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Unit 1: Three Worlds MeetChapter 1: Converging CulturesDiscussion Questions for Section 1How do scientists know who the first Americans were and when and how they came to America?How did the agricultural revolution change the societies of early Americans?How did the agricultural technology of Mesoamerica spread to the North American cultures?Section 1: The Migration to AmericaThe Asian Migration to AmericaScientific speculation points to people coming to America between 15,000 and 30,000 yrs ago.Scientists study skulls, bones, teeth, and DNA to learn the ancient people’s origins.DNA and other evidence indicate that the earliest Americans probably came from Asia. Scientists use radiocarbon dating to determine the age of objects.It measures the radioactivity left in carbon 14.Scientists use the rate at which carbon 14 loses its radioactivity to calculate the age of the objects.Ice Age100,000 years ago the earth began to cool and formed glaciers.Ocean levels dropped, exposing the Beringia- dry land between Asia and AlaskaScientists believe Asian nomads crossed the land bridge as they hunted large animalsEarly Civilizations of MesoamericaAgricultural revolutionOccurred between 9,000 and 10,000 years agoNative Americans in Mesoamerica learned how to plant corn and raise cropsThe most important crop was maize (corn)This revolution allowed people to stay in one place to raise their crops, and civilization emergedCivilization- highly organized society that is characterized by trade, government, the arts, science, and often times a written languageOlmec CultureAnthropologists believe the Olmec culture was the first civilization in AmericaLocation- near present day Veracruz, MexicoOlmec had large villages, temples, and pyramids, and they build sculpted monuments.Influenced another people to build Teotihuacán- the first large city in AmericaThey set up trade network where they traded obsidian. Mayan CivilizationLocation- Yucatan Peninsula, Central America and in southern MexicoDeveloped complex calendars based on the position of the starsBuilt elaborate temple pyramidsThey were not unified as a people and often went to warToltec peopleWere known to be master architectsThey built large pyramids and huge palacesWere invaded by the Chichimec about 1200 ADAztecsBuilt the city of Tenochtitlan where Mexico City is today.They built a great empire by conquering other cities.Their military controlled the trade in the region and demanded tribute from the cities they conquered. North American CulturesAgricultural technology of Mesoamerica spread into the American Southwest and up the Mississippi River.Hohokam (300 AD to 1300s)Built a civilization in what is now south-central ArizonaCreated an elaborate system of irrigation canalsGrew many crops and made pottery, pendants, and etchings Anasazi (700 AD to 900)Built a civilization in the area where the present-day states of Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico meetBuilt networks of basins and ditches to catch rainwater for their crops.Anasazi living in Chaco Canyon in northwest Mexico began building pueblos- large multi-storied buildings of adobe and cut stone that had connecting passageways and circular ceremonial rooms called kivasAnasazi living in what is today southwestern Colorado built cliff dwellings at Mesa VerdeAdena Culture (1000 BC to about 200 AD)Most important early mound building culture Began in the Ohio River valley and spread east to New York and New EnglandHopewell Culture (200 and 100 BC)- built huge geometric earthworksMississippian Culture (700 AD and 900)improved strains of maize and beans spread north from Mexico to the American Southwest and up the Mississippi RiverLargest city was Cahokia, built in Illinois near present day St. Louis, MissouriThe city had over 100 flat topped pyramidsThe Mississippian culture spread along the Missouri, Ohio, Red, and Arkansas Rivers. Discussion Questions for Section 2How did Native American groups adapt to the environments of the West?How were the Native Americans of the Far North able to live in their harsh environment?How did the Native Americans of the Eastern Woodlands meet their need for food, shelter, and clothing?Section 2: Native American CulturesThe WestThe culture of most Native AmericansDeveloped in response to their environmentAdapted to a region’s climate and geographySouthwest Native American GroupsFarmed like their ancestorsDepended on several species of corn that could survive a dry climateBoys joined the kachina cultKachina- a good spirit who visited Pueblo towns with messages from the godsPacific Coast native American GroupsFood sources Native Americans on the coast- fishedNative Americans farther inland- fished, hunted, and gathered roots and berriesNative Americans between Sierra Nevada and the Rocky Mountains- nomadsNative Americans in what is present day California- fished, gathered acorns, and huntedUsed lumber from surrounding forestsbuild homesmake canoesworks of arttotem polesGreat Plains Native AmericansBefore 1500- were farmersAfter 1500- became nomads Reason for return to a nomadic lifedroughtwarfollowed migrating buffalolived in tepeesThose in the east continued to farm and huntHorsesbrought by the Spanish to North AmericaNative Americans began using them for hunting and for warThe Far North InuitTerritory stretched from across the Arctic from Alaska to GreenlandIncluded the Aleut of Alaska’s Aleutian islandsFood sourcesHunted for foodInvented devices to help with the huntHarpoonDogsledFuel sourcesWhale oilBlubberThe Eastern WoodlandsEnvironment and Food SourcesSupported abundance of plant and animal lifeHunted, fished, and farmedDeer provided food and clothingTwo LanguagesAlgonquianIroquoianLocationAlgonquian- speaking peoples- Lived in areas that became known as New England, Delaware, the Ohio River valley, and VirginiaIroquoian- speaking peoples- Lived in areas that became known as New York, southern Ontario, and the north to Georgian BayPracticed a slash-and-burn cultureCut down forestsBurned cleared landUsed the ashes to make the soil more fertilePeoples of the NortheastHomesLarge rectangular longhouses with barrel shaped roofs covered in barkConical or dome shaped wigwams- made using bent poles covered in hides or barkWampum- belts made that were used to record important events and agreementsIroquoisLived in large kinship groups (extended families)Maternal- headed by the elder women of each clanIroquois League (Iroquois Confederacy)Made up of the five Iroquoian groupsPurpose was to maintain peaceFounders of the Iroquois ConfederacyDekanawidah- shaman/ tribal leaderHiawatha- Mohawk chiefNative Americans of the SoutheastLived in towns built around a central plazaFarmed and hunted for foodHouses were made of poles covered with grass, mud, or thatchDiscussion questions for Section 3Why were camels important to the growth of trade across the Sahara?Why were the Ghana, Mali, and Songhai empires wealthy and powerful?Why were the Yoruba and the Edo able to produce a surplus of food?What was the basis of many Central African societies?How were enslaved Africans treated?During the Barbary Slave trade, what determined who would become slaves?How was eugenics used in the slave trade?Section 3: African CulturesI. West AfricaA. Between the 400s and 1500s, West African empires of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai grew and prospered by trading gold and salt. B. West Africa1. Bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south2. Sahara- an Arabic word for desert; takes up much of the interior of West Africa3.Savannah- rolling grassland fond on the edges of the Sahara4. Tropical rain forest is along the south-western and southern edge of West AfricaC. Niger River1. Flows through the rain forest and savannah region2. Serves as a major east-west pathway for migration and trade3. People living on the edge of the river exchange food for salt4. Camelsa. introduced to the area by Arabsb. opened up long-distance trade routes through the Saharac. Can go for a week without water d. Can withstand the desert’s hot days and cold nightsD. Religion1. Islam- spread along the African trade routes2. By 700 AD, Islam had spread all the way across northern Africa to the Atlantic Ocean3. By the 900s, Islam had spread to West Africa4. Followers of Islam are known as MuslimsE. West Africa prospered because of the gold trade1. Demand for gold grew due to the use of gold coins2. Gold coins were used by:a. Muslim states of North Africab. Countries of EuropeII. The Empires of West AfricaA. African people on the southern edge of the Sahara1. Had access to both the gold from the south and salt from the north2. Control of this trade made them wealthy and powerfulB. Ghana Empire1. First West African empire2. Soninke people controlled the region’s trade3. Grew wealthy from the gold and salt trade after the Muslims conquered North Africa and the Sahara in the 600s and 700s4. The Ghana ruler allowed the building of mosques5. Empire ended in the early 1200s because of new gold mines opening in Bure forcing trade routes to bypass GhanaC. Mali Empire1. Malinke people of the upper Niger River controlled the gold trade from Bure2. Conquered the Soninke people of Ghana to build their empire3. By 1300s the empire had spread east down the Niger River and west to the Atlantic Ocean4. Mansa Musa- leader of the empire 5. New gold mines opened in the Akan region, shifting trade routes further east6. Led to the rise of the Timbuktu as a center for trade and Muslim learningD. Songhai Empire1. Empire was built by the Sorko people of the Niger River in the 800s2. Used canoes to control trade along the river3. Sonni Alia. Songhai rulerb. His army seized control of Timbuktu in 1468c. Conquered land to the north and south along the Niger River4. Askiya Muhammada. Songhai rulerb. Made Timbuktu a great center of learningc. Encouraged more trade across the Sahara5. Songhai empire began its decline in 1591III. The Forest Kingdoms of GuineaA. Guinea1. Located in West Africa’s southern coast2. Had small states and kingdoms because the area was made up of very dense forestsB. Yoruba People of Ife/ Edo People of Benin1. Hunters, farmers, and traders2. Rich farmlands and tropical climate enabled the production of a surplus of food3. Surplus food supported rulers, government officials, artisans and artists4. Food was also traded for copper and salt from the SaharaIV. Central and South AmericaA. Dense vegetation made movement of people and goods difficult1. Villages were located along rivers2. People fished, grew wheat, and raised livestock3. Some of the people were nomadsB. Central African Society1. Central African societies were matrilineal2. Matrilineal- lineage or descent was traced through mothersC. Kingdom of Kongo1. Began in 1400 along the Zaire River2. Farmers produced food surpluses because of the fertile soil and abundant rainfall3. Mbundu-speaking peoplea. Located south of the Kongob. Also built a large kingdom in the areaV. SlaveryA. African Society1. Most enslaved people were captured in wara. Were sold back to their peopleb. Absorbed into their new African societyc. Slavery changed when the Arabs became involved2. Akan people (early 1400s)a. Acquired enslaved Africans from Mali tradersi. Clear landii. Mine goldb. Portuguese purchased enslaved Africans to work sugar plantationsB. Sugar Plantations1. Europeansa. Set up sugarcane plantations in the Mediterraneanb. Required heavy manual labor and a large workforcec. Used enslaved workers to meet the demand2. Spain and Portugal (1400s)a. Set up plantations off the west coast of Africab. Used enslaved Africans to work the fields3. Colonization of the Americasa. Traders shipped enslaved Africans to the Americasb. Stripped of their freedom and culturec. Forced to learn a new way of life in terrible conditions4. Conditions on the Shipsa. Crowded and unsanitaryb. Women was taken and raped by crew membersc. Men sometimes were brought up on deck to fight each other for the entertainment of the crewd. Many would die in transportC. Barbary Slave Trade (1500 – 1800)1. White slave markets that flourished in North Africa2. Calculated between 1 million and 1.25 million European Christians were captured and forced into slavery in North Africa3. From 1500- 1650, more white Christian slaves were taken to Barbary than black Africans taken to the Americas. 4. After the 17th century, black African numbers would greatly outnumber the Barbary Slave trade by 10 to 11 million people enslaved4. Slavery in this time period was based on religion and ethnicity more than race5. Muslim Slave Raidsa. Corsairs (pirates) would travel Mediterranean coasts and enslave citizens b. People from places such as Spain, France, Portugal; sometimes as far north as England and Iceland were captured and sent to Barbary c. England lost at least 400 sailors per year to the slavers that attacked their shipsD. Irish Slaves- “The Forgotten Slaves”1. Began when James II of Britain sold 30,000 Irish prisoners as slaves to the New World2. Proclamation of 1625- All Irish political prisoners would be sent overseas and sold to English settlers3. By mid-1600s, the Irish were the main slaves sold to Antigua and Montserrat (70% of the population of Montserrat were Irish slaves)4. 1641-1652a. 500,000 Irish were killed by the English and another 300,000 were sold as slavesb. Ireland’s population fell from 1.5 million to 600,000 in one decadec. Irish males were not allowed to take their families with them, so they were left helplessd. Britain’s solution was to auction the women and children into slavery as well5. 1650’sa. Over 100,000 children between the ages of 10 and 14 were taken from their parents and sold as slaves in the West Indies, Virginia, and New Englandb. Another 52,000 women and children (not listed in the above age range) were sold in Barbados and Virginiac. Another 30,000 Irish men and women were sold to the highest bidder in the open market auctionsd. Cromwell ordered that 2000 Irish children be taken to Jamaica and sold as slaves to English settlers in 1656e. Monetary Expensei. African slaves went for 50 sterling eachii. Irish slaves were worth no more than 5 sterlingiii. English masters would breed Irish slaves to increase their free workforce because children born to a slave were themselves a slaveiv.Killing an Irish slave was never a crime, but only a monetary setback, and was preferable to killing a more expensive African slave6. Punishmentsa. Minor punishments- whippings, brandings, beatingb. Major punishmentsi. Given for rebellion or disobeying an orderii. Slave owners would hang their property by the hands and burn their hands or feetiii. Would burn the slave alive and have their head placed on pikes as a warning to other slaves7. Eugenics (Breeding Programs for Slaves)a. Settlers began to breed Irish women and girls as young as 12 with African men to produce slaves with a distinct complexionb. These “mulatto” slaves brought higher prices and saved the settlers money because they did not have to purchase more African slavesc. Became so widespread a practice that in 1681 legislation was passed forbidding the practice of mating Irish slave females with African slave males for the purpose of producing slavesd. Reason for the legislation was it interfered with profits from a large slave transport company8. English Slave Trade from 1700- 1839a. England continued to ship tens of thousands of Irish slaves for more than a century to both America and Australiab. After the Irish Rebellion in 1798, Irish slaves were being shipped more frequently with African slavesc. Record of one British ship dumping 1,302 slaves into the Atlantic Ocean so the crew would have plenty of food to eatd. Britain ended its role in the slave trade in 1839, but the Irish were still victims of pirates seeking prisoners to turn into slaves for profitDiscussion questions for Section 4What was feudalism?How did the Crusades help change western European society?What political developments and new technologies made it possible for Europeans to search for a water route to China?How did Henry the Navigator help Portuguese exploration?Section 4: European CulturesI. European SocietyA. The First Crusades1. Called for by Pope Urban in 1095 in his plea for help against Muslim forces2. Military campaigns sanctioned by the Latin Roman Catholic Church 3. The goal was restoring Christian access to the Holy land and was realized in 1099 with the capture of Jerusalem4. Muslims vowed to wage holy war (jihad) to regain control over the region, and all the individual conflicts between Muslims and European Christians became commonly known as CrusadesB. Roman Empire1. Controlled much of Europe with stable social and political order2. The empire collapsed by 500 AD3. Western Europe became isolated, trade declined, and law and order ended4. This period from 500 Ad to 1400 is called the Middle AgesC. Feudalism1. Political system that developed in Western Europe2. The king gave estates to nobles in exchange for their loyalty and military support3. Lack of strong central government that led to frequent warfareD. Manorialism1. Economic ties between nobles and peasants2. In exchange for protection, peasants provided various services for the feudal lord on his manor3. Serfs- peasants who could not leave the manor without permissionE. European Economy 1000 AD1. Villagers were able to produce surpluses of food2. New agricultural inventionsa. Better plowb. Horse collar3. Revived trade in Europe and encouraged the growth of townsF. Roman Catholic Church1. Provided stability and order in Europe after the fall of Rome2. People who broke laws faced excommunication3. Religious censure used to deprive, suspend, or limit membership in a religious community or to restrict certain rights within it, in particular reception of the Sacraments4. There are seven sacramentsa. Baptismb. Confirmation- confirms and strengthens baptismc. Eucharist- Holy Communion (partaking of the body and blood of Jesus Christ) d. Penance- first sacrament of healing; includes confession, forgiveness, reconciliation for sins committede. Anointing of the sick- second sacrament of healingf. Holy Orders- sacrament where a man is made a bishop, priest, or a deacong. MatrimonyII. Expanding HorizonsA. Crusades1. Changed western European society by bringing Europeans into contact with Muslim and Byzantine civilizations of Eastern Europe and the Middle East2. Trade increased in the eastern Mediterranean area3. Especially benefited Italian citiesB. European Trade with Asia1. During the 1200s, there was an increasing demand for gold from Africa to make gold coins2. Was a direct result of Europe’s expanding trade with AsiaC. Mogul Empire- 1200s1. Broke down trade barriers, opened borders, and made roads safer against bandits2. Encouraged more trade between Europe and Asia3. Europe was importing large amounts of spices and other goods from Asia4. Empire ended in the 1300s5. Caused Asia to become many independent kingdoms and empires6. Decline in the flow of goods from Asia led to European merchants to look for a sea route to Asia to avoid Muslim kingdomsIII. New States, New TechnologyA. Beginning in the 1300s, a number of changes took place in Europe enabling Europeans to begin building sending ships into the Atlantic Ocean to look for a water route to China. B. The Crusades and trade with Asia1. Weakened feudalism2. New towns and merchants gave monarchs a new source of wealth to tax3. Armed forces opened and protected trade routes4. Merchants loaned money to monarchs to search for a water route to China5. Monarchs relied less on support from nobility6. Monarchs began to unify their kingdoms with a strong central government7. By mid-1400s, Portugal, Spain, England, and France emerged as strong states in Western EuropeC. Renaissance1. An intellectual revolution2. Began in Western Europe around 1350 AD and lasted until about 16003. It produced great works of art and started a scientific revolutionD. Long-distance Travel and Technology1. Astrolabe- device that uses the position of the sun to determine direction, latitude, and local time2. Lateen sailsa. Acquired from Arab tradersb. Made it possible for ships to sail against the wind3. Compassa. Acquired from Arab tradersb. device used for navigation and orientation that shows direction relative to the geographic cardinal directions 4. Caravela. Invented by the Portugueseb. A ship that was easier to steer and that made travel much fasterIV. Portuguese ExplorationA. Henry the Navigator- set up a center for astronomical and geographical studies in Portugal in 1419B. Bartolomeu Dias- commander of a Portuguese ship that reached the southern tip of Africa in 1488C. Vasco de Gama1. Commanded 4 Portuguese ships in 14972. Found a water route to Asia3. Route- went from Portugal, around Africa, and across the Indian Ocean to IndiaDiscussion questions for Section 5Who were the first Europeans to explore the Americas?What did Columbus discover on his voyages to the Americas?How was Spain able to officially claim the Americas?What kinds of interchanges was part of the Columbian Exchange?Section 5: Europe Encounters AmericaI. The Vikings Arrive in AmericaA. The Norse (Vikings) were the first Europeans to arrive in the Americas1. They came from Scandinavia2. 1001 AD, Leif Ericsson and 35 other Vikings explored the coast of Labrador and stayed the winter in NewfoundlandB. Viking attempts of settling in the Americas failed mainly because Native Americans opposed themII. Spain Sends Columbus WestA. Christopher Columbus1. Italian navigator who wanted to sail across the Atlantic2. Could not get financial backing from England or France, so turned to Spain for help3. King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella financed Columbus’ expedition4. Columbus and his three ships left Spain in August 1492 and landed in the Bahamas (today known as Watling Island)a. Ninab. Pintac. Santa Maria5. Called the Taino people Indians because he thought he had reached the Indies6. Columbus also found the islands of Cuba and Hispaniola7. Columbus had miscalculated the distance from Spain to India because the work of Claudius Ptolemy made the earth seem much smaller than it actually wasB. Claudius Ptolemy1. Greek educated Egyptian geographer and astronomer from 200 AD2. Drew maps of a round world3. Ptolemy’s Geography was rediscovered in 1406 and printed in 14754. His maps used the basic system of lines of latitude and longitude that are still used todayC. Expedition Pays Off1. Columbus returned to Spain with gold, parrots, spices, and Native Americans2. Impressed, Ferdinand and Isabella were convinced to finance another trip and were promised as much gold as they wantedD. Columbus’ Second Voyage1. Took 17 ships and 1,200 colonists2. In November 1493 he landed in Hispaniola3. Many colonists felt they had been misled with the promises of gold and returned to Spain4. Columbus stayed and explored Hispaniola where he found some gold5. Columbus returned to Spain in 1496E. Santo Domingo1. Columbus’ brother Bartholomew stayed and founded the city of Santo Domingo in Hispaniola2. Became the first capital of Spain’s American empire3. Columbus made two more voyages to Americaa. Studied the Orinoco River in South Americab. Mapped the American coastline from Guatemala to PanamaIII. Spain Claims AmericaA. Spanish Exploration/ Colonies from 1490s through the early 1500s1. Explorationa. Major Caribbean islandsb. Began exploring American mainland2. Coloniesa. Hispaniolab. Cubac. Jamaicad. Puerto RicoB. Pope Alexander VI1. Established the line of demarcation in 1493a. Imaginary north to south line running down the middle of the Atlanticb. Granted Spain control of everything west of the line c. Granted Portugal control of everything east of the line2. Treaty of Tordesillasa. Signed by Spain and Portugalb. Gave Portugal the right to control the route around Africa to Indiac. Spain claimed the new lands of America, except for what is now BrazilC. Amerigo Vespucci1. Italian who repeated Columbus’ voyages in 1499 and 15012. The Americas were named after him3. Discovered that this large land mass could not be a part of AsiaD. Juan Ponce de Leon1. Spanish governor of Puerto Rico2. Discovered Florida in 1513E. Vasco de Balboa- became the first European to reach the Pacific coast of America in 1513F. Ferdinand Magellan1. Portuguese mariner working for Spain who discovered the strait at the southernmost tip of South America in 15202. His crew became the first known people to circumnavigate (sail around) the globeIV. The Columbian ExchangeA. Series of interchanges that permanently changed the world’s ecosystems and changed nearly every culture around the worldB. Native American Contribution to Europeans (What Native Americans gave to Europeans)1. Taught the Europeans local farming methods 2. Introduced them to new crops and foodsa. Cornb. Tobaccoc. Potato3. Europeans also adapted many devices invented by the Indians such as the canoeC. European Contributions to Native Americans (What Europeans gave to Native Americans)1. Introduced the Native Americans to the following cropsa. Wheatb. Oatsc. Barley2. Introduced Native Americans to domestic livestock3. Introduced technologies such as metalworking4. Also brought diseases that killed millions of Native Americans because they lacked immunity to the diseases ................
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