Chapter 2



Energy Demand and Supply

1

Goals:

• To appreciate global and national energy consumption patterns

• To gain an understanding of energy intensity

• To understand and appreciate growth in energy consumption and future energy demand

• To obtain knowledge about the energy reserves of the US and the World and appreciate their estimated lifetime

|Section |Topic |

|2.1 |Global Energy Consumption |

|2.2 |World Energy Outlook |

|2.3 |Current and Future Energy Sources of the World |

|2.4 |Current and Future Energy Sources of the USA |

|2.5 |Growth in the energy demand |

|2.6 |Energy Reserves |

|2.7 |References |

|2.8 |Practice Questions |

| | |

| | |

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2.1 Global Energy Consumption

The productivity of a country is measured by the total value (dollars) of goods and services, called Gross Domestic Product (GDP), produced by its people. Therefore, the average value of good and services produced by each person - the GDP per capita of a country - is an indicator of the quality of life.

Energy intensity is the relationship between energy consumption and growth in gross domestic product (GDP), and it is an important factor that affects changes in energy consumption over time.

▪ In the industrialized countries, history shows the link between energy consumption and economic growth to be a relatively weak one, with growth in energy demand lagging behind economic growth.

▪ In the developing countries, however, the link between energy consumption and economic growth have been more closely correlated, with energy demand growing in parallel with economic expansion.

The total primary energy consumption of the world in 2001 was 402.8 Quadrillion Btus.

Can we show a visualization of the above?

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2.3 Energy Consumption and GDP per person

In general, as the GDP per person of any country increases the amount of energy that is consumed is also expected to increase.

▪ For developing nations, the correlation is much stronger.

▪ For developed nations the correlation is weak.

For example, Iceland, Finland, United States and Netherlands with similar GDP per capita, have significant differences in energy consumption per capita. In other words, to produce one dollar worth of goods and services, U.S. uses twice the energy compared to Netherlands. Similarly Iceland uses four times as the energy compared to Netherlands.

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Energy Consumption as a function of Quality of Life

Audio needed to explain the above image. Okay – due to complexity of image, may be better to emphasize points with animation rather than belshazzar.

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FLASH

Click on the image below to see the population and the total primary energy consumption for different areas of the world in 2001.

Determine the amount of energy consumed per capita for each of the regions of the world. Dividing the total primary energy consumption by the population. Check your answers below.

Mark – this is the data we have, Sarma needs to look for new data. The way the map will look is on the next page. I have data in two HUGE excel spreadsheets – I will provide – ALSO this table is for our information is should not be in the lesson!!!

|Region |Population |Energy Consumption |Per Capita |

| |(display when map is clicked) |(display when map is clicked) |(Answers to be supplied by |

| | | |students) |

|North America | |115 |277 |

|C. & S. America | |21 |49 |

|W. Europe | |73 |151 |

|E Europe | |52 |133 |

|M. East | |18 |105 |

|Africa | |12 |15 |

|F. East & Oceania | |113 |33 |

|World | |402.8 |66 |

|USA |We may just have to give them US & | |342 |

| |Japan’s | | |

|Japan | | |172 |

Total Primary Energy Use of Different Regions of the World in 2001

Do map same way as in Lesson 1, where borders highlight and text box appears – need to show population and energy consumption (I will provide). Do regions plus US and Japan.

What is the energy consumption of:

|North America |

|C. & S. America |

|W. Europe |

|E Europe |

|M. East |

|Africa |

|F. East & Oceania |

|World |

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The differences in energy consumption among countries are the result of:

• Efficiency of industrial, transportation, commercial and residential energy.

• Climatic and geographical areas of a country.

• Lifestyles (use of more gas guzzling cars and SUVs and bigger size houses.)

• The nature of the products produced by the nations’ industries.

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2.2 World Energy Outlook

The International Energy Outlook 2004 (IEO2004) projects strong growth for worldwide energy demand over the 24-year projection period from 2001 to 2025.

▪ Total world consumption of marketed energy is expected to expand by 54 percent, from 404 quadrillion British thermal units (Btu) in 2001 to 623 quadrillion Btu in 2025.

▪ The fastest growth is projected for the nations of developing Asia, including China and India, where robust economic growth accompanies the increase in energy consumption over the forecast period.

▪ Gross domestic product (GDP) in developing Asia is expected to expand at an average annual rate of 5.1 percent, compared with 3.0 percent per year for the world as a whole.

▪ With such strong growth in GDP, demand for energy in developing Asia doubles over the forecast, accounting for 40 percent of the total projected increment in world energy consumption and 70 percent of the increment for the developing world alone.

1 Possible interactive question: Want to know more about Asia? Okay – but this needs to be a new icon – Fun Fact – which means it will not be on exam. It will be in the pop-up text box format.

Asia is heavily populated and continues to grow at a rapid pace. As a result, industrial growth has also increased requiring a need for more energy.

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2.3 Current and Future Energy Sources of the World

The World’s energy supply sources for the year 2002 and projected supply for the year 2025 are shown in the figures below. (need better legends for pie charts)

MY PROBLEM: We need to redo graphs with better legends (may need to do separately from excel) and also to add # of quads to the World Primary Energy Consumption. Also, percentages cannot be compared in these two graphs – they show the percentage of the TOTAL consumption in 2002 (402.8 Quads) and 2025 (623 Quads), which are different numbers. May be good project for Nick unless we can make this last point clearer using flash. I need to give this more thought.

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Flash quiz below

Answer the following questions based on the charts above:

Which world energy source will show the most increase between 2002 and 2025? (Natural Gas)

Which world energy source is the most utilized in both 2002 and 2005? (Petroleum Oil)

Which world energy sources will decrease? (Coal, Nuclear, Hydro)

Which world energy sources will increase? (Gas and Oil)

What percentage of the world’s energy sources are fossil fuels in 2002? (85%)

What percentage of the world’s energy sources are fossil fuels in 2025? (87%)

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The table bellows compares three of the world’s largest energy sources:

|Source |Future Outlook |Advantages/Disadvantages |

|Oil |It is the world’s foremost source of primary |Robust growth in transportation energy use—overwhelmingly fueled by|

| |energy consumption, and it is expected to remain|petroleum products—is expected to continue until 2025. As a result,|

| |in that position throughout the 2001 to 2025 |oil is projected to retain its predominance in the global energy |

| |period |mix and meet 39% of the total primary energy consumption in 2025. |

|Natural Gas |Expected to remain an important supply source |It is seen as the desired option for electric |

| |for new electric power generation in the future |power, given its relative efficiency and |

| |(25% of the total primary energy in 2025). |environmental advantages in comparison with other fossil energy |

| | |sources. |

| | | |

| | |Natural gas burns more cleanly than either coal or oil, making it a|

| | |more attractive choice for countries seeking to reduce greenhouse |

| | |gas emissions.  |

|Coal |World coal use has been in a period of generally|Coal use is projected to increase in all regions except for Western|

| |slow growth since the 1980s, and that trend is |Europe and the Eastern Europe and former Soviet Union (excluding |

|The arrow should|expected to continue through the projection |Russia), where coal is expected to be displaced by natural gas and,|

|be increasing |period. |in the case of France, nuclear power for electric power generation.|

| | | |

| |Replace old text with this: | |

| |Coal use will continue to dramatically increase |Large increments in coal use are projected for developing Asia, |

| |in developing countries, but in developed or |especially in China and India. As very large countries in terms of |

| |industrialized countries, it will not increase |both population and land mass, and with ample domestic coal |

| |but may slightly decrease. |resources, China and India are projected to account for 67 percent |

| | |of the total increase in coal use worldwide (on a Btu basis).  |

| | | |

| | |Coal remains as a vital fuel for world’s electricity markets and is|

| | |expected to continue to dominate energy markets in developing Asia.|

| | | |

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4 Electricity

Strong growth in electricity use is expected in the countries of the developing world, where electricity demand increases by an average of 3.5 percent per year compared with a projected average increase of 2.3 percent per year worldwide. Robust economic growth in many of the developing nations is expected to boost demand for electricity to run newly purchased home appliances for air conditioning, cooking, space and water heating, and refrigeration.

Okay for audio – but image should be larger and centered (I just have it this way to fit on a page)

Growth in the Electricity Generation

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Worldwide, electricity generation from nuclear power is projected to increase from 2,521 billion kilowatt hours in 2001 to 3,032 billion kilowatt hours in 2020, before declining slightly to 2,906 billion in 2025. 

The largest increase in nuclear generation is expected for the developing world, where consumption of electricity from nuclear power increases by an average of 4.1 percent per year from 2001 to 2025 in the reference case. In particular, developing Asia is expected to see the greatest increase in worldwide nuclear generating capacity, accounting for 96 percent of the total projected increment in nuclear capacity in the developing world.

Possible interactive question: Want to know more about Nuclear Generation?

Okay - Another Fun Fact icon – I need to get information on this via the Internet – Sarma didn’t provide.

THIS PAGE MISSING in LESSON DRAFT!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

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Moderate growth in the world’s consumption of hydroelectricity and other renewable energy resources is projected over the next 24 years, averaging 1.9 percent per year. Much of the projected growth in renewable generation is expected to result from the completion of large hydroelectric facilities in developing countries, particularly in developing Asia. China, India, and other developing Asian countries are constructing or planning new, large-scale hydroelectric facilities.

Among the industrialized nations, only Canada has plans to construct any sizable hydroelectric projects over the forecast period. Much of the expected increment in renewable energy consumption in the industrialized world is projected to be non hydropower renewable energy sources, including particularly wind energy in Western Europe and the U. S. In addition, biomass and geothermal energy sources are expected to grow rapidly in the U. S. 

Possible Interactive Question: Want to know more about hydroelectricity?

This will be fun fact – I will research since Sarma didn’t see this.

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2.4 Current and Future Energy Sources of the United States

Looking at the U.S. Energy Profile, one can see that the U.S. is the world's largest energy producer, consumer, and net importer.

The U.S. also ranks:

▪ First in worldwide reserves of coal.

▪ Sixth in worldwide reserves of natural gas.

▪ Eleventh worldwide in reserves of oil.

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Source: Energy Information Administration, US DOE, 2002

Total Energy flow of the U. S. (2002) – do we need to update? No – wants to keep same as book to avoid confusion

Sarma wants to do with Belshazzar – you may want to bring a copy of this image with you to Thursday’s meeting.

NEW SCREEN – no text to accompany??? Add this text:

The image below represents the total energy that is used by the U.S. This graph shows how dependent the U.S. is on our petroleum supply, as it accounts for almost 40% of our energy. Our next two highest sources of energy, like petroleum, are nonrenewable and include Natural Gas and Coal. Only a very small percentage of our energy comes from renewable energy sources such as wood and water (hydroelectricity).

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Source: Energy Information Administration, US DOE, 2002

Figure 2-8 US Energy Consumption by Source (2002)

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U.S. energy consumption is expected to increase more rapidly than domestic energy supply, and net imports will constitute 36 percent of consumption in 2025, up from 26 percent in 2002.

MY PROBLEM: Same problem as the previous

[pic] [pic]

From the Energy Foundation of the U.S.

Flash Quiz

Answer the following questions based on the charts above:

Which U.S. energy source will show the most increase between 2002 and 2025? (Petroleum Oil)

Which U.S. energy source is the most utilized in both 2002 and 2005? (Petroleum Oil)

Which U.S. energy sources will decrease? (Hydro)

Which U.S. energy sources will increase? (Petroleum Oil and Renewable/Other)

What percentage of the U.S.’s energy sources are fossil fuels in 2002? (86%)

What percentage of the U.S.’s energy sources are fossil fuels in 2025? (88%)

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The table below summarizes the U.S.’s Energy sources and their future outlook.

|Source |Future Outlook |Advantages/Disadvantages |

|Petroleum |In 2002, domestic supply was 9.1 million barrels per |Approximately 66.5% of the petroleum in the U. S. is used for|

| |day and net imports were 10.4 million barrels per day. |transportation and about 23% is used by the industrial |

| |The trend of increasing U.S. dependence on imported oil|sector. |

| |in the past decade is expected to continue. | |

| | | |

| |Net imports, which accounted for 53 % in 2002, are | |

| |expected to reach 70 % in 2025. | |

| |Petroleum demand is projected to grow from 20 million | |

| |barrels per day in 2002 to 28 million barrels per day | |

| |in 2025. | |

|Natural Gas |U.S. natural gas production and consumption were nearly|Energy Information Administration forecasts greater |

| |in balance through 1986. When consumption began to |dependence on more costly supplies of natural gas, such as |

| |outpace production, imports of natural gas rose to meet|imports of liquefied |

| |U.S. requirements for the fuel. |Natural gas (LNG), and remote resources from Alaska and the |

| | |Mackenzie Delta in Canada. |

| |In 2002, consumption stood at 22.5 trillion cubic feet | |

| |(Tcf), production at 19.0 Tcf, and the net imports at |LNG imports, Alaskan production, and production in the 48 |

| |3.5 Tcf. The projections for domestic natural gas |States from nonconventional sources are not expected to |

| |consumption in 2025 range from 29.1 trillion cubic feet|increase enough to offset the impacts of resource depletion |

| |per year in the low economic growth case to 34.2 |and increased demand. |

| |trillion cubic feet in the rapid technology case, as |The industrial sector was both the largest consuming sector |

| |compared with 22.5 trillion cubic feet in 2002. In the |of natural gas. The electric power sector accounted for |

| |reference case, natural gas consumption in the electric|one-fourth of all natural gas consumption in 2002. |

| |power sector is projected to increase from 5.6 trillion| |

| |cubic feet in 2002 to 8.4 trillion cubic feet | |

| |In 2025. | |

| | | |

| |Demand growth is also expected in the residential, | |

| |commercial, industrial, and transportation sectors. In | |

| |the reference case, industrial consumption is projected| |

| |to increase from 7.3 trillion cubic feet in 2002 to 8.4| |

| |trillion cubic feet in 2010 and 10.3 trillion cubic | |

| |feet in 2025. | |

|Coal |Coal is another important fossil fuel that accounts for|The primary reason for the change in the rate of growth is a |

| |23% of the total primary energy in the U. S. |substantial increase in projected coal demand for electricity|

| | |generation resulting from higher natural gas prices. Coal is |

| |In 2003, 1,070 million tons of coal was produced. |projected to play a more important role in future additions |

| |Almost 92 percent of all coal consumed in the U. S. was|to electricity generation capacity, particularly in the later|

| |in the electric power sector, the driving force for all|years of the forecast. It is projected that 1,285 million |

| |coal consumption. |tons of coal would be consumed in 2025. |

| | | |

| |According to Annual Energy Outlook 2004, the total coal| |

| |use is projected to grow by 1.7 percent per year. | |

Two images are show below. The first image shows the Vehicle fuel consumption and travel between 1960 and 2000. The second image shows the percentage of Americans using car pools.

▪ Insert Audio below images: The table shows motor vehicle fuel consumption and travel since 1960. The number of registered vehicles and the fuel consumed in the U. S. has increased 3 fold in the past four decades but the number of miles traveled by these vehicles has increased four fold. The average miles traveled per year has increased from 9,500 miles in1980 to 12,200 miles in 2000.

Table 2-1 Motor Vehicle Fuel Consumption and Travel

|  |1960 |1970 |1980 |1990 |2000 |

|Vehicles registered (thousands)a |73,858 |111,242 |161,490 |193,057 |225,821 |

|Vehicle-miles traveled (millions) |718,762 |1,109,724 |1,527,295 |2,144,362 |R2,746,925 |

|Fuel consumed (million gallons) |57,880 |92,329 |114,960 |130,755 |R162,554 |

|Average miles traveled per vehicle (thousands) |9.7 |10.0 |9.5 |11.1 |12.2 |

|Average miles traveled per gallon |12.4 |12.0 |13.3 |16.4 |16.9 |

|Average fuel consumed per vehicle (gallons) |784 |830 |712 |677 |R720 |

|Key: R = revised a  Includes personal passenger vehicles, buses, and trucks. |

|Source: 1960-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995, |

|FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table VM-201A. |

|1995-2001: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1. |

Sarma wants the graph below to be a FUN FACT – can we fit this into a text box????

▪ The percentage of people using car pool has decreased from 14% to 9.5% as shown in the graph.

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Electricity

Total electricity consumption, including purchases from electric power producers and on-site generation, is projected to reach 5,485 billion kilowatt hours in 2025.

Growth in electricity use for computers, office equipment, and electrical appliances in the residential and commercial sectors is partially offset by improved efficiency in these and other, more traditional electrical applications, by the effects of demand-side management programs, and by slower growth in electricity demand for some applications, such as air conditioning.

The natural gas share of electricity net generation is projected to increase from 18 percent in 2002 to 22 percent in 2025, while the share from coal will rise from 50 percent in 2002 to 52 percent in 2025. Total renewable electricity net generation is projected to increase from 347 billion kilowatt hours in 2002 to 518 billion kilowatt hours in 2025.

2 Possible interactive question: Want to know more about demand-side management programs.

3 Yes. More information Icon and textbox: Demand-side management programs address efficiency. By being more efficient, we can do more with less, and thus reduce the demand for energy.

4 New Screen

5 2.5 Growth in the energy demand

Growth in the world and the U. S. energy consumption as a function of time follows what is known as exponential function. The exponential increase is characterized as follows. The amount of change (increase in energy consumption) per unit time is proportional to the quantity (or consumption) at that time.

[pic]

or [pic]

Where Greek letter Δ(delta) is the change or increment of the variable and λ (lambda) is the growth rate. After some mathematical methods, it can be shown that the equation changes to the form

[pic]

These equations don’t need to be in blackboard format (unless it’s needed to fill space.)

No – instead, Sarma wants you to create a text box for him to add text to – he wants to say something to highlight the importance of exponential functioning.

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We can determine how long it takes for N0 to become 2N0 (twice its original number or double). That time period is called doubling time. After some mathematical steps it can be written as

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(the above equation should be in the chalkboard format)

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14 2.6 Energy Reserves:

It is clear so far that the energy requirement is going to increase in future and also that the world and the U.S. will depend on fossil fuels. These fossil fuels are non renewable fuels with a finite life time. So the question is would we have enough supply for future energy requirements. The answer to this question depends on the quantity of fossil fuels we have in the ground. Energy sources that have been discovered but not produced cannot be easily measured. Trapped several feet below the surface cannot be measured with precision. There are several terms used to report the estimates of the energy resources. Most commonly used terms are “reserves” and “resources”.

▪ "Reserves" represent that portion of demonstrated resources that can be recovered economically with the application of extraction technology available currently or in the foreseeable future. Reserves include only recoverable energy.

▪ “Resources” represent that portion of the energy that is known to exist or even suspected to exist irrespective of technical or economic viability. So reserves are a sub set of resources.

Audio:This table provides the U. S. and World reserves and consumption of the main fossil fuels. It can be seen that the U.S. has 27% of the world’s coal deposits but only less than 2% and 3% of the Worlds oil and natural gas, respectively. U. S. uses about 25% of World’s coal, oil, and natural gas.

Table 2-2 U. S. and World Reserves and Consumption of Fossil Fuels

| |U. S. Reserves |U.S. Annual Consumption |World Reserves |World Annual Consumption|

|Petroleum (millions of |22,667 |7,154 |1,213,112a |28,545 |

|barrels) | | |1,034,663b | |

|Natural Gas (Dry) |186,946 |22,534 |5,504,910a |91,756 |

|Billion Cu. Ft | | |6,126,634b | |

|Coal (millions of tons) |271,667 |1.066 |1,081,279 |5,262 |

a Oil and gas Journal b World Oil

Source: International Energy Annual 2002

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2 How Long Will the Reserves Last? (still 2.6)

How long these reserves do last depends on the rate at which we consume these reserves. For example, let’s assume that we have $100,000 in the bank (reserves) and it we draw 10,000 dollars every year (consumption) the reserve will last for 10 years ($100,000/$10,000 per year). However, in this case we are assuming that we do not add any money to our deposit and we do not increase our withdrawal.

This is generally not true in the case of life of an energy reserve. We may find new reserves and our energy consumption or production can also increase. In the case of energy reserve, although we know that we might find new resources, we do not know how much we could find. But the consumption can be predicted with some accuracy based on the past rates.

3 Sarma was okay with just text - didn’t ask me to add anything here.

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5 Lifetime of current reserves at constant consumption (still 2.6)

We can calculate the life of current petroleum reserves by dividing the current reserves by current consumption.

▪ At the current rate of consumption, the life time of the world’s petroleum, natural gas and coal reserves is 42.5 years, 66 years and 205 years, respectively.

▪ At the current rate of consumption, the current U. S. petroleum, natural gas and coal reserves last for 3.2 years, 8.3 years, and 255 years, respectively.

It is important to note that the entire U.S. petroleum consumption is coming from the U.S. reserves because we import more than one half of the consumption. So if we keep importing the petroleum at the current rate, the U. S. reserves last about 6.5 years. If the consumption increases in the future, the life will be less. However, there is also a chance of adding more reserves with more exploration and discoveries. The increase in consumption can change depending on price of petroleum and other alternative fuels.

Therefore, these lifetimes are not carved in stone. It can be debated whether the U.S. reserves last for 6 years or 10 years or even 20 years, but there is increasing consensus that we must change our lifestyle. We must conserve, innovate (get more with less) or learn to live without these resources.

15

No additions here either.

16

17 Lesson will end with Crossword puzzle that SARMA will create and provide to you.

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18 2.7 Selected References

Hinrichs, R. A., “Energy,” Saunders College Publishers, Philadelphia, PA, 1992.

Aubrecht, G. L., “Energy,” Prentice Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1995.

Fay, J.A. and Golomb, D. S., “Energy and the Environment,” Oxford University Press, New York, NY, 2002.

Christensen, J. W., “Global Science: Energy Resources Environment”, 4th edition, Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, Dubuque, IA, 1996.

Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Review, U.S. Department of Energy, 2004.

Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Outlook, DOE/EIA 0383 (2004), U.S. Department of Energy, Washington D.C., 2004.

Energy Information Administration, International Energy Outlook, DOE/EIA 0484 (2004), U.S. Department of Energy, Washington D.C., 2004.

19 Skip to crossword puzzle at the end – can we recreate the puzzle in flash?

Do not include in Lesson – may use elsewhere

20 Questions for Discussion and Analysis

Why is the energy use per person in the world increasing?

1. United States with 5% of the world’s population uses about 25% of the world’s energy and contributes 25% of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions. Explain.

2. List the reasons why the United States per capita energy consumption highest compared to any other region in the world?

List reasons why the United States energy consumption per dollar of GDP is higher than most of the industrialized nations?

What is the difference between reserves and resources?

List the changes that you would make in your personal lifestyle if you were mandated to reduce your energy consumption by 25%.

What variables determine the lifetime of a nonrenewable resource?

Multiple Choice Questions THESE WILL GO IN ANGEL

1. Which energy source accounts for the greatest proportion of electricity generation in the US?

a) Natural Gas

b) Petroleum

c) Coal

d) Hydro

2. Per dollar of GDP, the U.S. uses the most energy of any region in the world.

a) True

b) False

3. Petroleum reserves for the US at the present rate of consumption will last for about

a) 270 years

b) 40 years

c) 100 years

d) 6 years

4. The US has highest crude oil reserves in the world.

a) True

b) False

5. Renewable energy sources meet ____% of the US energy demand

a) 50%

b) 8%

c) 25%

d) 75%

6. In the next 20 years, it is expected that renewable energy sources will supply more than half of the US energy requirements

a) True

b) False

7. Which fuel supplies the greatest proportion of primary energy in the U.S.?

a) Coal

b) Petroleum

c) Natural Gas

d) Nuclear

8. The following country has lowest crude oil reserves in the world.

a) United Arab Emirates

b) Iraq

c) Saudi Arabia

d) Iran

e) United States

9. Coal reserves for the US at the present rate of consumption will last for about

a) 250 years

b) 40 years

c) 100 years

d) 8 years

10. United States imports about __% of its petroleum needs

a) 5%

b) 25%

c) 55%

d) 70%

FLASH????

2.8 Practice Questions

Energy Supply and Demand

Crossword Puzzle

[pic]

Across

2. Most of the coal produced in this country is used by this sector

5. Most of the energy in this country is used by this sector

7. Energy growth follows this mathematical function

8. Most of the petroleum is used by this end sector

10. Most of the sulfur in the fuels is emitted as this gas

11. United states imports over 50% of this energy source

12. These fuels account for about 85% of the total energy use in the United States

Down

1. Time required to double the original quantity is called this

3. Heavy use of fossil fuels in the US makes this country largest emitter of this gas

4. 50% electricity generated in the US in the year 2002 came from this primary energy source

6. Majority of this primary energy source produced in the US is used by industrial sector

9. In addition to sulfur dioxide, this also contributes to acid rain problem

-----------------------

Percentage of Population using Car Pool as a Function of Year.

Total Primary Energy Use = 402.8 Quads

113

F. East & Oceania

18

M. East

52

E. Europe & FSU

12

Africa

73

W. Europe

21

C.& S. A.

115

North America

Audio: This image shows the total energy flow for the U. S. for the year 2002. U. S. produced 70.95 Quads and consumed 97.35 Quads importing 26.4 Quads of energy (27.1%) of the total energy. Fossil fuels accounted for 85.8% of the total energy consumed. The four end users of the energy are residential, commercial industrial and transportation and use 21.5%, 17.9%, 33.3%, and 27.2%, respectively of the total energy. Total primary energy consumption in the U. S. is projected to increase from 98 quadrillion British thermal units (Btu) in 2002 to 137 quadrillion Btu in 2025.

Developing Countries

Industrialized or Developed

Perhaps use Flash – show empty x and y axis with options to plot the Economic Growth and Energy Demand for either Developed or Developing Countries? OK – Show empty graph with two options: Energy Demand and Economic Growth in:

▪ Industrialized Countries (radio button)

▪ Developed Countries (radio button)

Then have a button that says, Plot Graph.

Don’t use real numbers, just a visualization to stress concept.

Bangladesh

United States

[pic]

2025

2002

Illustration 2-1

Use of coal is projected to increase at the rate of 1.7% per year in the U.S. How long will it take to double its usage?

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