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SEMINAR 8

Verbe modale 2: Must, Need, Have to, Should, Ought to. Culture

GRAMATICĂ

A. MUST / HAVE TO.

1. have to se folosește întotdeauna pentru a face referire la obligație sau necesitate la present afirmativ și interogativ, adesea cu sens de viitor. Must se referă la obligație:

Do you have to have a visa to visit the USA?

My brother did not understand the instructions. He has to call again.

We really must go now, we will be late to the concert.

NOTĂ: Must se folosește de obicei când obligația vine din partea vorbitorului, care-și exprimă propriile sentimente. Have to se folosește când obligația vine din partea unei a treia persoane. Comparați:

You must stop making jokes when I am talking to you seriously. (= îți ordon.)

You have to drive on the left in Great Britain. (= așa spune legea.)

2. la forma negativă must și have to au sensuri complet diferite. Must not înseamnă ca ești obligat să nu faci ceva. Don’t have to sau haven’t got to înseamnă că nu este necesar:

You must not smoke in the house. (= te oblig să nu fumezi în casă.)

You mustn’t exceed the speed limit in residential areas. (= ești obligat de lege.)

You don’t have to eat if you are not hungry. (= poți mânca sau nu.)

You haven’t got to call her if you’re too nervous. (= nu e necesar să o suni.)

3. have to poate fi folosit la toate celelalte timpuri:

Mr. Harris had to go to New York on business last month. (trecut simplu)

I have never had to study so much before. (perfect simplu)

The police would have to open fire if the criminals didn’t surrender. (condițional prezent)

The police would have had to open fire if the criminals hadn’t surrendered. (condițional trecut)

You will have to stop lying if you want me to trust you. (viitor simplu)

NOTĂ: deducția negativă se poate exprima cu can’t sau can’t have:

You can’t be serious about adopting a snake! (prezent)

The Johnsons are in China. They can’t have sent that postcard from Peru! (trecut)

4. must se folosește și pentru deducții pozitive în prezent. Must + construcție perfectă se referă la deducții pozitive în trecut:

The cat is waiting in the kitchen. It must be hungry. (prezent)

There was no reply, he must have been already asleep. (trecut)

B. NEED TO.

1. need to, ca verb propriu-zis, urmează formele verbelor regulate normale și este folosit pentru a face referire la necesitate:

You will need flowers and chocolate candy if you want to impress her.

I don’t need to see the doctor. I feel fine.

The people in many African countries need our help.

2. need ca verb auxiliar este un verb modal și are aceeași formă pentru toate persoanele. Poate fi folosit numai la prezent (adesea cu sens de viitor) mai ales în construcții negative sau interogative. În construcția negativă, need not este similar cu don’t have to. Ambele exprimă absența unei obligații sau necesități:

We need not rush. There’s plenty of time.

Emily needn’t go to the hospital anymore. She’s much better now.

3. need not + INFINITIV perfect se referă la o acțiune trecută care s-a petrecut fără a fi fost necesară:

You needn’t have told her about the accident. She will only worry.

NOTĂ: need not + INFINITIV perfect diferă de did not need to. Comparați:

Jack need not have gone to the dentist. (= Jack s-a dus, dar nu era necesar.)

Jack did not need to go to the dentist. (= Nu era necesar ca Jack să se ducă, dar nu știm dacă s-a dus sau nu.)

C. OUGHT TO / SHOULD. Ele sunt identice ca sens, și pot fi folosite la fel. Outght to este mai formal. Ele se folosesc:

1. cu referire la o obligație sau îndatorire:

Little boys shouldn’t be afraid to cry.

Those girls ought not to be smoking in the building.

Jamie shouldn’t be watching that film. He’s too young. (pot urma și forma în -ing)

The visitors ought to be going now. It is closing time. (pot urma și forma în -ing)

2. pentru a cere și da sfaturi:

Do you think I should have my hair cut short?

Women ought to believe in themselves more.

3. cu referire la ceea ce se consideră că este corect sau incorect din punct de vedere moral (obligație morală):

We should all take some time to volunteer for a good cause.

People ought not to treat animals badly. They too feel pain.

4. cu referire la o întâmplare probabilă:

It’s only eleven o’clock. We should get there in time.

I told him several times, so he ought to remember.

5. cu o construcție perfectă pentru a face referire la ceva ce urma să se petreacă în trecut, dar nu s-a petrecut. Sau cu referire la ceva ce a constituit o greșeala:

The plane should have arrived at seven o’clock, but it was delayed because of the fog.

The two presidents ought to have signed the peace treaty in Madrid, but there was a terrorist attack.

I shouldn’t have gone to that party last night, I am too tired to go to the interview today.

EXERCIȚII

1. Folosiți verbele dintre paranteze pentru a construi în propozițiile de mai jos structuri corecte cu didn’t have to, didn’t need sau needn’t have.

1. I used Mike’s computer. I knew that I …………………… (ask) his permission.

2. Hello Chloe, how nice to see you. But you …………………… (come) all this way. You could have just called me.

3. Although I …………………… (have) an X-ray, I‘m glad I did.

4. The new president is very shy. Fortunately, he …………………… (say) very much at the first meeting.

5. Kate …………………… (buy) a cake for the party. We have one already.

6. We often used to go camping when I was young. Especially as we …………………… (spend) much money.

7. How rude the politician was! He …………………… (criticise) the journalists in that manner.

8. Robert was well off. He …………………… (work) as hard as he did.

9. When we lived in the countryside, we …………………… (spend) so much money on entertainment.

10. My calculations were right, so I …………………… (do) them again.

11. Last Saturday I went to an exhibition as I …………………… (work).

12. You were right. We …………………… (rush). It’s still early.

2. Folosiți formele potrivite ale verbelor must / have to sau ought to / should pentru a completa propozițiile următoare. Uneori există mai multe posibilități, dar fiți atenți la diferența de sens.

1. It isn’t a good idea for our main star to go around town alone. He …………………… have a bodyguard.

2. If you win the case, the guilty party …………………… pay all the legal expenses.

3. If Richard and Mona plan to adopt, they …………………… buy a bigger house.

4. You can go now, but remember that you …………………… be back before we close.

5. I suppose I …………………… learn a little Spanish, if I am going to Ibiza for my holidays.

6. The Government …………………… do something about the unemployment problem.

7. The doctor told the gymnast she …………………… overdo it after her operation.

8. Those poor people have been evicted from their house, and now they …………………… look for some other place to live.

9. Those boys …………………… be playing on the railroad track. It’s extremely dangerous.

10. I really …………………… go now, if I don’t want to miss my boarding.

11. Parents …………………… never use violence in educating a child.

12. It’s not fair. I think we …………………… not put the blame on him without valid proof.

3. Completați propozițiile de mai jos, folosind verbele modale în italice.

|might |may not |couldn’t |can |might |

|may |must |have to |could |mustn’t |

1. You …………………… stop at the traffic lights.

2. …………………… I have a look at your camera?

3. He …………………… spend all your money on candy!

4. I heard about the fight. It …………………… have been a nice experience for you.

5. Ann said it …………………… not be a good idea.

6. He said he …………………… finish the work before the end of the day.

7. Alex still hasn’t arrived. He …………………… have got lost.

8. You …………………… take photos here. It's against the law.

9. I will do what I …………………….

10. You …………………… turn right at the cathedral.

VOCABULAR

Culture

Strangers in a new culture see only what they know. (Anonymous)

1. What is culture and how does it manifest itself?

Culture is everything that makes us human and diverse. It includes language, arts, beliefs, sports, technology, everything we have ever created or imagined. It has been called “the way of life for an entire society.” Culture is passed down from one generation to the other, and it varies in time and space.

Cultural differences manifest themselves in different ways and at various depth levels.

• Symbols are words, gestures, pictures or objects that carry a special meaning. This meaning is developed by people.

• Heroes are persons that serve as models for our behaviour.

• Rituals are collective activities that bring people together, such as: religious rituals, greetings etc.

• Values are the most important as they define the way a society makes important distinctions, such as: good-evil, right-wrong, natural-unnatural etc.

Cultural differences appear because people live in different places and in different conditions. When we are trying to identify differences in other cultures, there are a few items to consider. One is the degree of inequality in that culture. The other is how they relate to families and people. And the last important one is the relationship between men and women.

2. The world is a fascinating and diverse place. Take this short cultural quiz.

1. The largest agricultural and technological fair in Africa, the Nairobi Show, takes place annually in:

a. Kenya b. Ghana c. South Africa

2. African handball is a sport specific to:

a. South Africa b. Nigeria c. Namibia

3. Karate is a fighting style that originates from:

a. China b. Korea c. Japan

4. Noodles are a type of Oriental spaghetti made in:

a. Japan b. China c. Singapore

5. The onion soup is a recipe that originates from:

a. Greece b. Italy c. France

6. The Running of the Bulls, in Pamplona, is a celebration from:

a. Spain b. Portugal c. Romania

7. The hieroglyphs are an ancient style of writing from:

a. Iran b. Egypt c. Lebanon

8. Chanukah, also known as the festival of lights, takes place in:

a. India b. Pakistan c. Israel

9. Fajita is a traditional type of dish from:

a. Ecuador b. Mexico c. Cuba

10. Kwanzaa is an ethnic cultural celebration unique to:

a. the United States b. Panama c. Brazil

3. Country clothing: connect the traditional type of clothing with the country.

a. kilt Germany

b. parka Spain

c. guayabera Russia

d. lederhosen Cuba

e. poncho Mexico

f. kimono Scotland

g. flamenco dress Japan

4. TRUE or FALSE?

1. Germans like deadlines.

TRUE FALSE

2. Japanese and Chinese can read each other's newspapers.

TRUE FALSE

3. Eating with left hand is taboo in Saudi Arabia.

TRUE FALSE

4. White flowers in Japan are given at funerals.

TRUE FALSE

5. Number 4 is considered lucky in Japan.

TRUE` FALSE

6. Spaniards like to maintain eye contact during conversations.

TRUE FALSE

7. In India holy men usually wear white.

TRUE FALSE

8. All Arabs are Muslims.

TRUE FALSE

9. Muslims can eat Kosher meat.

TRUE FALSE

10. The thumbs up sign means 'OK' in Argentina.

TRUE FALSE

5. Do you know some of the most famous foods in the world? Follow the clues from Across and Down to fill in the crossword.

[pic]

Across

1. Mexican food made of crisp tortillas filled with beans, meat, and lettuce.

3. A famous crop in Ireland.

4. A traditional meal for Greek Easter.

6. Meat rolls in cabbage or vine leaves that are a traditional Romanian specialty.

7. A dish originally from Italy.

9. Japanese dish made out of thin layers of raw fish wrapped around cakes of cold cooked rice.

10. Served with many meals in China and Southeast Asia.

Down

2. A favorite food in the USA, which came from Germany.

5. They are usually served with English tea.

8. Served on Thanksgiving in the USA.

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