Chapter 2
Chapter 1
Origins and Development of Security
Learning Objectives
After studying the chapter the student should be able to:
✓ Outline the historical development of security in America
✓ Discuss changing crime trends over the past decades
✓ Understand the roll of professional associations/organizations in the development of a professional security industry
✓ Consider the changing role of security in our 21st Century world
Chapter Outline
Introduction
Security
1 A stable, relatively predictable environment in which an individual or group may pursue its ends without disruption or harm and without fear of disturbance or injury
1 The concept of security in an organizational sense has evolved gradually throughout the history of Western civilization
2 Security holds a mirror up, not to nature, but to society and its institutions
3 As a response to, and a reflection of, a changing society -- mirroring social structure, economic conditions, perception of law and crime, and morality
Security in England
6 Development of systems of security and law enforcement began to come with greater rapidity and sophistication from the 14th – 18th Century
• Some of the forces at work:
o Opening of new markets and trade routes, creating a merchant class
o Acts of enclosure and consolidation, causing migration of small tenants from rural to urban areas
o Increased urbanization led to greater extent of poverty and crime
o By the 1700;s, different kinds of police agencies were privately formed, and attention turned to reaffirmation of laws to protect the common good
• By the 18th Century, it is possible to discern the shape of efforts toward communal security and the kinds of problems that would continue to plague an increasingly urban society into modern times
o The use of tax revenues for common security purposes
o Fielding credited with conceiving the idea of preventing crime instead of seeking to control it
• The impact of the industrial expansion, beginning in the latter half of the 18th Century
o Again, people flocked to the cities, lured by promises of work and wages
o Long hours, crippling work, low wages
o Thievery, crimes of violence, and juvenile delinquency were the order of
the day
o Little was done to alleviate the growing problems
▪ Counterfeiting was so common, it was estimated that more counterfeit money was in circulation than government-issued money
▪ More than 50 false mints were found in London alone
o Backlash: Penalties were increased to deter potential criminals; yet there
was no visible decline in crime
o Private citizens resorted to carrying arms for protection, and they banded
together to hire special police to protect their homes & businesses
Security in the United States
Early days of colonial America – security practices followed the patterns that colonists had been familiar with in England
The need for mutual protection in a new land drew them together in groups much like those of earlier centuries
Inhabiting the Eastern US
The need for protection against hostile Indians and other colonists—French and Spanish—was their principal security interest
Settlements generally consisted of a central fort or stockade surrounded by the farms of the inhabitants
If hostilities threatened, an alarm was sounded
The members of the community left their homes for the protection of the fort, where all able-bodied persons were involved in its defense
Protection of People and Property in Established Towns
Followed English traditions
Sheriffs were elected as chief security officers in colonial Virginia and Georgia;
Constables were appointed in New England
Watchmen were hired to patrol the streets at night
1 Were without training
2 Had no legal authority
3 Were either volunteer or else paid a pittance
4 Were generally held in low regard
Development of Private Security
Followed no predictable pattern
New York City
Little effort to establish formal security agencies was made until the beginnings of a police department were established in New York City in 1783
Adopted Sir Robert Peel’s security initiative
One by one, more cities established police departments:
Detroit in 1801
Cincinnati in 1803
Chicago in 1837
San Francisco in 1846
Los Angeles in 1850
Philadelphia in 1855
Dallas in 1856
• However, by and large, most American police departments of the early 19th Century were inefficient, ill-trained, and corrupt
Allan Pinkerton
From Scotland
Chicago Police Department’s first detective
Established what was to become one of the oldest and largest private security operations in the United States, Pinkerton.
Pinkerton’s North West Police Agency
1 Formed in 1855
2 Provided security and conducted investigations of crimes for various railroads
Henry Wells and William Fargo
Partners in the American Express Company, 1850
Chartered to operate a freight service east of the Mississippi River
By 1852, had expanded their charter westward – Wells Fargo & Company
o Had their own detectives and security personnel
Washington Perry Brink
Founded Brinks, Inc., in 1859, as a freight and package delivery service
30 years later, in 1891, he transported his first payroll—the beginning of armored car and courier service
By 1900, Brinks had a fleet of 85 wagons in the field
William J. Burns
Started the William J. Burns Detective Agency in 1909
Became the sole investigating agency for the American Bankers’ Association and grew to become the second largest (after Pinkerton) contract guard and investigative service in the United States
Edwin Holmes
Offered the first burglar alarm service in the country in 1858
Purchased an alarm system designed by Augustus Pope
American District Telegraph
American District Telegraph (ADT) was founded in 1874
Installed alarms and provided response to alarm situations as well as maintaining their own equipment
Contract Securities
Only private agencies provided contract security services to industrial facilities across the country
Proprietary, or in-house, security forces, hardly existed before the defense-related “plant protection” boom of the early 1940s
Major Leap Forward
Defense Industrial Security Program (DISP)
Formation of the American Society for Industrial Security (ASIS) in 1955
Today the organization is the American Society for Industrial Security International
Reflecting the global emphasis on security operations
1955 signifies the beginning of the modern age of security
Today
Changed climate for increased security services came as businesses undertook expanded operations that in turn needed more protection
A serious need to protect their property and personnel
Retail establishments
Hotels
Restaurants
Theaters
Warehouses
Trucking companies
Industrial companies
Hospitals
Other institutional and service functions
• The largest firm in the 21st Century is Securitas
First Line of Defense
Security officers were the first line of defense
Not long before they were challenged by the increasing complexity of:
1 Fraud
2 Arson
3 Burglary
4 other areas in which more sophisticated criminal practices began to prevail.
Private Consulting was the Result
Consulting agencies and private investigation firms were founded in increasing numbers to handle these special types of cases
The private sector entered security in another form during the 1960s and 1970s
o Created central repositories of security information
Groups became deeply entrenched as providers of valuable information and services
Alliances
Bureaus
Institutes
Some Presently Existing Groups
National Insurance Crime Bureau (NICB)
1. International Association of Arson Investigators (IAAI)
2. Property Loss Research Bureau (PLRB)
Jewelers Security Alliance (JSA)
Internet Assistance
Providing fast service for those looking for information ranging from criminal histories to credit checks
A number of web sites sell information for fees ranging from a low of $15 to over $100 for each search request
The Costs
• Expenditures in private sector exceeded $100 billion annually in 2000, up from $66 billion in 1998
• Expenditures continued to grow, due to
Threat of terrorism
Kidnapping of executives assigned outside the US
Drugs and violence in the workplace
Crime Trends and Security
1950s to the late 1970s: Crime epidemic
Continuing steady increase in crimes of all types until 1981
Then, a modest overall decrease which continued through the beginning of the 21st Century
2005 – 2006: Violent crime slightly up; property crime slightly down
• 2007 – 2009: Violent crime and property crime both down
Decline of Offenses
NCVS indicates a decline in the number of crime offenses, but the cost of business crime continues to increase
Still, the extent of, and cost of, crime against businesses has not been adequately measured since the 1980s
Most Serious Economic Crimes
• According to a 2002 Joint Conference of the National White Collar Crime Center and the Coalition for the Prevention of Economic Crime, the most serious economic crime problems:
Money laundering
Identity fraud
E-commerce crime
Insurance crime
Victim services
Terrorism
• The amount of “dirty money” worldwide tops $3 trillion
• According to the US Department of Treasury, 99.9% of foreign criminal and terrorist money which the US attempts to stop, gets deposited into secure accounts
• Much internal crime in particular is never reported to the police
• Security concerns remain for employee theft, property crime, and issues related to safety
• Newest problems revolve around fraud, computer crime, workplace violence, and terrorism
• In addition, the rapidly changing technology is often far out ahead of security measures
o Example: The Internet has provided unheard-of opportunities to seal or manipulate intellectual property
Link Between Cultural & Social Changes and Crime
There is always an intimate link between cultural and social change and crime, just as there is between crime and the security measures adopted to combat the threat
A variety of causes, both social and economic, are cited for rising crime in this era, including:
An erosion of family and religious restraints
The trend toward permissiveness
The increasing anonymity of business at every level of commerce
The decline in feelings of worker loyalty toward the company
A general decline in morality accompanied by the pervasive attitude that there is no such thing as right and wrong
Changes in Attitudes, Personal Values, and Technology
Changes in attitudes, personal values, and technology advances have created new problems for security managers
Examples:
1 McDonnell Douglas Corporation fired 150 employees who allegedly used interest-free company loans intended for the purchase of computers to buy stereo equipment and other luxury items
2 These problems are dwarfed by the recent problems created by accounting practices at World Com, Enron, and others
Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
Passed in the wake of the Enron scandal
Requires greater financial disclosure and audits
Since the Stock Market Crash of 2007
Additional regulations of financial businesses by the federal government
Magnitude of Crime
The sheer magnitude of crime in our society prevents the criminal justice system by itself from adequately controlling or preventing crime
Public law enforcement agencies have increasingly been compelled to be reactive and to concentrate more of their activities on the maintenance of public order and the apprehension of criminals
Growth of Private Security
In recent times, society has relied almost exclusively on the police and other arms of the criminal justice system to prevent and control crime
But the sheer volume of crime and its cost, along with budget cutbacks in the public sector, have overstrained public law enforcement agencies
Private security must play a greater role
In 2009, there were 1.2 million protective service employees, compared to only 64,590 police officers
o Thus, security employees outnumbered public police officers by a ratio of almost 2:1
Growing Pains and Government Involvement
Inevitably, the explosive growth of the security industry in response to the world terrorism will not be without its problems.
o Among these are issues leading to rising concern for the quality of selection, training, and performance of security personnel.
Training of Security Personnel
Considering the importance of private security personnel in the anticrime effort and their quasi-law enforcement functions, it is ironic that they receive so little training in comparison to their public-sector contemporaries
Police officers receive on an average of 720 pre-service training hours, prior to licensing or certification by state police training boards
Security officers, on the average, receive less than eight hours of pre-job training; and often this training is completed through an orientation video
• On the other hand, some security companies provide excellent pre-service and in-service training
Increased Federal Interest in Setting Minimum Standards
The Sundquist Bill: Introduced in 1993 by Representative Don Sundquist (R, TN)
spelled out specific training requirements for security personnel
recommended 16 hours of training for unarmed officers and 40 hours for armed personnel
Private Security Officer Employment Standards Act of 2002
o Allowed all security employers access to federal employment background
checks
Professionalism
Private security has moved toward a new professionalism
Code of Ethics
Credentials
Education and training
Experience
Membership in a professional society
Organizations Supporting the Efforts toward Professionalism
ASIS (defined earlier)
Academy of Security Educators and Trainers (ASET)
International Association for Healthcare Security and Safety (IAHSS)
National Association of School Security Safety and Law Enforcement Officers (NASSLEO)
Security Industry Association (SIA)
Still, More Effort Needed
Many security officers underpaid, undertrained, and under-supervised
ASIS
Established the Certified Protection Professional (CPP) program
Requires security managers desiring certification to be nominated by a CPP member and to complete a rigorous test
International Foundation for Protection Officers
Development of the Certified Protection Officer (CPO) program in 1986
o Being offered at a number of colleges
C. West Churchman
Outlined a systems approach
The process of focusing on central objectives rather than on attempting to solve individual problems within an organization
The management team can address specific problems that will lead toward the accomplishment of the central objective
These problems must be approached from a team perspective – e.g.:
o Development of joint councils, to improve communication between public and private sector
o Cooperation among various law enforcement agencies at all levels, as well as private security organizations
o Establishment of the Department of Homeland Security, to increase the interoperability of all areas of the Criminal Justice System
Summary
The basic theory of protection has changed little over the past centuries
Not every security measure has kept pace with the development of technology
The one thing that has changed as we enter the Twenty-first Century is the need to consider terrorism as a major threat to our country and its businesses
Suggested Activities
Discuss the Critical Thinking exercise.
Ask individual students to research and report on the key figures mentioned in this chapter.
Discussion Questions
In addition to the review questions
1. What are the major factors leading to professionalizing the security field?
2. Has the concept of security changed since the days of feudalism? If so, discuss the major differences.
3. What impact have the events of 9/11 and its aftermath had on the security field?
Additional Resources
Internet Sources
Department of Homeland Security
Academy of Security Educators &Trainers
American Society for Industrial Security
Federal Bureau of Investigation
National Institute of Justice
National Criminal Justice Reference Service
Bureau of Justice Statistics ojp.
National Insurance Crime Bureau
Books
Churchman, C. West, The Systems Approach, Dell Publishing, New York, 1968.
Cox, Steven M. and William P. McCamey, Introduction to Criminal Justice, 5th edition, Carolina Academic Press, 2008.
Sample Test Questions
True or False
T* F One of the oldest contract security companies in the United States is Pinkerton.
T F* Expenditures on private security have decreased significantly in the past 15 years.
T* F Security implies a stable, relatively predictable environment in which an individual or group may pursue its ends without disruption or harm and without fear of disturbance or injury.
T F* As a whole, most American police departments of the early nineteenth century
were efficient, well-trained, and free of corruption.
T F* The first federal bill attempting to regulate private security was presented to
Congress in 1951 by Representative Matthew Martinez.
T* F Henry Fielding is credited with conceiving the idea of preventing crime instead of
seeking to control it.
T* F Proprietary, or in house, security forces hardly existed before the defense-related
“plant protection” boom of the early 1940s.
T* F The largest US security firm in the 21st Century is Securitas.
T F* According to the US Department of Treasury, less than 50% of foreign criminal
and terrorist money which the US attempts to stop, gets deposited into secure
accounts.
T* F There is always an intimate link between cultural and social change and crime.
T F* In 2009, the number of public police officers outnumbered protective service
employees by a ratio of almost 2:1.
T* F On average, police officers receive significantly more pre-service training than
security officers.
T F* The Private Security Officer Employment Standards Act of 2002 spelled out
specific training requirements for security personnel.
Multiple Choice
In what year was the American Society for Industrial Security (ASIS) formed?
a) 1950
b) 1955*
c) 1960
d) 1965
e) 1970
All of the following are reasons for the recent increase in expenditures for security in the US, except:
a) drugs and violence in the workplace
b) the significant, steady increase in all types of crime in the past 10 years *
c) the threat of terrorism
d) the kidnapping of executives assigned outside the United States
Development of security in England increased greatly during the 14th – 18th Centuries due to which of the following factors?
a) the decrease in markets and trade routes
b) increased urbanization, which led to a greater extent of poverty and crime *
c) a decrease in the number of acts of enclosure and consolidation, affecting
tenant farmers
d) all of the above
Beginning in the latter half of the 18th Century in England, which of the following was/were true?
a) Workers were exposed to long hours, crippling work, and low wages
b) Thievery, cries of violence, and juvenile delinquency were the order of the day
c) More counterfeit money was in circulation than government-issued money
d) All of the above *
e) Both a and c
Which city was the first to establish a police department in the US?
a) New York City *
b) Chicago
c) San Francisco
d) Philadelphia
Henry Wells and William Fargo were partners in what company, initially established in 1850 and eventually becoming Wells Fargo?
a) American District Telegraph
b) Enron
c) American Express *
d) Brinks
Who established the first armored car and courier service?
a) Washington Perry Brink *
b) William J. Burns
c) Edwin Holmes
d) West Churchman
What former Secret Service investigator started a major detective agency in 1909?
a) William Fargo
b) William J. Burns *
c) Edwin Holmes
d) West Churchman
What was the first major company to install alarms and provide response to alarm situations?
a) Brinks
b) PerMar
c) American District Telegraph *
d) American Express
What year signifies the beginning of the modern age of security?
a) 1940
b) 1955 *
c) 1971
d) 2001
Which of the following industries currently has/have a serious need to protect its/ their property and personnel?
a) hotels
b) retail establishments
c) trucking companies
d) hospitals
e) all of the above *
Due to the recent increased complexity of fraud, arson, burglary, and other areas of sophisticated criminal practices, which of the following has/have occurred as a response?
a) There has been an increase in the number of consulting agencies and private
investigative firms
b) Central repositories of security information have been created
c) There has been an increase in the number of websites selling information
ranging from criminal histories to credit checks
d) All of the above *
e) Both b and c
Since 1981, there has been a modest overall decrease in crime, except for which years?
a) 2001-2001, when terrorism caused all types of crime to significantly increase
b) 2005-2006, when violent crime was slightly up but property crime was slightly
down *
c) 2005-2006, when property crime was significantly up and violent crime
significantly decreased
d) None of the above
According to 2002 statistics, all of the following is/are among the most serious of economic crime problems except:
a) DVD piracy *
b) money laundering
c) identity fraud
d) insurance crime
e) E-commerce crime
Reasons cited for rising crime in this era include all except:
a) an erosion of family and religious restraints
b) the trend toward permissiveness
c) an increase in feelings of worker loyalty toward the company *
d) the increasing anonymity of business at every level of commerce
e) a general decline in morality accompanied by the pervasive attitude that there is
no such thing as right and wrong
An act passed in 2002, in the wake of the Enron scandal, requires greater financial disclosure and audits for public companies. What is the name of this act?
a) Gore bill
b) Sarbanes-Oxley Act *
c) Sundquist Act
d) Shepard Act
Organizations supporting efforts toward professionalism of security personnel include:
a) Academy of Security Educators and Trainers (ASET)
b) American Society for Industrial Security (ASIS)
c) Security Industry Association (SIA)
d) All of the above *
e) Both b and c
What was C. West Churchman’s contribution to security management?
a) He sponsored the Sundquist bill
b) He developed the Code of Ethics for the security profession
c) He outlined a systems approach, which focuses on central objectives within an
organization *
d) He conceived the idea of preventing crime instead of controlling it
Essay
Describe the historical development of private security in the United States?
Main Points:
Night Watch
Allan Pinkerton
Henry Wells and William Fargo
Washington Brink
William Burns
Edwin Homes
The American Society for Industrial Security (ASIS)
[pic]
................
................
In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.
To fulfill the demand for quickly locating and searching documents.
It is intelligent file search solution for home and business.
Related searches
- chapter 2 developmental psychology quizlet
- medical terminology chapter 2 terms
- physics chapter 2 practice test
- psychology chapter 2 quizlet
- medical terminology chapter 2 test
- medical terminology chapter 2 review
- chapter 2 medical terminology quiz
- medical terminology chapter 2 pdf
- psychology chapter 2 test
- lifespan development chapter 2 quiz
- chapter 2 lifespan development quizlet
- chapter 2 study guide answers