Africa



5895975161925AFRICA00AFRICA5895975-7620000EARLY AFRICAN KINGDOMS-666750Migration: A permanent ______________ from one country or region to anotherCauses of migration: ____________________ factors: push people out of an area or pull them into an areaExperts can trace migrations over time by studying the spread of ____________________________Most languages in Africa can be traced back to one parent-language:________________________Bantu MigrationBantu-speaking Africans moved _____________ & _______________out of Nigeria from 3000BC- 1100ADSpread their ________________ and ______________________Reasons for migration: ________________________ farming & overpopulation and search for ______________________00Migration: A permanent ______________ from one country or region to anotherCauses of migration: ____________________ factors: push people out of an area or pull them into an areaExperts can trace migrations over time by studying the spread of ____________________________Most languages in Africa can be traced back to one parent-language:________________________Bantu MigrationBantu-speaking Africans moved _____________ & _______________out of Nigeria from 3000BC- 1100ADSpread their ________________ and ______________________Reasons for migration: ________________________ farming & overpopulation and search for ______________________-5715056515East Africa: Early Kingdom of AksumLocated on Red Sea in present day _____________________Through ____________ (ivory!) Aksum (350AD) absorbed many elements of Roman culture, including __________________00East Africa: Early Kingdom of AksumLocated on Red Sea in present day _____________________Through ____________ (ivory!) Aksum (350AD) absorbed many elements of Roman culture, including __________________199072556514East Africa: Coastal Trade CitiesBantu-speaking people established coastal villages; ________________and Persian traders settled in port cities around 639AD_________________ was formed: blended language of Bantu and ____________Blending of religions of ________________, ________________ and______________________ beliefsCoastal Trade Cities & Slave TradeSwahili cities became wealthy through ______________ (gold, ivory, etc)By 1300, more than _______ trading citiesMuslim traders sent _____________________ to the Middle East, India, ChinaNumbers of traded slaves remain small until the 1700s, when Europeans start buying slaves for colonial _______________________________00East Africa: Coastal Trade CitiesBantu-speaking people established coastal villages; ________________and Persian traders settled in port cities around 639AD_________________ was formed: blended language of Bantu and ____________Blending of religions of ________________, ________________ and______________________ beliefsCoastal Trade Cities & Slave TradeSwahili cities became wealthy through ______________ (gold, ivory, etc)By 1300, more than _______ trading citiesMuslim traders sent _____________________ to the Middle East, India, ChinaNumbers of traded slaves remain small until the 1700s, when Europeans start buying slaves for colonial _______________________________59524901250950055245010668000-47625124460 WEST AFRICAN: THE GOLD-SALT KINGDOMS(GHANA, MALI, SONGHAI)The Gold-Salt TradeAll 3 kingdoms _______________________ the GOLD-SALT Trade at some point in time Occurred in ____________________ near the northern part of the ______________ RiverAlthough rich in _____________, West Africa’s savanna & rain forests ___________________________Fortunately, the ___________________________ contained large deposits of salt_________________ traders crossed the Sahara with _______________, cloth & manufactured goods_______________________ traders collected ____________________ from the forested regionsMet in ______________________ where they would exchange goods00 WEST AFRICAN: THE GOLD-SALT KINGDOMS(GHANA, MALI, SONGHAI)The Gold-Salt TradeAll 3 kingdoms _______________________ the GOLD-SALT Trade at some point in time Occurred in ____________________ near the northern part of the ______________ RiverAlthough rich in _____________, West Africa’s savanna & rain forests ___________________________Fortunately, the ___________________________ contained large deposits of salt_________________ traders crossed the Sahara with _______________, cloth & manufactured goods_______________________ traders collected ____________________ from the forested regionsMet in ______________________ where they would exchange goods-66675635EMPIRE OF GHANA (AD 500-1200)Ghana’s Wealth:Ghana grew rich by ___________________ trade that crossed through the kingdom Ghana’s wealth enabled the kingdom to build a _________________ & _____________ neighboring regionsThe ____________ acted as a religious leader, chief, judge, & military commander As a result of the _______________, Ghana’s rulers converted to ________________ and helped spread the religionGhana’s Decline:War with a nearby kingdom _________________ Ghana’s empireLed to ______________ division & eventual decline… 00EMPIRE OF GHANA (AD 500-1200)Ghana’s Wealth:Ghana grew rich by ___________________ trade that crossed through the kingdom Ghana’s wealth enabled the kingdom to build a _________________ & _____________ neighboring regionsThe ____________ acted as a religious leader, chief, judge, & military commander As a result of the _______________, Ghana’s rulers converted to ________________ and helped spread the religionGhana’s Decline:War with a nearby kingdom _________________ Ghana’s empireLed to ______________ division & eventual decline… 5534025-12382500-57150-66675EMPIRE OF MALI (AD 1235 to 1400)The Rise of Mali (“where the king resides”)In 1235 Mali rose to ___________ on the same territoryQuickly expanded to the ______________ Ocean under the rule of _____________________Gained control of the Gold-Salt TradeMansa Musa is the most famous African Muslim ruler; skilled _____________ leader who expanded the empire; Under his reign Mali, became ________________ from Gold-Salt TradeMansa Musa & ReligionMansa Musa is a devout ______________; In 1324 went on a hajj to _______________ Mansa Musa built ______________, schools & libraries where people could study _____________As a result Timbuktu, the ____________ city, became a __________________ center for Islam Mali’s Decline:___________ rulers after Mansa Musa; Declined & people began to break away00EMPIRE OF MALI (AD 1235 to 1400)The Rise of Mali (“where the king resides”)In 1235 Mali rose to ___________ on the same territoryQuickly expanded to the ______________ Ocean under the rule of _____________________Gained control of the Gold-Salt TradeMansa Musa is the most famous African Muslim ruler; skilled _____________ leader who expanded the empire; Under his reign Mali, became ________________ from Gold-Salt TradeMansa Musa & ReligionMansa Musa is a devout ______________; In 1324 went on a hajj to _______________ Mansa Musa built ______________, schools & libraries where people could study _____________As a result Timbuktu, the ____________ city, became a __________________ center for Islam Mali’s Decline:___________ rulers after Mansa Musa; Declined & people began to break away-57150131445EMPIRE OF SONGHAI (1450 to 1600)Mali declines in the 1400s & the Songhai set up an __________________Sunni Ali, Muslim ruler who expanded the empire by military __________________; Built a professional _______________; conquered the city of ___________________________Askia Muhammad took control; well-______________________ empire, _____________ system of government; laws based on the ________________Empire was full of wealth & learning but lacked modern ___________________, leading to its collapse00EMPIRE OF SONGHAI (1450 to 1600)Mali declines in the 1400s & the Songhai set up an __________________Sunni Ali, Muslim ruler who expanded the empire by military __________________; Built a professional _______________; conquered the city of ___________________________Askia Muhammad took control; well-______________________ empire, _____________ system of government; laws based on the ________________Empire was full of wealth & learning but lacked modern ___________________, leading to its collapse-2476506985Mesoamerican Cultures00Mesoamerican Cultures-57150221615Olmec Civilization:MesoAmerican Frontrunners (1200 BC – 500 BC)00Olmec Civilization:MesoAmerican Frontrunners (1200 BC – 500 BC)16287758255Location: _______________________________________________Highly centralized __________________________________________ hierarchy; No specific ___________________ are knownPolytheistic; Practiced _______________________________ as a form of sacrifice___________________ sacrifce (maybe?)Religious activities performed by a combination of _________________ & ___________________May have been the __________________ civilization in the western hemisphere to develop a system of ____________________________; Calendar & Concept of ______Possible Explanations for decline:Not known; outside ______________________ or internal ___________________?00Location: _______________________________________________Highly centralized __________________________________________ hierarchy; No specific ___________________ are knownPolytheistic; Practiced _______________________________ as a form of sacrifice___________________ sacrifce (maybe?)Religious activities performed by a combination of _________________ & ___________________May have been the __________________ civilization in the western hemisphere to develop a system of ____________________________; Calendar & Concept of ______Possible Explanations for decline:Not known; outside ______________________ or internal ___________________?26606511620500-5715052071Location: ____________________________________________________Composed of ___________________________Each contained: Its own ___________________, farmland & an __________________ center built around ceremonial temples; _______________________; offerings of ______________, flowers & incenseSacrificed humans (generally _______________________); Worshipped ____________________ gods Written language; similar to ____________________________System of numbers that included __________; Accurate _________ day solar calendarSociety: Men cultivated __________________; women processed themTo support Mayan cities, farmers paid taxes in ___________________Possible Explanations for Decline: Frequent ____________________; ______________________________ over farming soil exhaustion______________________________ revolts00Location: ____________________________________________________Composed of ___________________________Each contained: Its own ___________________, farmland & an __________________ center built around ceremonial temples; _______________________; offerings of ______________, flowers & incenseSacrificed humans (generally _______________________); Worshipped ____________________ gods Written language; similar to ____________________________System of numbers that included __________; Accurate _________ day solar calendarSociety: Men cultivated __________________; women processed themTo support Mayan cities, farmers paid taxes in ___________________Possible Explanations for Decline: Frequent ____________________; ______________________________ over farming soil exhaustion______________________________ revolts5715000128905Mayan Civilization (AD 250 – 900)00Mayan Civilization (AD 250 – 900)590919830480001752600-38100Location: ______________________________________________ Single ruler – unified empire_______________________ government characterized by frequent ______________Built an empire in _______________________________________ by conquering neighboring civilizationsPolytheistic; Worshipped over _____________ gods, but the _________ god was the most important (Huitzilopochtli)Made _________________________ sacrificesSocial Hierarchy: king, ________________ (officials, judges, etc…), warriors ______________________, slaves Explanations for DeclineConquered by the _______________________ (led by Hernando Cortes)Conquest led to destruction & epidemic disease, specifically _____________________00Location: ______________________________________________ Single ruler – unified empire_______________________ government characterized by frequent ______________Built an empire in _______________________________________ by conquering neighboring civilizationsPolytheistic; Worshipped over _____________ gods, but the _________ god was the most important (Huitzilopochtli)Made _________________________ sacrificesSocial Hierarchy: king, ________________ (officials, judges, etc…), warriors ______________________, slaves Explanations for DeclineConquered by the _______________________ (led by Hernando Cortes)Conquest led to destruction & epidemic disease, specifically _____________________-476251905000-4762564135Aztec Civilization (AD 100 – 750)00Aztec Civilization (AD 100 – 750)170688097790Location:________________________________________________Incan Government: very efficient with many different levels_________________________ & tax collectionThe emperor had ___________________ over the empire; claimed that he was the ______ of the sun, or divine; He also served as the chief _________________________ leaderPolytheistic; believed in ___________________________ godsThe ____________god, Inti, was the most important; Offerings of food & ___________Built ______________ miles of road to unite empire___________________were posted along Incan roads to relay messages of rebellions/ natural disastersNo __________ land for farming; In order to overcome this challenge, farmers used ___________________ – strips of flat land carved into steep hillsidesExplanation for DeclineWeakness with the empire led to _____________________________Conquered by the ________________________ (led by Francisco Pizarro)00Location:________________________________________________Incan Government: very efficient with many different levels_________________________ & tax collectionThe emperor had ___________________ over the empire; claimed that he was the ______ of the sun, or divine; He also served as the chief _________________________ leaderPolytheistic; believed in ___________________________ godsThe ____________god, Inti, was the most important; Offerings of food & ___________Built ______________ miles of road to unite empire___________________were posted along Incan roads to relay messages of rebellions/ natural disastersNo __________ land for farming; In order to overcome this challenge, farmers used ___________________ – strips of flat land carved into steep hillsidesExplanation for DeclineWeakness with the empire led to _____________________________Conquered by the ________________________ (led by Francisco Pizarro)-10604510287000-4762533020Incan Civilization (1400s to 1500s)00Incan Civilization (1400s to 1500s)NEW WORLDOLD WORLDLOCATION:N, S, & Central ________________________________________ HemispherePOPULATION:Total: ________ millionLANGUAGE:MANYHEALTH:High _________________ mortality rateLife expectancy = ____________ yearsRELIGION:Spirits, ______________, animism, etc…HOUSING:Depended on __________________LOCATION:Europe & ________________________________ HemispherePOPULATION:Total: _____________ millionLANGUAGE:National languagesHEALTH:Frequent ___________; Chronic ______________1 in ______ dead from smallpox? of kids died before age _______Life expectancy = _______ yearsRELIGION:Catholicism (Europe before Protestant Reformation)HOUSING:Mainly wood17767307112000(IN)Famous Explorers: 28956001905000 SPANISH & PORTUGUESE- Prince Henry the Navigator (P): established school for navigators; never actually sailed himself; stopped Muslim expansion & ‘stole’ the slave trade- Vasco da Gama (P): First to reach India from Europe by sea; went around Southern tip of Africa- Christopher Columbus (S): Wanted to reach India; landed in Bahamas, Cuba, S. America; called the natives ‘Indians’ bc he always believed he was off the coast of India- Amerigo Vespucci (S): Several voyages to the ‘New World’; first to recognize the Americas were new & NOT India- Ferdinand Magellan (S): First to circle the world (circumnavigation); killed in Philippines but crew returns to Spain; world is round, oceans connected (yay!)- Hernando Cortes (S): conquered the Aztecs; Montezuma believed Cortes was a god; offered gifts of gold, but Cortes massacres Aztecs; advantages = guns, horses, disease- Juan Ponce de Leon (S): looking for the Fountain of Youth; arrived in Florida- Francisco Pizarro (S): Conquered the Incas in PeruENGLISH, FRENCH, DUTCH- Samuel de Champlain (F): Founded Quebec; first permanent French settlement in Americas- John Cabot (E): Explored coasts of Canada & New England- Henry Hudson (D): Charted much of coastal N. America; the Hudson River & Hudson Bay15240080645Discovery, Mercantilism & Commerce00Discovery, Mercantilism & Commerce170497553975Motives for ExplorationThe 3 G’s: God, Gold & Glory00Motives for ExplorationThe 3 G’s: God, Gold & Glory231457536195Motive #2 – GOLDMERCHANTS wanted to:Find new _________________ _______________ to the East & make a ___________________00Motive #2 – GOLDMERCHANTS wanted to:Find new _________________ _______________ to the East & make a ___________________463867536195Motive #3 – GLORYEUROPEANS wanted to:Establish _________________ & trading posts throughout the world (competition between _________________)00Motive #3 – GLORYEUROPEANS wanted to:Establish _________________ & trading posts throughout the world (competition between _________________)-2857536195Motive #1 – GODThe Catholic Church wanted to: Stop the spread of ____________________ & spread ___________________00Motive #1 – GODThe Catholic Church wanted to: Stop the spread of ____________________ & spread ___________________-2857579375001247775103504Astrolabe: An astronomical instrument that was used to determine _______________________Triangular Sails: sails that allowed ships to sail _______________________ the windCartography Improvement: increasingly precise ______________The Caravel: a small, sturdy, & highly maneuverable ________________; proved more effective than previous ships00Astrolabe: An astronomical instrument that was used to determine _______________________Triangular Sails: sails that allowed ships to sail _______________________ the windCartography Improvement: increasingly precise ______________The Caravel: a small, sturdy, & highly maneuverable ________________; proved more effective than previous ships-8572557785New Technology00New Technology152400036830At the time, the ___________________________ were most advanced in terms of new sailing technologyBegan a national rivalry between Portugal & __________________________Line of Demarcation (1493): An imaginary line of __________________________ that was established to _________________________ claimed by Portugal from those claimed by SpainIntended to maintain ________________________Treaty of Tordesillas (1494): Moved the Line of Demarcation further to the _______________ due to Portuguese complaints00At the time, the ___________________________ were most advanced in terms of new sailing technologyBegan a national rivalry between Portugal & __________________________Line of Demarcation (1493): An imaginary line of __________________________ that was established to _________________________ claimed by Portugal from those claimed by SpainIntended to maintain ________________________Treaty of Tordesillas (1494): Moved the Line of Demarcation further to the _______________ due to Portuguese complaints-2857573660The Race is On!00The Race is On!28575806450031337250AmericasEuropeAfricaThe Triangular Trade0AmericasEuropeAfricaThe Triangular Trade47625-38100The Impact of Exploration00The Impact of Exploration11430024765#1 – The Triangular TradeEurope – Africa: weapons, ___________________, & clothAfrica – Americas: ______________Americas – Europe: ____________, molasses, ________________, tobacco00#1 – The Triangular TradeEurope – Africa: weapons, ___________________, & clothAfrica – Americas: ______________Americas – Europe: ____________, molasses, ________________, tobacco-6667533655#2 – The Middle PassageSecond leg of the Triangle Trade: _____ to ______ week voyageTiny spaces, chained together in darkness, stench, heat; 1 in _____ did not surviveDied of disease, __________________ or suicide___________ million people taken from Africa00#2 – The Middle PassageSecond leg of the Triangle Trade: _____ to ______ week voyageTiny spaces, chained together in darkness, stench, heat; 1 in _____ did not surviveDied of disease, __________________ or suicide___________ million people taken from Africa291465061596#3 – Joint Stock CompaniesMerchants who wanted to invest in ________________ formed JSC’sRaised money by combining _______________________ with other merchantsAllowed large & small investors to share the __________________ & ______________ of exploration voyages00#3 – Joint Stock CompaniesMerchants who wanted to invest in ________________ formed JSC’sRaised money by combining _______________________ with other merchantsAllowed large & small investors to share the __________________ & ______________ of exploration voyages-6667510160#4 – MercantilismBelief that a nation’s _______________ depended directly on its wealth; amount of gold/silver it hadGoal of every nation was to become as ________________ as possible00#4 – MercantilismBelief that a nation’s _______________ depended directly on its wealth; amount of gold/silver it hadGoal of every nation was to become as ________________ as possible3220720118110Mercantilism00Mercantilism-6667538735#5 – Colonial DevelopmentEuropean nations established _____________________ to gain wealth, power, & make the “mother country’ _________________________00#5 – Colonial DevelopmentEuropean nations established _____________________ to gain wealth, power, & make the “mother country’ _________________________22860004889500-66675689610#6 – Columbian ExchangeThe Columbian Exchange refers to the global _______________ of plants, animals, diseases, and technology between the “Old” & “New” Worlds _____________________ European and Native American ways of life00#6 – Columbian ExchangeThe Columbian Exchange refers to the global _______________ of plants, animals, diseases, and technology between the “Old” & “New” Worlds _____________________ European and Native American ways of life ................
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