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Southern Europe Student Guide:Vocabulary:Mosaics: Pictures made from small pieces of stonePope: head of the Roman Catholic ChurchSirocco: Spring and Summer wind from North AfricaCoalition Government: Several parties join together to governMoors: Muslim North AfricansCity-State: Greek Polis (powerful city and surrounding area)Renaissance: literally means “Rebirth.” Cork: a bark, which is commonly exported from Spain and PortugalDialect: a variety of a language (Castilian for example more practiced in Spain) Iberian Peninsula: Peninsula of Spain & Portugal. Major Cities:Greece: Athens (capital) and Thessaloniki (2nd Largest City)Portugal: Lisbon (capital)Italy: Rome (capital) Venice, Sienna, Genoa, Turin, and MilanSpain: Madrid (capital) and BarcelonaRivers and Water:Iberian Peninsula Rivers: Ebro, Tagus and Douro Italy: Po (largest in Italy)Mediterranean Sea: Most of southern Europe is on its shoresAegean Sea: Greek mainland extends into this SeaHistory:Byzantine Empire: Eastern half of the Roman Empire. Spoke Greek and stayed a Christian power until conquered by the Ottoman Turks 1453. Centered on city of Constantinople. The Empire adopted the Orthodox version of Christianity. Roman Empire: Mediterranean Power which stretched from Spain, to Britain, North Africa, to Asia Minor. Rome’s use of the language Latin influenced many later languages used today such as Spanish, Italian, English, and French. It’s engineering and architecture was reflected in advances of getting water into the cities with aqueducts and the Roman Arc (and domes) for buildings like the Coliseum. Rome also endorsed the Christian faith with the Edit of Milan by the Emperor Constantine allowing the faith grows and flourish within the empire. This can still be seen today with the Pope being centered in the Vatican City within the city of Rome. The Ancient Empire was known for law, order, and safety.Renaissance: Started in Italy around the late 14th century (1300s). The major concept was Humanism (believe in Human Ability). This was the period after the Middle Ages and looked back to the Ancient Greeks and Romans for inspiration in art, engineering and education. Famous artist included: Da Vinci, Michelangelo, Donatello, and Raphael. Ancient Greece: Centered on the city-states of Athens & Sparta (most famous two) the Ancient Greeks made developments in Theater with forms of drama and comedy. The Greeks (actually Athenians) are created with the development of democracy and the idea of rule.Spain: Some major events:Spanish Civil War (1930) served as a dress rehearsal for WWII in terms of weapons and sides.Age of Exploration: Columbus (1492) and the start up of the Spanish Empire in the Americas.Spanish Armanda (1588): Spanish invasion of England (failed)Portugal:Along with Spain gained great wealth during the 1400s and 1500s from exploration and colonies.Recently, the nation has seen the overthrow of a dictatorship to a more citizen-orientated democracy.Climate, Religion, and economics:The climate in southern Europe is generally sunny and warm (Mediterranean-type climate)In Greece, more people work in the field of Agriculture than any other (with tourism and shipping being other major fields of employment). Both Italy and Greece produce large amounts of wine (grapes) and all of southern Europe have strong tourism industries based on history & weather.Northern Region of Italy has more agriculture and tourism than southern Italy. Italy, Spain, Portugal, and Vatican City: all mostly Catholic (Christian)Greece: Greek Orthodox (Christian) ................
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