Chapter 26, 27 Study Guide
.Name: _________________________________
Below is the plan for the unit on the beginning of the Cold War. Lessons/assignments are subject to change, but this should give every student an idea on what to expect in the coming days!
|Unit: Beginning of the Cold War, Plan |
|Date |Lesson/Topic |What is due? |
| |Assignment | |
|Day one: |Read – The Aftermath of WW2 and complete worksheet | |
|Tuesday |Page one notes on origins of Cold War | |
| |Terms 1-4 + Go over Study Guide questions | |
| |Page two notes on “Cold War Heats Up” | |
| |Terms 5-12, 15 | |
|Day two: |Review yesterday’s material | |
|Wednesday |Notes on Korean War | |
| |Finish terms/finish study guide | |
|Day three: |Cold War, Quiz 1 (25 questions) |Quiz |
|Thursday |Begin Cuban Missile Crisis/JFK’s Presidency |Entire packet should be finished |
Name: _________________ Cold War Vocabulary
1. Iron curtain
2. Cold War
3. Containment
4. Truman Doctrine
5. Marshall Plan
6. Berlin airlift
7. East vs. West Germany
8. United Nations
9. Julius & Ethel Rosenberg
10. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
11. Warsaw Pact
12. Blacklist
13. Mao Zedong
14. H-Bomb
15. McCarthyism
16. Arms race
17. Virginia (in regards to Cold War)
18. U-2 incident
19. Baby boom
20. GI Bill of Rights
21. Korean War
22. Stalemate
23. 38th Parallel
Part 1: Origins of the Cold War
The end of _____________
A. The __________________ occupies central and eastern Europe
B. Germany is divided between the ____________ (East) and the rest of the ____________ (West)
1. ____________Germany ____________government; achieved self-government
2. ____________Germany dominated by the Soviets; did not establish self-government
C. ____________was occupied by ____________forces
1. Adapted a ____________form of government
2. Resumed self-government
3. Became a strong American ____________
I. The ____________Nations
A. Established at the Yalta Conference
1. ____________wanted to charge Germany $20 billion
2. Stalin would join in the war against ____________
3. Disagreements over Poland
4. Established the ____________ ____________
B. Replaced the League of Nations
C. Goals:
1. To prevent future ____________wars
2. Solve differences peacefully and promote justice
II. The ____________ ____________
A. Lasted from the end of ____________to the collapse of the ____________ ____________ (1989)
B. Causes
1. Economic and political differences between the U.S. and the Soviet Union
2. U.S.: ____________government and ____________economy
3. Soviet Union: ____________government, ____________economy, and satellite nations
III. Cold War policies
A. The Potsdam Conference
1. Meeting between Truman, Stalin, and Attlee (GB)
2. Stalin insisted on German war payments
3. Truman announced a secret American weapon
B. The ____________Doctrine
1. Focused on the ____________of communism
2. Resist communist aggression into other countries
3. Keep the ____________ ____________from advancing
Part 2: The Cold War Heats Up
I. The ____________Plan
A. The U.S. did not want to make the same mistakes as in WW1
B. George C. ____________writes a plan for European economic recovery
1. Allowing Europe to recover on their own might cause countries to turn to communism
2. ____________up other countries would provide us with allies and ____________partners
3. European Recovery Plan; over $13 million in aid to Europe
II. The ____________Airlift
A. ____________attempted to cut off West Berlin from Allied access
B. Truman did not want to give up ____________or risk going to war
C. British and American Air Forces deliver supplies into Berlin
1. 13,000 tons of supplies arrived daily; 2. The Soviets had to give up the Berlin blockade
III. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (____________)
A. Alliance between the U.S. and western European countries to prevent a Soviet invasion of Western Europe
B. The Soviets join with allies in Eastern Europe and form the ____________ ____________in response
IV. Communist advances
A. The Soviet atomic threat
1. Evidence of a Soviet nuclear explosion; the race for the hydrogen bomb
B. ____________falls to the Communists
1. ____________ ____________establishes the People’s Republic of China
2. Chiang Kai-shek’s Nationalists are forced to retreat to Taiwan
V. The Cold War at home
A. Continuation of the ____________ ____________
1. The world seemed to be divided between ____________and ____________countries
2. The communists develop ____________weapons
3. Both sides participate in a nuclear buildup that threatens the safety of the entire world
a. Schools have bomb drills; b. People build bomb ____________
B. Fearing the growth of communism
1. Communists Alger Hiss and Julius and Ethel _________are convicted of spying for the Soviet Union
2. Senator Joseph ____________recklessly accuses people of being communist
a. Accusations are based on little or no evidence
b. _______________ : the making of false accusations based on rumor or guilt by association
C. The Cold War and ____________
1. Heavy military expenditures benefit ____________
a. Hampton Roads; naval and air bases
b. Northern Virginia; the ____________and companies contracting with the government
Part three: The Korean War
I. The growth of ________________________
1 The ________________ Civil War
1. Communist takeover 1948
2. Small democratic section of China is exiled to ___________________
A. Dividing up Korea
1. Korea was divided at the __________parallel
2. Soviets controlled ____________ Korea
3. U.S. controlled ______________ Korea
II. The war begins (_________)
A. ____________ Korea invades the ___________in an attempt to unify Korea
B. President ___________sees the attack as an act of Communist aggression
C. Truman is dedicated to the ______________________of communism and attacks North Korea
III. Fighting the war
A. Douglas ______________________leads U.S. forces deep into North Korea
B. ______________________comes to North Korea’s aid
C. The U.S. fears the ______________________. will get involved and start WW3
IV. The war ends (1953)
A. Both armies fought to a ______________________
B. President ______________________negotiates peace with China and North Korea
C. The war ends with Korea still divided at the 38th parallel
*** Truman ______________________the military in 1948; this was the first war fought with an integrated military
V. ___________Incident (1960)
2 U.S. had a spy plane flying over the USSR
3 USSR shoots it down; U.S. denies any of this
4 USSR has body of pilot as evidence; great embarrassment to US
VI. GI Bill (nothing to do with Korea War)
A. During WW2, FDR wanted to ensure returning veterans would be given great opportunities; GI Bill passed
B. Gives returning soldiers – payment for college tuition; low-interest home loan; unemployment pay up to six months
C. Meant to satisfy soldiers after Bonus Army incident of 1931
VII. Baby Boom –
A. Following WW2, US economy was strong and it was a great time to start a family
B. 1945-1965 – about 75 million babies born!!!!
The Aftermath of World War II
Postwar outcomes
Following World War II, Europe was in ruins. The continent was devastated—it had been through two World Wars in just over 20 years! Countries were destroyed, governments were shut down, and the economy of many countries became very unstable. The question following World War II was simple—what should be done with the lands that were unstable and destroyed? More specifically, what should be done with Germany, the country that started this war? And then in Asia, what should be done with Japan?
A Communist Takeover
In Eastern and Central Europe, that question was soon answered by the Soviet Union, a communist country that suffered enormous casualties during the war, but ended up victorious. It’s leader, Joseph Stalin, wanted to ensure that he could take back any land they had lost following World War I, but also wanted to ensure that Germany would not rise to power again. Soviet forces began to occupy most of Eastern and Central Europe, but they also wanted control over Germany. They felt that if they occupied Germany, Germany would never be a threat to them again. In occupying these territories of Eastern Europe, Stalin spread his type of government—Communism.
In Communism, people are provided the basic necessities—shelter, food, clothing, work, for example. However, because the government provides and controls everything, people have no say in what they have. People don’t vote for their leaders in communism. People don’t have freedom of expression, freedom of speech, freedom of anything! You basically do what the government says.
Democratic Beliefs
DEMOCRACY is different. In democracy, people do vote; we have a society based off CAPITALISM, in which people can buy and sell whatever they want; they can work where they want, they can live where they want. When the Soviets began to expand into other areas in the world, communism spread with it. This worried democratic nations, because as communism spread, people in those countries began to lose rights. DEMOCRATIC countries, such as the U.S., France, and Britain (U.S. was the most powerful of these after WW2) also wanted to occupy Germany—they felt that if people were given rights and freedoms (via democracy), they would be more likely to become a future ally, not a future enemy again.
The Occupation of Germany
Eventually, the decision was made to divide Germany into East and West Germany. West Germany became democratic and resumed self-government after a few years of American, British, and French occupation. East Germany remained under the domination of the Soviet Union and did not adopt democratic institutions.
The Occupation of Japan
Following her defeat, Japan was occupied by American forces. American forces helped Japan to rebuild, and also helped to create a new type of government (before, they were a military dictatorship). Japan soon adopted a democratic form of government, resumed self-government (allowing the US troops to leave), and became a strong ally of the United States. Can you believe that after two atomic bombs, they became allies with the U.S.?
The Spread of Communism and the Marshall Plan
Now, back to Europe. Europe lay in ruins, and there was a huge fear that with it being in ruins, the Soviets would take over and spread…..COMMUNISM! The U.S. and other democratic nations feared this greatly. In response to the possible threat of communism spreading, the United States launched the Marshall Plan, which provided massive financial aid (aka money) to rebuild European economies and prevent the spread of communism. The U.S. felt that if they gave European countries enough money to rebuild and get back on their feet, they would not need the help of communist countries to get by again.
The United Nations
Also, remember the League of Nations? And how the U.S. did not join? Well, the United Nations was formed near the end of World War II to create a body for the nations of the world to try to prevent future global wars. And the U.S. DID join. But the Soviets did not.
Name: ___________________________________________ The Aftermath of World War II, Questions
1. The future of what country was really debated following World War II? _______________________
2. What area did the Soviets take over after WWII? ________________________________
3. Who was the leader of the Soviet Union during and after WWII? __________________
4. Why did the Soviets want to take over Germany? ____________________________
5. What type of government was in the Soviet Union? ____________________________
6. Describe communism? _____________________________________________________________________
7. What is democracy? _______________________________________________________________________
8. List three democratic nations? ________________________________________________________
9. Why did these democracies want to occupy Germany? ___________________________________________
10. What happened to West Germany? _____________________________________________________________
11. What happened to East Germany? __________________________________________________________
12. What happened to Japan? _________________________________________________________________
13. Can you believe that? ___________________________________
14. What was the purpose of the Marshal Plan? __________________________________________________
15. What was formed after WWII? _______________________________ Did the U.S. join? __________
Write two things for each of the following:
|Marshall Plan |West Germany |East Germany |
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|Berlin |Japan after WWII |Communism |
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|Democracy |United Nations |Soviet Union |
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|Joseph Stalin |Nice fact about someone |Nice fact about Mr. Bayne |
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Cold War Part One, Study Guide
1. All of the following were true of Germany following World War II -
A
B
C
2. All of the following were true of Japan following its defeat -
A
B
C
3. Following World War II, the Soviet Union viewed what organization as a threat?
4. Near the end of World War II, the United Nations was formed to –
5. The best way to describe the North Atlantic Treaty Alliance (NATO) and the Warsaw Pact are –
6. The Cold War can best be described as a –
7. The Soviet Union formed the Warsaw Pact in response to this military alliance -
8. The United States launched the Marshall Plan to –
9. Two nations that emerged as dominant world powers immediately following the conclusion of World War II were –
10. Which nations occupied West Germany for a few years after World War II?
11. "Alger Hiss Convicted;" "Rosenberg Indicted" "McCarthy Hearings Begin" The events depicted in the headlines are associated with the –
12. A principle common to the Truman Doctrine, the Korean War, and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is –
13. What were the results of the Korean War?
14. Who were Julius and Ethel Rosenberg?
[pic]
15. What is this cartoon attempting to illustrate?
16. The outcome of the Korean War was –
17. The term most associated with the U.S.S.R. is –
18. The United States did not attempt to enforce the Truman Doctrine during what event?
19. The United States distrusted the Soviet Union after World War II because –
20. Winston Churchill coined the term “Iron Curtain” to describe:
21. List three examples of our Containment Policy being put into effect?
A
B
C
22. The Cold War convinced Americans that:
24. In the early years, the United Nations was largely ineffective because:
25. What impact did Joseph McCarthy have on American society?
26. What state’s economy benefitted the most from the Cold War?
Cold War: Foreign Policy in the Early 1960s
I. The election of 1960
A. First presidential debate to be broadcast on ________________
1. _____________was young and good looking; 2. _____________was older and sick
B. Kennedy wins by a narrow margin
1. _____________president ever elected; 2. First Roman Catholic president
C. “_______________________________________. . .”
II. The __________________________invasion
A. Fidel _____________establishes a communist dictatorship in _____________ (1959)
B. The U.S. wanted to eliminate Castro
1. The CIA trains Cuban rebels 2. The U.S. supports an insurrection designed to take Cuba back from Communists
C. The Bay of Pigs invasion _____________
1. JFK fails to give the invasion _____________support
2. The U.S. is criticized for supporting the overthrow of Cuba’s government
III. The __________________________Crisis
A. Germany and Berlin are divided into east and west sectors
B. The Soviets want to stop people from escaping from East Germany through West Berlin
1. The Soviets build the _____________ _____________ (1961); 2. War is temporarily avoided
IV. The __________________________Crisis
A. American spy planes find evidence of the _____________placing nuclear missile _____________in Cuba
B. Kennedy weighs his options
1. Negotiate with _____________; 2. _____________Cuba
3. _____________/Quarantine Cuba 4. _____________the missile sites
C. Kennedy decides on a _____________not a blockade
D. Khrushchev backs down and nuclear was is avoided
1. A “__________________________” is established between Moscow and Washington
V. Kennedy establishes the __________________________
A. Established in 1961 to send _____________around the world to help developing _____________
B. Successful program designed to raise the _______________________________________in poor countries
VI. Kennedy’s _____________programs
A. Kennedy’s __________________________
1. Improve the _____________; 2. Assist the _____________
3. Speed up the _____________program
a. Promised to put a man on the moon
b. Increased financial support to _____________
c. __________________________; first American in space
d. __________________________; first man to walk on the moon
e. “_______________________________________. . .”
VII. Kennedy is _____________
A. Nov. 22, 1963; Lee Harvey _____________shoots JFK in Dallas, TX.
B. Jack _____________kills Oswald before he can go to trial
C. The __________________________, secret conspiracy???
The Cold War: Vietnam
I. Initial involvement in ___________
A. Communist N. Vietnam attempts to establish a communist government in S. Vietnam (late 1950’s)
1. The ___________Effect; We must contain ___________
B. ___________sends in military advisors to South Vietnam
C. ___________continues JFK’s policy of containment
1. The North Vietnamese allegedly torpedo a U.S. boat in the Gulf of ___________
2. Congress unanimously approves the Gulf of Tonkin ___________
3. LBJ is allowed to: “take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the U.S. and to prevent further aggression.”
II. The war intensifies
A. American involvement in Vietnam grew throughout the 1960s
B. Reinstitution of the ___________
C. Fighting tactics
1. Land mines; ___________bombing (carpet bombing); Agent ___________; Napalm
D. The ______Offensive; the turning point of the war (North invades South during New Year celebration)
E. We continually won the battles, but could not win the war due to fighting a limited war
III. The war at home
A. The country is divided over the war
1. ___________vs. ___________; Student led protests; The ___________ (hippies)
B. The death counts
C. Johnson decides not to run for reelection
D. Richard ___________is elected because of his promise to bring the war to an honorable end (1968)
1. Institutes ____________________– train S. Vietnamese to fight their own war while we exit
2. Replace U.S. forces with South Vietnamese
3. Massive withdrawal of troops
4. Vietnamization ______due to the South Vietnamese inability to fight off the North Vietnamese
IV. The end of the war
A. Soldiers returning home
1. Soldiers returning home from Vietnam were treated differently than those who came home from WW2
2. Soldiers were treated with indifference and even ___________
3. It would be years before the U.S. would truly honor the Vietnam veterans (Vietnam War Memorial 1982)
B. Shortly after removing the last of the American troops in 1975, South Vietnam was ___________by North Vietnamese communists
Lyndon Johnson (1963-1968); Richard Nixon (1968-1974); Gerald Ford (1974-1977); Jimmy Carter (1977-1981); Ronald Reagan (1981-1989)
|Lyndon Johnson |What was the “Great Society?” |
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| |Why did Johnson not have enough money to support the Great Society? |
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| |Who ran instead of Lyndon Johnson in 1968 and what happened to him? |
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| |Who won the 1968 election? |
|Richard Nixon |What did he promise to do in his 1968 presidential campaign? |
| |What is “Vietnamization?” |
| |Which country supported the North Vietnamese? |
| |Once Nixon pulled troops out of Vietnam, what happened? |
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| |What country had fallen to Communism in 1949? |
| |Why did Nixon want to open up talks with China? |
| |What was “Détente”? |
| |What sporting event helped break the silence between the U.S. and China? |
| |Besides China, what other foreign power did Nixon use détente on? |
| |What was the purpose of the SALT with them? |
| |As far as foreign policy goes, do you think Nixon was an effective leader? |
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| |Why did Nixon have his campaign workers break into the Watergate hotel in 1972? |
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| |As a result of the Watergate scandal, what did Nixon do in 1974? |
|Gerald Ford |After Nixon, why did Vice President Spiro Agnew not take over? |
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| |What special fact can Gerald Ford say about his presidency that no other president can? |
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| |What was one of the first things that Ford did as President? |
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| |Who did he lose to in the 1976 election? |
|Jimmy Carter |Why was Carter elected in 1976? |
| |-He gave ____________________ to those who avoided the draft |
| |-Affirmative Action: ________________________________________________ |
| |Why do you think Jews demanded a homeland after WWII? |
| |Why did Egypt and Israel meet in the Camp-David Accords? |
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| |What happened to the Egyptian leader when he returned to his country? |
| |Why did Iran dislike Jimmy Carter? |
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| |Why did Iranian college students take 52 American citizens hostage? |
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| |What effect did the Iranian Hostage crisis have on Carter’s election? |
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| |Why did they choose January 20, 1981 to let the hostages go? |
|Ronald Reagan |As far as foreign policy, who did Reagan have the most dealings with: |
| |The Soviet Union collapsed because of economic and political pressures. What were they-- |
| |Economic: |
| |Political: |
| |Whose was the leader of the Soviet Union in the 1980s? |
| |What did Reagan order him to do that became a symbol of the Cold War ending? |
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| |Glassnost: |
| |Perestroika: |
| |The Cold War ended in 1991 when what happened: |
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| |Who did the U.S. support in the Iran-Iraq War? |
| |Why did the U.S. sell Iran weapons? |
| |Why did the U.S. support the rebel contras in Nicaragua? |
Lyndon Johnson
By 1968, Lyndon Johnson had grown tired of the Vietnam War. Although American involvement in the war escalated with his presidency, he never liked it to begin with. The money it had cost the US government to be involved did not allow for him to fund his “Great Society” program that was supposed to be the defining moment of his presidency. The “Great Society” was a program created by Johnson, meant to eliminate poverty as well as racial discrimination in the United States. However, due to involvement in Vietnam, he was never able to carry this program out as well as he would have liked. Frustrated by this, in 1968, Lyndon Johnson shocked America by announcing that he was not going to run for a second election term.
This led to Robert Kennedy (JFK’s brother) becoming the top democratic candidate. However, his assassination during his political campaign put an end to that. Instead, Republican candidate Richard Nixon won the 1968 election, with the promise of “bringing the troops home.”
Richard Nixon
Nixon probably could have been a very good president. First, I would like to discuss Vietnam with you. Nixon promised a policy of “Vietnamization”—train the South Vietnamese troops and then bring home American troops. This, he did. By the early 1970s, Nixon negotiated a cease-fire with North Vietnam and brought our troops back home. The fighting was over, as far as he was concerned…or was it? Soon after, the Soviet-backed North Vietnamese government attacked South Vietnam, quickly running them over and uniting the entire country as communist. Vietnam was lost. Containment did not work. But hey, most Americans at this point didn’t care. Many Americans were angry at the government and glad to not be involved with this conflict anymore.
You need to know about China though. China, as you know, fell to Communism in 1949. For America, yes, that seemed like bad news. I mean, our whole goal was to not have communism spread, right? Well, Nixon saw things different. Now, Nixon was about as anti-Communist as a man can come; he hated it. However, he also saw that China had a billion people living there. Nixon wanted to allow China and the U.S. to become trading partners. He began to work at a policy called “Détente” (day-tahn-tay) with China—that means an easing of tensions. He negotiated with China in order to allow them to become a trading partner with us. They soon invited top U.S. ping-pong players to China to compete in competition with them—sounds like a silly thing, sure, but this invitation was the first of its kind in history. It showed that China was willing to work with the U.S. Nixon’s visit to China became known as Ping-Pong Diplomacy. Actually, since it was a week long, and the best Chinese player was named Zhuang Zedong, and Nixon met with the Chinese leader in a major city, it became known as the “Week long, Ping Pong, Zhuang Zedong in Hong Kong with Mao Zedong Diplomacy.” Nobody can ever remember that, so we just call it Ping Pong diplomacy.
With the Soviet Union, Nixon worked on détente as well (ease tensions). He met with leaders in Moscow and they agreed to work together, rather than as enemies, to advance space exploration; to ease trade limits to one another; and finally, to limit the nuclear arms race. They negotiated the SALT (Strategic Arms Limitations Treaty), which put a limit on how many missiles each country was allowed to have. This was the first treaty of its kind during the Cold War. Although the two countries did not like each other, Nixon was the first president that worked towards easing the tensions and ultimately, bringing the Cold War to an end.
So Nixon sounds pretty well and good, right? By 1972, Nixon decides he wants to become president again. So bad, in fact, that his men, dressed as plumbers and workers, break into the Democratic headquarters at the Watergate hotel, where they basically tap into phone lines and gain access to campaign strategies to beat the Democratic candidate. Yes, Nixon cheated. Word of this scandal leaked out after he won the 1972 election. So his goose was pretty much cooked. People were angry. Remember, this is an era in which American people lost trust in the government. And now the President himself was a dirty liar. He was going to be impeached and kicked out, but before that could happen, he quit on the job! That’s right! Nixon resigned, 1974.
Gerald Ford
So who becomes President? The Vice President, you say? That would be a guy named Spiro Agnew. WRONG! See, he resigned too. He got caught up in a little tax evasion action, so his goose was cooked as well. That meant Gerald Ford, the Speaker of the House at the time, was the only one left with a goose to his name. He becomes President (the only president in history that was not elected, either as President or Vice President. But hey, at least they have someone new in there, right? First thing Gerald Ford does as President? He pardons Nixon for any crimes committed in the Watergate scandal, thereby freeing Nixon of any punishment. Well, there goes his goose as well. Ford serves out the remaining two years of Nixon’s term, and in the 1976 election, loses to a peanut farmer.
Jimmy Carter
As far as foreign policy, Jimmy Carter was able to help negotiate a peace treaty between the leader of Egypt and Israel. Israel had become a homeland to the European Jews following World War II. However, most middle eastern and northern African countries refused to recognize Israel as a Jewish state, and constantly fought with the area. In the Camp-David Accords, Carter was able to negotiate a peace whereupon Egypt became the first country in the region to recognize Israel’s independence. Following Egypt’s recognition of Israel as an independent territory, dissatisfied Islamic extremists assassinated the Egyptian president in 1981.
Leaders of another Middle Eastern country, Iran, were not too fond of Jimmy Carter. Years earlier, the U.S. had helped put a disliked dictator into power in Iran. By 1979, the country had a revolution in which that U.S. supported dictator was overthrown. The dictator then fled to the U.S., where he was given medical treatment and support. Iranian college students then stormed the U.S. embassy in Iran, and held 52 American citizens hostage for what would be 444 days (November, 1979, to January 20, 1981). The bad part for Carter? An election was held in November, 1980. With the Iranian hostage crisis in full swing, he would lose the election to Ronald Reagan. They day Reagan was sworn in, the Iranians released the hostages.
The Reagan Presidency
Ronald Reagan’s two terms as president can best be defined by his relationship with the Soviet Union. By the 1980s, the Soviet Union had a hard time keeping up with the military expenses involved with nuclear warfare. Economically, their resources were quickly deteriorating. In addition, a lot of the Soviet republics (territories within the Soviet Union) began to have a rise in nationalism, in which they demanded independence from the Soviet Union. These political and economic pressures on the U.S.S.R. would cause their downfall by 1991. Ronald Reagan challenged the morality of the Soviet Union in a speech at the Berlin Wall, when he told their leader (Mikhail Gorbachev) “Tear down this wall!” As the Berlin Wall fell in 1989 and the city was reunited, it was seen as a symbol that the Cold War was coming to an end. Two of Gorbachev’s political policies also showed the communism was coming to an end. One was “Glasnost,” or “Openness,” meaning free speech. The other, “Perestroika” allowed for private ownership of business, and economic restructuring. By 1991, the Soviet republics had gained their independence and the Cold War was over.
The Cold War ends during Reagan’s presidency, but another interesting event occurred as well. That was the Iran-Contra affair.
Remember how Iran hated the United States? Well, by the 1980s, Iran is at war with the neighboring country of Iraq. Because Iran is seen as a U.S. enemy, the U.S. openly supports Iraq, supplying the country (including Saddam Hussein) with weapons to defeat Iran.
However, something else goes down as well. In the Central American country of Nicaragua, a communist government has taken over. A small group of rebels, called “Contras” were seeking to overthrow the communist government. Because the U.S. was anti-communist, Reagan wanted to support these Contras. However, he lacked the funds. In a secret agreement, he sold nuclear weapons to the Iranians to fight against Iraq (although the U.S. supported Iraq…); with those funds, he provided support to the Contra rebels in Nicaragua to help take out the communist regime, and install a dictator instead. When all this was found out, it did not look good for Reagan!
The End of the Cold War
The Cold War took place between the United States and the Soviet Union between 1945 (the end of World War II) and 1991 (the collapse of the Soviet Union). For 46 years, those two countries were very very close to an all-out nuclear war. It would have been more disastrous and louder than Mr. Bayne banging a wooden block against someone’s desk.
For every missile the U.S. built, the Soviets built one. This was the arms race (arms = weapons). More money was spent by the government on the arms race than all other expenses combined (health care, education, public services, etc…). Eventually, the Soviets just ran out of money. Their economy could not handle the expenses of the arms race anymore. The Soviet economy was crumbling, and the government, which controlled everything, could no longer afford to provide for its people. In addition, the nuclear power plant called Chernobyl experienced a nuclear meltdown in 1986. Cleanup from that event was in the billions of dollars, and that didn’t help the economy either.
The new leader of the Soviet Union in the 1980s was Mikhail Gorbachev. Knowing that the economy was collapsing, and that the government could no longer afford to provide for the people, he began to change things. He wanted to allow citizens, for the first time since 1917, to be able to voice their concerns. He issued a policy of FREEDOM OF SPEECH called GLASNOST (think of this – Freedom of speech is fragile, so is Glass). Citizens can speak freely now. Secondly, he restructured the entire economy. Before, the government controlled the entire economy. Now, Gorbachev is going to change that. His policy is called PERESTROIKA—this means that there will be a limited free enterprise system, where individuals can own their own companies and make profits (think of owning a PIER ONE store; PEREstroika).
Because the Soviet Union was going broke, it could not afford to maintain all of the smaller countries that it had control over. The Soviet Union broke up into several smaller countries, all of which were demanding their INDEPENDENCE from the Soviets by this point. The Soviet Union split into several independent states in 1991.
As a symbol to mark the end of the Cold War, Reagan asked Gorbachev to “Tear Down That WALL!” referring to the Berlin Wall. In 1989, the wall came down.
Nixon, Ford, Carter, Reagan Vocabulary
1. Détente
2. SALT
3. Ping-Pong Diplomacy
4. Watergate scandal
5. Impeach
6. Spiro Agnew
7. Gerald Ford
8. Pardon
9. Peanut Farmer
10. Camp David Accords
11. Iran Hostage Crisis
12. Iran-Contra affair
13. Glasnost
14. Perestroika
Name: _____________________-- Cold War Test Review
1. At the end of WWII what country occupied Eastern and Central Europe?
2. What program did the US launch that provided financial aid to democratic European nations in an effort to prevent the spread of communism?
3. What type of government did Japan adopt after WWII?
4. The ________________________ was formed after WWII to prevent future wars.
5. At the end of WWII Germany was split four ways. East Germany became ________________________ under _______________________ control, while West Germany became _____________________ under ____________________ control.
6. The Cold War began right after WWII, what marked the end of the Cold War?
7. What was the fundamental difference between the US and the USSR that caused the Cold War?
8. What was the name of the American foreign policy that pushed for containment of communism around the world?
9. What was the name for the alliance that included the US and Western European countries who agreed to combat the spread of communism?
10. What was the name given to the alliance that Stalin created to counteract NATO?
11. Describe the relationship between communist China and the USSR.
12. In what year did the Soviet Union match the US in regards to nuclear power?
13. What US policy was created by President Eisenhower to deter a Soviet nuclear attack?
14. Which two outside powers were involved in the Korean War?
15. Why did the USA fight in the Vietnam War?
16. What was the difference between North and South Vietnam?
17. Which country supported the South Vietnamese?
18. Which country supported the North Vietnamese?
19. In which setting did most of the protests against the Vietnam War take place?
20. What is “Vietnamization”?
21. Which region of Vietnam was communist?
22. What did the Vietnamese citizens want?
23. Who was the President of the United States when the Vietnam conflict began?
24. Who was the President of the United States when the Vietnam conflict was at its peak?
25. What word was coined to describe America’s policy towards communism?
26. Who led a communist revolution that put him in control of Cuba in the late 1950’s?
27. Describe the Bay of Pigs invasion.
28. How did John F. Kennedy respond when Soviet missiles were spotted in Cuba?
29. What American foreign policy pushed for resistance against communist aggression in other countries?
30. What was the American response to the persecution of Alger Hiss?
31. What were American citizens urged to build in order to protect themselves against a possible nuclear attack?
32. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were convicted of _______________________________.
33. What topic did Americans focus on the most when it came to presidential elections during the Cold War?
34. What is Mcarthyism?
35. Which president asked, “Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country.”
36. Which state in America benefited the most economically from the Cold War?
37. Name the American president assassinated during the Cold War.
38. How did the supporters of the anti-war movement treat the returning soldiers?
39. When were the Vietnam veterans recognized for their war contributions?
40. The Soviets increased their military expenses to compete with the United States, what happened to their economy as a result of their increased expenses?
41. What was the main cause of economic inefficiency in the Soviet Union?
42. This was the name given to Gorbachev’s policy allowing citizens of the USSR freedom of speech.
43. Gorbachev restructured the economy of the USSR allowing limited free enterprise economy (individuals could own their own companies), what was this called?
44. Nationalism in the Soviet Republics as well as the Satellite nations increased the demand for _________________________.
45. What did Reagan ask Gorbachev to do in his speech that challenged the moral legitimacy of the Soviet Union?
The Election of JFK and his Foreign Policy
The election of 1960
During the 1960s, CONTAINMENT was the policy of the day, and the biggest issue America faced was what to do about Communism. That election had the first presidential debate to be broadcast on TV, and it was between Richard Nixon, a Republican, and John F. Kennedy, a Democrat. The fact that it was on TV had a huge effect on the outcome-- Kennedy was younger and good looking; Nixon looked older and sick. Those who watched the debates on TV thought Kennedy was better, and much of that was based off what they saw and how he looked; those who listened on the radio thought Nixon won. More people watched it on TV, and voted for JFK. He was the youngest president ever elected and the first Roman Catholic president . In his inaugural address, he encouraged younger Americans to “Ask not what your country can do for you . . .ask what you can do for your country”
The Bay of Pigs invasion
In 1959, a leader by the name of Fidel Castro established a communist dictatorship in Cuba. The U.S., as you know, had a policy of containment. Because of this, the U.S. wanted to eliminate Castro. In 1961, Kennedy’s advisors came up with a plan: The CIA would train Cuban rebels, as they worked to overthrow the communist government. The U.S. supported an insurrection (revolution) designed to take Cuba back from the Communists. However, the U.S.-supported invasion was a complete failure. First, there were not nearly as many Cuban rebels as JFK had hoped for. Second, JFK failed to give the invasion air support. The U.S. is criticized for supporting the overthrow of Cuba’s government, and in what was one of JFK’s first acts in dealing with Communism, he failed. How did he respond, you ask? He did something that almost no president had done before him—he went in front of the American audience and admitted to his mistakes. He accepted full responsibility for the failed invasion. And after his public admittance, his approval rating actually went up!
The Berlin Crisis
As you know, Germany and Berlin were divided into east and west sectors. The Soviets wanted to stop people from escaping from East Germany (Communist) into West Berlin (Democratic). In 1961, Soviet leader Nikita Krushchev (replaced Stalin) built a wall around the city of West Berlin, trapping in all of the democratically bound citizens. Those who lived in West Berlin but happened to be in East Berlin on that day were stuck outside of their city! The wall separated the two parts of the city until 1989.
The Cuban Missile Crises
This was the most famous event in the Cold War during Kennedy’s presidency. American spy planes found evidence of the Soviets placing nuclear missile bases in Cuba. Oh, that Kennedy was mad! But would could he do? He first weighed his options: Negotiate with Khrushchev and ask him to remove the missiles; Invade Cuba and take over the missile sites; Blockade Cuba (block Soviets from allowing ships to enter Cuba); and Bomb the missile sites using non-nuclear weapons. Kennedy, not wanting a war, decides on a quarantine, not a blockade (the difference is a blockade is often seen as an act of war, whereas a quarantine is not). For 13 days in October 1962, the world waited to see what would happen, and if a nuclear war would break out. If the Soviets launched any missiles at the U.S., the U.S. would be sure to retaliate. As the Soviet ships got closer and closer to Cuba with missiles, it looked as if World War III would break out. However, at the last minute, Khrushchev backed down and nuclear was is avoided. A “hot line” was established between Moscow and Washington so that Kennedy and Khrushchev could talk directly.
Questions about the Kennedy Presidency
1. Who won the 1960 election? ________________________________________
2. What impact did TV have on the election? ________________________________
3. Two things about JFK being elected? __________________________________________________
4. Famous JFK quote from inaugural address: _______________________________________________________
5. Who was the leader who took over Cuba? ____________________________ Year: ________________
6. What was the Bay of Pigs invasion? ____________________________________________________________
7. Why did it fail? _____________________________________________________________________________
8. When it failed, how did JFK respond? ___________________________________________________________
9. Who was the leader of the Soviet Union in 1961? __________________________________________________
10. What did he do to separate east and west Berlin? __________________________________________________
11. Why was JFK worried about Cuba in 1962? ______________________________________________________
12. What were his options during the Cuban Missile Crisis? ____________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
13. What option did Kennedy go with? _____________________________________________________________
14. How long did the Cuban Missile Crisis last? ______________________________________________________
15. How did Khrushchev respond to Kennedy’s actions? _______________________________________________
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Chernobyl Disaster - 1986
Collapse of the Berlin Wall
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