Plants Chapter 21-29 - Alabama Learning Exchange (ALEX)



Plants Chapter 21-29

AHSGE Std. 10

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|Nonvascular Plants- Reproduction and survival depend on water. They must live in moist environments. Ex: mosses, liverwarts, hornwarts. |

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|Fill out this chart Using pg. 577 in the book. |

| |Division |Origins |Adaptations |

|Plants | | | |

|Nonvascular |Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts | Liverworts were the first land plants. |Have rhizoids to help anchor the stem in |

| | | |soil. |

| | |Originated 440 million Years ago. |Grow in clumps or masses |

| | | | |

|Non-seed Vascular |club moss |Devonian Period |- have leaves that form structures that |

| |Horse tails |375 million yrs ago |protect reproductive cells. |

| |Ferns | | |

| | | | |

|Seed Vascular |Cycads |360 million yrs ago during the Paleozoic |seeds surrounded by a fruit or carried on|

| |Ginkgo Biloba |Era. |scales of a cone. |

| |Gnetophyta |Conifers= 250 million yrs ago. |Can grow in a wide variety of habitats. |

| |Conifers | | |

| |Anthophyta | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

Vascular Plants

Examples: Ferns, Club mosses

• Vascular tissue—tissue in plant that transports food/water

• Vascular refers to veins.

• Xylem: transports water and minerals

• Phloem: transports food/nutrients

• not all plants have vascular tissue

• Is a basis for dividing plants into different phyla

Seedless Vascular Plants

• have vascular system, but do not produce seeds

• ex: fern

• Leaves= fronds

• Produce spores

• 3 divisions

• Lycophyta – club mosses

• Arthrophyta- horsetails

• Pterophyta- ferns

Vascular Seed Plants

• Seed—protective structure where embryonic plant can be stored until conditions are favorable for growth.

• Two types of seed plants

• Gymnosperms (4 phyla)

• Angiosperms (1 large phylum)

Gymnosperms

Seeds are not protected by a fruit

• Examples:

• Ginkgo biloba

• Conifers—plants with seeds inside cones and needle-like leaves

• Pines, firs, cedars, redwoods

Angiosperms

Flowering Plants

• Seeds are protected by fruit

• Produce fruits with 1 or more seeds

• Fruit—ripened ovary of flower

• Fruit aid in seed dispersal

• Examples: maple trees, apple trees, wildflowers, herbs, azaleas, grass, oak trees, poplar trees

• Two types of Angiosperms

• Monocot

• Ex: corn, grass

• Dicot

• Ex. trees, shrubs, sunflowers , most flowers

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Flower Structure

Plant Adaptations to Living on Land

• cuticles—_waxy coating on the outside of plant that prevents water loss

• Leaves—broad flat structures (usually) that trap light for photosynthesis

• Roots—structures that allow plants to obtain water/nutrients from soil

• Stem- plant organ that provides support for growth and food storage.

• spores and seeds—structures that keep reproductive cells from drying out.

• Xylem- transports water & dissolved substances

• Phloem—transports dissolved food/nutrients.

Plant Tissues

• Stomata-Controls the exchange of gases; Helps control water loss.

• Guard Cells-control the opening & closingof the stomata

• Flowers are reproductive structures for angiosperms

• Produce fruit and seeds

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Process of Angiosperm Reproduction

• Pollination—transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma

• Happens before fertilization

• Pollen is transferred to stigma by wind or animals

• After pollen lands, a pollen tube grows

• Pollen tube—extension that allows sperm to reach egg inside ovary

• Angiosperms have “double fertilization” meaning one sperm fertilizes egg and other sperm joins with another cell to form endosperm (nutrients).

• Seeds contain both endosperm and embryonic plant

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Characteristics

• Multicellular

• ________________

• Photosynthetic

• 6CO2 + 6H20 + Light energy C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2.

• Have cell walls made of _________________.

One cotyledons

Vascular

Have roots, stem, leaves, xylem, and Phloem.

Nonvascular

Does not have vascular tissue or true roots leaves, or stems.

Characteristics

• Multicellular

• Eukaryotic

• Photosynthetic

• 6CO2 + 6H20 + Light energy C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2.

• Have cell walls made of Cellulose.

2 Categories of Plants

In multiples of 3’s

Usually netlike

In a ring

Petal

Structure: leaf like, usually colorful structures at top of stem

Function: attract pollinators

Sepal

S: leaf like, usually green structure that encircle flower stem below petal

F: to protect developing flower

Pistil

S: located at center of flower, top of stem

F: female reproductive part

Style—the “stalk” that supports stigma

Stigma—top of style; sticky or hairy structure that traps pollen grains

Ovary—enlarged base of pistil; contains one egg

Stamen

S: located inside of petals

F: male reproductive part

• Anther—top part of stamen, produces pollen

• Filament—“stalk” that supports anther

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