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Notes on Circulatory System
Functions of the Circulatory System:
1. Transports ______________ from ____________ to all _________ of the body
← some ________ require more _____________ than others (ex. ________, ________ cells, _______________ cells)
2. Transports _____________________ from cells of the body to the ____________
← your cells produce nitrogenous wastes when they break down __________
3. Transports ___________ from your _________ to cells of the body
← cells need O2 to produce _____ (_________) this process is called _____________________________
4. Transports ____________________ from your cells to the lungs to be exhaled
← CO2 is a byproduct of ____________________________
5. Transports ______________ from the ______________ gland that produces them to their __________ cells
← ___________ is produced in your _____________
← it is transported in your bloodstream to cells in _________ and _________
6. Distributes ________ throughout the body
← if you are too _______, blood is brought to your _______ so the heat can be removed as ___________ evaporates
← if you are too _________, blood flow to the skin is ________________, allowing you to _______________ heat in the body
Components of the circulatory system:
A. ________________________ – function to transport blood throughout the body
5 major types of blood vessels
1. ______________ – vessels that transport blood ________ from the heart
← they usually carry _______________ blood
2. ___________________ – small _____________
← important because the __________ muscle in their walls can constrict and relax
← ________________ arterioles to one area of the body reduces blood flow to that area
← example – when you are ________, you _____________ the arterioles that send blood to your skin
3. _________________ – the _____________ of all blood vessels (some are slightly larger than a single _________________ cell)
← capillaries are important because their walls are ________ enough to allow the _____________ of materials (____,______, ________, ____________, and _________________)
← your have several ______________________ of capillaries
4. _________ – vessels that ____________ blood to the heart
← they usually carry ____________________ blood
← the largest veins in the body are the _____________ and __________________________ (_____ inches in diameter)
← the vena cavae empty blood returning from the _________ into the ___________
← _________ differ in structure from _____________ in that veins:
are often ________ in diameter
have ____________ walls because blood pressure in the veins is much less than that in the arteries
have ________________________ that prevent the back flow of blood (keeps blood moving __________ the heart)
5. _______________ – (= “________________”) – tiny vessels that transport blood from the capillaries to the veins
heart ( ____________ ( ______________ ( _______________ ( _______________ ( ___________ ( back to heart
Blood pressure varies as it flows through each type of vessel:
← blood pressure is ___________ in the artery leaving the heart (__________)
← blood leaving the heart must be pumped under _____________________ so that it can travel through the body
← blood pressure ________ steadily as it moves through the circulatory system – it is __________ in the veins emptying into the heart (_________________)
B. _________________________ – function to collect fluid that leaks from the capillaries and return it to the circulatory system
← about _____ liters of fluid leak from your ________________ each day
← this could be harmful to your health because you have only ______ liters of blood
← capillaries leak because they are so ________ (only __________ thick)
← every time your heart beats, fluid is forced _______ of the capillaries and into the surrounding ___________
← this fluid enters __________ capillaries where it is now called __________
← lymph flows into larger and larger lymphatic vessels, in a __________ direction toward the _________
← lymph is cleaned by tiny structures called _________________ as it makes its way toward the heart
← some lymph nodes are ______________ along lymphatic vessels, while others are concentrated in specific areas (___________, __________)
← If you have an infection in your __________, lymph nodes in the _____________ on that side of the body become painfully swollen (filled with dead ____________ that have been filtered out of lymph returning from the hand)
← ____________ lymph is dumped into 2 large veins that enter the ________ – returning this fluid to the circulatory system
C. ______________ – is made up of liquid (_________) and _____ kinds of solids
1. ______________ makes up ______% of the total blood volume
Plasma contains:
← a large amount of _________
← _______________ (ex. __________, ____________, and ________________)
← ___________________________ (ex. ________)
← ________ and _________ (ex. __________ ions, _________ ions, and ____________________ ions)
← _______________
2. ____________ make up _____% of the total blood volume.
The 3 major solids found in blood are _____________________, ________________________, and __________________
_________________________ (_________________) are flattened disks that function to transport _______________
← they are able to transport oxygen because they are packed with ________________ – a protein that binds to ______ in the lungs and releases it to cells in the body
← RBCs differ from all other cells in the body in that they lose their _____________ when they start __________________ O2
← since they don’t have a nucleus, they can’t _________________ themselves and die after about _____ months – they must continually be produced
← RBCs are produced in _______________________________
If more RBCs die than are produced, you suffer from a condition called ___________
← individuals with anemia feel __________ all the time because their cells aren’t getting enough _____
________________________ (________________) are larger than RBCs and contain a nucleus
← they function to __________ your body against ____________ by attacking and destroying _______________, __________, and __________________
← like RBCs, WBCs are produced in _______________________________
← sometimes cancer occurs among pre-WBCs in the bone marrow – called ____________________
__________________ are fragments that function in blood _________________
← platelets circulating in your blood vessels are ____________ – activated when a blood vessel is ________________
← once activated they release a clotting ______________ that triggers a series of reactions involving about 14 other clotting proteins
If all clotting factors are present in the blood, a ___________ net will be formed
← this net traps other _____________, __________ and _________, forming a clot
← this ________ plugs the damaged blood vessel, stopping bleeding
If you are missing only ____ of the clotting factors is missing your blood will not _________ and you would be suffering from a condition called ________________ (_________________________ disease)
Blood Typing:
The surface of each RBC in you body displays about ______ different _______________
← the most important antigens on the surface of your RBCs are: _____, _____, and _____
← the presence of the A and B antigens determines your __________ blood grouping, while the presence of the Rh antigen determines whether you are _______________ or _______________
1. ABO blood groupings in humans:
_____, _____, _____, or _____
← individuals whose RBCs are covered with ________________ (but no _________________) have type _____ blood
if you have type _____ blood, you have _________________ (_________) floating in your plasma
← individuals whose RBCs are covered with _________________ (but no __________________) have type _____ blood
if you have type _____ blood, you have __________________ (_________) floating in your plasma
← individuals whose RBCs are covered with both _____ and __________________ have type _______ blood
If you have type ______ blood, you have neither _____ nor ________________________ in your plasma
Knowing a person’s ABO blood type is very important in performing a ___________________________________
If you are given an ___________________ blood type, you will have a severe reaction in which the ________________ in your plasma attack the _____________ on the surface of the RBCs entering your bloodstream, causing the RBCs to ________________ (____________) and _______________
← this type of reaction is called ________________
← the ruptured RBCs release _______________, which may cause ______________ damage
2. _______ system
← this system is so named because it was first worked out in the blood of the _____________ monkey
← like the ABO grouping, the ________ system is based on _____________ on the surface of your RBCs
← people whose RBCs have Rh antigens are ________________________
← people whose RBCs do not have Rh antigens are _________________________
There are 8 possible blood types with the ABO and Rh antigens:
_____, _____, _____, _____, _____, _____, _____, ______
The most common problem with _____________________________ may arise during ________________
← normally, there is no mixing of the mother’s and baby’s _________ during _________________
← however, during the ____________ process, some of the baby’s blood mixes with it’s mother’s blood – if the mother is ________ and her child is ________ she will begin producing ____________________
← fortunately this does not have an effect on the present pregnancy – however, if the mother were to ever become pregnant with another ________ baby, her Rh _________________ (produced at the end of the 1st pregnancy) would pass through the _______________ and destroy the baby’s _________
_________________________ is not much of a problem presently because if an Rh- woman ever gives birth to an Rh+ child, she is immediately given a shot of _______________, which stops her body from producing ______________________
← she must receive a shot of _________________ every time she becomes pregnant with an _______ baby
Blood Groups in the U.S.
| |O |A |B |AB |Rh+ |
|Whites |45% |41% |10% |4% |85% |
|Blacks |_____% |_____% |_____% |_____% |_____% |
|Hawaiians |_____% |_____% |_____% |_____% |_____% |
Disorders of the Blood:
1. ______________ – ________ production slows down (many different types)
2. ____________________________ – inherited condition in which abnormal _______________ is produced, causing their RBCs to become _______________
← these _____________ cells cannot __________ through blood vessels as easily as __________ RBCs
← these ____________________ may cut off the blood supply to an ___________
3. ___________________ – a ________________ disease caused by a __________ that infects the ___________________ cells
← symptoms include ____________, ________________, ______________, ______________________, and _____________
← there is no _____________, but with _________, the individual usually suffers no permanent ill effects
4. ____________________ – ___________ of the _________
5. ___________________ – ____________, either ___________ or _______________
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