PALERMO

Regional Centre for East Asia and the Pacific

PALERMO

PALERMO IN THE POANCTIFHICE: PACIFIC RIM

ORGANISED CRIME OFFENCES IN THE ASIA PACIFIC REGION

August 2009

STUDY SERIES: Number 1

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Palermo on the Pacific Rim

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PALERMO ON THE PACIFIC RIM

ORGANISED CRIME OFFENCES IN THE ASIA

PACIFIC REGION

Andreas Schloenhardt

The University of Queensland TC Beirne School of Law

The University of British Columbia Centre of International Relations

kindly supported by:

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About the author

Dr Andreas Schloenhardt Andreas Schloenhardt is Associate Professor/Reader at The University of Queensland TC Beirne School of Law in Brisbane, Australia; Visiting Professor at the Centre of International Relations at The University of British Columbia, Vancouver; and Adjunct Professor at the Monterey Institute of International Studies in Monterey, California.

His principal areas of research include criminal law, organised crime, narcotrafficking, terrorism, international criminal law, and immigration and refugee law. His recent works focuses on trafficking in persons, organised crime legislation, the illicit trade in timber and timber products, and the illicit market for amphetamine-type stimulants. His work has been cited by other scholars, in government publications, and judicial decisions, including the High Court of Australia. He is a frequent commentator on organised crime and criminal law on national television, radio, and in newspapers.

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Table of Contents

PALERMO ON THE PACIFIC RIM ............................................................................. 3

ORGANISED CRIME OFFENCES IN THE ASIA PACIFIC REGION ......................... 3

About the author ...................................................................................................... 4

Table of Contents .................................................................................................... 5

Foreword ............................................................................................................... 10

Abbreviations......................................................................................................... 11

Acknowledgments ................................................................................................. 12

Executive Summary............................................................................................... 15

PART 1 19

INTRODUCTION, BACKGROUND, AND CONTEXT ............................................... 19

1.

Introduction ............................................................................................. 20

1.1

Background and Significance ................................................................. 20

1.2

Purpose and Structure............................................................................ 22

1.3

Methodology ........................................................................................... 23

2.

Criminalising Organised Crime: The Need for Special Laws .................. 25

2.1

Existing Extensions of Criminal Liability ................................................. 26

2.1.1 Inchoate liability ................................................................................. 28

2.1.2 Secondary liability .............................................................................. 29

2.1.3 Conspiracy ......................................................................................... 30

2.2

Case Examples ...................................................................................... 34

2.2.1 Alphonse Capone .............................................................................. 34

2.2.2 Pablo Escobar.................................................................................... 35

2.2.3 Nicolo Rizzuto .................................................................................... 35

2.2.4 Joaqu?n Guzm?n................................................................................ 36

2.2.5 Foot-soldiers ...................................................................................... 36

2.3

Reservations and Observations ............................................................. 37

PART 2 39

INTERNATIONAL LAW............................................................................................. 39

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Convention against Transnational Organised Crime .............................. 40

3.1

Background ............................................................................................ 41

3.1.1 Giovanni Falcone ............................................................................... 41

3.1.2 Naples Conference on Organised Transnational Crime, 1994 .......... 41

3.1.3 Development of the Palermo Convention .......................................... 42

3.2

Definition of Organised Criminal Group.................................................. 44

3.2.1 Structured group of three or more persons........................................ 45

3.2.2 Existence for some period of time...................................................... 46

3.2.3 Aim to commit serious crime.............................................................. 46

3.2.4 Financial or material benefit............................................................... 47

3.3

Organised Crime Offence, Article 5(1)(a) ............................................... 49

3.3.1 Article 5(1)(a)(i): the conspiracy model .............................................. 51

3.3.2 Article 5(1)(a)(ii): the participation model ........................................... 52

3.3.3 Remarks............................................................................................. 54

PART 3 56

DOMESTIC LAWS .................................................................................................... 56

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Canada.................................................................................................... 57

4.1

Background of Canada's Organised Crime Laws................................... 58

4.1.1 Bill C-95 (1997) .................................................................................. 59

4.1.2 Bill C-24 (2001) .................................................................................. 62

4.2

Criminal Organisations ........................................................................... 63

4.2.1 A group of three or more persons in or outside Canada, s 467.1(1)(a)

........................................................................................................... 65

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