Blood
Name: __________________________________________Blood NotesBloodThe only __________________ in the human bodyClassified as a ________________ tissueComponents of bloodLiving cells Non-living matrix If blood is centrifuged__________________sink to the bottom (_____ of blood, a percentage known as the hematocrit)__________________ contains leukocytes and platelets (less than ______ of blood)Buffy coat is a thin, whitish layer between the erythrocytes and plasma__________________ rises to the top (______ of blood)Physical Characteristics of BloodColor rangeOxygen-_________ blood is _____________ redOxygen-_________ blood is _____________ redpH must remain between __________________Blood temperature is slightly higher than body temperature at _____________In a healthy man, blood volume is about _________________ Blood makes up ______ of body weightBlood PlasmaComposed of approximately _____________________Includes many ________________ substances__________________Salts (electrolytes)__________________ gases__________________Plasma proteins__________________ productsPlasma proteinsMost _________________ solutes in plasmaMost plasma proteins are made by _______Various plasma proteins include_______________—regulates osmotic pressure_______________ proteins—help to stem blood loss when a blood vessel is injured___________—help protect the body from pathogens Blood becomes too acidic Blood becomes too basicIn each scenario, the _________________ system and kidneys help restore blood pH to normalFormed Elements Red blood cells (RBCs) White blood cells (WBCs) Erythrocytes (red blood cells or RBCs)Main function is to carry _________________Anatomy of circulating erythrocytes_________________ disksEssentially bags of _________________________________ (no nucleus)Contain very few organelles_____ million RBCs per cubic millimeter of bloodHemoglobin__________-containing proteinBinds strongly, but reversibly, to ___________Each hemoglobin molecule has ____ oxygen binding sitesEach erythrocyte has _____ million hemoglobin moleculesNormal blood contains 12–18 g of hemoglobin per 100 mL bloodHomeostatic imbalance of RBCs______________ is a decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability of the blood______________ cell anemia (SCA) results from abnormally shaped hemoglobin_______________ is an excessive or abnormal increase in the number of erythrocytesLeukocytes (white blood cells or WBCs)Crucial in the body’s _____________ against diseaseThese are _________ cells, with a nucleus and organellesAble to move into and out of blood vessels (___________)Can move by ____________ motionCan respond to _________ released by damaged tissues4,000 to 11,000 WBC per cubic millimeter of bloodAbnormal numbers of leukocytes WBC count above _____________ leukocytes/mm3Generally indicates an infection Abnormally _________ leukocyte levelCommonly caused by certain drugs Bone marrow becomes cancerous, turns out excess WBCTypes of leukocytes Granules in their cytoplasm can be stainedPossess lobed nucleiInclude neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils Lack visible cytoplasmic granulesNuclei are spherical, oval, or kidney-shapedInclude lymphocytes and monocytesList of the WBCs from most to least abundant Easy way to remember this list Types of granulocytes Multilobed nucleus with fine granulesAct as phagocytes at active sites of infection Large brick-red cytoplasmic granulesFound in response to allergies and parasitic wormsTypes of granulocytes (continued) Have histamine-containing granulesInitiate inflammationTypes of agranulocytes Nucleus fills most of the cellPlay an important role in the immune response Largest of the white blood cellsFunction as macrophagesImportant in fighting chronic infection Derived from ______________ multinucleate cells (_____________________)Needed for the _____________ processNormal platelet count = 300,000/mm3HematopoiesisBlood cell _______________Occurs in ________________________________All blood cells are derived from a common stem cell (_______________________)Hemocytoblast differentiation______________ stem cell produces lymphocytes__________ stem cell produces all other formed elementsFormation of ErythrocytesUnable to _________, _________, or synthesize proteinsWear out in ______ to ______ daysWhen worn out, RBCs are eliminated by phagocytes in the _________ or __________Lost cells are replaced by division of ___________________ in the red bone marrowControl of Erythrocyte ProductionRate is controlled by a _________ (___________________)Kidneys produce most erythropoietin as a response to ___________ ______________ levels in the bloodHomeostasis is maintained by ______________ feedback from blood oxygen levelsFormation of White Blood Cells and PlateletsControlled by _____________Colony stimulating factors (___________) and interleukins prompt bone marrow to generate leukocytes_______________ stimulates production of plateletsHemostasis_________________ of bleeding resulting from a break in a blood vesselHemostasis involves three phases ____________________ causes blood vessel to spasmSpasms ________________ the blood vessel, _____________ blood loss Collagen fibers are exposed by a break in a blood vesselPlatelets become “__________” and cling to fibersAnchored platelets release _________ to attract more plateletsPlatelets ________ up to form a platelet plug Injured tissues release tissue factor (TF)PF3 (a phospholipid) interacts with TF, blood protein clotting factors, and calcium ions to trigger a clotting _______________HemostasisBlood usually clots within _____________________The clot remains as endothelium _________________The clot is _________ ____________ after tissue repairUndesirable Clotting A clot in an ___________________ blood vesselCan be deadly in areas like the __________ A thrombus that breaks away and __________ freely in the bloodstreamCan later clog vessels in critical areas such as the ______Bleeding Disorders Platelet ___________________Even ____________ movements can cause bleeding from small blood vessels that require platelets for clotting _________________ bleeding disorderNormal ___________ factors are missingBlood Groups and TransfusionsLarge losses of blood have serious consequencesLoss of _______________ causes weaknessLoss of over ________ causes shock, which can be fatal________________ are the only way to replace blood quicklyTransfused blood must be of the ___________ blood groupHuman Blood GroupsBlood contains genetically determined _________________________ (a substance the body recognizes as foreign) may be ______________ by the immune system____________ are the “______________”Blood is “___________” by using antibodies that will cause blood with certain proteins to clump (________________)There are over ______ common red blood cell antigensThe most vigorous transfusion reactions are caused by _____ and ______ blood group antigensABO Blood GroupsBased on the presence or absence of _______ antigens The lack of these antigens is called _________The presence of both antigens A and B is called type ______The presence of antigen A is called type ______The presence of antigen B is called type ______The lack of both antigens A and B is called type ______Blood type AB can receive _________________________________________Blood type B can receive ____________________Blood type A can receive ____________________Blood type O can receive _______________________________________Blood TypeAntigens on cellsAntibodies in plasmaCan donate to:Can receive from:Rh Blood GroupsNamed because of the presence or absence of one of eight Rh antigens (agglutinogen D) that was originally defined in Rhesus monkeysMost Americans are _________ (Rh _____________)Problems can occur in mixing ________ blood into a body with _______ (Rh ____________) bloodRh Dangers During PregnancyDanger occurs only when the mother is _______and the father is _______ and the child inherits the _______ factor___________ shot can prevent buildup of anti-Rh+ antibodies in mother’s bloodThe mismatch of an _____ mother carrying an ____ baby can cause problems for the unborn childThe first pregnancy usually proceeds ________ problemsThe immune system is ________________ after the first pregnancyIn a second pregnancy, the mother’s immune system produces __________ to attack the ______ (_____________________________________)Blood TypingBlood samples are mixed with ________ and _______ serum_________ or no coagulation leads to determining blood typeTyping for ABO and Rh factors is done in the ______ manner_____________ matching—testing for agglutination of _________ RBCs by the recipient’s serum, and vice versaDevelopmental Aspects of BloodSites of blood cell formationThe fetal _________ and ___________ are early sites of blood cell formationBone _______________ takes over hematopoiesis by the seventh monthFetal _______________________ differs from hemoglobin produced after birthPhysiologic _____________ results in infants in which the liver cannot rid the body of hemoglobin breakdown products fast enough ................
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