10.05.03-Notes 8.1



Name ___________________ Period _____

Chapters 8 & 9 Notes: Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration & Fermentation

Words to Know: energy, autotrophs, heterotrophs, ATP, pigment, chlorophyll, photosynthesis, light dependent reactions, cellular respiration, aerobic, anaerobic, alcoholic fermentation

Energy & Life

energy: The ability to do _______________________.

• Can be stored in _________________________________.

• Cells need energy to do things like _______________________, _______________________, _______________________, and producing and storing proteins.

autotrophs: Organisms that _______________________ their own food.

AKA:

ex:

heterotrophs: Organisms that _______________________ energy from the food that they eat.

AKA:

ex:

ATP (adenosine triphosphate): The main energy _______________________ compound for living things.

ADP (adenosine diphosphate):

• When a cell has extra energy, it stores it by adding a _______________________ to ADP, making _______________________.

• To release the energy, the bond is _______________________, converting _______________________ back to ADP.

[pic]

Photosynthesis: An Overview

Light & Pigment

• White light is actually a mixture of different _______________________ of light. (sun)

• Pigments: light _______________________ molecules that gather the sun’s energy.

← The plant’s principle _______________________ is chlorophyll.

• Energy absorbed by chlorophyll is transferred directly to _______________________ in the chlorophyll molecule. These electrons help photosynthesis work.

So why are leaves green?

• Look at the wavelengths of light that chlorophyll absorbs & uses in photosynthesis.

• The colors that are left are _______________________back and that is what you see. (green)

Photosynthesis: An Overview

• The process that captures light energy and uses it to make carbohydrates (glucose)

[pic]

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|Where does it take Place? | |

|In the _____________________. In plan leaf cells. | |

2 Parts:

← Light dependent reactions

← Light independent reactions (AKA dark reactions or the Calvin Cycle)

Factors Affecting Photosynthesis (and Environmental Science)

• Temperature

← Best between _______________________ Impacts:_______________________________________

• Light intensity

← A _______________________ intensity increases the rate of photosynthesis until a maximum rate is reached. Impacts:__________________________________________________________________

• Water

o A shortage can _______________________ photosynthesis. (Impacts:_______________

____________________________________

• CO2

← A higher intensity ________________ the rate of photosynthesis until a maximum rate is reached. Impacts:____________________

Cellular Respiration: An Overview

Cellular Respiration

• Releases energy (ATP) by breaking down ____________________ in the presence of ____________________.

C6H12O6 + 6O2 ----------> 6H2O + 6CO2

calorie: The amount of ____________________ needed to raise 1g of H2O 1° C.

• When burned, 1g of glucose releases ____________________ calories of heat energy.

• Food labels show Calories (=____________________ calories). (kcal)

The Process of Cellular Respiration

|Three parts: |[pic] |

|Glycolysis | |

| | |

|Kreb’s cycle | |

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|Electron Transport Chain | |

Glycolysis

Where? The ____________________

Kreb’s Cycle

Where? The ____________________

Electron Transport Chain

Where? The ____________________

Aerobic & Anaerobic Reactions

• When O2 is present & all of cellular respiration occurs, ____________________are made from 1 C6H12O6.

← Aerobic: reactions that require ____________________

← When there is no O2, only ____________________occurs & less energy comes from 1 C6H12O6. (about 2 ATPS)

← Anaerobic: reactions that ____________________need oxygen (glycolysis). Stored energy runs out and this leads to fermentation.

Fermentation: Allows ____________________ to continue by converting energy into a usable form.

← Anaerobic

← Two types:

← ____________________ fermentation (fruit, ethanol, bread, some fish)

Pyruvic acid + NADH -> alcohol + CO2 + NAD+

← ____________________fermentation (exercise)

Pyruvic acid + NADH -> lactic acid + NAD+

[pic]

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