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Name: __________________________________________________________ Date: _________

Mini-Lesson: Class Notes: Causes of the War of 1812

|CAUSES OF THE WAR OF 1812 |

|Renewed war between England and France: |

|Britain and France each tried to cut off the other’s _______, which had negative effects on the U.S. |

|Britain started ____________________ – the forcible enlistment of American sailors. ________ Americans were impressed between 1808 and 1811. |

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|The ________________________ incident – A British ship stopped the American ship the Chesapeake and demanded the surrender of four alleged deserters. The |

|captain refused, so the British fired on the Americans, killing three Americans and wounding eighteen. Americans were outraged. |

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|The Hated Embargo Act (1807) – Jefferson believed that if the U.S. cut off all trade European powers would be forced to respect America’s rights. The |

|embargo banned ___________________ from the U.S. |

|Ended up hurting the American economy much more than Britain or France; the American people hated it (nickname = “_____________________”) |

|Finally repealed in 1809; replaced by __________________________ – just banned trade with Britain and France |

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|__________________________________ becomes president in 1808. Made a deal to trade with France thinking it would lead England to lift its trade |

|restrictions. England did not; the U.S. continued an embargo against England only – U.S. was no longer neutral. |

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|The “War Hawks” – Members of Congress, mostly from the ____________________, who pushed for war with England. |

|Especially influenced by war with Native Americans in the west. Two _____________ brothers, Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa (aka The Prophet), formed a |

|_________________ of tribes to fight American expansion. Received supplies from the British in Canada and allied themselves with the ____________________ |

|after being defeated in the Battle of Tippecanoe. |

Madison came to believe that war with Britain was inevitable. He felt America needed to prove itself as a nation in the eyes of the world. He asked Congress to declare war on June 1, 1812. Democratic-Republicans in the South and West and middle states supported war, but Federalists opposed it, especially in New England, where people sympathized with the British.

Workshop: Events and Effects of the War of 1812

Directions: Your group will be given a reading on either an event or an effect of the War of 1812. In addition to filling in your section of the graphic organizer, make a poster that includes a BRIEF description of your event or effect AND a visual (or a short song or rap if you prefer) to help your classmates remember the event or effect. When you are done, you will pass your poster to the group next to you. As the posters make their way around the room, copy the information from each poster into your graphic organizer. We’ll hang the posters around the room to help us remember the War of 1812.

|EVENTS OF THE WAR OF 1812 |

|1. War with Canada: |

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|What happened? Brits were weak in Canada, but America had a weak invasion strategy and were defeated. But met in a naval battle (1814) and Americans won!|

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|Why was it important? The Brits were forced to retreat, saving New York and the north from conquest. |

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|2. Washington D.C. Burned: |

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|What happened? Brits attack and burn the Capitol and the White House, the Americans (& the Madison’s) fled to Baltimore, MD. & held their ground there. |

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|Why was it important? Frances Scott Key wrote the Star Spangled Banner while a prisoner at the Battle of Fort McHenry. |

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|3. Victory at New Orleans: |

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|What happened? Jackson soundly defeated the British navy in an |

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|Why was it important? |

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|4. The Treaty of Ghent |

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|What happened? |

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|Why was it important? |

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|5. The Hartford Convention |

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|What happened? |

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|Why was it important? |

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|EFFECTS OF THE WAR OF 1812: “The Second American Revolution” |

|1. World Respect – |

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|2. Nationalism – |

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|3. Growth of Manufacturing – |

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Summary: In what ways was the War of 1812 a “second American Revolution”?

EVENTS OF THE WAR OF 1812: WAR WITH CANADA

Canada (still part of England’s empire at this point in history) became an important battleground in the War of 1812 because British forces were weak there. The Americans could have defeated Canada if they had had a strong invasion strategy. Instead, they wasted their strength in an invasion that involved three forces. All three American forces were defeated.

The British and Canadians had better strategies and early on crushed American forces. Defeated on land, the Americans turned to the water, waging naval battles in the Great Lakes. In comparison to British ships, American ships had better gunners, thicker sides, heavier firepower, and larger crews, of which one sailor in six was a free black.

American successes on the Great Lakes were good, but were not enough. In 1814, England defeated Napoleon. With the European war ended, Britain started sending boatloads of troops to America. They planned to invade New York by sailing through the Great Lakes and down the Hudson River. The British and American forces met in a naval battle near Plattsburgh on September 11, 1814. Although they suffered heavy casualties, the Americans managed to win the battle. The results were very important. The invading British army was forced to retreat, saving New York and the north from conquest.

[pic]

The Battle of Plattsburgh

EVENTS OF THE WAR OF 1812: WASHINGTON BURNED

A British force of about four thousand troops landed in the Chesapeake Bay area in August 1814. It advanced quickly on Washington and easily defeated six thousand panicky militia at Bladensburg (many of the militia men ran away!). The British invaders entered the capital at Washington, D.C. and set fire to most of the public buildings, including the Capitol and the White House. But while Washington burned, the Americans had fled to Baltimore, and they held firm. The British fleet bombed Fort McHenry with cannon but could not capture the city. Francis Scott Key, a captured American citizen, watched anxiously from a British ship. He was inspired to write “The Star-Spangled Banner.” Set to the tune of a popular English bar song, it became very popular.

[pic]

The burning of Washington

[pic]

Francis Scott Key

EVENTS OF THE WAR OF 1812: VICTORY AT NEW ORLEANS

A British force aimed at New Orleans threatened the entire Mississippi Valley in 1814. The American forces were led by Andrew Jackson, a veteran Indian fighter. He had about 7,000 sailors, including regular sailors, pirates, Frenchmen, and militiamen from Louisiana, Kentucky, and Tennessee. There were also two Louisiana regiments of free black volunteers.

The British forces of 8,000 battle-seasoned veterans were overconfident. They launched a frontal attack on the American riflemen and cannoneers. The British suffered the most devastating defeat of the entire war, losing over two thousand, killed and wounded, in half an hour, compared with about seventy for the Americans. It was a huge victory for Jackson and his men.

Jackson became a national hero. It didn’t even matter when word arrived that a peace treaty had been signed between the Americans and the British in Europe two weeks before the battle. The Battle of New Orleans had restored America’s honor, and it unleashed a wave of nationalism and self-confidence.

[pic]

The Battle of New Orleans

EVENTS OF THE WAR OF 1812: THE TREATY OF GHENT

The Americans and the British finally agreed to meet for peace talks in 1814. They met in the Belgian city of Ghent. Confident after military successes, the British at first demanded an Indian buffer state in the Great Lakes region and a big part of Maine, which they had conquered. The Americans rejected these demands, and the talks came to a stop for a while. But news of British defeats in upper New York and at Baltimore made the British willing to compromise.

The Treaty of Ghent, signed on Christmas Eve in 1814, was an armistice – both sides agreed to stop fighting and give back conquered territory. The was a draw – there was no clear winner, and there was no mention of the grievances the Americans had fought for – the Indian issue, impressment, and trade restrictions.

[pic]

The Signing of the Treaty of Ghent

EVENTS OF THE WAR OF 1812: THE HARTFORD CONVENTION

Federalist New England was opposed to the war from the start. It actually made money during the war, mostly due to illegal trade with Canada and due to the fact that Britain did not blockade New England until 1814.

As the war dragged on, New England extremists began calling for New England to secede (break away from) the U.S., or at least form a separate peace treaty with Britain. The biggest sign of Federalist anger was the Hartford Convention. Late in 1814, Massachusetts called for a convention in Hartford, Connecticut. Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Vermont all sent representatives to discuss their grievances and make a plan for how to fix them.

The Hartford Convention actually was not all that radical. A minority of delegates wanted to secede, but the convention’s final report was moderate. It demanded financial help from Washington to make up for lost trade due to the war, and it proposed constitutional amendments requiring a two-thirds vote in Congress before an embargo could be imposed, new states admitted, or war declared. They also wanted to abolish the three-fifths compromise, limit presidents to a single term, and ban the election of two successive presidents from the same state.

Three messengers from Massachusetts carried these demands to Washington just in time to hear the news that the war had ended with the Treaty of Ghent. New England’s complaints now seemed petty and even treasonous.

The Hartford resolutions represented the death of the Federalist party. The Federalists were never again to have a successful presidential campaign. Americans now began to see the dangers of sectionalism (favoring your own region over the country as a whole). The Hartford Convention made Americans begin to see the value in seeing themselves as one unified nation.

[pic]

Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island Consider Abandoning the Union, engraving by William Charles, 1814. This anti-Federalist cartoon shows Great Britain welcoming back the New England states with open arms, promising them “plenty molasses and codfish, plenty of goods to smuggle, honours, titles, and nobility into the bargain.”

EFFECTS OF THE WAR OF 1812: WORLD RESPECT AND NATIONALISM

WORLD RESPECT

The War of 1812 was a small war, involving about 6,000 Americans killed or wounded. But it had huge consequences for the United States. The U.S. had shown that it would resist what it saw as European aggression. Other nations developed a new respect for America’s fighting powers. Naval victories won great respect for the American navy. America’s diplomats abroad were treated with more respect after the war. In a diplomatic sense, the conflict could be called the Second War for American Independence.

NATIONALISM

The most impressive result of the War of 1812 was a growing nationalism – the spirit of national oneness. America may not have fought the war as one nation, but it came out of the war as one nation. The changed mood of the nation showed itself in literature as authors like Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper gained international recognition in the 1820s. School textbooks, often British before, were now being written by Americans for Americans. Even American painters started to celebrate American landscapes and subjects.

The nationalistic spirit of the country could be seen in many other areas as well. In economics, for example, Congress voted to renew the Bank of the United States in 1816. A newer, nicer national capital was built in Washington. The army was expanded to ten thousand men. In 1815 the navy decisively defeated the Barbary pirates of North Africa.

[pic]

Star Spangled Banner

Frances Scott Key, 1814

Oh, say can you see by the dawn's early light

What so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming?

Whose broad stripes and bright stars thru the perilous fight,

O'er the ramparts we watched were so gallantly streaming?

And the rocket's red glare, the bombs bursting in air,

Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there.

Oh, say does that star-spangled banner yet wave

O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave?

On the shore, dimly seen through the mists of the deep,

Where the foe's haughty host in dread silence reposes,

What is that which the breeze, o'er the towering steep,

As it fitfully blows, half conceals, half discloses?

Now it catches the gleam of the morning's first beam,

In full glory reflected now shines in the stream:

'Tis the star-spangled banner! Oh long may it wave

O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave!

And where is that band who so vauntingly swore

That the havoc of war and the battle's confusion,

A home and a country should leave us no more!

Their blood has washed out their foul footsteps' pollution.

No refuge could save the hireling and slave

From the terror of flight, or the gloom of the grave:

And the star-spangled banner in triumph doth wave

O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave!

Oh! thus be it ever, when freemen shall stand

Between their loved home and the war's desolation!

Blest with victory and peace, may the heav'n rescued land

Praise the Power that hath made and preserved us a nation.

Then conquer we must, when our cause it is just,

And this be our motto: "In God is our trust."

And the star-spangled banner in triumph shall wave

O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave!

TPCASTT – poem analysis strategy

|Title |  |

|of poem means | |

|Paraphrase |  |

|parts of the Poem | |

|Connotation |  |

|of some of the words – changing | |

|literal meaning to implied or | |

|associated values | |

|Attitude |  |

|What is the attitude of the author, | |

|characters or yourself? | |

|Shift | |

|At first we think or feel one way – | |

|then there is a shift: identify the | |

|shifts and explain them | |

|Title revisited |  |

|Any new insights on meaning or | |

|significance of title? | |

|Theme |  |

|Subject of poem | |

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