connect the west, south, north and the east.

_____ 5. The Missouri Compromise of 1820: The Missouri Compromise of 1820. This kept the balance between free and slave states. Also, future territories would be determined depending on their geographic location.

_____ 6. The Election of 1824: John Quincy Adams became president because he was the winner of the Electoral Vote. Andrew Jackson lost even though he won the popular vote.

_____ 7. The Erie Canal: Lead to the dramatic decrease in the cost of shipping goods. New cities began in the middle of the country where no previous water routes had existed.

_____ 8. American Arts in early 1800’s: American architecture resembled previous democratic societies such as the Greek and Roman eras. American arts helped reinforce a sense of nationalism.

_____ 9. Hudson River School: The Hudson River School had students paint the environments in which they lived. These were paintings of the American landscape.

_____ 10. State Funded Public Schools: The first state funded schools started in 1837 when Massachusetts lawmakers created a stateboard of education. Other states, followed this example, and the number of public schools slowly grew.

Chapter 9

The Age of Jackson

(1828-1840)

_____ 1. Jacksonian Democracy: The period of expanding democracy in the 1820’s and 1830’s.

A number of democratic reforms were made such as lowering or even eliminating the requirement that men own a certain amount of property in order to vote or hold office.

_____ 2. Jackson’s Inauguration, Spoils System: Jackson rewarded his supporters with government

jobs when he was elected president. “To the victor belong the spoils (valued goods) of the enemy”

_____ 3. Three Regions of the United States, Early 1800’s: The South and West were agricultural

based areas while the North focused on manufacturing. The North supported tariffs while the South was against tariffs.

_____ 4. States’ Rights vs the Union: The debate surrounding who should have the power. Daniel

Webster was for the Union while John C. Calhoun believed in state power.

_____ 5. Jackson against the Bank: He opposed the Second Bank of the United States. Jackson

questioned the legality of the bank. The bank shouldn’t be controlled by Congress (the federal government), but by the states. There was too much power held by the bank.

_____ 6. Supreme Court and Capitalism: Fletcher v. Peck – State legislatures could not pass laws violating existing contracts. McCulloch v. Maryland – States do not have the right to tax federal institutions.

_____ 7. Indian Removal Act in 1830: Authorized the removal of Native Americans who lived

east of the Mississppi River to lands in the West.

_____ 8. Trail of Tears in 1838 and 1839, Cherokee Indians: The 800-mile forced march where the

Cherokee suffered from disease, hunger, and harsh weather. Almost ¼ of the 18,000 Cherokee died.

_____ 9. Native Americans Resist, Second Seminole War: Some Native Americans fought back

during forced removal from home lands.

_____ 10. The Indian Removal Treaties: Native Americans were moved from land that white settlers

wanted for themselves. Five tribes were forced to leave their traditional lands and walk to a territory west of the Mississippi River. Within 10 years, about 60,000 Indians had bee moved.

Chapter 10

Expanding West

(1800-1855)

_____ 1. Trails Leading West: Settlers moved west in search of beaver furs in the early 1800’s because of the demand in Europe for British hats. Even when fur trading declined, settlers continued to move west in the 1840’s because of rich resources and a mild climate in the Oregon and California territories.

_____ 2. Mormon Pioneers: This Mormon family left Iowa in 1856 and took the Mormon Trail to Utah. The children walked 1,200 miles on this long and difficult journey. They made the journey for religious freedoms.

_____ 3. Settling Texas: Steven F. Austin and other settlers were empresarios—they received land from the Mexican government for the purpose of bringing settlers to Texas. Their holdings were guaranteed with a contract like this one.

_____ 4. The Texas Revolution: The Texans won independence from Mexico in 1836 to become their own republic. Santa Anna’s army was defeated in the battle of San Jancinto. Texas became its own independent nation.

_____ 5. Manifest Destiny: obvious fate, to conquer land all the way to the Pacific Ocean in order to spread democracy. O’Sullivan coined the term in 1845. He wrote that it was America’s “manifest destiny to overspread and to possess the whole continent which Providence [God] has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty . . . ”

_____ 6. Ranch Life: The wealthiest California settlers, including Vallejo, created vast ranchos, or ranches, with tens of thousands of acres of land. Vaqueros, or cowboys, managed the large herds of cattle and sheep. Cowhides were so valuable that they were called “California Banknotes.”

_____ 7. Mexican-American War, 1846-1847: A war won by America where America had a lot better weapons and equipment. The end of the war resulted in the Mexican Cession which increased the size of the United States by almost 25 percent.

_____ 8. Mexican Americans Today: Today Mexican Americans are about 8 percent of the U.S. population. More than 20 million Mexican Americans live in all 50 states. Many who live in the West are descended from people who lived there long before the region became part of the United States.

_____ 9. “Gold Fever”: Americans and other people across the world moved to Northern California in search of Gold. This occurred in the late 1840’s.

_____ 10. Causes and Effects of Westward Movement: Americans continued to move west to settle new areas because of the demand for more land and the belief in the idea of “manifest destiny”

_____ *San Francisco Grows: San Francisco’s population boomed in the early years of the gold rush.

_____ *America’s Growth by 1850: In the 1830s, a new dream began to shape the American mind—manifest destiny. Manifest destiny was the belief that the United States should extend all the way to the Pacific Ocean. By 1850, that dream had become a reality. In 1845, the United States annexed Texas. In 1848, it acquired Oregon and the huge Mexican Cession. By 1853, with the Gadsden Purchase, the United States had taken the basic shape it still has today.

Chapter 11

The North

(1790-1860)

_____ 1. Industrial Revolution in mid 1700’s: A period of rapid growth in using machines for

manufacturing and production that began in the mid-1700’s.

_____ 2. Textile Mill and Water Frame: In 1769 Englishman Richard Arkwright invented a large spinning machine called a water frame. The water frame could produce dozens of cotton threads at the same time. It lowered the cost of cotton cloth and increased the speed of textile production.

_____ 3. Elements of Mass Production: Mass-production techniques allow manufacturers to efficiently create more goods for the marketplace. Mass production requires the use of interchangeable parts, machine tools, and the division of labor. The idea of interchangeable parts was developed by Eli Whitney.

_____ 4. Mills Change Workers’ Lives “Family Wanted”: Due to a labor shortage, entire families were hired to work at the mills. Children as well as adults worked in the Mills.

_____ 5. Lowell system: Based on water-powered textile mills that employed young, unmarried women from local farms. The system included a loom that could both spin thread and weave cloth in the same mill. Lowell constructed boardinghouses for the women. Boardinghouse residents were given a room and meals along with their jobs. Girls worked up to 14 hours a day and earned between $2-$4 each week.

_____ 6. Life of a Mill Girl: They wanted the chance to earn money instead of working on the family farm. The pay was better than the farm. However, they worked in unhealthy conditions such as dirty air and loud machines.

_____ 7. Transportation Revolution – Steamboats: A period of rapid growth in the speed and convenience of travel because of new methods of transportation. Deckhands load a Mississippi River steamboat in Memphis, Tennessee. By the mid-1800s, hundreds of steamboats traveled up and down American rivers. Steamboats enabled Americans to ship more goods farther, faster, and for less money than ever before.

_____ 8. The Steam Train: Boiling water produces steam, which pushes pistons back and forth in a steam engine. These pistons are connected to rods that rotate the wheels of the locomotive. The train connected every major city in the eastern United States by 1860. Railroad companies became some of the most powerful businesses in the United States.

_____ 9. Transportation Routes, 1850: By 1850 the United States already had about 9,000 miles of railroad track. Timber was needed for railroad ties, cars, and bridges and as fuel for steam locomotives.

_____ 10. Telegraph and other American Inventions: In 1832 Samuel F. B. Morse perfected the telegraph—a device that could send information over wires across great distances. To develop the telegraph, Morse studied electricity and magnetism. By 1859, manufactured goods become more valuable than agricultural goods in the country’s economy for the first time. The United States is becoming a modern industrial nation through innovation and changes to the American way of life.

Chapter 12

The South

(1790-1860)

_____ 1. Cotton Gin: Eli Whitney’s cotton gin enabled workers to easily remove seeds from

cotton fibers. The result was a dramatic increase in cotton production in the South.

_____ 2. The Cotton Kingdom “Cotton is King”: Production increased rapidly—from about 2 million pounds in 1791 to roughly a billion pounds by 1860. As early as 1840, the United States was producing more than half of the cotton grown in the entire world. The economic boom attracted new settlers, built up wealth among wealthy white southerners, and helped keep in place the institution of slavery in the South.

_____ 3. The South’s Cotton Economy: Enslaved African Americans did most of the planting, harvesting, and processing of cotton. From southern ports, sailing ships carried the cotton to distant textile mills. Cotton was shipped on river steamboats to major ports such as Charleston. A large amount of cotton was sold to textile mills in the northeastern United States. Textile mills in Great Britain were the largest foreign buyers of southern cotton.

_____ 4. A Southern Plantation: A typical plantation had fields as well as many buildings where different work was done.

_____ 5. Yeomen and Poor Whites: The poorest of white southerners lived on land that could not grow

cash crops. They survived by hunting, fishing, raising small gardens, and doing odd jobs for money.

_____ 6. Free African Americans in the South: In 1860 about 1 out of 50 African Americans in the South was free. Many worked in skilled trades, like this barber in Richmond, Virginia. In Charleston, South Carolina, a system of badges was set up to distinguish between free African Americans and slaves.

_____ 7. Slaves and Work “A Nurse’s Work”: Slaveholders’ children were often cared for by enslaved women. At the time, women who looked after children were called nurses. This nurse is posing with her slaveholder’s child in about 1850.

_____ 8. A Slave’s Daily Life: The lives of slaves revolved around the work that was required of them. For many, this meant doing the backbreaking work of harvesting and loading tons of cotton. Most slaves found hope and a short escape from their daily misery in Sunday church services. Others sought to escape permanently and ran away, hoping to reach the freedom of the North. A failed escape attempt, however, could result in a cruel whipping—or worse.

_____ 9. Nat Turner’s Rebellion: The most violent slave revolt in the United States occurred in 1831.

_____ 10. Nat Turner’s Rebellion (Letter): “The oldest inhabitants of our county have never experienced such a distressing [terrible] time, as we have had since Sunday night last. Annotation The [slaves], about fifteen miles from this place, have massacred from 50 to 75 women and children, and some 8 or 10 men. Every house, room and corner in this place is full of women and children, driven from home, who had to take to the woods, until they could get to this place. Annotation We are worn out with fatigue [tiredness].”

Chapter 13

New Movements in America

(1815-1850)

_____ 1. Push-Pull Factors of Immigration: In the mid-1800s, large numbers of immigrants crossed the Atlantic Ocean to begin new lives in the United States. More than 4 million of them settled in the United States between 1840 and 1860, most from Europe. More than 3 million of these immigrants arrived from Ireland and Germany. Many of them were fleeing economic or political troubles in their native countries.

_____ 2. New York City, mid 1800’s: In the mid-1800s, cities such as New York City lured thousands of people in search of jobs and a better life. Many city dwellers found life difficult in the crowded urban conditions.

_____ 3. Transcendentalists, Henry David Thoreau: Some New England writers and philosophers found spiritual wisdom in transcendentalism, the belief that people could or rise above, material things in life. Transcendentalists also believed that people should depend on themselves and their own insights, rather than on outside authorities.

_____ 4. Art of the Romantic Movement: Asher Durand’s The First Harvest in the Wilderness

The light in the painting has a delicate, glowing quality. Hudson River school painters pioneered this technique. The human presence in this scene is dwarfed by nature but is in harmony with it.

_____ 5. Reform Movements: Reform movements in America included religious meetings called revivals, where preachers urged huge crowds of people to seek salvation. The temperance movement, an effort to convince people to avoid drinking alcohol, promoted posters like the one shown here.

_____ 6. Improvements in education, Horace Mann: In 1837 Mann became Massachusetts’s first secretary of education. He convinced the state to double its school budget and raise teachers’ salaries. He lengthened the school year and began the first school for teacher training. Mann’s success set a standard for education reform throughout the country.

_____ 7. American Anti-Slavery Society, W.L. Garrison: William Lloyd Garrison published an abolitionist newspaper, the Liberator, beginning in 1831. In 1833 Garrison also helped found the American Anti-Slavery Society. Some members wanted immediate emancipation and racial equality for African Americans. Garrison later became its president.

_____ 8. The Underground Railroad: The organization was not an actual railroad but was a network of people who arranged transportation and hiding places for fugitives, or escaped slaves.

_____ 9. Abolitionist: those against slavery, antislavery reformers. Sojourner Truth was a former slave who became a leading abolitionist.

_____ 10. Women’s Voting Rights Time Line: Seneca Falls Convention, the first public meeting about women’s rights held in the United States. It opened on July 19, 1848, in Seneca Falls, New York.

_____ * The Antisuffragists: As the suffrage movement picked up speed, opponents to women’s suffrage also began to organize. The antisuffragists, or “antis,” formed statewide groups opposing the suffrage movement during the late 1800s. In 1911, Josephine Dodge united many of these groups’ efforts by creating the National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage in New York City. Dodge and other antisuffragists argued that women’s suffrage would distract women from building strong families and improving communities.

Chapter 14

A Divided Nation

(1848-1860)

_____ 1. Sectionalism, Upsetting the Balance: Favoring the interests of one section or region over the interests of the entire country

_____ 2. Compromise of 1850: 1. California would enter the Union as a free state. 2. The rest of the Mexican Cession would be federal land. In this territory, popular sovereignty would decide on slavery.

3. Texas would give up land east of the upper Rio Grande. In return, the government would pay Texas’s debts from when it was an independent republic. 4. The slave trade—but not slavery—would end in the nation’s capital. 5. A more effective fugitive slave law would be passed.

_____ 3. Fugitive Slave Act “A Fugitive Slave Conv.”: Made it a crime to help runaway slaves and allowed officials to arrest those slaves in free areas

_____ 4. Election of 1852: Focused on pro-slavery and anti-slavery issues for each political party.

_____ 5. From Compromise to Conflict: The Missouri Compromise, 1820

Under the Missouri Compromise of 1820, there are an equal number of free states (orange) and slave states (green). The Compromise of 1850 The Compromise of 1850 allowed for one more free state than slave state, but also passed a strict fugitive slave law. The Kansas-Nebraska Act As a result of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, the question of slavery is to be decided by popular sovereignty—by the people who vote in the elections there—in the newly organized territories of Kansas and Nebraska. The act sparked violent conflict between pro-slavery and antislavery groups.

_____ 6. Brooks Attacks Sumner: Shows Preston Brooks beating Charles Sumner with his cane. Sumner’s only protection is a quill pen symbolically representing the law. Sumner was against slavery while Sumner was for slavery.

_____ 7. Dred Scott v. Sandford: The Dred Scott case was seen as a setback to abolitionist ideas against slavery. It reduced the status of free African Americans and upheld the view of slaves as property without rights or protection under the Constitution. It also took from Congress the power to ban slavery in its territories, which would aid the spread of slavery in new states. Because of its pro-slavery decision, the reputation of the Court suffered greatly in parts of the North.

_____ 8. A Growing Conflict: From Compromises to continued political battles leads to Civil War.

_____ 9. A House Divided: In 1858 Abraham Lincoln gave a passionate speech to Illinois Republicans about the dangers of the disagreement over slavery. Some considered it a call for war.

_____ 10. Lincoln-Douglas Debates: Lincoln ran for the U.S. Senate in Illinois against Douglas in 1858. The two men debated seven times at various locations around the state. Lincoln lost the election but gained national recognition.

_____ * Election of 1860: Lincoln wins with his Republican Party.

_____ * The South Secedes, Rebel Government: Due to Lincoln’s presidential election in 1860 and his views regarding not to expand slavery anymore, angered the South and lead to secession.

Chapter 15 The Civil War (1861-1865)

_____ 1. Fort Sumter: a federal outpost in Charleston, South Carolina, that was attacked by the Confederates in April 1861, sparking the Civil War

_____ 2. North Versus South: The North had more resources in population, railroads, and industrial establishments while the South had a lot of cotton. On the other hand, one huge advantage that the South had was it simply had to defend its territory and another advantage is the Confederates had one of the best war generals in U.S. History in General Robert E. Lee

_____ 3. Union and Confederate Soldiers: Union soldiers fought for the North and Confederate Soldiers fought for the South. Over half of all soldiers from the Union and the Confederacy were from the country and had very little experience in combat. All soldiers had to be trained for combat.

_____ 4. Robert E. Lee: (1807–1870) American soldier, he refused Lincoln’s offer to head the Union army and agreed to lead Confederate forces. He successfully led several major battles until his defeat at Gettysburg, and he surrendered to the Union’s commander General Grant at Appomattox Courthouse.

_____ 5. Battle of Antietam: (1862) a Union victory in the Civil War that marked the bloodiest single-day battle in U.S. military history; More soldiers were killed and wounded at the Battle of Antietam than the deaths of all Americans in the American Revolution, War of 1812, and Mexican-American War combined. Antietam also was an important victory for the Union. Lee had lost many of his troops, and his northward advance had been stopped.

_____ 6. Anaconda Plan: the North’s plan to cut off supplies to the South through naval blockades around the Atlantic and Gulf coasts

_____ 7. War in the West: Union strategy in the West centered on control of the Mississippi River.

_____ 8. The Vicksburg Strategy: (1863) the Union army's six-week blockade of Vicksburg that led the city to surrender during the Civil War

_____ 9. Ulysses S. Grant: (1822–1885) Eighteenth president of the United States, he received a field promotion to lieutenant general in charge of all Union forces after leading a successful battle. He accepted General Lee’s surrender of Confederate forces at Appomattox Courthouse, ending the Civil War.

_____ 10. Emancipation Proclamation: (1862) an order issued by President Abraham Lincoln freeing the slaves in areas rebelling against the Union; took effect January 1, 1863

_____ * African American Soldiers, 54 MI: African American Civil War regiment that captured Fort Wagner in South Carolina

_____ * Infantry Family: While wealthy civilians could avoid military service, poorer men were drafted to serve in the Union army. Families were brought along with soldiers. A wife probably helped the soldier with many daily chores such as cooking and laundry.

_____ * Three Days at Gettysburg: (1863) Gettysburg was the largest and bloodiest battle of the Civil War. In three days, more than 51,000 soldiers were killed, wounded, captured, or went missing. It was an important victory for the Union, and it stopped Lee’s plan of invading the North.

_____ * Gettysburg Address: (1863) a speech given by Abraham Lincoln in which he praised the bravery of Union soldiers and renewed his commitment to winning the Civil War

_____ * Causes and Effects of the Civil War: Causes – disagreement over the institution of slavery, economic differences, and political differences; Effects – slavery ends, 620,000 Americans killed, military districts created, and Southern economy in ruins

Chapter 16

Reconstruction

(1865-1877)

_____ 1. Reconstruction: (1865–77) the period following the Civil War during which the U.S. government worked to reunite the nation and to rebuild the southern states

_____ 2. Testing New Freedoms, 13th Amendment: (1865) a constitutional amendment that outlawed slavery

_____ 3. Helping the Freedpeople: In 1865 Congress established the Freedmen’s Bureau, an agency providing relief not only for freedpeople and certain poor people, but white refugees as well.

_____ 4. Black Codes: laws passed in the southern states during Reconstruction that greatly limited the freedom and rights of African Americans

_____ 5. Radical Republicans: members of Congress who felt that southern states needed to make great social changes before they could be readmitted to the Union

_____ 6. Reconstruction Acts: (1867–68) the laws that put the southern states under U.S. military control and required them to draft new constitutions upholding the Fourteenth Amendment

_____ 7. The Reconstruction Amendments:

Thirteenth Amendment (1865)

Banned slavery throughout the United States

Fourteenth Amendment (1868)

Overturned the Dred Scott case by granting citizenship to all people born in the United States (except for Native Americans)

Fifteenth Amendment (1870)

Gave African American men the right to vote

_____ 8. African American Representation in the South:

Hiram Revels

was the son of former slaves and helped organize African American regiments in the Civil War. Revels was selected to fill the U.S. Senate seat formerly held by Jefferson Davis, president of the Confederacy.

Blanche K. Bruce

escaped from slavery and began a school for African Americans before the Civil War. Bruce was the first African American elected to a full six-year term in the U.S. Senate.

_____ 9. The Ku Klux Klan: a secret society created by white southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights

_____ 10. Plessy v. Ferguson: (1896) U.S. Supreme Court case that established the separate-but-equal doctrine for public facilities

_____ * Hopes Raised and Denied: African Americans were free but now faced segregation and Jim Crow laws to impede their freedom progress in America (free but restricted)

_____ * The New South: the new South had to rebuild everything and now they involved industry instead of relying just on agriculture; Atlanta became the new center of Southern industry

Chapter 17 Americans Move West (1850-1890)

_____ 1. Causes and Effects of Westward Expansion: Causes – new land for settlers and ranchers, mineral resources, businesses to support settlers, ranchers, and miners, and immigration; Effects – new towns, railroads across the continent, and cattle kingdom

_____ 2. Myth and Reality in the Wild West: Myth: The cowboy was a free-spirited individual. Reality: Most cowboys were employees. Many joined labor unions and even went on strike.

Myth: Western cowtowns were wild places where cowboys had gunfights, and there was little law and order.

Reality: Most were orderly cities with active law enforcement. Showdowns rarely, if ever, occurred.

_____ 3. Transcontinental Railroad, Routes West: a railroad system that crossed the continental United States; construction began in 1863; The federal government, therefore, passed the Pacific Railway Acts in 1862 and in 1864. These acts gave railroad companies loans and large land grants that could be sold to pay for construction costs. Congress had granted more than 131 million acres of public land to railroad companies. In exchange, the government asked the railroads to carry U.S. mail and troops at a lower cost. Many railroad companies were inspired to begin laying miles of tracks.

_____ 4. Golden Spike: The Central Pacific and Union Pacific connected their tracks at Promontory, Utah, in 1869, completing the transcontinental railroad; the golden spike was the last one driven into the ground

_____ 5. Effects of the Transcontinental Railroad: increased settlement of the West, increased business activity and east-west trade, and helped make the railroad industry one of the most powerful in the country

_____ 6. Plains Indians: The Plains Indians depended on two animals—the horse and the buffalo; unfortunately, the buffalo was going to extinction due to over killing of the animal

_____ 7. Native American Land Loss in the West: from 1850 to 1890, native Americans lost almost all of their land and were placed on reservations set aside by the government

_____ 8. Homestead Act and Morrill Act, Pioneers: Homestead Act - (1862) a law passed by Congress to encourage settlement in the West by giving government-owned land to small farmers; Morrill Act - (1862) a federal law passed by Congress that gave land to western states to encourage them to build colleges

_____ 9. Farming and Rise of Populism: From 1860 to 1900, the U.S. population more than doubled. To feed this growing population, the number of farms tripled. With modern machines, farmers in 1900 could harvest a bushel of wheat almost 20 times faster than they could in 1830; in return, farm product prices decreased and farmers lost a lot of money; to protect their interests, the populist party came to power

_____ 10. Agricultural Supply and Demand: Supply is the amount of a good that is available. Demand is the amount of a good that people want to buy. When supply exceeds demand, prices fall.

_____ * William Jennings Bryan, Populist Party: 1860–1925) American lawyer and Populist politician, he favored free silver coinage, an economic policy expected to help farmers. He was a Democratic nominee for president in 1896 and was defeated by William McKinley.

_____ * Oklahoma Land Rush: 1. The rush began at noon on April 22, 1889.

2. Some witnesses said they could feel the ground shake as 50,000 people raced to claim land. 3. Single women and widows could claim land on an equal basis with men. 4. Many settlers were dismayed to find some people had claimed land before the rush legally began. These people were called sooners.

Chapter 18 An Industrial Nation (1876-1900)

_____ 1. Second Industrial Revolution, Homestead SM: a period of rapid growth in manufacturing and industry in the late 1800s

_____ 2. The Spirit of Innovation, Patents: an exclusive right to make or sell an invention

_____ 3. Corporations: a business that sells portions of ownership called stock shares

_____ 4. The Rise of Investing: Investors purchased stock in corporations in record numbers in the late 1800s. They received stock certificates, like the one shown here, to document their part ownership in corporations. Corporations used the money raised by selling stocks to expand. Standard Oil Company financed the building of this refinery in Richmond, California, by selling stock.

_____ 5. Antitrust: The wealth and size of trusts such as Standard Oil made many Americans fear the influence of business leaders over government.

_____ 6. Carnegie, Rockefeller, Stanford: Carnegie, Rockefeller, and Stanford helped make America the world’s greatest industrial power by the end of the 1800s. They built giant industries that made goods cheaply by keeping workers’ wages low. They also engaged in ruthless business practices to defeat their competition and create monopolies. The Sherman Anti-Trust Act was passed in reaction to the Standard Oil monopoly. Later in life, all three men became philanthropists, people devoted to charity work. Rockefeller’s philanthropies gave out $500 million in his lifetime. Carnegie spent $350 million, funding educational grants, concert halls, and nearly 3,000 public libraries. Stanford founded Stanford University in 1884.

_____ 7. Social Darwinism: survival of the fittest; the smartest ones make the most money

_____ 8. Poor Working Conditions: small, crowded rooms. Stuffy air. Unsafe workplaces. Long hours. Low pay. No job security. These were the facts of working life for millions of Americans during the Second Industrial Revolution.

_____ 9. Labor Strikes: Workers began to organize and demand improvements in working conditions and pay; Labor strikes often turned violent and failed to accomplish their goals.

_____ 10. Symbol of Freedom: Towering over New York Harbor, the Statue of Liberty, shown here, has welcomed millions of immigrants to the United States. The statue, a gift from France, was constructed in Paris, disassembled, and shipped to the United States. It was completed in 1886. Workers in the Parisian studio of sculptor Frederic Bartholdi assembled the statue.

_____ * Coming to America: from 1880 to 1900, new immigrants came from from southern and eastern Europe. Thousands of Czechs, Greeks, Hungarians, Italians, Poles, Russians, and Slovaks came to the United States looking for new opportunities and better lives. Southern Italy sent large numbers of immigrants; also immigrants came from Mexico and China as well during this timeframe

_____ * Steel Framed Buildings: use steel to design buildings in the early 1900’s; this allowed buildings to go higher than ever before (previous buildings were done as brick which limited building height)

_____ * Mass Transit and Mass Culture: mass transit- public transportation by subway and railways to accommodate huge city populations; mass culture - leisure and cultural activities shared by many people

_____ * Urban Problems, Settlement Houses: urban problems - too many people with lack of sufficient housing led to tenement lifes, disease and infested cities because of a lack of running, clean water and plumbing; settlement houses – neighborhood centers in poor areas that offered education, recreation, and social activities

Chapter 19 The Spirit of Reform (1865-1920)

_____ 1. Political Machines: a powerful organization that influenced city and county politics in the late 1800s

_____ 2. Spoils System: a politician's practice of giving government jobs to his or her supporters

_____ 3. Gilded Age Presidents: Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican In office 1877–1881); James A. Garfield (Republican In office 1881); Chester A. Arthur (Republican In office 1881–1885); Grover Cleveland (Democrat In office 1885–1889, 1893–1897); Benjamin Harrison (Rep.) 1889-189; William McKinley (Rep.) 1897-1901

_____ 4. Progressives: a group of reformers who worked to improve social and political problems in the late 1800s

_____ 5. Tenement Life: overcrowding, unsafe buildings, unsanitary conditions, no running water, and poor ventilation

_____ 6. The Other Half: In 1890 Jacob Riis published How the Other Half Lives. The book was a collection of photographs of residents of New York City tenement buildings, including families and immigrants. The conditions of life that were shown in the photographs shocked many wealthier Americans. The photograph to the right was taken by Riis.

_____ 7. Expanding Democracy: Direct Primaries-Voters choose candidates; Recall - Voters can remove an official from office; Initiatives-Voters can propose laws by petition; Referendum- Voters can overrule a law; 17th Amendment-Senators are elected directly by voters.

_____ 8. Improving Conditions for Children: get children out of the factories and into the classrooms

_____ 9. Working Conditions in Factories: was terrible; no regulations; 16 hour days in terrible air quality conditions

_____ 10. Capitalism and Socialism: capitalism-an economic system in which private businesses run most industries; socialism - economic system in which government owns and operates a country’s means of production

_____ * Women Fight for Temperance and Voting Rights: Eighteenth Amendment

(1919) a constitutional amendment that outlawed the production and sale of alcoholic beverages in the United States; repealed in 1933; women could vote in the west in the late 1800’s but not in the east; The Nineteenth Amendment was declared ratified by the U.S. Congress in 1920 and gave American women the right to vote.

_____ * Left Behind: Unfortunately, progressive reforms did not help everyone. Non-European immigrants received much less attention than their European counterparts. Immigrants from Mexico, who faced some of the worst working conditions, were largely ignored. Many Mexican immigrants, like these migrant farm workers living in California, worked from sunup to sundown for little pay. Progressive reforms did nothing to improve their situation.

_____ * The National Park System: In 1872 Yellowstone National Park, located mostly in Wyoming, became the first national park in the United States—and the world. Today there are 55 national parks in the country. They are managed by the National Park Service (NPS), an agency of the federal government established in 1916. The NPS also oversees national seashores, lakeshores, rivers, trails, and historic sites and monuments.

_____ * Viewpoints of Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson, Election of 1912: Wilson wins the election in a landslide is his case against the huge monopolies controlling American politics and government

_____ * Wilson and Big Business: Wilson was against big business and wanted to protect the interests of the small farmer

_____ * The Progressive Amendments, 1909-1920: 16th – Federal income tax (1913); 17th – Senators elected by people rather than state legislatures (1913); 18th – manufacture, sale, and transport of alcohol prohibited (1919); 19th – women’s suffrage (1920)

Chapter 20 America Becomes a World Power (1867-1910)

_____ 1. Imperialism, A Powerful Navy: the practice of extending a nation’s power by gaining territories for a colonial empire

_____ 2. U. S. Territories in the Pacific: U.S. acquired several new territories to expand its empire

_____ 3. Spheres of Influence: In the late 1890’s, Japan defeated China, other countries quickly took advantage of China’s weakness. These nations seized spheres of influence—areas where foreign nations controlled trade and natural resources. Germany, Great Britain, France, Japan, and Russia all took control of areas of China.

_____ 4. Yellow Journalism “Remember the Maine!”: the reporting of exaggerated stories in newspapers to increase sales

_____ 5. War with Spain: In 1898 the United States went to war with Spain in the Spanish-American War; The United States gained territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.

_____ 6. War in the Philippines: the U.S. defeated Spain in the Phillippines but did not have enough men to secure and occupy the island from the local population

_____ 7. Fighting in Cuba: Untrained, unprepared, and unequipped U.S. Army fought Spain in Cuba; with the aid of the U.S. Navy, the U.S. defeated Spain again

_____ 8. War in the Caribbean: battles with Spain occurred throughout the Carribbean

_____ 9. Revolt in the Philippines: Filipino rebels, however, had helped U.S. forces to capture Manila. They had expected to gain independence after the war. When the United States decided instead to keep the islands, Auginaldo’s rebels started a guerrilla war against the American forces.

_____ 10. Building the Panama Canal: The French had started building the canal in the late 1800’s but ran way over cost and lost thousands of lives; the U.S. took over and finished the job by 1914; the canal had taken over fifty years to build

_____ * The Panama Canal: an artificial waterway across the Isthmus of Panama; completed by the United States in 1914

_____ * Theodore Roosevelt: 1858–1919 Theodore Roosevelt was born into a wealthy family from New York City. He suffered from poor health as a child but became involved in many sports as he grew older. He spent two years on his ranch in the Dakota Territory, where he served as deputy sheriff. While in the West, he became an avid hunter and conservationist. When he returned to the East, he returned to his political career as an important reformer. A strong supporter of imperialism and the Spanish-American War, he recruited a cavalry division called the Rough Riders. As President McKinley’s vice president, Roosevelt became president upon McKinley’s assassination.

_____ * Roosevelt’s Imperialism: the U.S. would intervene in Latin American issues if it had to; the U.S. would act as “police officer” of the Western Hemisphere

_____ * U.S. Foreign Policy: Departing from the example set by the nation’s first president, George Washington, later presidents increased U.S. involvement around the world, particularly in Latin America.

_____ * Mexican Revolutionaries: In 1910 Mexicans revolted against their government; The Mexican Revolution threatened U.S. interests economically and politically.

_____ * U.S. in Latin America: in the early 1800’s, the U.S. was involved with Cuba, Haiti, Puerto Rico, Nicaragua, Mexico and Venezula

_____ * America’s Growth by 1900: By 1900 most of the current boundaries of the United States had been established. But the world had become a much smaller place. American inventions were spreading, changing daily life in countries around the world. In addition, U.S. troops stationed in Asia were displaying the increasing importance of the United States in global affairs.

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