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The 12 Tenses: Structure, Uses and Key Words

|Simple |Past |Present |Future |

|Structure |S + verb “ed” |S + verb |S + will + base verb |

|Uses: | | | |

| |Actions at a specific time in the past |Facts |Making decisions at the time of speaking |

| | | | |

| |I ate fish last night |The sky is blue |Maybe I’ll watch a movie tonight |

| | |I am English | |

| |Finished actions | |Making offers |

| | |Routines/habitual actions | |

| |Edison invented the light bulb. | |I’ll mail the letter for you. |

| | |I always drink tea in the morning. | |

| | | |Making promises |

| | | | |

| | | |I promise I’ll cut the grass |

| | | | |

| | | |Making predictions: opinions |

| | | | |

| | | |I think that the weather will be warmer in the future |

| | | | |

| | | |Stating future facts |

| | | | |

| | | |Tomorrow will be Thursday |

|Key Words: |specific time in the past |Every/each |I don’t know, maybe I’ll… |

| |When did you…? |Adverbs of frequency: usually…sometimes…never |I don’t know, I’ll probably… |

| |ago |once/twice/3, 4, 5…times |In my opinion it will…, I think that it will…, I belive |

| |for | |that it will… |

| |…when I was young/a child | |at + specific time, night |

| | | |on + day, date, the weekend |

| | | |in + time of day, season, year |

|Continuous |Past |Present |Future |

|Structure |S + was/were + verb “ing” |S + is/am/are + verb “ing” |S + will be + verb “ing” |

|Uses: | | | |

| |One action was occurring when a second action happened |Describing a present action |Describing an activity at a specific time in the |

| |Use with Simple Past | |future |

| | |I am reading this sentence | |

| |I was watching TV when the phone rang | |I’ll be teaching at 9 this evening |

| | |Describing unfinished projects | |

| |Ordering stories/actions | | |

| | |I am renovating my house | |

| | | | |

| | |Describing temporary situations | |

| | | | |

| | |We are using a rental car at the moment because our car is| |

| | |at the garage. | |

| | | | |

| | |Describing current trends | |

| | | | |

| | |Gas prices are going up at the moment. | |

| | | | |

| | |Describing future fixed arrangements | |

| | | | |

| | |I’m meeting my boss at 3 on Thursday | |

|Key Words: |while/as + Past Continuous |at the moment |at + specific time, night |

| |when + Simple Past |currently |on + day, date, the weekend |

| |before/after |presently |in + time of day, season, year |

| | |temporarily | |

|Perfect |Past |Present |Future |

|Structure |S + had + past participle |S + has/have + past participle |S + will have + past participle |

|Uses: | | | |

| |One action occurred before another action in the past |The past with no time |One action will occur before another time in the |

| |Use with Simple Past | |future |

| |1st action = Past Perfect |I’ve visted Australia |Use with future time |

| |2nd action = Simple Past | |1st action = Future Perfect |

| |Ordering stories/actions |Describing life experiences |2nd action = Future time |

| | | |Ordering stories/actions |

| |I had eaten my dinner before the phone rang |I’ve visited lots of countries | |

| | | |I will have finished the report before Friday |

| | |Duration of activities: How long: past to the present | |

| | | | |

| | |We’ve lived in Montreal for 9 years | |

| | | | |

| | |Frequency of past activities: How often/How many times | |

| | | | |

| | |She’s been to Toronto 6 or 7 times | |

| | | | |

|Key Words: |before/after |How long…? |by + future time |

| |by the time… |How often/How many times…? |before/after |

| |when |since/for | |

| | |ever/never | |

| | |already/yet | |

| | |so far, up to now, | |

| | |just, always, still | |

|Perfect Continuous |Past |Present |Future |

|Structure |S + had been + verb “ing” |S + has/have been + verb “ing” |S + will have been + verb “ing” |

|Uses: | | | |

| |Duration of one action before another action in the |Focus is on on the activity |Duration of one action before another action in the |

| |past | |future |

| |Use with Simple Past |Why are you so dirty? |Use with by + future time |

| |1st action = Past Perfect Continuous |Oh, I’ve been working in the garden | |

| |2nd action = Simple Past | |I will have been teaching for 25 years by 2015 |

| | |Duration of activities: How long: past to the present | |

| |I had been teaching for 10 years before I moved to | | |

| |Montreal |I’ve been teaching since 1990 | |

| | | | |

| | |Describing trends | |

| | | | |

| | |House prices have been going up over the last couple of | |

| | |years | |

|Key Words: |for/since |How long…? |by + future time |

| |before/after |since/for |for |

| |by the time… | | |

| |when | | |

Notes:

S = Subject: I, you, we, they, he, she, it

Base Verb = eat, drink, sleep… (present verb, no “s” on the end)

“Continuous” can also be called “Progressive”: Present Continuous = Present Progressive

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