Food and Nutrition Guidelines for Healthy Older People: A ...

Food and Nutrition Guidelines for Healthy Older People

A background paper

Citation: Ministry of Health. 2013. Food and Nutrition Guidelines for Healthy Older People: A background paper. Wellington: Ministry of Health. Published in January 2013 by the Ministry of Health PO Box 5013, Wellington 6145, New Zealand ISBN 978-0-478-49396-5 (print) ISBN 978-0-478-39399-6 (online) HP 5574 This document is available at t.nz

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Foreword

Nutrition deserves special attention as people reach older age and is essential for good health. Healthy ageing is associated with physiological, cognitive, social and lifestyle changes that influence dietary intakes and nutritional status. This policy advice is aimed at the majority of older New Zealanders who largely maintain physical, mental and social health and independence through most of their lifespan. However, even healthy older people are likely to have experienced some decline in physical function and with advancing age may experience a loss of independence. This background paper provides advice that recognises the higher burden of chronic disease that older people experience and incorporates advice on healthy eating and physical activity for those who are frail. The paper brings together all the key areas of food and nutrition affecting the health of older people. It is intended for use by health practitioners, educators and caregivers, so they can provide sound advice and support to older people and their families in regard to maintaining a healthy lifestyle. Food and Nutrition Guidelines for Healthy Older People: A background paper assists health practitioners to provide advice that enables older people to lead longer, healthier and more independent lives. This paper is part of the series of population group-specific background papers that ensure food and nutrition messages are based on sound evidence. Dr Don Mackie Chief Medical Officer Clinical Leadership Protection and Regulation

Food and Nutrition Guidelines for Healthy Older People: A background paper iii

Acknowledgements

The Ministry of Health would like to thank Dr Carol Wham and Dr Rozanne Kruger from Massey University for undertaking the evidence-based literature review and using it to write the initial draft background paper for the Ministry. We also acknowledge Julian Jensen, Katrina Pace, Sandra Olga van Lill, Sally Watson, Gillian Tustin and Dr Graham Davison who contributed to the review.

The many individuals and groups who gave feedback as part of the public consultation process and the specialists who provided advice have shaped this background paper significantly. The Ministry of Health appreciates the assistance of the many people who have had input during the consultation process.

Susan Cook and Mary-Ann Carter from the Nutrition and Physical Activity Policy team at the Ministry of Health led the preparation of this paper.

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Food and Nutrition Guidelines for Healthy Older People: A background paper

Contents

Foreword

iii

Acknowledgements

iv

Introduction

1

Policy context

2

New Zealand context

2

International context

3

Older people in New Zealand

4

Food and nutrition during older age

5

Availability of Ministry of Health publications

5

Part 1: The New Zealand Food and Nutrition Guidelines

6

1.1 The New Zealand Food and Nutrition Guideline Statements, including

Physical Activity, for Healthy Older People

6

1.2 Food groups and the nutrients they provide

6

1.3 Nutrient reference values for Australia and New Zealand

9

Part 2: Ageing, nutrition and health

10

2.1 Active ageing

10

2.2 A life course approach

10

2.3 Ageing and health

11

2.4 Nutrition and health in older people

12

2.5 Individual and lifestyle factors that affect the nutritional status of older adults

12

2.6 Social and community factors that affect the nutritional status of older adults

16

2.7 Socioeconomic, economic, cultural and environmental factors that influence

the nutritional status of older adults

17

Part 3: Dietary patterns of older people in New Zealand

19

3.1 Background

19

3.2 Sources of data

19

3.3 Dietary patterns of older New Zealanders

19

Part 4: Nutrients, food and drinks

21

4.1 Background

21

4.2 Energy

21

4.3 Water

24

Macronutrients

26

4.4 Protein

26

Food and Nutrition Guidelines for Healthy Older People: A background paper

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