Blood



Chapter 10: Blood Name (in ink):

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COMPOSITION AND FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD

1. Complete the following description of the components of blood by writing the missing words in the answer blanks.

1. In terms of its tissue classification, blood is classified as ____ tissue.

2. The living cells of the blood are called

3. The stem cell that gives rise to all formed elements is a

4. The formed elements are suspended in a nonliving fluid matrix called

5. The "fibers" of blood only become visible during

6. Cell fragments in the initial phase of clotting are thrombocytes called

7. If a blood sample is centrifuged, the heavier blood cells become packed at the bottom of the tube, mostly consisting of

8. The percentage of blood made up of RBC’s (packed RBC volume) is referred to as the

9. The less dense liquid portion that rises to the top and constitutes about 45% of the blood volume is the

10. The "buffy coat”, 1% of blood volume, found between the other two layers of blood elements, contains (two answers)

11. The type of blood cells that function in defense against infection are

12. Blood tends to be dark red but it is scarlet red in color when carrying

13. The protein in RBC’s that binds to oxygen for transport is

14. Low levels of oxygen in the blood is called

15. A type of anemia caused by a lack of iron, which is needed to make hemoglobin, is

16. Production of red blood cells (RBC’s) is called

17. The hormone released by the kidneys in response to low blood oxygen that stimulates RBC production in red bone marrow is

18. Production of ALL blood cells is called

2. Check (√) each factor that would increase the demand for oxygen and stimulate erythropoiesis.

1. Hemorrhage 4. Living at a high altitude

2. Aerobic exercise 5. Breathing pure oxygen

3. Hypoxia 6. Iron-deficiency anemia

3. Using key choices, identify the cell type(s) or blood elements that fit the following descriptions. Insert the correct letter response in the spaces provided.

Key Choices

A. Red blood cell

B. Megakaryocyte

C. Eosinophil

D. Basophil

E. Monocyte

F. Neutrophil

G. Lymphocyte (B cells, T cells)

H. Formed elements

I. Plasma

1. The living blood cells are called the

2. WBCs that a granular leukocytes (granulocytes) (three answers)

3. WBCs that are agranular leukocytes (agranulocytes) (two answers)

4. Also called an erythrocyte; lives 100-120 days

5. Two actively phagocytic leukocytes (two answers)

6. Splits into fragments to form platelets, large multinucleate cells form thrombocytes

7. Most numerous leukocyte, increases during acute infections

8. WBC that increases during allergy attacks and parasitic infections

9. Anucleate cells, lack a nucleus

10. WBC that releases histamine during injury and infection, causes inflammation

11. After originating in bone marrow, WBC found in lymphoid tissue

12. WBC that becomes a macrophage (big eater)

13. Contains hemoglobin, the protein that carries oxygen

14. The noncellular, fluid matrix of blood, containing water, gases, ions, hormones

15. WBC that increases in number during prolonged (chronic) infections

16. Leukocyte important in the immune response, forms antibodies

4. Five leukocytes are diagrammed in Figure 10-2. First, follow directions (given below) for coloring each leukocyte as it appears when stained with Wright's stain. Then, identify each leukocyte type by writing in the correct name in the blanks.

A. Color the granules light purple, the cytoplasm light red/pink, and the nucleus dark purple.

B. For the largest white blood cell, color the nucleus dark blue and the cytoplasm light blue.

C. Color the granules bright red, the cytoplasm light red/pink, and the nucleus bright red.

D. For the smallest white blood cell, color the nucleus dark blue and the cytoplasm light blue.

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E. Color the granules dark blue, the nucleus dark blue and the cytoplasm light blue.

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5. Complete each statement by inserting the answer in the blank space provided.

1. The ability of WBCs to locate chemicals found in areas of tissue damage is

2. White blood cells (WBCs) have the ability to move through the wall of blood vessels by the process of

3. When blood becomes too acid or too basic, normal blood pH can be restored by the action of which two other body systems

4. The normal range of blood pH is

5. The cardiovascular system of an average adult contains approximately _____ liters of blood.

6. Blood is circulated through the blood vessels by the pumping action of the

7. A clot attached in the wall of a blood vessel is called a

8. A clot that breaks away from the vessel wall and circulates freely in the bloodstream is an

9. The condition of a clot that has lodged in a blood vessel, obstructing circulation, is an

10. The production of platelets, or thrombocytes is called

11. The hormone that stimulates the production of platelets is

12. Clotting factors are primarily produced by the

13. A hereditary bleeding disorder, a lack of clotting factors, is

14. Systemic infection in which pathogens are in the bloodstream is

6. Complete the statements about hemostasis by writing the correct term in the answer blanks.

1. The term for stopping blood flow (bleeding) is

2. The immediate response after a break occurs in a blood vessel wall, is vasoconstriction, which decreases blood loss as the ____ occur.

3. The second step of hemostasis occurs when platelets cling to the torn edges of the blood vessel, forming a

4. The final phase of hemostasis is formation of the clot called

5. During this process, enzymes and calcium ions interact with clotting factors to join fibrin molecules together to form the

6. The fibrin mesh then traps which together form the clot.

7. Normally, blood clots within minutes.

8. The most important natural body anticoagulant is

7. Complete the information about blood typing by filling in the blanks below.

1. Any substance the body recognizes as foreign and stimulates an immune response is called an

2. Clumping of RBCs, caused by antibodies binding to foreign RBCs, is called

3. Clumping causes rupture (lysis) of RBCs called

4. A type of anemia that results from lysis of RBCs is

8. Complete the information about ABO blood types by filling in the chart and answering the questions below.

|Blood Type |Agglutinogens |Agglutinins |Donate to |Receive from |

| |or antigens |or antibodies |blood type |blood type |

|1. Type A | | | | |

|2. Type B | | | | |

|3. Type AB | | | | |

|4. Type O | | | | |

1. Which blood type is the universal donor?

2. Which blood type is the universal recipient?

3. What is meant by Rh positive?

4. What is meant by Rh negative?

5. The immune serum administered to a negative mother after birth of a positive baby to prevent formation

of Rh antibodies is

6. The condition in the fetus in which maternal antibodies destroy fetal RBCs is

7. Testing for agglutination of donor serum with recipient serum is called

8. When a person is given a transfusion of mismatched blood, a transfusion reaction occurs. Explain what occurs with a "transfusion reaction" in the blanks provided here.

9. Create 4 Punnett Squares crossing a father with type A blood and a mother with type B blood.

Type A = IAIA or IAIi What are the possible blood types of their children?

Type B = IBIB or IBIi

Type AB = IAIB

Type O = IiIi

At the Clinic Ch 10

Answer on your own paper.

1. A male patient is diagnosed with bone marrow cancer and has a hematocrit of 70%. (Normal = 40-50%)

a. What is the hematocrit? (p. 338)

b. Does he have an abnormal increase or decrease in number of erythrocytes?

c. What is this condition called? (p. 341)

2. A college professor presents for a physical exam. His recent history shows he spent three months in the Swiss Alps (high altitude) for his job. He complained of having shortness of breath and getting tired easily the first week he was there. The symptoms gradually disappeared, and after two months, he felt completely fine. His blood tests now show his erythrocyte count is higher than normal. (p. 341-342)

a. Explain why his RBC count is high.

b. What major problem may occur from this condition?

c. Will his RBC count remain elevated after he returns to a low altitude at home or will it return to normal?

3. Cancer patients being treated with chemotherapy drugs designed to destroy rapidly dividing cells are monitored for changes in the RBC and WBC counts.

a. Where are blood cells formed? (p. 345)

b. Why would these medications/treatments affect blood counts? (Table 10.1, p. 342)

c. What is the name for this type of anemia? (Table 10.1, p. 342)

4. A middle age woman comes to the clinic complaining of fatigue, shortness of breath, and chills. Blood tests show anemia, and a bleeding ulcer is diagnosed.

a. What two types of anemia might be causing her symptoms? (Table 10.1, p. 342)

b. If the patient had been an elderly woman WITHOUT a bleeding ulcer, what other type of anemia would be expected? (p. 353)

c. Which vitamin would this patient be lacking due to lack of intrinsic factor? (Table 10.1, p. 342)

5. A patient on renal dialysis has a low RBC count.

a. What hormone, secreted by the kidney, can be assumed to be deficient? (p. 345)

b. What symptoms may this patient experience? (Think about what RBCs do – p. 340-341.)

6. A bone marrow biopsy of red marrow is ordered for two patients – one a young child and the other an adult. The specimen is taken from the tibia of the child but from the iliac crest of the adult. (Ch 5 - p. 137)

a. In what part of the bone is red marrow found in infants?

b. In what part of the bone is red marrow found in adults?

c. Explain why different sites are used to obtain the marrow samples in the two patients.

7. Ms. Pratt is claiming that Mr. Jacobs is the father of her child. Ms. Pratt’s blood type is O negative. Her baby boy has type A positive blood. Mr. Jacobs blood is typed and found to be B positive. (Packet #7-9)

a. Complete two Punnett squares to see all possible offspring combinations of these two parents.

b. Based on the Punnett square results, could Mr. Jacobs be the father of her child?

c. What blood type(s) could the father of Baby Pratt have? (include A, B, O group and positive/negative)

8. Mrs. Carlyle is pregnant for the first time. Her blood type is Rh negative, her husband is Rh positive, and their first child was Rh positive. The first pregnancy caused no major problems, but second baby Carlyle, who has Rh positive blood, is born cyanotic. (p. 351-352)

a. What is the baby’s condition called?

b. Explain what has happened with the mother’s Rh antibodies.

c. Why is the second baby cyanotic?

d. What measures should have been taken after the first baby was born to prevent this situation from happening again?

9. Ms. Green presents to the Emergency Room after falling in her kitchen. She is worried because she thinks the bruises on her legs keep spreading. The physician notices she has multiple small purplish blotches on her arms as well. (p. 348)

a. What is the condition of small purplish blotches on the skin?

b. What disorder might the physician suspect?

c. What organ will he probably have tested?

10. Mr. Kimble had knee replacement surgery and has complained that it’s too painful to get up and walk. He had been immobilized for weeks before being rushed to the Emergency Room in severe respiratory distress. (p. 348)

a. What is the term for a clot in an unbroken blood vessel?

b. What is the term for a clot that breaks away and floats freely in the bloodstream?

c. What condition is now threatening his life?

d. Why has this happened?

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Lymphocyte

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D.

B.

A.

C.

E.

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