LESSON ONE



UNIT ONE

Topic: Major changes. Work and employment

Grammar: Infinitive

Talking points:

1. What have been the major changes in your life?

2. Changes, good or bad, cause people stress. What changes may cause most stress:

changing schools,

moving to another country,

leaving home,

getting married,

having a baby,

losing a close relative,

breaking up with a partner.

3. What is important to make a good start in life?

Expressions connected with work:

professions are jobs that require considerable training and/or qualifications - lawyer, architect, vet, accountant, engineer

trades are skilled manual jobs requiring on-the-job and other training - plumber, electrician, dressmaker, tailor, mechanic

unskilled jobs - cleaner, refuse collector

What d’you do for a living?

It’s difficult to make a living as a freelance writer.

I’ve been offered a job in Paris. But I’m not prepared to take on that job.

to get the sack - thrown out of your job - óâîëèòü

to be fired - more formal than ‘get the sack’; often used as a direct address: ‘You’re fired!’

to be dismissed - more formal than ‘be fired’

to be made redundant - thrown out, no longer needed

to be laid off - more informal than ‘made redundant’

Ex. 1. Complete each sentence with a word from the list. Use the words more than once.

business job living work

1. Jack makes his ............... working as a journalist. 2. She has just left to go to ............., I’m afraid. 3. They worked very hard and now have their own .............. . 4. There are still nearly two million people without ............. . 5. The cost of ................. has risen greatly over recent years. 6. Stop interfering! This is none of your ................ . 6. Lucy has a very good ................. in an international company. 7. I can’t come out tonight. I’ve got too much ............. to do. 8. An early .................. by Picasso was sold for £3,000,000. 9. She’s only been here three weeks. It’s a temporary ............. . 10. If you have to travel on company ................., we will pay your expenses.

Ex. 2. Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.

Leaving a job

I recently left my job in an ....................... agency ADVERTISE

after a disagreement with my boss. She accepted my

....................... but warned me that because of the RESIGN

....................... situation, I might have to get used to ECONOMY

the idea of being (un).................. for a while. I thought EMPLOY

that she was trying to make a point, but after I had made

over fifty ................. to other companies, I realised that APPLY

she was right. Although I am a ................ designer, QUALIFY

I didn’t receive any offers of a job. After that I tried

working from home, but it was not very................. . PROFIT

Then I became an ................. in a fast-food restaurant, EMPLOY

even though my .................. were very low. I wish I had EARN

accepted early ......................... from my old job. RETIRE

That is what I disagreed with my boss about!

Ex. 3. Complete the text with the following words:

attend career experience face up to fill in income living

prospects qualifications salary staff temporary do work job

Choosing a job

One of the most difficult decisions is choosing what to do for a .............. .

For example, do you want to follow a definite .............., and earn a low .............. at the beginning, but have good ................... in a company that trains its ..............? Or are you interested in taking any kind of .............., because you need a/an ................? You may have to ..................... the fact that a good .............. can be difficult to find. In that case, why not take a ....................... one? You will gain some useful .................... Remember that even if you have the right ......................, you may have to ................ lots of application forms before you are asked to .................... an interview. But don’t worry if you don’t know what you want to .............. exactly. You’ll enjoy finding out.

Ex. 4. Take a word from each column to complete the collocations you need for each space in the text:

working description

sick letter

promotion conditions

pension scheme

covering path

trial pay

career prospects

job expenses

claims form

travel period

Dear David,

You’ll never guess what’s happened - I’ve only got a job! I saw an advert in the press for an administrative assistant at London Insurance, and sent in my CV and a covering letter , more out of curiosity than anything else. Well, to my surprise, I got an interview, and I managed to convince them that insurance is the _______________ I intend to pursue. Apparently, they were impressed with my ambition, especially when I said I was looking for a job with good ___________________, and a week later I was offered the job.

They seem to look after you well - for example, I was told to send in a _________________ so that they could reimburse my _______________ to the interview. It’s little things like that which make all the difference. I was also impressed by the _______________________ at the office when I went for the interview. So I’m actually starting work on Monday! I’ve received my _______________ now, and it all seems very favourable. After a _______________ of one month, I’ll be on a permanent contract with ________________ and paid holiday. There’s even a company ________________ which I can join.

David, why don’t you apply? They take on 20 new graduates each year. It would be right up your street.

Best wishes,

Dan

READING

Text one

NIGHTWORK

It was night and I was alone, behind the locked door, the bulletproof glass. Outside, the city of New York was in the black grip of January. For the last two years, six times a week, I’d come an hour before midnight and left at eight in the morning. I was neither content nor discontent. The room I worked in was warm, the work untaxing, the necessity to speak infrequent.

My duties left me time for my own amusements, with no one to give me orders or change the routine of the night. I spent an hour on the Racing Form, preparing my bets for the next day.

Finished with my calculations of times, weights, distances, sunshine, and rain, I read, making sure always to have a supply of books on hand to suit my tastes. For other nourishment there was a sandwich and a bottle of beer that I picked up on the way to work. Twice during the night I did isometric exercises, for the arms, the guts, the legs. Despite my sedentary occupation, at the age of thirty-three I was stronger and in better condition than I had been at twenty. I’m just short of six feet tall and weigh one hundred and eighty-five pounds. People are surprised when they hear I weigh that much. I’m vain enough to be pleased by this. But I wish I were taller. Some women have told me I look boyish, which I don’t take as a complement. I have never longed for a mother. Like most men I would prefer to resemble the sort of man who is cast on television as a captain in the Marines or the leading figure in a desperate enterprise.

I was working on an adding machine, preparing the previous day’s accounts for the day staff. The machine made a noise like a large, irritated insect as I hit the keys. The sound, which had at first annoyed me, was now familiar and rhythmic, soothing. Beyond the glass, the lobby of the hotel was dark. The management saved on electricity, as on everything else.

I owed my position to the fact that, at the urging of my mother, I had taken a year’s course in business procedures in college. She had insisted that I learn at least one useful thing, as she put it, in those four years.

The name of the hotel was the St Augustine. Although it looked respectable enough on the outside, the hotel had seen better days. As had its clientele. They paid modestly for their accommodation and expected little in return.

I had always been a gambler. I had paid a good part of my way through college in fraternity poker games. When I still was working in Vermont, I played in a weekly poker game and figured I was ahead by several thousand dollars by the time I left. Since then I had not been particularly lucky.

In fact, it was my devotion to gambling that had led me to the Hotel St Augustine. When I first drifted into New York, I had happened to meet a bookie in a bar. He lived in the hotel, and paid off there. He gave me a line of credit and we settled at the end of each week. The hotel was cheap and convenient, and my financial situation did not permit me to demand luxury. When I ran up a five-hundred-dollar debt to the bookie, he had cut me off. Luckily, he said, the old night clerk had just quit his job and the manager was looking for a new man. I looked and sounded like a college graduate, the bookie said, and he knew I could add and subtract. I took the job, but moved out to a place of my own. Twenty-four hours a day at the St Augustine was more than anybody could stomach. I paid the bookie off in weekly installments from my salary. I had cleared my original debt with him and was on credit again. I was only a hundred and fifty dollars down on this night.

(abridged from NIGHTWORK by Irwin Shaw)

Notes:

1. bets - ñòàâêè (íà ñêà÷êàõ)

2. I was six feet tall - 183 cm (1 foot = 0,3 meter)

3. I weigh one hundred and eighty-five pounds - 84 kg (1 pound = 454 g)

4. the Marines - âîåííî-ìîðñêàÿ ïåõîòà

5. bookie - ðàçã. áóêìåêåð (íà ñêà÷êàõ)

6. pay off in (by) weekly installments - âûïëà÷èâàòü ÷àñòÿìè

7. gambler - àçàðòíûé èãðîê

8. quit (quitted; àìåð., ðàçã. quit) - áðîñàòü, êîí÷àòü (êàêîå-ë çàíÿòèå) quit work - áðîñàòü ðàáîòó

Vocabulary

routine (n) - çàâåäåííûé ïîðÿäîê, óñòàíîâèâøàÿñÿ ïðàêòèêà; îïðåäåëåííûé ðåæèì business routine; the routine procedure; my routine duties - óñòàíîâëåííûå ñëóæåáíûå îáÿçàííîñòè

suit (vt, vi) - óäîâëåòâîðÿòü òðåáîâàíèÿì, áûòü óäîáíûì, óñòðàèâàòü; ñîîòâåòñòâîâàòü, ïîäõîäèòü The 7 o’clock train will suit us very well. Will Wednesday suit (you)? Jack and his wife seem well suited for one another; suitable (a) - ïîäõîäÿùèé, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèé, ãîäíûé clothes suitable for cold weather, a place suitable for a picnic

taste (n) 1. - âêóñ (÷óâñòâî, ñâîéñòâî ïèùè) This drink is sweet/sour to the taste. This medicine has no/ a queer taste.2. - âêóñ, ñêëîííîñòü, ïðèñòðàñòèå He has a taste for cigars. She has expensive tastes in clothes. There is no accounting for tastes. Abstract art is not to the taste of everyone. 3. - âêóñ, ïîíèìàíèå, òàêò [U] She has excellent taste in dress. His behaviour was in good/bad taste. It would be bad taste to refuse their invitation. Phr in sb’s taste - â ÷üåì-ë. âêóñå; to sb’s taste - ïî âêóñó êîìó-ëèáî; tasteful - èìåþùèé òîíêèé âêóñ, ñäåëàííûé ñî âêóñîì; tasty - âêóñíûé; tasteless - áåçâêóñíûé; taste 1. (vt) - ÷óâñòâîâàòü âêóñ, ïðîáîâàòü Can you taste anything strange in this soup? The cook tasted the soup to see whether he had put enough salt in it. 2. (vi) - èìåòü âêóñ The fruit tastes good (bitter/ sour/ sweet)

pick up (vt) 1.- ïîäíèìàòü, ïîäáèðàòü pick up a pencil (a book, a handkerchief, etc); 2. - ïðèîáðåòàòü, íàó÷èòüñÿ áûñòðî, íàõâàòàòüñÿ çíàíèé pick up a foreign language, pick up an accent; 3. - áðàòü ïàññàæèðà, çàåõàòü çà êåì-ë. He stopped the car to pick up a young girl who was hitch-hiking across Europe; 4. - ïîçíàêîìèòüñÿ, «ïîäöåïèòü» He picked up a girl on the street

enterprise (n) 1. - ïðåäïðèÿòèå (îñîá ñìåëîå, ðèñêîâàííîå); 2. - ïðåäïðèèì÷èâîñòü, (ñìåëàÿ) èíèöèàòèâà We need a spirit of enterprise if we are to overcome our difficulties. He is a man of great enterprise. He prefers private enterprise to government control of commerce and industry; 3. - ïðîìûøëåííîå, ïðåäïðèÿòèå, çàâîä; small enterprises - íåáîëüøèå ïðåäïðèÿòèÿ; enterprising (adj) - ïðåäïðèèì÷èâûé, èíèöèàòèâíûé

account (n) 1. - ñ÷åò I have an account with the Midland bank. Phr open a bank account - îòêðûòü ñ÷åò â áàíêå; settle one’s account with - ðàñïëàòèòüñÿ ñ êåì-ë.; over-run the account - ñíÿòü áîëüøóþ ñóììó, ÷åì åñòü íà ñ÷åòå; 2.- îò÷åò, äîêëàä, ñîîáùåíèå, îïèñàíèå Don’t always believe newspaper accounts of events. 3. - ïðè÷èíà, îñíîâàíèå on account of - èç-çà, âñëåäñòâèå; on this /that account - ïî ýòîé ïðè÷èíå; account for (v) 1.- îáúÿñíÿòü His illness accounts for his absence. He has been asked to account for his behaviour. There is no accounting for tastes. 2. - îò÷èòûâàòüñÿ The boy has to account to his parents for the money they give him for school expenses. The manager of the bank had to account for all the money that was missing.

annoy (vt) - íàäîåäàòü, ðàçäðàæàòü, äîêó÷àòü I felt annoyed when he refused to help. He was annoyed with the boy for being so stupid. She was annoyed with his silly question; annoying (adj) - ðàçäðàæàþùèé, íàäîåäëèâûé, äîñàäíûé It’s annoying to miss a train; annoyance (n) - äîñàäà, íåïðèÿòíîñòü, ðàçäðàæåíèå with a look of annoyance; much to our annoyance

manage (vt, vi) 1. - óïðàâëÿòü, óìåòü îáðàùàòüñÿ, çàâåäîâàòü, ðóêîâîäèòü manage a horse/ a sailing-boat; a business/ household; a naughty child; 2. - ñïðàâëÿòüñÿ, îáõîäèòüñÿ, ñïðàâèòüñÿ I shan’t be able to manage without help. In spite of these insults she managed to keep her temper; manager (n) - óïðàâëÿþùèé, çàâåäóþùèé, àäìèíèñòðàòîð; management (n) - óïðàâëåíèå, çàâåäîâàíèå; (the management) äèðåêöèÿ, àäìèíèñòðàöèÿ The failure was caused by bad management. What this department store needs is a stronger management

save (vt) 1. - ñïàñàòü, óáåðåãàòü save sb’s life; save sb from drowning / ruin / death; save the situation - ñïàñòè ïîëîæåíèå; 2. - áåðå÷ü, ýêîíîìèòü, îòêëàäûâàòü, êîïèòü save (up) money for a holiday; save for a rainy day - îòêëàäûâàòü íà ÷åðíûé äåíü; 3. - èçáàâëÿòü, ñïàñàòü îò ÷åãî-ë. That will save us a lot of trouble. We’ve been saved a lot of expense by doing the work ourselves. It will save you two days if you go there by air. savings - ñáåðåæåíèÿ keep one’s savings in a bank; (un)safe (a) - (íå)áåçîïàñíûé, íå ïðåäñòàâëÿþùèé îïàñíîñòè Are these toys safe for small children? Keep it in a safe place. Weather is a safe subject for conversation; Phr be on the safe side - íà âñÿêèé ñëó÷àé, äëÿ áîëüøåé âåðíîñòè Although the sun was shining he took an umbrella to be on the safe side; safety (n) - áåçîïàñíîñòü Do nothing that might endanger the safety of other people;

owe (vt, vi) 1. - áûòü äîëæíûì, áûòü â äîëãó (ó êîãî-ë), çàäîëæàòü êîìó-ëèáî çà ÷òî-ë owe sb sth; owe sth to sb; owe for; He owes his father £50. He still owes for the goods he had last month. 2. - áûòü îáÿçàííûì, èìåòü ìîðàëüíûé äîëã ïåðåä êåì-ë, áûòü â äîëãó We owe a great deal to our parents and teachers. He owes his success to good luck more than to ability; owing to - âñëåäñòâèå, ïî ïðè÷èíå; Owing to the rain they couldn’t come

particular (adj) 1. - îñîáåííûé, îñîáûé, èñêëþ÷èòåëüíûé, çàñëóæèâàþùèé îñîáîãî âíèìàíèÿ in this particular case; for no particular reason - áåç âñÿêîé ïðè÷èíû; He took particular trouble to get it right; Phr in particular -â ÷àñòíîñòè, â îñîáåííîñòè; I remember one of them in particular. 2. - (about/over) ðàçáîð÷èâûé, ïðèâåðåäëèâûé, ùåïåòèëüíûé She is particular about what she wears; particularly - î÷åíü, ÷ðåçâû÷àéíî, îñîáåííî, â îñîáåííîñòè; I particularly mentioned that point

pay off - ðàñïëàòèòüñÿ, ðàññ÷èòàòüñÿ, ïîãàñèòü äîëã pay off one’s creditors

pay one’s way (through college) - ñîäåðæàòü ñåáÿ

settle (vt, vi) 1. - ïîñåëèòüñÿ, îáîñíîâûâàòüñÿ The Dutch settled in South Africa. 2. - îïóñêàòüñÿ, îñåäàòü, ñàäèòüñÿ The dust settled on everything. 3. - ðåøàòü, äîãîâàðèâàòüñÿ, îïðåäåëÿòü That settles the matter. Nothing is settled yet. 4. - ïëàòèòü, ðàñïëà÷èâàòüñÿ settle a bill - îïëàòèòü ñ÷åò; to settle one’s accounts with the tradesman; Phr settle down - óñòðàèâàòüñÿ, óñàæèâàòüñÿ; óñïîêàèâàòüñÿ He settled down in his arm-chair to read a new novel. The chairman tried to settle the audience down. The excitement settled down

Word combinations:

make sure - óáåäèòüñÿ, óäîñòîâåðèòüñÿ

have sth on hand - èìåòü ÷òî-òî ïîä ðóêîé

take a course in (business procedures) - ïðîéòè êóðñ (ó÷åáíûé) â ...

Ex. 5. Answer the questions about the text.

1. How did Douglas Grimes happen to become a night clerk in the St. Augustine? 2. Describe Douglas Grimes. 3. What does Douglas think about himself? 4. What was Douglas’ attitude to his work? 5. What was the routine of Douglas’ nightwork at the hotel?

Ex. 6. Find the English for the following phrases and use them in discussing the text:

çà çàïåðòîé äâåðüþ è ïóëåíåïðîáèâàåìûì ñòåêëîì; ïðèêàçûâàòü èëè ìåíÿòü îïðåäåëåííûé ðåæèì ðàáîòû; îáäóìûâàíèå; óáåäèòüñÿ, ÷òî ïîä ðóêîé èìååòñÿ çàïàñ êíèã; óäîâëåòâîðÿòü âêóñàì; çàõâàòèòü ïî äîðîãå íà ðàáîòó; âîñïðèíèìàòü êàê êîìïëèìåíò; ïðåäïî÷èòàòü; îò÷àÿííàÿ àâàíòþðà; ñ÷åòà çà ïðåäûäóùèé äåíü; äíåâíîé ïåðñîíàë; ýêîíîìèòü íà âñåì; áûòü îáÿçàííûì (÷åìó-òî), ÷òî ïîëó÷èë ýòó ðàáîòó; ìåòîäû äåëîïðîèçâîäñòâà; ïëàòèòü íåäîðîãî çà ïðîæèâàíèå; àçàðòíûé èãðîê; îïëà÷èâàòü áîëüøóþ ÷àñòü ñâîåãî îáó÷åíèÿ â êîëëåäæå ñ ïîìîùüþ...; ðàñïëà÷èâàòüñÿ; êðåäèòíàÿ ëèíèÿ; áðîñèòü ðàáîòó; âûïóñêíèê êîëëåäæà; âûïëà÷èâàòü äîëã ÷àñòÿìè êàæäóþ íåäåëþ; âûïëàòèòü äîëã.

Text two

BIG BUSINESS

Danny was standing on Manhattan Bridge. Suddenly he noticed a still burning cigarette-end on the sidewalk and rushed to save it; a few deep puffs and Danny sent little blue clouds of smoke into the mild air of the early spring.

When enjoying the smoke he thought over his present situation. What’s the use of it all, he said to himself; here I am, a young man looking for a job of some kind or other - but not the ghost of a chance of getting one.

And I am certainly no fool. I am good at anything, I don’t mind what I do and still no luck ... I must smoke dog-ends thrown away by others... Oh, boy! What does a man do to become a partner of Rockefeller or Vanderbilt? ... They started on a small scale, the same as I should like to, and I am quite sure they were not very particular about the way in which they made their money - and I shouldn’t be either.

...And still, there is only eight dollars and fifty cents in the torn pocket of my trousers. Eight dollars and fifty cents. The devil knows how much longer I shall be able to make both ends meet on eight fifty. Where, for Heaven’s sake, could I pick up a job?

Damn it all, he grunted. Now it is beginning to rain cats and dogs on top of all, and I have a hole in my shoes. A hole? It’s holes I have, nothing but holes and no shoes around them.... Where can I hide from the rain? I’ll go to the post office for a while.

By the time he reached the post office he was wet through. He stood in the main hall of the post office, watching the people hurrying busily this way and that, and then picked up a letter somebody seemed to have left behind on one of the many writing desks. He read the first few lines, hardly knowing what exactly he was reading; then something struck him. He read again, and this time he gave a low, long drawn whistle of surprise. In no time he was out in the street again, looked stealthily back, and hiding in a doorway started to learn by heart the short note.

‘Dear Friend,’ it ran, ‘Yesterday, shortly before I left I made up my mind to get rid of my old clothes. I am well on my way to San Francisco by now, but I just remembered something terrible. The night before I left I happened to meet Mr Burbridge at the Savoy. He paid me a thousand dollars in settlement of an old debt. He gave me a one thousand dollar bill, and I put it into the inside pocket of the blue worsted suit I was wearing. But I have sold that suit along with the other old things. Do please go at once to Black, the old clothes dealer, at 3, Pinapple Street, Brooklyn; may be he has not resold the suit yet...’

One thousand dollars! Whispered Danny, almost beside himself with excitement. The sum might be the making of me... Damn it, I am going to risk my last eight dollars.

* * *

Black & Son, secondhand gents’ clothiers, had their shop full of customers when Danny entered. Old man Black, his sleeves rolled up, was wiping the sweat off his face, and after giving instructions to his employees who were busy carrying clothes about the shop, hurried towards Danny to serve him.

‘What can I do for you, sir?’

‘Have you got anything in tweed? Asked Danny with seeming indifference.

‘Tweed, sir? Certainly, sir, the very latest... My assistant will attend to you. John, run and bring the tweed suit we bought from Mr Rockefeller the other day.’

‘Now I come to think of it,’ said Danny who seemed to be changing his mind, ‘I think I would rather have something in worsted.’

‘Just my own taste, sir. Worsted is always the smartest wear for a gentleman.’

‘Well ... I think, I’d like to have something in navy blue ...‘

‘I can let you have a suit like that, sir. Something quite exceptional,’ exclaimed Mr Black. ‘I say, John, leave the tweed, bring the blue worsted one... Yes, the one we have from Mr Gould - it will be just the right size.’ And then Mr Black turned to another customer.

‘The blue lounge suit,’ cried the attendant to a small boy. ‘Run, Ralph, be sharp. Get us the navy worsted lounge suit.’

The boy hurried off, and a second later Danny was trying on a jacket that hung loosely from his narrow shoulders.

‘Fits you like a glove, sir,’ exclaimed the attendant in admiration. ‘A suit made to measure by a first-class tailor could not fit you better ...’

Carefully and yet stealthily Danny passed his hand over the pockets of the jacket, his heart almost stopped beating, he had to clear his throat. Then he asked for the price, and without bargaining he paid the price of seven and a half dollars, and a quarter of an hour later he sat in Columbus Park with a large parcel in his hands. He couldn’t help feeling excited.

Hurriedly he opened the parcel, took out the navy blue jacket in the right inside pocket of which he found a black leather wallet, opened it and began to count the money with shaking hands.

‘Eleven thousand three hundred dollars,’ he stammered. ‘Eleven - thousand - three - hundred - dollars. Danny, old boy, that was big business, indeed.’

* * *

When Mr Black senior closed his shop long after nine p.m., his managing clerk said to him with a satisfied smile:

‘Well, sir, that was excellent business again today, wasn’t it?... We are getting rid of all our old rubbish. We are doing a good turnover in those cheap shoddy suits.’

‘Fine,’ said Mr Black smiling. ‘Did you manage to get a new supply of those letters written?’

‘Certainly, Mr Black. Five hundred.’

‘All right. Tomorrow morning my son is going to ‘lose’ them again in the post offices, the subway, in the telephone boxes... It looks like we shall have our entire stock cleared in a couple of days... A capital idea, those one thousand dollar letters.’

Mr Black was searching about the shop for something.

‘Ralph,’ he called, ‘bring me my jacket.’

‘Your jacket, sir?’

‘Yes, I hung it here over the chair. The blue jacket.’

‘Oh, that one ...’ stammered the boy and opened his eyes wide, ‘that one was sold this afternoon, sir.’

(from ‘Colloquial English’)

Notes:

1. sidewalk (AmE) - (BrE) pavement

2. dog-end (sl) - cigarette-end

3. rain cats and dogs - rain heavily. It should be noted that this idiom is not used very often; it is far more usual to say ‘It’s pouring with rain’

4. the Savoy - a fashionable hotel in New York

5. Black & Son, secondhand gents’ clothiers - ìàãàçèí ôèðìû «Áëýê è ñûí» ïî ïðîäàæå ïîíîøåííîé ìóæñêîé îäåæäû

6. & - this symbol (called ‘ampersand’) for ‘and’ is frequently used in the names of business firms. It should be used, however, only if the firm itself writes its name this way. The ampersand should never be used in any other context, except in extremely informal writing, such as the notes that you take for your own use.

7. lounge suit - a suit of clothes of the kind usually worn during the day - ïèäæà÷íûé êîñòþì

Vocabulary

use (n) 1. - ïîëüçà, òîëê, âûãîäà Is this of any use to you? It’s no use your pretending / no use for you to pretend that you don’t know the rules. What’s the use of talking to him. 2. - óïîòðåáëåíèå, èñïîëüçîâàíèå the use of electricity for lightning; Phr in use - áûòü â óïîòðåáëåíèè; out of use - âûéòè èç óïîòðåáëåíèÿ; make (good/the best) use of - óïîòðåáëÿòü ÷òî-òî You must make good use of every opportunity you have of practising English; useful (adj) - ïîëåçíûé A spade is a useful tool; useless - áåñïîëåçíûé A car is useless without petrol. It’s useless to argue with him; use (vt) - èñïîëüçîâàòü, óïîòðåáëÿòü, ïîëüçîâàòüñÿ You use a knife to cut bread. How much coal did you use last winter? used (adj) - èñïîëüçîâàííûé, áûâøèé â óïîòðåáëåíèè used cars; user (n) - ïîëüçîâàòåëü The number of PC users increases every year; used to - èìåòü îáûêíîâåíèå äåëàòü ÷òî-òî â ïðîøëîì There used to be some trees in this field. That’s where I used to live when I was a child; be used to - áûòü ïðèâûêøèì ê ÷åìó-ë He is quite used to hard work/ working hard. I am not used to being spoken to in that rude way.

certain (adj) 1. - óâåðåííûé It’s certain that two and two make four. I’m not certain where he went. You can’t be certain of success. I wasn’t certain about the time. Phr for certain - íàâåðíÿêà I don’t know for certain. 2. - îïðåäåëåííûé, èçâåñòíûé There is no certain cure for this disease.3. - íåêîòîðûé, îïðåäåëåííûé for a certain reason; on certain conditions; to a certain degree; There was a certain coldness in her attitude to me. certainly (a) - êîíå÷íî, áåçóñëîâíî; certainty (n) - óâåðåííîñòü I can’t say with any certainty where I’ll be next week

risk (n) - ðèñê There is a certain risk that she may find out the truth. To succeed in business one must be prepared to take risks. We are running a big risk trusting him. Phr run/take the risk of doing sth - ðèñêîâàòü, ïîäâåðãàòü ðèñêó, îïàñíîñòè I don’t want to run the risk of meeting him. at the risk of - ðèñêóÿ He saved my life at the risk of losing his own. at risk - â îïàñíîñòè The disease is spreading, and all children under five are at risk. at one’s own risk - íà ñâîé ñòðàõ è ðèñê; risk (vt) - ðèñêîâàòü He is always risking his money at cards. She risked losing all her money in the enterprise.

employ (vt) - äåðæàòü íà ñëóæáå, ïðåäîñòàâëÿòü ðàáîòó The firm employs about 100 hundred people. employee (n) - ñëóæàùèé, ðàáîòíèê They are Government employees. employer - íàíèìàòåëü, ðàáîòîäàòåëü Mr. Jones is my employer. employment - çàíÿòîñòü They are considering the employment of 1,000 workers. Phr be in/out of employment He has been in employment here for 10 years. employment agency - àãåíòñòâî ïî íàéìó

fit (vt,vi) - ãîäèòüñÿ, ïîäõîäèòü, áûòü â ïîðó, ñîîòâåòñòâîâàòü The key doesn’t fit the lock. This suit fits me. The door fits badly. He fitted the description. Phr fit like a glove - áûòü êàê ðàç â ïîðó; fit (a) - ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèé, ãîäíûé, ïðèãîäíûé, ïîäõîäÿùèé The food was not fit to eat. That man was not fit for the position. We must decide on the fit time and place of the meeting.

satisfy (vt) - óäîâëåòâîðÿòü Nothing satisfies him, he is always complaining. Phr be (dis)satisfied with sth - áûòü (íå)óäîâëåòâîðåííûì ÷åì-ë He was dissatisfied with his salary / at not getting a better salary; (dis)satisfaction (with) (n) - (íå)óäîâëåòâîðåííîñòü (÷åì-ë) He expressed dissatisfaction with the results (un)satisfactory - (íå)óäîâëåòâîðèòåëüíûé The result of the experiment was satisfactory.

supply (vt) - ñíàáæàòü, ïîñòàâëÿòü supply sth to sb; supply sb with sth - supply consumers with gas; supply (n) - çàïàñ; ñíàáæåíèå, ïîñòàâêà Have you a good supply of reading matter for the train journey? We shall be receiving new supplies of shoes next week. Phr supply and demand - ñïðîñ è ïðåäëîæåíèå

rush (vt) - ñïåøèòü, ì÷àòüñÿ; áðîñàòüñÿ äåëàòü ÷òî-ë ïîñïåøíî The children rushed out of the school gates. Phr rush to conclusions - ñäåëàòü ïîñïåøíûå âûâîäû; rush sth through - âûïîëíèòü, îñóùåñòâèòü áûñòðî; The order for furniture was rushed through in two days (the goods were packed and sent off); rush (n) - ñòðåìèòåëüíîå äâèæåíèå; ñïåøêà, íàïðÿæåíèå I don’t like the rush of city life. Why all this rush? Phr gold-rush - çîëîòàÿ ëèõîðàäêà; the rush-hour - ÷àñ «ïèê» We were caught in the rush-hour traffic.

attend (vt) 1. - óäåëÿòü âíèìàíèå, çàáîòèòüñÿ, ñëåäèòü çà ÷åì-òî attend to one’s work; attend to the wants of customers; Your order will be attended to immediately. 2. - ïîñåùàòü, ïðèñóòñòâîâàòü attend school/church; a lecture/meeting; The lectures were well attended.

deal (dealt) (vt) 1. - (with) ðàññìàòðèâàòü, êàñàòüñÿ; èìåòü äåëî ñ êåì-ë. This man is easy/difficult/impossible to deal with. 2. (in sth) - òîðãîâàòü ÷åì-ë. This shop deals in goods of all sorts.

serve (vt) 1. - ñëóæèòü, áûòü ñëóãîé He serves as gardener and a chauffeur. 2. - ðàáîòàòü, ñîñòîÿòü íà ñëóæáå; ñëóæèòü serve one’s country; serve a year in the Army; 3. - îáñëóæèâàòü; ïîäàâàòü íà ñòîë There was no one in the shop to serve me. Dinner is served. Serve coffee in the next room, please. 4. - âûïîëíÿòü íàçíà÷åíèå, ñëóæèòü This box will serve for a seat. service (n) - ñëóæáà, îáñëóæèâàíèå; óñëóæåíèå be in/go into service Miss White has been in our service for five years; a bus/train service; the telephone service. The service at the hotel was good.

Word combinations

on a large (small) scale - â áîëüøîì (ìàëåíüêîì) ìàñøòàáå

made both ends meet - ñâîäèòü êîíöû ñ êîíöàìè

for sb’s sake / for the sake of sb/ sth - ðàäè êîãî-ëèáî/ ÷åãî-ëèáî

on top of all (everything) - â äîâåðøåíèå êî âñåìó

for a while - â òå÷åíèå íåêîòîðîãî âðåìåíè, íà âðåìÿ

be (get) wet through - ïðîìîêíóòü íàñêâîçü

shortly before - íåçàäîëãî äî

get rid of sth/sb - èçáàâèòüñÿ, îòäåëàòüñÿ îò ÷åãî-ëèáî/êîãî-ëèáî

be beside oneself with excitement (joy, anger, etc.) - áûòü âíå ñåáÿ îò âîëíåíèÿ (ðàäîñòè, çëîñòè è ò.ï.)

be the making of sb - ñîäåéñòâîâàòü óñïåõó êîãî-ë; îáåñïå÷èòü óñïåõ êîìó-ëèáî

the other day - íà äíÿõ, íåäàâíî

made-to-measure / made-to-order - ñäåëàííûé íà çàêàç

can’t help doing - íå ìîæåò óäåðæàòüñÿ îò ÷åãî-ëèáî

a stock of (goods, books) - çàïàñ (òîâàðîâ, êíèã)

in no time - ìãíîâåííî, â ìãíîâåíèå îêà

I’d rather do sth - ÿ áû ïðåäïî÷åë ñäåëàòü ÷òî-ë., ÿ áû îõîòíåå ñäåëàë ÷òî-ë.

without bargaining - íå òîðãóÿñü

Ex. 7. Answer the following questions:

1. What were Danny’s thoughts as he stood on Manhattan bridge enjoying his smoke? 2. What made Danny go into the post office? 3. Why did Danny rush to the shop of Black & Son? 4. Why was there such a rush of customers at the shop? 5. How did Danny happen to come into a big sum of money?

Ex. 8. From the use of the words in the text explain the difference between ‘grunt’, ‘whisper’, ‘stammer’, ‘say’.

Ex. 9. In the story Danny’s mood changes several times. Find instances of pessimism, doubt, uncertainty, surprise, excitement, hesitation, determination, joy.

Ex. 10. Find the English for the following phrases and use them in discussing the text.

îáäóìûâàòü ñâîå ïîëîæåíèå; èñêàòü ðàáîòó; Íå èìåòü íè ìàëåéøåé íàäåæäû; áûòü íåðàçáîð÷èâûì (â ñðåäñòâàõ); ñâîäèòü êîíöû ñ êîíöàìè; â äîâåðøåíèè êî âñåìó; óêðûòüñÿ îò äîæäÿ; ïîäîáðàòü îñòàâëåííîå êåì-òî ïèñüìî; â ìãíîâåíèå îêà; îãëÿíóòüñÿ óêðàäêîé; íåçàäîëãî äî îòúåçäà; óïëàòèòü ñòàðûé äîëã; äàâàòü óêàçàíèÿ; íàïóñêíîå ðàâíîäóøèå; èçìåíèòü ðåøåíèå; áûòü êàê ðàç ïî ðàçìåðó; âèñåòü ìåøêîì (î ïèäæàêå); êîñòþì, ñøèòûé íà çàêàç; ïåðâîêëàññíûé ïîðòíîé; ïðîâåñòè ðóêîé ïî êàðìàíàì; îòêàøëÿòüñÿ; óïëàòèòü, íå òîðãóÿñü; ñ÷èòàòü äåíüãè äðîæàùèìè ðóêàìè.

Ex. 11. Study the following phrases; (a) recall the sentences in which they are used in the text and (b) use them in sentences of your own:

look for; be good at sth/doing sth; be wet through; leave behind; know/learn by heart; shortly before; get rid of; be on one’s way to some place; along with sth/sb; roll up (the sleeves); in tweed/ worsted; with indifference; turn to sb; try on; hang loosely from (sb’s shoulders); in admiration; made to measure; ask for sth/sb; search (about) a place for sth.

Ex. 12. Fill in the blanks with prepositions or adverbs.

1. After watching the new secretary working non-stop ____ several hours the manager decided that she was well fit _____ the job. He found she was particularly good _____ attending _____ the correspondence. 2. Now he is no longer as indifferent _____ criticism as he used to be. 3. We were surprised _____ the certainty _____ which he spoke. Where had he picked _____ all that information and why was he so sure _____the facts? 4. Will you ring _____ the station and find _____ when the train is coming in; I am not certain _____ the time. 5. He’ll be paying you _____ as soon as he gets money _____ home. I know it _____ certain. 6. Don’t rush _____ the book, you can pick _____ a lot of useful information if you read it _____ attention. 7. The injured man was picked _____ _____ the ambulance and rushed _____ hospital, but he died ____ his way. 8. She tried _____ a dozen _____ coats before she found one entirely _____ her taste. 9. I’d rather have a suit made _____ measure even if it’s more than I can afford just now. 10. _____ their way _____ the station they were caught _____ the rain and before long were wet _____ . 11. During restoration work every effort was made to save the picture _____ complete ruin. 12. Make _____ the quarrel _____ him, please, _____ my sake, if not _____ your own. 13. She was annoyed ______ the child ______ being so stupid.

14. He owe his success _____ good luck more than _____ ability.

Ex. 13. Fill in the correct particle (off, out, up).

1. The boy hurried ... and a second later Danny was trying on a blue jacket. 2. He was told to hurry ... if he didn’t want to be left behind. 3. She paid the money, picked ... the parcel and disappeared through the door. 4. He seems to have picked ... the wrong accent, rather difficult to get rid of now. 5. There were so many tasty things on the table. After some careful thinking the boy picked ... a big red apple. 6. Nobody knew how he happened to be picked ... for the job. 7. She came ... and smiled. 8. The problem is sure to come ... sooner or later. 9. The boy tore ... a piece of paper but it was too small to wrap the book. 10. She tore ... a sheet from her notebook and sat down to write a hurried note. 11. He tore ... the letter without reading it. 12. He seems to have paid ... his debts at last. 13. He was warned that if he didn’t pay ... by a certain day and date, he would be getting into trouble. 14. He broke ... the end of the stick. Now it seemed to be the right length. 15. They broke ... to have tea.

Ex. 14. Fill in the blanks with the word ‘fit’ (v, adj) in the required form. Add the necessary auxiliary verbs.

1. These shoes are my size, they _____ me nicely. 2. The shoes are worn out, they (not) ______ to wear. 3. I knew him at once. He _____ the description given by his friend. 4. We must decide on the _____ time and place for the conference. 5. It’s the wrong key, it (not) _____ the lock. 6. We can’t recommend the man for the job, he (not) _____ for it. 7. They know that she _____ role wonderfully but she (not) _____ to play yet after her illness. 8. The window _____ badly. You should do something about it. 9 The vase ______ for nothing, the broken parts (not) _____ . 10. Do as you think _____.

Ex. 15. Fill in the blanks with suitable words in the correct form:

attend, certain, enterprise, fit v (2), fit adj (2), manage, management, particular, risk n, v, rush v, satisfy, save (2), serve, taste n (3)

1. Only an immediate operation could _______ the patient from almost _______ death. 2. My answer didn’t seem to _______ him as he shook his head and turned to my neighbour with the same question. 3. The food _______ at the place was awful to the _______, and we decided to write to the _______ about it. 4. He shouted a hurried good-bye and _______ past to the catch the bus. 5. The part of the main hero was very much to his _______. Of course there were people who said he did not _______ the role, but he paid no attention. 6. The secretary promised to _______ to the matter at once. 7. He was said to have jumped into the river and _______ the boy at the _______ of his own life. 8. It was a great effort, yet he _______ to stop the car in time. 9. In the new coat, which _______ her like a glove, the girl looked extremely smart. 11. He refused to take part in the _______ , saying he couldn’t afford to _______ either his money or his reputation. 12. His education was of the general kind that didn’t make him _______ for any employment in _______. 13. Everything about the flat seemed to be in excellent _______.

Ex. 16. Change the sentences using the following words and word combinations:

deal with, take the risk, fit, pick up (2), be well satisfied (with), use (2), particular, be beside oneself (with), in no time, get rid of, nothing but, on top of all, shortly before, cannot help (doing) sth

1. It was the chance of a lifetime, yet he wouldn’t try his luck. 2. We tried our hardest not to laugh but could do nothing about it. 3. We wondered what the good of the effort was if it didn’t bring any results. 4. The arrangement suited them perfectly. 5. You shouldn’t have taken it so hard, it was only a joke. 6. To make things worse, the young man was up to his ears in debt. 7. His mother asked him sharply where he managed to find such friends. 8. A seemingly unimportant incident took place almost immediately before his departure. 9. He seemed to be badly in need of that very book, the one that was about electronics. 10. She read the letter and nearly went mad with joy. 11. She seems to have learnt quite a lot of English during her short stay in London. 12. The suit was no good for him, it was far too loose and I advised him to try on another. 13. She did her best to drive away the feeling that she was being followed, but it was no good. 14. He rushed outside and very soon he was out of sight.

Ex. 17. Test translation.

1. Íå ñïåøèòå ïðî÷èòàòü ýòó êíèãó. Åå íàäî ÷èòàòü î÷åíü âíèìàòåëüíî. Èç íåå ìîæíî ïî÷åðïíóòü ìíîãî ïîëåçíîé èíôîðìàöèè. 2. Ýòèì ëåòîì íà îçåðå Áàéêàë îæèäàåòñÿ áîëüøîé íàïëûâ òóðèñòîâ. 3. Òû äîëæåí âûéòè èç äîìó ïîðàíüøå, åñëè íå õî÷åøü ïîïàñòü â ÷àñ «ïèê». 5. Îíà íå ìîãëà íå ðàññìåÿòüñÿ, ãëÿäÿ íà íåãî. Åãî îäåæäà áûëà áåçâêóñíîé, íå ïîäõîäèëà åìó ïî ðàçìåðó. È â äîâåðøåíèè êî âñåìó îí áûë ìîêðûé íàñêâîçü. 6. Çàäàíèå áûëî äîâîëüíî òðóäíûì, è ìû íå îæèäàëè, ÷òî îí ñïðàâèòñÿ ñ íèì òàê áûñòðî. 7. Ñîâåòóþ âàì îáðàòèòüñÿ ê ñåêðåòàðþ. Îí ñêàæåò âàì, êòî èìåííî çàíèìàåòñÿ ýòèìè âîïðîñàìè. 9. Ê ñîæàëåíèþ íàì íå óäàëîñü ïîáûâàòü íà âûñòàâêå åãî ðàáîò. Îíà çàêðûëàñü íåçàäîëãî äî íàøåãî ïðèåçäà. 10. ß âîçüìó ñ ñîáîé ñëîâàðü íà âñÿêèé ñëó÷àé, íî äóìàþ, ÷òî íå ñìîãó èì âîñïîëüçîâàòüñÿ. 11. Íåò íèêàêîãî ñìûñëà ìåðèòü ýòîò êîñòþì, îí òåáå íå ãîäèòñÿ. 12. Îí î÷åíü ðàçáîð÷èâ â åäå. 13. Èíòåðåñíî, ãäå îí ïðèîáðåë òàêîé àêöåíò? 14. Óðîâåíü áåçðàáîòèöû â ðåãèîíå î÷åíü âûñîêèé, îñîáåííî â ìàëåíüêèõ ãîðîäàõ. Ìíîãèå ñåìüè åäâà ñâîäÿò êîíöû ñ êîíöàìè. 15. Òðóäíî ñêàçàòü, ïî÷åìó îí âîñïîëüçîâàëñÿ ýòîé èíôîðìàöèåé. 16.  ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ êîíòðàêòîì çàâîä äîëæåí ïîñòàâèòü íàì ìàøèíû â ïåðâîì ïîëóãîäèè. 17. Åñëè âû ïîëåòèòå òóäà ñàìîëåòîì, âû âûèãðàåòå (ýòî ñýêîíîìèò âàì) äâà äíÿ. 18. Îí íå ïîäõîäèò äëÿ ýòîé ðàáîòû. Îí ñ íåé íå ñïðàâèòñÿ. 19. Ñäåëàé ýòî ðàäè ìåíÿ. Èçáàâüñÿ îò ýòîé äóðíîé ïðèâû÷êè. 20.  êàêîé-òî ñòåïåíè îí ðèñêîâàë ñâîåé æèçíüþ, êîãäà ñïàñàë ëþäåé âî âðåìÿ íàâîäíåíèÿ. 21. Ñâîèì ïîëîæåíèåì îí îáÿçàí óäà÷å. 22. Îí íåîæèäàííî áðîñèë ðàáîòó, òàê êàê ñ÷èòàë, ÷òî îíà íå ïîäõîäèò åìó. 23. Íèêòî, êðîìå íåãî íå çíàë, â êàêîì áàíêå ó íåãî ñ÷åò. 24. Ýòîò ôðóêò ãîðüêèé íà âêóñ. Áîþñü, ÷òî îí íå ïðèãîäåí äëÿ åäû. 25. Îíà î÷åíü ïðåäïðèèì÷èâûé ÷åëîâåê, ÿ óâåðåí, ÷òî îíà ñìîæåò óïðàâëÿòü õîçÿéñòâîì. 26. ß ïî÷óâñòâîâàë ðàçäðàæåíèå, êîãäà îí îòêàçàëñÿ ïðèíÿòü ó÷àñòèå â ýòîì ñìåëîì ïðåäïðèÿòèè. 27. Îí âñå åùå äîëæåí çà òîâàðû, êîòîðûå åìó ïîñòàâèëè â ïðîøëîì ìåñÿöå. 28. Åñëè âû ïîñòàâèòå òîâàðû íå ñëåäóþùåé íåäåëå, òî âû èçáàâèòå íàñ îò íåïðèÿòíîñòåé. 29. Îí òîëüêî óñòðîèëñÿ â êðåñëå, ÷òîáû ïî÷èòàòü êíèãó, êîãäà êòî-òî ïîçâîíèë â äâåðü. Îí áûë âíå ñåáÿ îò ðàçäðàæåíèÿ, êîãäà îêàçàëîñü, ÷òî ýòî áûëà îøèáêà. 31. Îí ðàñïëàòèëñÿ çà êóðòêó íå òîðãóÿñü è ïîñïåøèë ê îñòàíîâêå àâòîáóñà.

Grammar

THE INFINITIVE

Forms of the Infinitive

Active Voice Passive Voice

Present to write to be written

Present Continuous to be writing ---

Perfect to have written to have been written

Perfect Continuous to have been writing ---

The Infinitive is used after the following verbs in the Passive Voice:

to see, to hear;

to think, to consider, to know, to expect, to believe, to suppose;

to make, to let, to force, to induce, to order, to tell, to allow;

to say, to report.

The rider was seen to disappear in the distance.

Mr. Brown was considered by many to be a great man.

The manuscript is believed to have been written in the 15th century.

Amundsen is believed to be the first to reach to South Pole.

The injured person is supposed to have been taken to hospital.

The director is expected to be back any minute.

The little boy was aroused and made to put on his clothes.

The delegation is reported to have arrived in Moscow.

He is said to have risked his life to save somebody.

The Russian equivalent is: êîãî-òî âèäåëè...; êîìó-òî ïîçâîëèëè..; ñ÷èòàëè, ÷òî..; ïîëàãàþò, ÷òî...; ñîîáùàþò, ÷òî.., êîãî-òî çàñòàâèëè..., ãîâîðÿò, ÷òî..., îæèäàþò, ÷òî... .

The Infinitive is used after the word-groups to be (un)likely, to be sure, to be certain, to be bound.

Don’t worry. Things are sure to get better.

This book is bound to be remembered.

He is unlikely to make this mistake again.

She is sure to have talked to the director.

The Russian equivalent is: êîíå÷íî, íàâåðíÿêà, îáÿçàòåëüíî, âðÿä ëè, ìàëîâåðîÿòíî.

The Infinitive is used after the verbs to seem, to appear.

___________________________________________________________

He seems, seemed / to read a lot. (His knowledge is/was surprising)

appears, appeared to be reading something funny. (Look at him he

is smiling all the time.)

to have read the note. (He looks sad.)

to have been reading for a whole day

to be given information regularly

to have been told the news

He doesn’t (didn’t) seem /appear to know the subject.

___________________________________________________________

The Russian equivalent is: êàæåòñÿ, êàçàëîñü, ïî-âèäèìîìó.

The Infinitive is used after the verbs to happen, to chance (êíèæí.)

Only yesterday we happened to see him in the theatre.

By 11 o’clock her mother had chanced to look into her room.

Do you happen to know where this book is sold?

The Russian equivalent is: ñëó÷àéíî, ñëó÷èëîñü òàê...

The Infinitive is used after to turn out, to prove

The experiment proved to be a failure.

They all turned out to be good fighters.

The Russian equivalent is îêàçàëñÿ, îêàçûâàòüñÿ

Ex. 18. Change the following sentences from active to passive.

1.They allow us to take a one-hour lunch break. 2. They require employees to work on Saturdays. 3. It is said that acid rain destroyed many trees all over Europe. 4. He made her promise that she would come back soon. 5. The headmaster let the boys leave the school. 6. They believe he got lost in the forest. 7. They said the director had been shot. 8. They believe she was taking drugs. 9. They expect he will pass his driving test. 10. They believe he is leaving soon. 11. They report that some papers have been stolen. 12. It is said that he was a brilliant surgeon. 13. It is expected that the prime-minister will broadcast a statement tonight. 14. It is said that the murderer is hiding in the woods near your house. 15. It is said that the earth was originally part of the sun. 16. They will allow us to leave as soon as we finish the work.

Ex. 19. Translate the following into English:

1. Èõ ïîïðîñèëè îïëàòèòü ñ÷åò íåìåäëåííî. 2. Åé ðàçðåøèëè ïðîñìîòðåòü âñå ñ÷åòà çà ïðåäûäóùèé äåíü. 3. Åãî íóæíî çàñòàâèòü îòêàçàòüñÿ îò ýòîé äóðíîé ïðèâû÷êè. 4. Åé ðàçðåøèëè ïîïðîáîâàòü ðàçëè÷íûå âèäû ïå÷åíüÿ íà êóõíå. 5. Èõ çàñòàâèëè èçìåíèòü çàâåäåííûé ïîðÿäîê ðàáîòû íà ôèðìå. 6. Íàñ ïîïðîñèëè îñòàòüñÿ äî êîíöà ïðåçåíòàöèè.

Ex. 20. Fill in the correct form of the infinitive.

1. The weather seems (improve). Let’s go out. 2. She appears (work) on her composition for hours. 3. It was very cold earlier on today but it seems (warm up) now. 4. I’ve looked everywhere, but the file appears (misplace). 5. The little dog seems (lose) its master. 6. He seems (work) hard on a solution to the problem. Don’t interrupt him. 7. You seem (know) this area very well. - Yes, I used to live here. 8. As we seem (miss) the train we may as well go back to the house. 9. The crime seems (commit) by a left-handed man. 10. He appears (kill) with a blunt instrument. 11. He seems (choose) books for a whole hour. 12. You always seem (leave) your things all around the place. 13. She looks sad. She appears (hear) the unpleasant news. 14. She didn’t seem (look) at me but at somebody behind. 15. She heard the remark, but she didn’t appear (hurt). 16. He seems (wear) the same suit the whole year. 17. She didn’t seem (interest) in the problem. 18. The letter doesn’t seem (reach) him. 19. They seem (use) this method for years. 20. Why did he rush away so suddenly? - He seems (have) some business to attend to. 21. They seemed (forget) him already. 22. Some violent emotion seemed (bother) him. 23. There seems (be) a fight here. Everything is smashed to bits. 24. My sister has just come back from abroad. She seems (enjoy) her trip very much.

Ex. 21. Paraphrase the following sentences so as to use an infinitive after the verbs ‘seem’, ‘appear’

1. He was apparently enjoying the concert. 2. It seemed that he had lost interest in the subject. 3. Apparently he was particular about his food. 4. It seemed that the house hadn’t been liven in for a long time. 5. It seemed that she had never tasted this fruit. 6. It appeared that they were hardly able to make both ends meet. 7. It doesn’t seem that customers are served here properly. 8. It seems that he has been collecting stamps since he was a boy. 9. He was silent for a moment. It seemed that he was searching his memory. 10. It appears that he is not fit for the job. 11. It seems that you have been working hard lately. 12. Apparently they didn’t notice use. 13. It seemed that they were all talking at once. 15. It seemed that there was not risk in asking him the question. 16. It appeared that he had been approached on the subject. 17. It seemed that the job was risky. 18. It seemed there was no other settlement to the problem. 19. It seems that he is a man of simple tastes. 20. The manager is apparently interested in the particulars of the agreement. 21. The reason for the explosion, it seemed, was hard to find. 22. It appeared that the shop has sold out the entire stock of these coats. 23. They apparently have reached a settlement of some kind or other.

Ex. 22. Translate the following sentences using an infinitive after the verbs ‘seem’ or ‘appear’.

1. Àäìèíèñòðàöèÿ, êàæåòñÿ, ýêîíîìèò íà âñåì. 2. Ïîõîæå, ÷òî îíè èñïîëüçîâàëè ýòè ñâåäåíèÿ â ñâîåì îò÷åòå. 3. Ïîõîæå, ÷òî èìåííî ýòîò ôàêò óæå áûë óïîìÿíóò â äîêëàäå. 4. Îíà, êàæåòñÿ, î÷åíü ïðèâåðåäëèâà â îäåæäå. Íè÷òî â ìàãàçèíå, ïî-âèäèìîìó, íå ñîîòâåòñòâóåò åå âêóñó. Îíà, êàæåòñÿ, ïåðåìåðèëà äåñÿòü ïëàòüåâ, íî íè îäíî, ïîõîæå, íå ãîäèòñÿ åé. 5. Ïðîôåññîð, êàæåòñÿ, íå óäîâëåòâîðåí åå ðàáîòîé. Ïî-âèäèìîìó, îíà íå ïîñåùàëà âñå ëåêöèè. 6. Ìíå êàæåòñÿ, ÷òî ÿ óæå ãäå-òî ñëûøàë ýòî èìÿ. 7. Ïîõîæå, ÷òî ýòîò êîñòþì áûë ñäåëàí íà çàêàç. Îí î÷åíü õîðîøî ñèäèò íà íåì. 8. Îíà íå îòâåòèëà ñðàçó. Êàçàëîñü, îíà ïîäûñêèâàëà íóæíûå ñëîâà. 9. ß ÷òî-òî íå ïîìíþ âàñ. 10. Íàêîíåö îíè, ïîõîæå, íàøëè ïîäõîäÿùåå ìåñòî äëÿ ïèêíèêà. 11. Ïî-âèäèìîìó, îíè äàâíî çäåñü ðàáîòàþò è õîðîøî çíàþò ðåæèì ðàáîòû. 12. Îí, ïî-âèäèìîìó, î÷åíü ïðåäïðèèì÷èâûé ÷åëîâåê. Åìó óäàëîñü ïîëó÷èòü êðåäèòíóþ ëèíèþ â áàíêå äëÿ ñâîåãî ïðåäïðèÿòèÿ.

Ex. 23. Paraphrase the following sentences using an infinitive after the verb ‘happen’.

1. It so happened that I took the wrong turning. 2. Do you, by any chance, know where I can find him? 3. It so happened that I had no money on me. 4. We were quite by chance picked up by a passing car. 5. It so happened that they missed the five o’clock train. 6. Do you by any chance know where such things are sold? 7. It so happened they picked the wrong person for the job. 8. It so happened that the book dealt with a problem that interested me very much. 9. It so happened that I was not at home at the time.

Ex. 24. Translate the following sentences using an infinitive after the verb ‘happen’.

1. Âû, ñëó÷àéíî, íå çíàåòå ïðè÷èíó åãî îòñóòñòâèÿ? 2. Íàì óæå ñëó÷àëîñü èìåòü äåëî ñ òàêèìè ëþäüìè. 3. Ìû ñëó÷àéíî âñòðåòèëèñü íåçàäîëãî äî îòêðûòèÿ êîíôåðåíöèè. 4. Åñëè âû ñëó÷àéíî âñòðåòèòå åå, ñêàæèòå åé, ÷òî îíà ìíå î÷åíü íóæíà, íî ÿ íèêàê íå ìîãó ñ íåé ñâÿçàòüñÿ. 5. Ñëó÷èëîñü òàê, ÷òî ìû ïîïàëè ïîä äîæäü è ïðîìîêëè íàñêâîçü. 6. Ñëó÷èëîñü òàê, ÷òî îíè ïîñåëèëèñü â òîé æå äåðåâíå â ãîðàõ. 7. Ñëó÷èëîñü òàê, ÷òî îí çàñòðÿë â ïðîáêå ïî ïóòè íà âàæíûå ïåðåãîâîðû è íå ñìîã ïðèåõàòü âî âðåìÿ.

Ex. 25. Complete the following sentences using an infinitive after the verbs ‘turn out’ or ‘prove’ (make use of the list below).

1. They had been looking forward to the party but when it came, it ......... 2. The parents were against their marriage but the man ..............

3. They employed him for the job temporarily and he .....................

4. At first nobody liked him but he................

5. She bought me the coat not being sure of the size, but it .................

6. I didn’t expect much from the film, but it ....................

7. He has always been proud of the picture in the living-room but it .......

8. We took what we thought the shortest way, but it ..............

9. They picked him for the job but he ....................

a. be exactly my size

b. be the best clerk they had ever had

c. be an ideal husband for their daughter

d. be quite unfit for the job

e. be dull and uninteresting

f. be the longer

g. be worthless

h. be a nice person

i. be quite thrilling

Ex. 26. Translate the following sentences using an infinitive after the verbs ‘turn out’ or ‘prove’.

1. Äåðåâíÿ, ãäå îíè ðåøèëè ïîñåëèòüñÿ, îêàçàëàñü òèõèì è ìèëûì ìåñòå÷êîì. 2. Êíèãà îêàçàëàñü òàêîé èíòåðåñíîé, ÷òî îí ïðî÷èòàë åå î÷åíü áûñòðî. 3. Îáñëóæèâàíèå â íîâîì ðåñòîðàíå îêàçàëîñü õóæå, ÷åì îíè îæèäàëè. 4. Õîòÿ îí áûë âûïóñêíèêîì êîëëåäæà, îí îêàçàëñÿ íåïîäõîäÿùèì äëÿ ýòîé ðàáîòû. 5. ßçûê êíèãè îêàçàëñÿ òðóäíûì, è îí íå ñìîã ïðî÷èòàòü åå.

Ex. 27. Paraphrase the following sentences using an infinitive after the phrases ‘be sure/certain’, ‘be (un)likely’.

1. It was not likely that he would take the risk. 2. The firm has a new rush of orders. It is certain the management will employ more people to the work. 3. Surely a washing machine and a dish-washer will save a lot of time and effort. 4. It was unlikely that this wet weather would keep long. 5. It is certain that they have made use of this information. 6. Surely the manager will be satisfied with your account. 7. It’s most unlikely that you will find her in at this time of the day. 8. It’s unlikely that the weather will change for the better. 9. It’s unlikely that this suit will fit him. It’s too small. 10. I’m sure that she is very hard to deal with. 11. I’m certain that he will come to pick us up in his car.

Ex. 28. Translate the sentences using an infinitive after the phrases ‘be sure/certain’, ‘be (un)likely’.

1. Åñëè âû íå ïîòîðîïèòåñü, âû, íàâåðíÿêà, ïîïàäåòå â ÷àñû «ïèê». 2. Âðÿä ëè ðàçóìíûé ÷åëîâåê ïîéäåò íà òàêîé ðèñê. 3. Âåðîÿòíî, îí áðîñèò ýòó ðàáîòó. Îí íå íàõîäèò åå äîñòàòî÷íî èíòåðåñíîé. 4. Îí, íàâåðíÿêà, èñïîëüçóåò ýòó èíôîðìàöèþ â ñâîåì îò÷åòå. 5. Âðÿä ëè, ýòîò êîñòþì áóäåò åìó ïî âêóñó. Îí áû ïðåäïî÷åë ÷òî-òî èç òâèäà. 6. Âðÿä ëè òàêîå îáúÿñíåíèå óäîâëåòâîðèò àäìèíèñòðàöèþ. 7. Îí, íàâåðíÿêà, ïðèîáðåë ýòîò àêöåíò, êîãäà æèë â Øîòëàíäèè. 8. Ìàëîâåðîÿòíî, ÷òî îí ïîäîéäåò äëÿ ýòîé ðàáîòû, îí íåäîñòàòî÷íî ïðåäïðèèì÷èâûé.

MIXED BAG

Ex. 29. Answer the following questions.

1. What writer is known to have been a doctor? 2. What poet is known to have died young? 3. What inventor is said to have built the first locomotive? 4. What country is supposed to be the birthplace of football? 5. What explorer is supposed to be the first to discover America? 6. What explorer is supposed to have reached the South Pole first? 7. What great medieval artist is known to have also been an inventor, architect and scientist?

Ex. 30. Translate the following sentences into Russian.

1.This small town is known to have once been the capital of the country. 2. The storm is reported to be moving south. 3. They are supposed to know how to deal with the problem. 4. The actress is known to be very particular about her looks. 5. The new secretary is expected to save us a lot of trouble. 6. The lakes in the North of the country are believed to be full of fish. 7. She is said to have once been a beautiful woman. 8. The first performance of the play is said to have been a failure. 9. This film is believed to have marked a turning point in his career. 10. The delegation is reported to have attended the opening ceremony of the festival. 11. The manager is supposed to deal with such things. 12. He is said to be a great connoisseur of ancient art. 13. He is said to have risked his life to save somebody. 14. He wasn’t expected to take such risks. 15. The Greek and Roman myths and legends are considered to be an important part of our cultural heritage. 16. Atlantis, an island in the Atlantic Ocean, first mentioned by Plato is said to have sunk into the sea. 17. The department is expected to have to employ another ten people in connection with the seasonal rush of orders.

Ex. 31. Paraphrase the following sentences so as to use an infinitive after the verb in brackets.

1. She has lost her job (seem). 2. Ann was accepted to work there (seem). 3. He is working hard (appear). 4. They have been watching TV all afternoon (seem). 5. Tom missed the train (appear). 6. They are moving house (seem). 7. It has been raining hard (seem). 8. There is no point in asking him the question (seem). He doesn’t know the answer (appear). 9. There was something wrong with his attitude to work. (seem). 10. He has been wearing the same pair of jeans for a whole year (seem). 11. Life begins at 40 (believe). 12. Tastes change with age (say). 13. The lecture will be attended by all the students (suppose). 14. The driver has crossed the traffic lights when they were red (believe). 15. The result of the experiment surpassed all expectations (say). 16. The play was received with indifference (say). 17. An automobile show will be held next month (report). 18. Is there any chance that he’ll phone today? (likely). 19. Is there any chance we’ll get a pay rise? (likely). 20. There is no chance that Ann will offer to help (likely). 21. It’s quite possible that she has missed the bus (likely). 22. I’m sure he has spent all his money (certain). 23. I suppose James won’t be seeing the boss tomorrow (likely). 24. It’s possible that he will arrive before six (likely). 25. They will keep on working until they finish the job (sure). 26. You needn’t worry. I’m sure he’ll easily pick up friends there (sure).

Ex. 32. Translate into English.

A. 1. Ìíå íå ïðèõîäèëîñü (ñëó÷àëîñü) èìåòü äåëî ñ òàêèìè âåùàìè. 2. Äåòè, êàæåòñÿ, ïîëó÷èëè áîëüøîå óäîâîëüñòâèå îò ïîåçäêè íà ëîäêå. 3. Âåðîÿòíî, ñàìîëåò ïðèáóäåò ñ îïîçäàíèåì èç-çà øòîðìà. 4. Êàçàëîñü, ÷òî îí ñëåäèë çà êàæäûì ìîèì øàãîì. 5. Äåòÿì íå ðàçðåøàåòñÿ èãðàòü íà ìîñòîâîé. 6. Çàäàíèå îêàçàëîñü áîëåå òðóäíûì, ÷åì ìû äóìàëè. 7. Êàæåòñÿ îíè íå çíàþò, êàê ñïðàâèòñÿ ñ ýòîé òðóäíîé çàäà÷åé. 8. Âðÿä ëè îí áóäåò ðèñêîâàòü ñâîåé ðåïóòàöèåé ðàäè äåíåã. 9. Ñëó÷èëîñü òàê, ÷òî îí îñòàâèë êëþ÷è íà ðàáîòå è ïîýòîìó íå ìîã ïîïàñòü äîìîé.10. Ïî-âèäèìîìó, ýòîò ñëóæàùèé ðàáîòàåò çäåñü äàâíî. 11. Ðîäèòåëè, êàçàëîñü, íå áûëè óäèâëåíû íåîæèäàííîìó ïðèåçäó äåòåé. 12. Äàâàé ïîçâîíèì åìó. Îí, íàâåðíÿêà, çíàåò åå òî÷íûé àäðåñ. 13. Îíè, íàâåðíÿêà, ïðèìóò ó÷àñòèå â îáñóæäåíèè ïðîåêòà. 14. Äåëî, êàçàëîñü, áûëî çàáûòî. 15. Îíè, êàæåòñÿ, ïîìèðèëèñü.

Â. 1. Îíè, êàæåòñÿ, ïîøëè íà íåíóæíûé ðèñê. 2. Îíà, êàæåòñÿ, ïåðåìåðèëà óæå äþæèíó øëÿï, íî íå ìîæåò âûáðàòü ÷òî-ëèáî ïî âêóñó. 3. Ãîâîðÿò, ÷òî îíà î÷åíü ïðèâåðåäëèâà â îäåæäå. Îíà íèêîãäà íå ïîêóïàåò ãîòîâóþ îäåæäó. 4. Õîòÿ îíè íà÷àëè ñâîå äåëî â ìàëåíüêîì ìàñøòàáå, îíè íàâåðíÿêà äîáüþòñÿ óñïåõà. 5. Îí áûë âíå ñåáÿ îò çëîñòè, êîãäà óçíàë, ÷òî êîìïàíèÿ íå ïîñòàâèëà íóæíûå òîâàðû â ñðîê.  äîâåðøåíèè êî âñåìó, ñëó÷èëîñü òàê, ÷òî çàïàñ îáåðòî÷íîé áóìàãè íà äíÿõ ñãîðåë âî âðåìÿ ïîæàðà íà ñêëàäå. 6. Îí,

êàæåòñÿ ñäåëàë âñå âîçìîæíîå, ÷òîáû ñïàñòè ïîëîæåíèå. 7. Ïðîôåññîð, êàçàëîñü, áûë ÷åì-òî ðàññòðîåí. Âåðîÿòíî ðåçóëüòàòû ýêñïåðèìåíòà îêàçàëèñü íåóäîâëåòâîðèòåëüíûìè. 8. Âû ñëó÷àéíî íå çíàåòå, ñêîëüêî ëþäåé çàíÿòî íà ýòîì ïðåäïðèÿòèè? 9.Ãîâîðÿò, ÷òî ó íåå î÷åíü õîðîøèé âêóñ. Åå ñëåäóåò íàíÿòü íà ôèðìó êàê äèçàéíåðà.

Reading and speech exercises

Ex. 33. Read the text below. Eight sentences have been removed from the article. Choose from the sentences A - I the one which fits each gap (1-8). There is one extra sentence that you don’t need to use.

A CHANGE FOR THE BETTER

Ever since he left university twenty years ago Geoffrey Long has worked as a civil servant at a government ministry in London. (1) ............ However, he is now about to make a radical change in his lifestyle. A distant relative died recently and left Geoffrey a small hotel by a loch in Scotland. (2) ................. ‘It came as a complete surprise,’ he says, ‘but I see it as a great opportunity to do something different with my life’. His wife, Elizabeth, shares his enthusiasm but is a little apprehensive about their lack of business experience. ‘Neither of us has ever worked in a hotel before, so we have no experience of managing staff or looking after guests. I hope we will be able to make a go of it, but if we don’t we can always sell up and try something else. I’m looking forward to going there, and I’m sure we will succeed in running the hotel as a profitable business.’

Their daughter, Sarah, aged fourteen, is not so keen to go. (3) ......... Moreover, the education system in Scotland is not quite the same as in England. She dreads moving but she has no choice but to accompany her parents. Her elder brother, Christopher, couldn’t care less about the move. (4) ................. ‘I don’t really mind where my parents live,’ he says, ‘except that if they are in Scotland I will have to travel a long way to visit them in the holidays, but I might not bother anyway, wherever they are. I’ve got my own life to lead now.’

(5) .............. He is determined to go. ‘The only alternative for me is twenty more years of boring routine office work. If I chose to do that, it would drive me mad. (6) ............... I’m looking forward to being my own boss and making my own decisions. It will be a challenge, and I can’t wait to get started. I’m committed to doing this and there will be no turning back. (7) ............... She’ll enjoy having more open space and opportunities for skiing and other sports.

They are moving at the end of September, by which time they will have sold their London house. (8) ................

A. - She will miss her friends and have to start a new school at a time when she has to take important exams.

B. - I’m going to take this opportunity and make the most of it.

C. - During all that time he has made the same journey to work and spent all day in the same office doing much the same work, returning home in the evening to his semi-detached three-bedroomed house in a South London suburb.

D. - There is no likelihood of Geoffrey Long changing his mind.

E. - They hope to be ready to open the hotel, which they are first going to refurbish, in the spring of next year.

F. - I have to concentrate on my studies now and I don’t expect to have lots of free time to be able to use any of the leisure facilities that may be available.

G. - Geoffrey did not expect to inherit a hotel.

H. - I know that Sarah isn’t enthusiastic about moving but she will quickly get used to living in a new place.

I. - He is going to start university in a couple of months and will not be living at home anyway.

Ex. a) Find in the text the English for the following words and word combinations:

ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé ñëóæàùèé; ðàäèêàëüíîå èçìåíåíèå; óíàñëåäîâàòü; ïîëíàÿ íåîæèäàííîñòü (ñþðïðèç); ðàçäåëÿòü ÷åé-ëèáî ýíòóçèàçì; îïàñàòüñÿ; íåäîñòàòîê äåëîâîãî îïûòà; î÷åíü áîÿòüñÿ (ñòðàøèòüñÿ) ïåðååçäà; óïðàâëÿòü ïåðñîíàëîì; áûòü ïîëíûì ðåøèìîñòè; ñêó÷íûé ðåæèì ðàáîòû; âîñïîëüçîâàòüñÿ âîçìîæíîñòüþ; èñïîëüçîâàòü ÷òî-ëèáî íàèëó÷øèì îáðàçîì; ïðèâûêíóòü æèòü íà íîâîì ìåñòå.

Ex. b) Answer the following questions about the text.

1. What caused a radical change in Geoffrey Long’s life? 2. What was Geoffrey’s lifestyle in London? 3. Why is Geoffrey keen on moving to Scotland? 4. Why is Elizabeth a little apprehensive about the move? 5. Why does Sarah dread going to Scotland? 6. What is Christopher’s attitude to his parents’ plans? 7. Why is Geoffrey determined to make a radical change in his life?

Ex. 34. Complete the passage using one word for each gap.

Starting at college

It was Jenny’s first day at college. She ............ up at a quarter to seven, dressed .............. the clothes she had chosen the night before, had a quick cup and was off. As she stood ............ for the bus she realised how excited she felt. She was going to meet lots of new people and was about to start a .............. she really wanted to do, business studies. She was determined to have a successful .............. in business and doing the course was the first step.

The entrance hall was full of new students just ............. her. She looked at the notice board and saw where the business studies students .............. supposed to meet. She found her ................ to a large room where there were about fifty other students .............. all seemed to be the .............. age as Jenny. Then a member of a staff came in and introduced himself ............... their course tutor. He explained how the course was organised and what work would be ............... from the students. There was also a lot of information to do with ............. the college and its buildings. Then the whole group was ........... to the library, where they learned where to find books and journals relevant to their studies. They were also shown the study centre which contained computers for student use and the ‘quiet’ room, a place where work ............ be done without noise or distractions.

Jenny went to have lunch in the canteen with some people from her course and found that they came from a ............... of different schools in the area. After lunch they .............. their first class, and Jenny realised that she was going to have to work hard ................ she was going to do well. In the evening she went ............. with some of her new friends to celebrate the start of life at college.

Ex. 35. Here are three stories about people who have started their own businesses, but the stories have been mixed up. First read the paragraphs quickly and decide which paragraphs go with each story. Then put them in the right order.

James McClarty: 1________ 2________ 3________ 4________ 5______

Jeremy Taylor: 1__________ 2_________ 3__________

John Glover; 1________ 2_________ 3_________ 4 _________

a.

James McClarty, 16, runs a part-time bakery delivery service. Every Friday evening he goes round his local village selling his wares - bread, rolls and tea cakes, which he buys wholesale from a bakery.

b.

Jeremy Taylor has had his market garden for 18 months now, growing fruit and vegetables for local consumption. He is most proud of his early potatoes and juicy raspberries. He thought starting a business would be complicated, but in fact he found it quite straightforward.

c.

He had the excellent idea of giving out free hot cross buns before Easter, and as a result he got bumper orders for the Easter weekend. ‘I’ve already expanded to include the next village, but I’ve employed a friend to do the delivering.’

d.

But there weren’t any. ‘I still had £100 and my bike. I’m lousy at mathematics, but my girlfriend Lynn was good at accounts, so we set up with another friend, Paul, as a third partner.’

e.

James likes the extra money, but he does have one complaint. ‘I’m getting fat. I can’t help eating the tea cakes!’

f.

At first they found it very difficult to get known. ‘Nothing seemed to work - leaflets and adverts in the paper brought nobody.’ Then slowly the customers trickled in.

g.

Since then they have grown and grown. ‘We use up to 20 riders and we buy ourselves a new bike every year. We’ve learned a lot about management, and we’re now pretty confident about the future.

h.

But the organisation is far from old-fashioned. He bought a computer, which he uses to work out orders, costs and profit. He has had the business for nine months.

i.

He was given good advice by the bank manger. ‘Start small, consolidate and expand gradually. There’s been an increased demand for my fresh vegetables, and my produce is picked, packed and sold within 24 hours.’

j.

A clever observation by John Glover gave him and two of his friends the idea for their small business. ‘We’d all had jobs but we were made redundant. I had seen a lot of motorcycle couriers in London, so I thought I would try and get a job with one locally.’

k.

‘I’ve always loved gardening, and the thought of making a living out of a hobby is wonderful.’

l.

‘There hasn’t been a baker in the village since the big supermarkets opened in town 10 years ago. People like the service and especially the old-fashioned bread.’

Ex. 36. When young people leave home, what do they expect to do? Students about to go to university talk about what they expect and want to do.

Imogen Casebouurne

I see my degree as something which will make me more perceptive as opposed to improving my chances of getting a job. Nowadays no-one seems to want to broaden their minds. I do. Obviously I’d want to earn enough to keep me above the breadline. But I wouldn’t mind doing a boring job to save money to travel. Being unemployed doesn’t worry me. It’ll be quite strange going away. I’ve never been taken away and put in a totally new environment. It should be interesting. I’m leaving my boyfriend behind. I intend to write to him a lot and see him in the holidays. But I don’t want to be rushing home at weekends. I hope university changes me. I’ve experimented with different ideas and ways of doing things already. I see university as the next step.

Andrey Kotlarczyk

I told someone I was going to Oxford and he said, ‘Are your parents rich then?’ Other friends say, ‘I hope you still speak to us when you come back.’ They think I’m going to become stuck up or something. I hope I never will be. I don’t worry about being a boy from a comprehensive school at Oxford. At the interview all the public school people were in one corner and we were in the other. But I think once everybody knows each other the barriers will break down. My college is mixed, with a nine-to-seven ratio of men to women - pretty good, I thought. It adds a bit of flavour; it tends to make it more friendly. I don’t think university is going to change me as much as it could if I’d had a really strict upbringing. Hopefully after three years at university I will have matured. I’ll be more worldly. Most of all I’m looking forward to meeting lots of rich girls! If you don’t have a good time at the university, when can you have a good time?

Tessa Murray

You don’t really think about what you’re doing unless you have a year off. Now I’m more aware of the work aspect of university and how it does determine how you start off in your career. I am ambitious - I’d like to get into the media. I know it sounds square but I’m looking forward to studying and testing my brain. I’m not going to sit in my room every night but I don’t feel under pressure to go out. I’ll have fewer distractions because I know what I want from university. All the attractions of university life and the freedom don’t seem so appealing any more, now that I’ve had a year off and had the experience of living in Africa. I hope I don’t get too carried away with thinking I’m independent. I won’t really have left home until I start earning my own wage. As long as Dad gives me an allowance, I can’t feel independent.

Chan Robert Gupta

The impression I get of university life is that students hardly study and they’re out every night. If friends ask me out there’s no chance of me studying. That’s going to be the main difference, that I’m going to be so free. I’m looking forward to running my own life. But I am a bit nervous because I don’t know how to cook or anything. The thing that really worries me is work. I’ve worked in an accounts office so I know I don’t want a boring nine-to-five job. I want a company car and a good wage and all that stuff. Everyone says that university is the best years of your life - that’s what I want it to be. But if it’s boring I’ll have to stick with it.

Ellie Storey

I think university will make a big difference to my life. All through school we had it drummed into us that you need a degree to get a job. I chose law because I thought a vocational degree would be a good idea; at the moment, I think I might try to get into the business side of law. When I think about university, the thought of a lecture or anything academic doesn’t even cross my mind. A year ago I was looking forward to going to university. Then it was a big thing - leaving school and having a lot of freedom. Now that I’ve had a good time without going to university I’m not looking forward to it quite so much. In the year since I left school, everyone’s changed. Most people are much more confident, and they’ve tended to broaden their views. After five months’ travelling I’m much more confident. Boarding school gives you a slight advantage - I won’t get homesick, I’m used to having a bank account and not over-running my allowance. But my life at an all-girls boarding school was quite claustrophobic and everyone at school used to be obsessed with talking about men. I am looking forward to mixing with more men. I think I’ll find it easier to treat them as human beings having had a year off.

Ex. 37. Find in the texts the English for the following words and word combinations and use them in discussing the texts.

ðàñøèðèòü êðóãîçîð; äåëàòü ñêó÷íóþ ðàáîòó; êîïèòü äåíüãè íà ïóòåøåñòâèÿ; ñòàòü âûñîêîìåðíûì; ïîâçðîñëåòü; îòâëå÷åíèÿ (ðàçâëå÷åíèÿ); ñàìîìó çàðàáàòûâàòü çàðïëàòó; ðàñ÷åòíûé îòäåë; ñêó÷íàÿ ðàáîòà ñ äåâÿòè äî ïÿòè; ïðèâûêíóòü îáðàùàòüñÿ ñî ñ÷åòîì â áàíêå; ïðåâûñèòü ñóììó, ñíÿòóþ ñî ñ÷åòà.

ex. 38. Choose the correct word or phrase for the gap in each sentence.

settle down; feel at home; inherited; mature; making; lifestyle; redundant; widen; expel; dismissed; retired; leave

1. Going to college gives you the chance of ............... lots of new friends. 2. It took Tom more than a year to .................. in his new job. 3. Jenny began to ................. after she’d been living in the house for a few weeks. 4. After he was made ................., Tim could no longer afford to go out with his friends. 5. Sally was ................... from her first job because she kept taking days off. 6. At what age do most of the children .............. school? 7. When his grandfather died, John ................... enough money to buy a house. 8. Caroline accepted the job abroad in order to ................. her experience. 9. Since Terry started his first job, he has become much more ................... . 10. ‘How did your ................. change when you won the prize?’ asked the interviewer. 11. My father ................. at the age of 65, but I’d like to do so at 50. 12. The school decided to ................. the student who had tried to set fire to the chemistry laboratory.

Ex. 39. Read the text and fill in prepositions, then discuss the following questions.

1. What problems did the narrator have with his job?

2. Do you think his boss should have tried harder to keep him?

The boss from hell

Before I went ....... my interview ........ the job .........Cramer and Blake Services, I talked ........ a few people and found ....... some information ........ the company. This strategy worked very effectively as it gave the impression that I was keen and committed and I was offered the job ....... the personnel manager ....... the spot.

I was extremely delighted ....... first, but I soon discovered that my new boss, Tom, worked very hard, spending all his time ....... the office and never leaving before 8 p.m. He expected the same amount ....... commitment ....... his employees - the workload he expected every and each ....... us to carry was absolutely unreasonable. He accused anyone who didn’t work overtime regularly ...... not doing their fair share and letting the team ....... I decided to put ...... ...... the situation without complaining ...... a while but finally I felt I had to confront Tom. I told him I wasn’t prepared to work so hard ...... such a low salary. Tom said that I had big potential and could easily get ....... the top if I was prepared to make an effort. However, he refused to reduce my workload and so ....... the end I decided to hand ...... my resignation.

Just a week later I got another job ....... Cramer and Blake’s main competitors. Now I’m earning twice as much as my old boss, and my job’s twice as interesting. I work long hours - but I’m glad I moved. I haven’t got ...... the top yet - but I’m well ...... my way!

Ex. 40. Read Mark’s letter and write a letter of advice to him.

Mark Frazer has just left university with a degree in engineering. He has received a number of job offers but is not sure which one to accept.

Dear.....

I hope you are well and have had some luck in finding a job. I’m in the ‘fortunate’ position of having several job offers to choose from. The trouble is I don’t know which one to go for. I’d appreciate your advice. I’ve got a definite offer of a job with a company in Birmingham at a salary of £20,000. Actually, that’s with Amanda’s father’s company. Do you remember Amanda? She’s my fiancée - and she’s very keen to fix a date for the wedding. It seems that there is a house available if I take that job. The trouble is that, according to what I’ve read in the newspapers, Birmingham Engineering isn’t doing very well. It has made a big loss this year and there are rumors of an American take-over. It might not be a secure job. I haven’t mentioned this to Amanda but I’ve got an interview with Channel Engineering on 1 August. If I got that job, I’d be paid £30,000 (plus bonus) and be based in Dover.

I’ve also got a definite offer of a job in Australia at an annual salary of £40,000 plus free accommodation and meals. It’s a two-year contract. Amanda is very much against me taking that job because it’s for single men only - it’s in a remote desert location - and she has read in the newspaper that MIMC’s Tennant Creek mine (that’s where I would be) has a poor safety record, with several deaths recently. If I take that job I have to let them know by 1 August and fly to Australia on 31 August.

Well, I’ve got a lot of choices. What do you think I should do?

Best wishes

Mark

a) Find the Russian for the following words and phrases:

job offers -

I’d appreciate your advice -

She’s keen to fix a date -

a house is available -

make a big loss -

an American take-over -

a secure job -

Ex. 41. Read and discuss the text.

A-Levels or £1m?

When at the age of three, David Bolton began using a calculator, his proud parents foresaw that he would do well at school. They could not have anticipated the problem he would face 14 years later. While most pupils his age are struggling with A-levels, he is trying to perform an uneasy balancing act between schoolwork and making his first £1m from a computer consultancy. He is meeting his headmaster tomorrow for a show down that could mean he will have to leave school. Since his early days, Bolton has progressed from computer to computer with such ease that he now sells his own programmes to property firms and to doctors wanting to put their patients’ records on disk.

‘It’s a quandary,’ said the schoolboy, who has turned up for morning assembly in his Porsche 924. ‘The business opportunities may not come again if I don’t seize them now, and I also understand why my parents and my headmaster would prefer me to stay at school. However, I cannot concentrate on my lessons if I need to meet clients, and sometimes the problem will not wait.’

Since Bolton is over 16, he can legally decide whether or not to stay on at school. He is apprehensive that business opportunities, if not immediately exploited, may not be repeated, but he does not want to destroy his parents’ dream of him achieving a Cambridge degree.

Bolton is a pupil at Wilson’s, a highly academic grammar school (founded 1615) in Wallington, Surrey. Last week he was plunged into controversy when his father, Bill Bolton, a retired hospital worker, told John Simpson, the headmaster, that his son wished to leave so that he could devote himself to his computer consultancy (which the boy runs from his bedroom). Bolton Jnr has made it clear that he will quit unless the school rules are modified to allow him to attend urgent business meetings. At school, meanwhile, Bolton sat 10 GCSEs a year early and obtained four A grades, four Bs, and two Cs. He also wrote persuasive letters to companies offering himself as a computer consultant - usually omitting to mention his age.

The Sunday Times

Ex. 42. - a) Look at the following list of factors you might consider when choosing a job. Select five and rank them in order of importance for you.

• job security

• independence

• income

• status

• job satisfaction/self-fulfilment

• social life

• future prospects

i) How could you find out about these factors before applying for a job? Which factors might it be appropriate to ask about if you were being interviewed for a job?

j) What sort of information can an employer get from an interview apart from facts that could be gained from a letter of application or a CV?

k) How effective do you think interviews are as a means of selecting people for jobs?

l) Read the following texts on job applications and interviews. Which text is written in a more personal style?

Text 1

In today’s job marketplace, the interview is increasingly a structured event, with each candidate being asked the same predetermined questions, rather than a process guided by whatever questions happen to float into the minds of the panel. A growing number of interviews are also situational, with candidates being asked questions such as ‘What would you do if...?’, or ‘How would you deal with a situation where...?’. This approach lets them provide practical examples of how they would tackle particular situations, whether or not they have had any direct experience of them. Despite their increasing rigour, interviews are also generally becoming a lot less formal, reflecting the decreasing importance attached to hierarchy within organisations. It has been found that despite all these efforts to bring the interviews process up-to-date, employers frequently make the wrong choice - but although the interview may be a highly unreliable predictor of a candidate’s suitability, it remains the centrepiece of most organisations’ selection procedures.

From the point of view of the candidate, there are important pointers towards maximising the possibilities of success at the interview stage. One of the most important is good preparation both in personal appearance and in knowledge of what the job entails. Confidence gained in this way will enable the candidate to feel at ease, and to avoid the traps of either false modesty or over confidence when answering questions in the interview.

Text 2

Barbara left university armed with a good degree in advertising and a desire to fulfill her dream of working in PR. But three months after sending scores of letters in response to adverts, she was still looking for that elusive job.

Nowadays it’s not just the traditionally popular professions like the media and law that are difficult to enter. To make sure you get noticed, you have to be prepared to pull out all the stops. And here’s how you can do it.

You should identify your skills and what you want out of your job. The core skills employers are looking for are communications, teamwork and IT skills; seek help with this from career advisors and consultants. Send out speculative letters, but make sure your letter stands out - you want the reader to stop and take notice. Once you reach the interview stage, beware of pitfall that can trip you up. Your performance here is crucial. Blunders can cost you the job; make sure you’re well-versed in as many of the company’s products and services as possible. Dress smartly but comfortably, as you will be judged in some respects by what you were. When in doubt, dress conservatively. Appear confident, relaxed and in control at all times - this is of primary importance - and remember to listen as well as talk. Communication is a two-way street - talk too much and you may miss clues concerning what the interviewer feels is important.

f) What are the three main changes in the nature of the interview described in text 1?

g) What advice is given in the texts for the best approach to take when applying for a job.

Ex. 43. Translate the sentences into English.

1. Åãî óâîëèëè â ñâÿçè ñ çàêðûòèåì ïðåäïðèÿòèÿ. 2. Ïîñëå ñìåðòè îòöà îí óíàñëåäîâàë ñòàðûé çàìîê, êîòîðûé îí íàìåðåâàåòñÿ ïðåâðàòèòü â ãîñòèíèöó. 3. Åìó íå õâàòàåò îïûòà è çíàíèé, ÷òîáû óïðàâëÿòü ñâîèì áèçíåñîì, ïîýòîìó îí ðåøèë ïðîéòè êóðñ áóõãàëòåðèè è äåëîïðîèçâîäñòâà. 4. Îíà î÷åíü õî÷åò ïîåõàòü â Àôðèêó, îíà óâåðåíà, ÷òî ðàáîòà òàì ïîìîæåò åé ðàñøèðèòü ñâîé êðóãîçîð. 5. Ïîñëå âîçâðàùåíèÿ èç àðìèè îí ïîâçðîñëåë. Îí íàìåðåâàåòñÿ íà÷àòü (ñîçäàòü) ñâîå ñîáñòâåííîå äåëî. 6. Áðîñèòü õîðîøóþ ðàáîòó â áàíêå è íà÷àòü ñâîå äåëî áûëî äëÿ íåãî ðàäèêàëüíûì èçìåíåíèåì â æèçíè. 7. Îíà îïàñàëàñü, ÷òî ïåðååçä â ìàëåíüêèé ãîðîä ìîæåò ïðåâðàòèòü åå æèçíü â ñêó÷íóþ è íåèíòåðåñíóþ. 8. Åé íàäîåëà ñêó÷íàÿ è îäíîîáðàçíàÿ ðàáîòà â ðàñ÷åòíîì îòäåëå. 9. Îí ÷óâñòâîâàë ñåáÿ íåñ÷àñòíûì è íåíóæíûì, ò.ê. åãî óâîëèëè (ñòàë áåçðàáîòíûì). 10. Îí ïîíèìàë, ÷òî åìó íå õâàòàåò îïûòà, ÷òîáû íà÷àòü ñâîå ñîáñòâåííîå äåëî. 11. Îí î÷åíü ñòðàøèëñÿ ñòàòü áåçðàáîòíûì, ò. ê. ïîíèìàë, ÷òî åìó âðÿä ëè óäàñòñÿ íàéòè õîðîøî îïëà÷èâàåìóþ ðàáîòó. 12. Ïåðååçä â Àâñòðàëèþ îçíà÷àë ðàäèêàëüíîå èçìåíåíèå â æèçíè, è îíà ñòðàøèëàñü ýòîãî è èñïûòûâàëà îïàñåíèÿ. 13. Ïîëó÷èâ ðàáîòó íà òåëåâèäåíèè, îíà ñòàëà âûñîêîìåðíîé. Îíà ñ÷èòàåò, ÷òî îíà êèíîçâåçäà. 14. Ïîåçäêà â Àçèþ ðàñøèðèò òâîé êðóãîçîð. Òåáå ñëåäóåò âîñïîëüçîâàòüñÿ ýòîé âîçìîæíîñòüþ. 15. Îíà èñïûòûâàëà îïàñåíèÿ, ÷òî èõ ïëàí ïðîâàëèòñÿ, íî îí áûë ïîëîí ðåøèìîñòè ïîïðîáîâàòü. 16. ß áûëà áû ïðèçíàòåëüíà, åñëè áû òû âûêëþ÷èë ñâîå ñòåðåî, ÿ íå ëþáëþ ðîê ìóçûêó. 17. ß áóäó ïðèçíàòåëüíà, åñëè òû äàøü ìíå ñîâåò, êàêîå ïðåäëîæåíèå î ðàáîòå ìíå âûáðàòü. 18. Íåñìîòðÿ íà òî, ÷òî îí îêîí÷èë Îêñôîðä, îí íå çàçíàëñÿ è ïðîäîëæàë îáùàòüñÿ ñî ñâîèìè øêîëüíûìè äðóçüÿìè.

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