1.5 VALID AND INVALID ARGUMENTS Textbook Reference Section 3. ... - Cengage
34 CHAPTER 1
Sets and Logic
Textbook Reference Section 3.5, 3.6
1.5 VALID AND INVALID ARGUMENTS
CLAST OBJECTIVES
" Draw logical conclusions from data
" Draw logical conclusions when facts warrant them
" Recognize invalid arguments with true conclusions
" Recognize valid reasoning patterns shown in everyday language
An argument is made up of premises and a conclusion. Premises are statements that must
be accepted as true. The conclusion given may be invalid or valid. A valid conclusion is
logically deduced from the premises and thus the argument is valid.
Case 1: Arguments using universal quantifiers: all , some , none , no.
(Venn Diagrams aid in determining a valid conclusion for these types of arguments.)
Premise
Diagram
B
A
All A¡¯s are B¡¯s
B
Some A¡¯s are B¡¯s
A
B
No A¡¯s are B¡¯s
A
SECTION 1.5
Examples
a) Given the following:
i)
No persons who
grade work are
intelligent.
Valid and Invalid Arguments 35
Solutions
For premise i, we need two circles: G for grade and I for
intelligent.
I
G
ii)
All teachers grade For premise ii, we add another circle, T, for teachers.
work.
G
I
T
Find a valid conclusion.
Conclusion: No teacher is intelligent.
b) Given the following:
i)
All parents make
promises.
ii)
Some parents are
liars.
Find a valid conclusion.
For premise i, we need two circles: P a for parents and P r
for premises.
Pr
Pa
For premise ii, we add another circle, L, for liars.
Pr
L
Pa
Conclusion: Some people who make promises are liars.
c) Given the following:
i)
ii)
All dogs are
playful.
For premise i, we need two circles: D for dogs and P for
playful.
P
D
Rover is a dog.
Find a valid conclusion.
For premise ii, we need to add a dot, R, for Rover.
P
D
R?
Conclusion: Rover is playful.
36 CHAPTER 1
Sets and Logic
Check Your Progress 1.5
For Questions 1 ¨C 6, read each pair of statements and find a valid conclusion, if possible.
1.
i)
ii)
No people who assign work are rich.
All teachers assign work.
2.
i)
ii)
Some students are happy.
All happy people are irritating.
3.
i)
ii)
All politicians are liars.
No liar is intelligent.
4.
i)
ii)
Some dogs have fleas.
Spot is a dog.
5.
i)
ii)
All horses eat hay.
Harry eats hay.
6.
i)
ii)
All birds have wings.
Robin is a bird.
Case 2: Arguments without universal qualifiers.
Five valid argument forms are symbolized below. Arguments outside these will be
considered invalid.
Valid Forms
1.
i)
ii)
If p then q
p
2.
i)
ii)
Therefore, q.
3.
i)
ii)
p or q
not p
Therefore, q.
5.
i)
ii)
If p then q
If q then r
Therefore, if p then r.
If p then q
not q
Therefore, not p.
4.
i)
ii)
p or q
not q
Therefore, p.
SECTION 1.5
Examples
d) Given the following:
i)
ii)
If you wear a ring, then you are
married.
You wear a ring.
Valid and Invalid Arguments 37
Solutions
i)
ii)
If p then q
p
Form 1 indicates that the conclusion is q:
You are married.
Find a valid conclusion.
i)
ii)
e) Given the following:
i)
ii)
You study French or Spanish.
You do not study Spanish.
p or q
not q
Form 4 indicates that the conclusion is p:
You study French.
Find a valid conclusion.
i)
ii)
f) Given the following:
i)
ii)
If you study, you will get a job.
If you get a job, you can buy a car.
If p then q
If q then r
Form 5 indicates that the conclusion is ¡° if
p then r ¡±: If you study, you can buy a car.
Find a valid conclusion.
Check Your Progress 1.5
For Questions 7 ¨C 11, consider each pair of statements and find a valid conclusion, if
possible.
7.
i)
ii)
You play the piano or guitar.
You do not play the piano.
8.
i)
ii)
If you speed, you will get a ticket.
If you get a ticket, you lose your license.
9.
i)
ii)
If you water the plant, it will grow.
You water the plant.
10.
i)
ii)
You sing or dance.
You do not dance.
i)
ii)
If you run, then you will win.
You do not win.
11.
38 CHAPTER 1
Sets and Logic
See If You
Remember
1.
SECTIONS 1.1 ¨C 1.4
Consider the diagram below, in which no regions are empty.
C
A
B
What is the relationship between sets B and C?
For Questions 2 and 3, write the rule that directly transforms statement i) into statement
ii).
2.
i)
ii)
Not all babies cry.
Some babies do not cry.
3.
i)
ii)
If today is Tuesday, then I will go to school.
Today is not Tuesday or I will go to school.
For Questions 4 and 5, negate the statement.
4. If it does not rain, then I will go shopping.
5. Some dancers are in good shape.
Are the following pairs of statements equivalent?
6.
i)
ii)
If the water is warm, Jan will go swimming.
The water is not warm or Jan will go swimming.
7.
i)
ii)
It is not true that you smoke and drink.
You do not smoke and you do not drink.
8.
i)
ii)
Not all students are failing the course.
Some students are not failing the course.
................
................
In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.
To fulfill the demand for quickly locating and searching documents.
It is intelligent file search solution for home and business.
Related download
- distinguishing valid and invalid deductive arguments de anza college
- invalid arguments miami dade college
- ch 3 4 logic and proofs 2 valid and invalid arguments 2 3 3 4
- 2 3 valid and invalid arguments united states naval academy
- valid arguments university of california san diego
- valid and invalid arguments weblogs at harvard
- section 1 3 valid and invalid arguments university of portland
- workshop 4 creating valid invalid arguments solutions
- definition of a symbolic argument validity of arguments
- 1 5 proving invalidity university of colorado boulder
Related searches
- valid and sound arguments practice
- valid and sound arguments examples
- valid and invalid arguments logic
- valid or invalid argument
- valid or invalid argument math
- difference between 1 5 ah and 2 0 ah
- valid vs invalid arguments
- examples of valid and invalid arguments
- valid or invalid logic
- valid vs invalid logic
- valid or invalid argument philosophy
- 1 or 3 2 0 5 374 374 168 1 1 default username and password